General
- P6: Science and Elementary Technology File Uploaded 31/07/22, 12:21
- P6: Science and Elementary Technology TG File Uploaded 2/08/22, 09:20
- P6 SET TG ( Adapted ) File Uploaded 2/11/22, 08:34
UNIT 1: Mechanical and blacksmith tools
1. Look at the picture below carefully.Some ways of maintaining mechanics tools are:
2. Describe the situation shown in the picture.
3. Who is the right person recommended to help in such situation?
4. What kind of tools are required in such situation?
1.1 Mechanics tools
Find out
1. Who a mechanic is.
2. How to use and maintain mechanical tools.
3. Where does a mechanic store his or her tools.
4. What will happen if mechanics were not in our society today?
a) Identification of mechanic tools
Activity 1.1 Identifying mechanics tools
1. Visit a nearby mechanics garage. Look at the people working in
the garage. What tools are they using? Which of these tools do
you know?
2. List down the tools the mechanics are using. What are the tools
being used for?
3. Come up with a table like this.
A mechanic is a person who enable our machines to work properly.
Table 1.1 Common mechanics tools and their uses
b) Uses of mechanics tools
Activity 1.2 Practicing use of mechanics tools
1. Visit a garage while it is operating.
2. Observe the tools being used and how the mechanic uses them.
Come up with a table like this.
3. Use the tools yourself (You will be guided by the mechanic).
What challenges did you encounter?
Table 1.2 Common mechanics tools and their uses
Remember!
Tools can harm us. Be very careful while at the workshop. Do not hurt
yourself or others while using tools.
c) Maintenance of mechanics tools
Find out
How to maintain mechanics tools.
Activity 1.3 Repairing and maintaining mechanics tools
1. Look at the following pictures.
2. Discuss what is taking place in the above pictures.
• Cleaning
• Oiling /Greasing
• Repairing
• Keeping the tools in a clean, dry and safe
place.
• Keeping tools in toolbox after use.
• Using tools for the purpose they are made
for.
Work to do
The maintenance practices mentioned above do not apply to all
mechanics tools. Come up with a table on which maintenance practice
applies to which tool.
d) Storage of mechanics tools
Find out
How to store mechanics tools correctly. Write short notes and
compare with your friend’s findings.
Activity 1.4 Storing of mechanics tools
1. Look at the following picture.
2. Discuss what is being done in the picture above.
Before storage, mechanics tools should first be thoroughly cleaned, dried
using a clean piece of cloth then stored either in a cool and dry place or
in a toolbox as shown below.
e) Dangers when using mechanics tools
Find out
The dangers when using mechanics tools.
Activity 1. 5 Identifying dangers when using mechanical
tools
1. Look at the following picture
2. Describe the danger shown above in the picture.
Some dangers that we face while working in a mechanics workshop
include:
• Being hit by moving objects.
working with mechanics tools
• Cutting or hurting ourselves as
we use the tools.
• Getting cuts or bruises by objects
lying in the garage.
• Dangerous chemicals getting
into our eyes, nose or mouth
f) Precautions to take when using mechanics tools
Activity 1.6 Precautions to take when using mechanics
tools
1. Look at the following picture.
2. Describe how you can dress appropriately when working in a garage
to avoid accidents.
To avoid the dangers associated with use of mechanics tools, we should
always:
• Keep mechanics tools safely and properly after use.
• Wear protective clothing such as overall, mouth masks, gloves,
gumboots among others to protect us as we work.
• Use tools carefully and for the right purpose to avoid injury.
• Avoid directing chemicals to other workshop users.
Work to do
Find out other dangers related to working in a mechanics workshop
apart from the ones above. How can we avoid them? Come up with
a table like this.
Remember!
Always buy original tools. Counterfeits may be cheap but break down
very quickly. In the long run, they are more expensive!
Self –Test 1.1
1. What do you think would happen if there were no mechanics to repair or fix broken down machines?
2. Which mechanic tools is used for:
a) Replacing a car Tyre?
b) Unscrewing nuts?
3. Name the mechanics tools below.
(a) (b) (c)
4. What are some of the dangers that we face in a mechanics
workshop?
