◄UNIT 3:ADVANCED SPREADSHEET I

UNIT 4 SEARCHING THE INTERNET

  • UNIT 4 SEARCHING THE INTERNET

    Introductory activity 4.0

    During the end of the year holiday, Jean Claude, a student in Senior Four in one
    of the schools with Associate Nursing Program in Rwanda received a message
    from someone claiming to be a girl who studies in Senior Four at the same
    school. The girl claimed to have feelings for Jean Claude. They chatted as much
    as they could even confidentially and sent to each other pictures.
    At the beginning of the new school year Jean Claude met the girl as they entered
    the school gate and tried to hug her but the girl seemed not to know him. Later
    he learned from her that they never chatted. Some weeks later Jean Claude
    received a message that if he does not pay 100000 Frw his nude pictures will be
    published on social networks.
    a. “The girl seemed not to know him” Explain why while they introduced
    themselves to one another and have been sending pictures to one another
    b. Discuss how Jean Claude would have prevented the threat of having his
    nude pictures shared
    c. Have you encountered a problem like this while using the internet and
    social media? Discuss.
    4.1 Internet ethics
    Activity 4.1
    During the end of the year holiday, Jean Claude, a student in Senior Four in one
    of the schools with Associate Nursing Program in Rwanda received a message
    from someone claiming to be a girl who studies in Senior Four at the same
    school. The girl claimed to have feelings for Jean Claude. They chatted as much
    as they could even confidentially and sent to each other pictures.
    At the beginning of the new school year Jean Claude met the girl as they entered
    the school gate and tried to hug her but the girl seemed not to know him. Later
    he learned from her that they never chatted. Some weeks later Jean Claude
    received a message that if he does not pay 100000 Frw his nude pictures will be
    published on social networks.
    a. “The girl seemed not to know him” Explain why while they introduced
    themselves to one another and have been sending pictures to one
    another
    b. Discuss how Jean Claude would have prevented the threat of having
    his nude pictures shared
    c. Have you encountered a problem like this while using the internet

    and social media? Discuss.

    Internet is an interconnection of computer networks worldwide providing a series of
    information and communication facilities and thus being a big tool for carrying out
    researches.
    Internet ethics refers to set of moral principles that regulate the use of internet.
    Thus the internet users must be honest, respect the right and property of others on
    internet.
    The following are ethical issues that should be addressed at individual, social, and
    political level:
    a. Flaming
    Flaming refers to messages that contain offensive, obscene or immoral words
    spread via social media applications such as WhatsApp, Facebook and Instagram.
    b. Forgery
    Availability of computers and high-resolution imaging devices has made it possible
    for criminals to forge certificates, money and identity cards.
    c. Piracy
    Piracy is a form of theft of intellectual property on copyrighted software products
    without proper authorization. To avoid violation of copyright laws, everyone needs
    to understand various software licences.
    d. Terrorism
    High penetration of internet and mobile phones has exposed most countries to evil
    plans of terrorists across the globe.
    e. Pornography
    Availability of pornographic material in form of pictures and video has affected
    moral values of young children leading to immoral behavior such as homosexuality
    and premature sex.
    f. Fraud
    Computers and mobile phones are being used to steal other people’s account details
    or money through fraudulent means such as fake websites and SMS messages.
    g. Corruption
    Corruption has become social evil in private and public institution because it is
    seen as the easiest means to gaining social, economic or political favors. In some
    countries, mobile and internet-based money transfer has opened doors to corrupt
    behavior that goes unnoticed by law enforcement agents.
    h. Blackmail
    Is an action of asking money or any other benefits in exchange to not revealing
    private information on someone. That information can be nude pictures or videos
    and other compromising information about someone.
    As internet ethics mean acceptable behavior of using internet below are ten rules
    that anyone using the internet should follow:
    1. Do not use the Internet to harm other people.
    2. Do not interfere with other people’s internet work.
    3. Do not snoop around in other people’s internet files.
    4. Do not use the Internet to steal.
    5. Do not use the Internet to bear false witness.
    6. Do not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid without
    permission.
    7. Do not use other people’s Internet resources without authorization or proper
    compensation.
    8. You shall not appropriate other people’s intellectual output.
    9. Think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the
    system you are designing if it is to be used over the internet
    10. Always use the Internet in ways that ensure consideration and respect for
    your fellow humans
    Apart from the rules some of the ethics to be followed while using internet are here
    below:
    • While using email and chatting, internet must be used for communication or
    for research purpose. Be on guard while chatting with stranger and avoid
    forwarding e-mail from unknown people or stranger
    • Do not be rude and do not use bad language while using email, chatting,
    blogging and social network, be respectful to others’ views.
    • It is not advisable to use internet to fool others or pretending to be someone
    else, hiding one’s identity to fool other on internet is a crime.
    • It is not advisable to download and share the copyrighted material without
    permission.
    APPLICATION ACTIVITY 4.1
    1. Brainstorm on how technology use has influenced our morals in terms of
    communication, privacy and intellectual property rights.
    2. What are ethical challenges arising from the use of computers and mobile
    devices used to access the internet?
    4.2. Web security spyware, hacking and firewall
    Activity 4.2
    1. Discuss the measures taken by your school to protect computers against
    different security threats If they are not secured suggest solutions that can
    be used to safeguard them
    2. By doing a research write down some cases of internet security break that

    have happened in Rwanda and in the world?

    Computers are indispensable tools in the life of human beings. Computers are
    used in different area such as banking, shopping, communicating between people
    through emails and chats, etc. However, some intruders join the conversations
    and try to read emails and other information for which they don’t have the rights.
    Most of the time, they misuse their computers by attacking other systems, sending
    forged emails from computers, or examining personal information stored in others’
    computers.
    Web security, spyware, hacking and firewall are among the terms that are
    common in the world of internet specifically when it comes to using the internet.
    The common attributes for all these terms are that they refer to the need to use the
    internet securely.
    4.2.1. Web security
    Web security refers to the techniques of protecting computers, networks, programs
    and data from unauthorized access or attacks. Major areas covered in web security
    are: Application Security, Information Security, Disaster recovery and Network
    Security.
    The key Web services security requirements are authentication, authorization,
    data protection, and no repudiation. These are implemented in order to have
    more security while on the web.
    a. Authentication
    It is a process in which the credentials provided are compared to those in the
    database of authorized users’ information on a local operating system or within
    an authentication server. If the credentials match, the process is completed and
    the user is granted authorization for access. Therefore, authentication verifies the
    identity and enables authorization.
    b. Authorization
    The term authorization is the process of giving someone permission to do or have
    something. In the field of computer an authorized user gains access to the system
    and is allowed to get the available resources depending on the access level attached
    to his/her credentials.
    c. Data protection
    It is the process of safeguarding important information from corruption, compromise
    or loss.
    4.2.2. Spyware
    Like virus, Spyware also comes under the category of malware attacks. Although
    the working of spyware is different from the other types of malware mentioned
    earlier in unit 2, Spyware as the name suggests is used to spy into a system. The
    job of the spyware is to silently sit inside the host system and observe the activities
    of that system.
    i. How spyware work
    Suppose a user is logging on to any bank. Once the website of the bank opens, the
    user id and login password are input. After that if the user wants to do a financial
    transaction, the transaction password has to be entered. All this information is quietly
    registered by the spyware then the spyware sends all the information recorded from
    the user’s computer to probably a hacker who is somewhere else on the Internet.
    ii. How spyware is spread
    Devices which use windows operating systems are more susceptible to attacks;
    here below are the most common ways, a computer can become infected with
    spyware:
    • Accepting a prompt or pop-up without reading it first
    • Downloading software from an unknown source
    • Opening email attachments from unknown senders, etc.
    iii. How to recognize spyware on the device
    Spyware can be difficult to recognize in an infected device. But there are clues
    that can help one to know that a computer has been infected. The symptoms
    of a computer attacked by a spyware are that the device is so slow or crashes
    unexpectedly, it runs out of hard drive space and there are pop-ups when online or
    offline.
    iv. How to remove spyware
    If the device is infected with spyware, it is necessary to run a scan with current
    security software to make sure it has cleaned up everything it can. The best fight
    against a spyware is to install reputable anti-spyware removal tools.
    v. How to help prevent spyware
    Here are four main ways to help prevent spyware.
    Do not open emails from unknown senders.
    • Do not download files from untrustworthy sources.
    • Do not click on pop-up advertisements.
    • Use reputable antivirus software.
    4.2.3. Hacking
    Hacking is a term used to describe actions taken by someone to gain unauthorized
    access to a computer belonging to other people. It is the process by which cyber
    criminals also known as hackers gain access to a computer. After entering in that
    computer, a hacker can find weaknesses (or pre-existing bugs) in the security
    settings and exploit them in order to access available information. Hackers can
    also install any malware such as spyware or Trojan horse, providing a back door in
    where to enter and search for information.
    4.2.4. Firewall
    A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network
    traffic and permits or blocks data packets based on a set of security rules. Its
    purpose is to establish a barrier between an internal network and incoming traffic
    from external sources such as the internet in order to block malicious traffic like
    viruses and hackers.
    i. How does a firewall Work ?
    Firewalls carefully analyze incoming traffic based on pre-established rules and filter
    traffic coming from unsecured or suspicious sources to prevent attacks. Firewalls
    guard traffic at a computer’s entry point, called ports which is where information is
    exchanged with external devices.
    ii. Types of Firewalls
    Firewalls can either be software or hardware, A software firewall is a program
    installed on each computer and regulates traffic through port numbers and

    applications, while a physical firewall is a piece of equipment installed between the network and the gateway.

    APPLICATION ACTIVITY 4.2

    1. Discuss and write a brief report on the importance of web security at your
    school, in Rwanda and in the whole world.
    2. In a bank, any customer can create and use an identity (e.g. a user name
    and password) to log into that bank’s online service but the bank’s policy
    must ensure that the customer can only access individual account online
    once his/her identity is verified.
    a. Identify which type of security is used in this bank?

    b. Why is that imposed security important?