5. Name three protective clothing that a mechanic should put on?
1.2 Blacksmith tools
Find out
1. Who a blacksmith is.
2. What tools a blacksmith uses.
3. Where a blacksmith works.
4. What will happen if we did not have blacksmiths in our society.
5. How to use blacksmith tools.
a) Common blacksmith tools
Activity 1. 7 Identifying blacksmith tools
1. Visit a nearby blacksmith workshop. Look at the people working
in the workshop. What tools are they using? Which of these tools do you know?
Blacksmiths are people who make or repair tools made of iron by hand.
They heat metals until red-hot then they beat them with a blacksmith hammer into desired shapes.
Table 1.3: Common black smith tools
N.B Some tools that we use at home that are made by blacksmiths
include knives, axes, machetes, saucepans among others.
b) Uses of blacksmith tools
Find out
The specific uses of blacksmith tools.
Activity 1. 8 Practicing the use of blacksmith tools
1. Visit a blacksmith workshop.
2. Observe the tools being used and how the blacksmith uses them.
3. Try using the blacksmith tools yourself.
Table 1.4 Common blacksmith tools and their uses
c) Maintenance of blacksmith tools
Activity 1.9 Practicing maintenance of blacksmith tools
1. Apply oil on the anvil and blacksmith hammer. What is the
importance of this practice?
2. Leave a blacksmith hammer outside the house over night. Do
you notice anything on the blacksmith hammer after two days?
Some ways of maintaining blacksmith tools are:
• Cleaning thoroughly after use.
• Tools with metallic parts such as anvil, hammer
and tong should be oiled or greased.
• Keeping in a dry place to avoid rusting.
d) Storage of blacksmith tools
Find out
1. Correct practice on storage of blacksmith tools.
2. Conditions needed for proper storage of blacksmith tools.
Activity 1.10 Storage of blacksmith tools1. Look at the following picture.
2. Describe how blacksmith tools are stored in the picture above.
Before storage blacksmith tools should be cleaned, wiped dry and storedin a toolbox or hanged on a wall.
e) Identifying dangers when using blacksmith tools
Activity 1.11 Identifying dangers of blacksmith tools
1. Look at the following illustration.
2. Describe the danger shown in the picture above.
Some dangers that we face while working in a blacksmith workshop
include:
• Being hit by moving objects.
• Cutting or hurting ourselves as we use the tools.
• Getting bruises by objects lying in the workshop.
• Dangerous metal particles getting into our eyes, nose or mouth
as we work.• Getting burnt by fire or hot metals.
f) Precautions to take when using blacksmith tools
Activity 1.12 Protecting the body when using
blacksmith blacksmith tools
1. Look at the following picture.
2. Describe how you can dress appropriately in a blacksmith workshop
to avoid accidents.
To avoid dangers associated with use of blacksmith tools, we should
always:
• Keep blacksmith tools safely and properly after use.
• Wear protective clothing such as overall, mouth masks, gloves,
and gumboots to protect us as we work.
• Use tools carefully to avoid injury.
In general, blacksmiths need to protect themselves against fire orhot metals which may cause burns or scalds to their skins as they work.
Work to do
Find out other dangers related to working in a blacksmith workshop
apart from the ones above. How can we avoid them? Come up witha table like this.
Self –Test 1.2
1. Mention five main tools used by blacksmiths.
2. Which tools do you use at home that are made by blacksmiths?
3. Why should we wear googles when dealing with blacksmithstools?
UNIT TEST 1
1. Why are these people important in our society?
a) Mechanic
b) Blacksmith
2. Match the tool with its use in the table below using a line.
3. Mutoni was heard by a friend complaining how dirty a blacksmith
job is. What advice can you give Mutoni?
4. Why do you think it is necessary for mechanics and blacksmiths to
put on protective clothes?5. What is wrong with the picture below?
6. Give at least 3 important tools that we use in our homes that are
produced by blacksmiths.
7. Bring some blacksmith tools such as anvil, tong and pincers toschool. Practice maintaining them. What did you do to each tool?
1. Study the chat between the parent and the boy in the picture below:
2. Why do you take medicines with portable water?
3. Which state of water is needed while taking medicines.
4. How would you help the parent of the boy to get potable water?16.1 Definition of matter
Find out
1. Definition of matter.
2. If matter occupies space and has mass or weight.
Activity 16.1
Discussing the definition of matter
What you will need
Bottle of water, two balloons, stone, electronic balance, exercise book,
a measuring cylinder, a wooden plank, strings, a stick, eureka can, nail
and a pin.
What to do
1. Weigh the mass of the bottle of water and stone using an electronicbalance. Record their masses in a table like this.
2. Open the bottle of water. Pour the water into the measuring
cylinder. Record the volume of the water.
3. Pour some water in a eureka can until half-way. Place the
measuring cylinder at the mouth of the eureka can as shown
below.
4. Tie the stone using a string then immerse it into the water inside
the eureka can.
Record the volume of the water in the measuring cylinder. What
does it represent?
5. Blow air into the two balloons until they are equal in shape and
size.
6. Tie the two balloons using a piece of string. Suspend them on the
plank of wood as shown below.
• Are the two balloons balanced?
7. Prick one balloon (A) using a pin. What happens? Why is this the
case?
• When air was deflated from the balloon, its mass dropped. As a
result, the balance tilted to the side with balloon B. This was because
the air that was inside the balloon had some mass (weight) and
when it was pricked, the air escaped leading to the drop in mass.
• All the things in these experiments are examples of matter.
Therefore, anything that occupies space and has mass is referred to
as matter.
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass or weight.
Matter is found in three states, that is solids, liquids and gases.16.2 Identification of difference between the three states of matter
Find out
Various properties of different states of matter
Activity 16.2
Investigating properties of matter
What you will need
Water, juice, stone, wood, cooking oil, book, soil, milk, methylated spirit,
air in an inflated balloon.What to do
1. Try to pour the things above. Which ones flow? Which ones do
not? Why?
2. Compress the things using your hands as shown below.
• Were you able to compress the things? Why?
3. Come up with a table like the one below.
4. Feel the weight of each item above. Which is heavier? Why?
5. Discuss the findings in this activity. Come up with a table on
characteristics of the three statesThe experiments above show the various properties of the different
states of matter.a) Properties of solids are:
1. Have definite shape.
2. Have definite volume.
3. Have definite mass.
4. Do not flow.
5. Cannot be compressed.
6. Particles in solids are closely packed togetherb) Properties of liquids are:
1. Have no definite shape but take the
shape of the container.
2. Have definite volume.
3. Have definite mass.
4. Easily flows.
5. Cannot be compressed easily.
6. The particles in liquids are not closely
packed.c) Properties of gases are:
1. Have mass.
2. No definite shape. Instead, they spread
in all directions.
3. Lack definite volume.
4. Can be compressed easily.
5. The particles in gases are far apart.16.3 Change of state in water
Find out
How water changes into various states.
Activity 16.3
Changing the state of water
What you need
Water in a freezer, clock, source of heat, tin with lid or metallic beaker,
thermometer, ice cubes, test-tube.What to do
1. Put some water in the tin with the lid. Heat the water for some
time. What happens to the water?
2. Allow the water to boil for some time. Remove the lid and observe
its underside. What can you see?
3. Leave some ice in a bowl under direct sunlight. Observe what
happens after sometime.4. Put some water in a bottle
then place the bottle in a deep
freezer. Observe the water after
sometime. What forms?
5. Put some water in a test tube,
boil the water, but this time;
insert a thermometer as shown
alongside.
• Record the temperature at
which the water boils.
6. Put some ice in a bin or beaker, then insert a thermometer as
shown below.
• Leave the set up under direct sunlight.
• Record the temperature at which the ice melts.Study questions
a) What changes occur on ice and in water vapour when heated
and cooled respectively?
b) What makes the changes to occur?
c) What is the boiling point of water?
d) What is the melting point of ice?• When temperature is increased through heating, ice melts at 0˚C
to form liquid water. This process is known as melting. The water
boils at 100˚C on further heating to form water vapour (or steam).
• The three states of water that exists therefore are ice, water and
water vapour or steam.
• If ice is heated, it changes to liquid water. When the liquid water is
heated further, it changes to water vapour (steam). This process is
known as evaporation.
• On cooling the water vapour, it forms liquid water. This process is
known as condensation. When liquid water is cooled further, it
forms ice. This process is called freezing /solidification
Note : Water can change its state depending on temperature.Melting and boiling points of water
Melting is changing a solid to a liquid. Melting point is the temperature
at which a substance changes from solid to liquid.
Note :0ºC is the melting point of ice.
Boiling or evaporation is the change of state from liquid to gaseous
state. Note :100ºC, is the boiling point of water.Self –Test 16.1
1. What is matter?
2. Name the three states of matter.
3. Give the meaning of “change of state”.
4. Distinguish between cooling and heating.
5. Which one of the following shows the correct order of change
of state?
a) Solid gas liquid
b) Solid liquid gas
c) Gas solid liquid
d) Liquid solid gas
6. Solid state of water is ______ whereas its liquid state is ________.
7. What is the boiling point and melting point of water?16.4 Changes in states of water and the water cycle
Activity 16.4
Investigating the water cycle
1. Study the picture below.
2. Find out what is happening at points A, B and C? How are these
processes important during rain formation?
3. Comment about the states of water in the diagram as a whole.The picture above shows the water cycle.
• Processes A, B and C lead to formation of rain during the water
cycle. Process A is evaporation of water vapour from water
bodies.
• Process B is transpiration. This is the process by which plants
lose excess water in form of water vapour to the atmosphere. The
water vapour from both evaporation and transpiration rise into the
sky where cooling takes place.
• Condensation is the process of cooling water vapour to form
liquid water. It leads to formation of rain.The rain droplets form
clouds which later precipitate to the earth’s surface as rain.
• When it rains, surface runoffs water get their way into water
bodies such as lakes and rivers. This later evaporates. Also, some
water sips into the soil. This is absorbed by plants which later gets
into the atmosphere through transpiration. All these processes
form the water cycle.16.5 Transformation of states of matter
Find out
How matter changes its state.
Activity 16.5
Investigating the transformation process of state of matter
What you need
• Naphthalene solid
• Iodine solid
• A transparent tin with lid
• Source of heat• Bottle top
What to do
1. Put some iodine solid in a transparent tin.
2. Cover the tin with the lid.
3. Put the tin on top of the source of heat. Heat the solid for some
time. What happens?
4. Remove the source of heat then allow the apparatus to cool.
Observe the lid. What can you see?
5. Put some naphthalene in the bottle top then heat. What happens?
The word ‘transformation’ refers to changing something completely
from one state to another.
• From the above experiments, we can conclude that, some
matter can be transformed from solid state to gaseous state
directly without undergoing liquid state,
• Iodine solid when heated, changes directly to vapour. This is
called sublimation.
• Iodine vapour when cooled forms iodine solid without going
through the liquid state. This is called deposition. When
naphthalene is heated, it changes to liquid at 80ºC. Further
heating leads to formation of a gas at 140ºC. This is called
evaporation.
• The vapour when cooled changes back to liquid naphthalene.
This is condensation. When liquid naphthalene is cooled, it
changes back to solid. This is known as freezing.
Note: Matter either losses or absorb energy when it changes from
one state to another.
These transformations can be summarised as shown in the
following diagram.317
Self –Test 16.2
1. What is water cycle?
2. State the importance of the following in water cycle:
a) Trees b) Surface run-off c) Water bodies
3. What processes are involved during water cycle?
4. What is the meaning of the phrase ‘transformation’ of states of
matter?
5. Differentiate between:
a) Sublimation and deposition.
b) Evaporation and condensation.
c) Melting and freezing.UNIT TEST 16
1. Matter is anything that __________and has mass.
2. How are solids different from liquids in terms of:
a) flow? b) compressibility?
3. Describe an activity that you would carry out to show change of
state in water.
4. Which one of the following does not involve a change of state?
A. Boiling of water to steam.
B. Melting of ice to liquid water.
C. Freezing of water to ice.
D. Crushing of a stone to form powder.
5. Mass is defined as the ________________.
6. Study the diagram below and use it to answer the questions that
follow.
a) Name the processes marked A and B.
b) What forms when the processes marked A and B occur?
c) The process of forming rain from clouds (process C) is called
__________.
7. a) Describe the process of rain formation. Why is rain
important in our lives?
b) Explain why it is important to plant at least two trees
whenever we cut down one.
8. Given naphthalene solid, how would you determine:a) its melting point?
b) its boiling point?
9. When a solid is heated and becomes bigger, we say it has
________.
A. Contracted
B. Melted
C. Expanded
D. Condensed
10. Fill gaps in the flow chart below.
11. A glass containing ice cubes was placed in open air and after
sometime, the outer surface of the glass became wet. This shows
that _______________.
A. Air can be cooled.
B. Air contains water vapour.
C. Ice melts to form water.
D. Air is a mixture of gases.
12. The temperature at which a substance freezes is the same
temperature at which the substance ___________________.Glossary
AbiWord is a free word processing program similar to
Microsoft Word.
Abstinence (or to abstain) the act or practice of restraining
oneself from indulging in something, for example
sexual intercourse.
Alveoli these are tiny airspaces found in the lungs where
gaseous exchange occurs.
Animation the state of being full of life or vigour, liveliness. An
animation project is a project that is an animation,
short movie (often humorous), or music video.
Animation can involve programming sprites that
talk and interact.
Antherosclerosis this is a condition that refers to hardening of
arteries and/or veins. This causes the narrowing of
the lumen or blocking of the affected artery/vein due
to formation of a clot.
Antibiotics these are powerful medicines that fight certain
infections or diseases caused by germs.
Antibodies these are special proteins that are produced in the
body as a result of introduction of an antigen (which
is a foreign body) in the body. Antibodies help to
fight diseases in the body.
Arteries blood vessels which are usually narrower than veins
and which carry blood away from the heart to other
body parts.
Assembling to fit together separate parts of a machine.
Atmosphere this is a thin layer of gases that surrounds and
protects the earth.Auricles the upper chambers of the heart where blood is
received from the rest of the body. They have thinner
walls than ventricles.
Background the circumstances or situation prevailing at a
particular time or underlying a particular event.
Baseball bat a smooth wooden or metal club used in the sport
of baseball to hit the ball after it is thrown by the
pitcher.
Biofuel a gaseous, liquid, or solid substance of biological
origin that is used as a fuel.
Biogas a gas, mainly methane that is produced by the action
of bacteria on organic waste matter often used as a
fuel.
Blacksmith a person who makes various objects by heating then
shaping iron metal or its alloys.
Blood the red fluid consisting of plasma, blood cells and
platelets that nourishes and supplies oxygen to
tissues.
Blood vessels these are the tubes through which blood is
transported throughout the body. They are of three
types: arteries, veins and capillaries.
Breathing this refers to the process of taking fresh air into the
lungs and removing waste air out of the lungs. It
involves breathing in and out.
Bronchi (singular – bronchus)– These refers to the two main
branches of the trachea, which go into the lungs.
They are divided into bronchioles in the lungs.
Bronchioles these are the final branches of bronchi, which
communicate directly with alveoli in the lungs.
Browser is a program that lets you locate and view web pages.
The most widely used browser is Internet explorer.Others are mozila, safari, opera mini, chrome among
others.
Bucks these are male goats.
Burns and scalds a burn is damage to the skin caused by dry heat
such as hot metals or fire, while a scald is damage
to the skin caused by wet heat such as hot water or
steam.
Calyx many sepals put together.
Capillaries these are the smallest blood vessels which form a
network at tissue level. They have thin walls and
tiny pores which allow for exchange of materials
between blood and body tissues.
Catalytic these are devices, which help to protect the
converters environment by cleaning up and reducing vehicle
emissions.
Cell is the intersection between a row and a column on a
spreadsheet that starts with cell A1.
Chemical this is a process when one or more substances react
reactions to form other substances.
Chimneys a part of a building through which smoke rises into
the outside air especially; the structure extending
above the roof.
Column is a vertical series of cells in a chart, table, or
spreadsheet.
Condensation change of state from gas to liquid as a result of
reduction in temperature.
Conduction the process by which heat moves through solids.
Contamination this is the adding of dangerous substances in air,
water, soil or food that can cause harm to living
organisms.Contraceptive this term refers to a device, medicine or any other
substance that prevents pregnancy.
Convection the process by which heat travels through liquids.
Copy is to make a duplicate of a file, folder or selected
text in another location.
Corolla many petals put together in a flower.
Costume is one out of possibly many “frames” or alternate
appearances of a sprite. They can be named, edited,
created and deleted, but every sprite must have at
least one costume.
Crash a strongly built stall or cage for holding cattle safely
when they are being examined or given treatment. It
minimizes injury to the animal or the person working
on it.
Crude oil a term often used to refer to unrefined petroleum.
It is a mixture of diesel, petrol, kerosene, bitumen
among others.
Current electricity electricity in motion or a form of electricity found
in things like dry cells, car batteries, hydro-power,
generators among others.
Cut and Paste to move files, folders and selected text to another
location. Cut removes the item from its current
location and places it into the clipboard. Paste inserts
the current clipboard contents into the new location.
Deposition direct change from gaseous state to solid state. It is
the opposite of sublimation.
Desktop Collection of software running on top of an operating
environment system that makes up the desktop graphical user
interface. It usually includes everything from how
the windows look and feel, to the style of the icons,
files, folders and the mouse pointers. A desktopenvironment also dictates what file manager to use,
default text editor, image viewer, wallpapers and
the interface used to log in and log out of the local
system.
Device a machine or tool that does a special job.
Dialogue box is a small area on screen in which the user is prompted
to provide information or select commands.
Diaphragm this is the muscular flap of flesh that separates
the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity, which is
involved during breathing process.
Dicotyledonous seed with two cotyledons.
Seed dipping to put down into a liquid quickly or partially and lift
out again. Cows and goats are dipped into pesticides
that kill pests like ticks.
Disinfectants these are antimicrobial agents that are applied to
the surface of objects to kill microorganisms like
germs.
Does/ Nannies these are female goats.
Drought this is a long period of time without rainfall or with
little rainfall that is not enough to support the lives
of people, animals and plants.
Electrical any device that uses current electricity.
appliance
Electromagnet a magnet consisting of a coil of insulated wire
wrapped round a steel or iron core that is
magnetized only when current flows through
the wire. When current is switched off, it loses its
magnetic properties.
Energy capacity to do work.
Energy changing energy from one form to another.Eureka can a container used to determine the volume of an
irregular object such as a stone done by measuring
the volume of liquid displaced.
Evaporation change of state from liquid to gas or vapour as a
result of increase in temperature.
Exhalation the act of breathing out. It is also known as expiration.
Fertilization fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
The zygote later develops into embryo, foetus then
finally baby.
File is an object on a computer that stores data,
information, settings, or commands used with a
computer program. In a graphical user interface
(GUI) such as Microsoft Windows, files display as
icons that relate to the program that opens the file.
First Aid emergency care or treatment given to a patient or
injured person before complete medical treatment is
secured.
Folder is a storage space that many files can be placed into
to group them together and organize the computer.
Fossil fuels these are forms of energy sources obtained from
organic materials such as oil, coal and natural gas.
They are formed in the earth from plant and animal
remains over many years ago.
Freezing change of state from liquid to solid by reducing
temperature.
Fumes these refer to vapors, dust and / or smoke given off
by substances as a result of chemical reactions.
Function predefined formula that helps save you time. For
example, use the SUM function to add lots of numbers
or cells, and the PRODUCT function to multiply
them.
Garage building or house where vehicles are serviced or
repaired.Global warming this is the current increase in temperature of the
earth’s surface both land and water as well its
atmosphere.
GNOME Is a graphical user interface (GUI) and a set of
computer desktop applications for users of the Linux
computer operating system.
Gnumeric is part of the GNOME desktop environment. It is an
spreadsheet open-source spreadsheet program.
Groove a long, narrow cut or depression in a hard material.
Hay is grass, legumes or other herbs that have been cut
dried and stored for use in future.
Heart the muscular organ located in the chest between the
lungs that pumps blood throughout the body.
Heart attack one of the diseases of the circulatory system that is
as a result of blocked arteries or high blood pressure.
High blood a disease of the circulatory system associated with
pressure increased blood pressure as a result of faster pumping
action of the heart.
Hormones chemical messengers which are protein in nature
and are produced by the endocrine glands that help
in controlling body functions.
Humps this is a mixture of muscle and fat on the back of
some cows.
Immunization this refers to the act of vaccinating a person to make
them immune to a particular disease.
Inhalation the act of breathing in. It is also known as inspiration.
Isolation the state of being in a place that is separate from
others.
Keyboard is a panel of keys that operate a computer or
typewriter.Keyword the word that you input in a computer to search its
meaning through the Internet.
Kids the young ones of goats.
Knitting this is a method of creating fabric cloth from a single
strand of cloth/yarn using two needles.
Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning
animal hides and skins. People use leather to make:
shoes, bags, hats, trousers, skirts, sofa seats and belts.
Lever a simple machine with effort, load and fulcrum used
to make work easier.
Lungs the two organs of respiration located in the chest
cavity.
Machine a system or device for doing work.
Magnet a special type of object/item that produces a special
type of force, which either attracts or repels other
materials.
Magnetic an instrument or a device that uses magnetized
compass steel bar to indicate direction relative to the Earth’s
magnetic poles.
Magnetic field an area around a magnet where magnetic force is
experienced. It is usually represented using magnetic
lines of force.
Magnetic material any material that can be attracted by a magnet
such as iron or steel and can be magnetized.
Magnetism a property associated with magnets, which causes
attraction or repulsion of substances that are
magnetic.
Magnetite a type of mineral found in Earth’s crust that is
magnetic by nature.
Mass the amount of matter in a body.
Matter anything that occupies space and has weight.Meandering a road that is not straight i.e. with many corners.
Plasma the liquid part of blood which is mostly water but
Mechanic a worker with skills in making, using or repairing
machines, vehicles and tools.
Melting change of state from solid to liquid as a result of
increase in temperature.
Monocotyledonous seed seed with only one cotyledon.
Nectar the sweet smelling substance found at the base of a
flower that often attracts insects and birds.
Non-magnetic material any material that cannot be attracted by a
magnet such as plastic or wood. They can neither be
magnetized.
Non-renewable energy these refer to sources of energy that can get
exhausted.
energy Nuclear energy form of energy which is as a result of nuclear
reaction such as fission or fusion.
Opportunistic disease any infection caused by a microorganism that
does not normally cause disease in human beings. It
usually occurs in persons with abnormally functioning
immune systems such as those with HIV and AIDS.
Oxen are any breed of cattle that are at least four and are
taught to work
Pasture perennial grasses for grazing animals.
Permanent magnet a type of magnet that retains its magnetism
after it is removed from a magnetic field.
Photosynthesis the process by which green plants make their own
food using energy from the Sun.
Pistil female parts of a flower.
which contains digested food materials, mineral salts,
dissolved metabolic waste products and hormones.
Plasticine synthetic material which is a substitute for clay used
in modelling.
Platelets one of the many components of blood which are
responsible for the clotting process.
Plumule part of embryo of a seed that develops into a shoot.
Pollination the process by which pollen grains are transferred
from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
Pre-marital sex this term refers to engaging in sexual intercourse
before marriage.
Predators this is an animal that eats other animals.
Pregnancy this is the term used to refer to the period from
conception until childbirth.
Prick making a small hole or holes in the surface of
something or body.
Program a program is a set of instructions that tells a computer
or other electronic devices what to do.
Project is a series of activities that allows the students to
study, do research and act by themselves using their
abilities, interests, personal experience and aptitudes.
Quarantine this is when animals and their products movements
are restricted from one region to others in order to
control disease outbreaks.
Radiation the process by which heat travels through a vacuum.
Radicle part of embryo of a seed that develops into a root.
Ramp is a sloping surface between two places that are at
different levels.
Redo is a function performed on a computer that does any
undo function again.
Renewable these refer to sources of energy that cannot get
energy finished or exhausted. They can either be recycled
or re-used. Examples include solar energy biofuels,
hydro power or geothermal power.
Repair to restore something that is damaged, faulty or worn
out in order to restore its good working condition.
Reproduction this is a term that refers to any of various processes,
by which an animal or a plant produces one or more
individuals similar to itself. It can be either sexual
(involving male and female gametes) or asexual ( no
gametes are involved).
Resistant It means being immune or to be able to resist or
fight off.
Respiration the act of taking air into the lungs or removing waste
air from the lungs. It is also known as breathing.
However, in advanced biology, respiration refers to
the process of burning food particles in the body to
release energy.
Row is the range of cells that go across (horizontal) the
spreadsheet/worksheet.
Rust reddish or yellowish-brown coating that forms on
iron or steel metals in the presence of moisture.
Scarf a long broad strip of wool, cotton or other materials
worn round the neck, shoulder or head.
Scoop to pick up and move something with using a spade.
Search engine specialized websites that help you find what you’re
looking for on the Web. Examples are google, bing,
yahoo and ask.
Sexual intercourse sexual union between a male and a female
organism involving insertion of the penis into the
vagina.
Smog this is fog, which contains smoke or soot in it, smoke
occurs mainly due to air pollution.
Solar panel a piece of equipment, usually installed on a roof, that
absorbs energy from the sun to heat water or turn
it into electricity.
Sphygnomanometer the instrument used to measure blood pressure.
Sprite is an animated character or object in scratch
programme.
Stamen male parts of a flower.
Static electricity an electrical charge, often created by friction,
consisting of stationary ions that do not move. It is
the opposite of current electricity.
Steep this is a sharply angled, rising or falling ground level
or object.
Steering wheel this is a wheel used by a driver, pilot when he or she
wishes to change direction.
Sterile insect techniques or STI is a method of biological insect
control whereby overwhelming numbers of sterile
insects are released into the wild. The sterile males
compete with wild males to mate with females;
females that mate with sterile males do not produce
offspring.
Stiff Something that can’t be easily bent.
Stroke a disease of the circulatory system which causes
parts of the body not to move due to damage of
sections of the brain.
Sublimation direct change from solid to gaseous form without
undergoing liquid state.
Suckle allow taking milk at the breast or teat.
Suffocation this is a term, which refers to the act of causing to
dies by preventing access to oxygen or air.
Sugar it is a free and open source computer desktop
environment designed for interactive learning by
children.
Supplements any product taken by animals containing minerals.
Surface run-off water that flows on the Earth’s surface after it has
rained, often due to the fact that enough water has
infiltrated the soil such that it cannot accommodate
more.
Synonyms words or phrases that have the same meaning.
Teenagers a boy or a girl at puberty, usually between the ages
of 13 – 20 years.
Temporary magnet a type of magnet that does not retain its
magnetism after it is removed from a magnetic field.
An example is the electromagnet.
Tennis racket a bat with a long handle attached to a round frame
with a network of tight strings over it; used to hit the
ball in tennis.
Thrombosis this refers the condition whereby an artery or a vein
is obstructed by a blood clot. It may lead to heart
attack.
Tool box a box or container used for keeping tools safely.
Tools these are implements especially ones held in the
hands and are used to carry out particular functions.
Transformation this is a term that refers to changing something
completely from one form into another.
Transpiration the process by which plants lose water in form of
water vapour to the atmosphere through the leaves.
Tubal ligation this is a method of female sterilization in which the
fallopian tubes are usually surgically tied or cut.
Tweezers these are small tools used for picking up objects too
small to be handled by human hands.
Undo is a command included in most software programs.
It is typically located at the top of the Edit menu and
has the standard shortcut “Control+Z” in Windows.
The Undo command allows you to undo the last
action you performed in the program.
Vaccination is a biological procedure that improves immunity to
prevent a particular disease.
Valves flaps of flesh found either in the heart or veins that
ensure that blood flows only in one direction.
Vasectomy this is a method of male sterilization in which the
sperm ducts are usually surgically tied or cut to
prevent passage of semen.
Veins blood vessels which are usually broader than arteries
and which carry blood towards the heart from the
rest of the body except the pulmonary vein.
Ventilation this is to provide fresh air to a room or building and
getting out bad air.
Ventricles the lower chambers of the heart where blood is
received from auricles and pumped away from the
heart. They have thicker walls than auricles.
Weaving weaving is a method of fabric production in which
two distinct sets of threads are interlaced at right
angles to form a cloth.
Weight the force experienced by a body due to gravitational
pull.
Windmill a piece of equipment that extracts usable energy
from winds.
Wire a flexible strand or rod of metal.
Workbook is the MS Excel file in which you enter and store related
data. A worksheet (also known as a spreadsheet)
is a collection of cells on a single “sheet” where
you actually keep and manipulate the data. Each
workbook can contain many worksheets.
Workshop a room or building in which goods are made or
repaired.
Www world wide web.
Zygote this is the cell resulting from the union of an ovumand a sperm.
- MODEL QUESTIONS File Uploaded 26/04/20, 12:48