    4.3. URL and its parts

    Activity 4.3

    Each year all students of P6, Senior three and Senior six pass the national
    exam. Marking is the second step that follows. After marking, Rwanda Basic
    Education Board avails the result on its web application so that each student
    can view the results. Give and explain the steps to go through for accessing
    national exam results
    1. Briefly explain the term web browser
    2. Differentiate between a web page and website as used when referring to
    the internet
    a. Web browser
    Commonly referred to as a browser. It is a software program that allows a user
    to locate, access, and display web pages. They are used primarily for displaying
    and accessing websites on the internet as well as other content created using
    appropriate languages such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible
    Markup Language (XML).
    Examples of browsers: Mosaic, Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, Mozilla
    Firefox, Opera and Google Chrome.
    b. Website
    It is a collection of related web pages stored as a single file in a web server. It is also
    defined as a group of World Wide Web pages usually containing hyperlinks to each
    other and made available online by an individual, company, educational institution,

    government, or organization

    c. Webpage:
    This is hypertext and hypermedia documents containing information about an
    individual or organization. It is accessible through the internet or other networks
    using an internet browser.
    A web page is accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics,
    and hyperlinks to other web pages and files.
    4.3.1. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
    The term Uniform Resource Locator abbreviated as URL commonly known as
    website address is a unique address of each web page and identifies the location
    of that specific web page on the internet. An example of URL is: http://www.yahoo.
    com
    4.3.2. Parts of URL
    The URL consists of three main parts namely: Protocol, Domain also known as host
    name and Resource ID.
    i. Protocol
    It is a set of rules that governs how data is transmitted over a network. There are
    many types of protocols used in a network. In a URL address, the protocol is shown
    at the beginning of the address followed with a colon and double slashes. In the
    example above the protocol is http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).
    Nowadays, HTTPS, which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, is the most
    common used protocol. It tells a web browser to encrypt any information entered
    onto the page, like the passwords or credit card information, so cybercriminals
    cannot access it.
    ii. Server name or Host name
    It identifies the computer on which the resource is located. This computer is known
    as a remote server. Most web server names begin with the letters www (For
    example www.igihe.com)
    The server name always ends with a dot and a three or two-letter extension called
    the domain name.
    iii. Domain name
    The domain is important because it usually identifies the company, agency or
    organization that is directly responsible for the information, or is providing the
    computer space where the information is kept. Sometimes it indicates the country
    where the server is located.
    The Top-Level Domain (TLD) specifies what type of entity an organization registers
    as on the internet. For example, “.com” is intended for commercial entities. Here
    below are some common top-level domain names:
    • com: identifies company or commercial sites.
    • org: for non-profit organization sites.
    • ac: for academic/educational institution.
    • edu: for educational sites.
    • go: for government agencies sites.
    • net: for Internet service providers.
    • co: for company.
    • mil: for military organization.
    Examples of country domains are .rw for Rwanda; .ke for Kenya; .uk for United
    Kingdom; .jp for Japan; .tz for Tanzania; .us for United States; .au for Australia; .ca
    for Canada; etc.
    iv. Sub domain
    Website is like a house; sub domains are like specific rooms in that house. A sub
    domain in a URL indicates which particular page of a website the web browser
    should serve up.
    v. Resource ID
    It identifies the file name and the folders or subfolders under which the webpage is
    stored on the remote server.

    Example of resource ID is /index.php/ icons/services

    APPLICATION ACTIVITY 4.3

    1. What do you understand by the term web address
    2. Describe all parts of URL

    3. What do mean by the term Top level domain?

    4.4. Search on the internet
    4.4.1. Strategies for better search results:
    4.4.1.1. Simple search technique

    Activity 4.4

    1. Considering the image below of Google search engine window. Name the

    parts labeled from A to G


    2. Open the browser in address bar, type the most used search engine and in
    search box type the following text “the proper use of ICT in Rwandan school”

    Explain what you observe after

    Search on the internet requires the use of search engines, such as Google or Ask.
    The words that are typed in the search box are called keywords, and should be
    directly related to the topic that one is searching for.
    Understanding how to perform searches for online information increase the chances
    of finding the needed information.
    Search Engine: Search Engines are programs that help the user look for and
    identify items that corresponds to keywords or phrases specified from the World
    Wide Web. Examples include; Yahoo, Google, Bing and Ask.com among others.
    A. Strategies to pinpoint specific information online
    Searching the internet can be a frustrating; researcher may enter a word or a phrase
    into a search engine and get irrelevant information. What is need is the ability to
    refine the search to get exactly what is needed.
    1. Vary the Search Engine
    Search engines search through about millions of active websites to provide content
    and source of content. No search engine is perfect, they all have shortcomings that
    are avoided only by the techniques of the user while searching.
    Keywords are the terms that searcher uses to find content on the internet. Making
    the keywords as specific as possible will lead search engine to track down the
    information that user needs.
    2. Simplify the Search Terms
    Some engines include Stop Words in their searches. These are frequently used
    words such as prepositions (in, of, on), conjunctions (and, but) and articles (a,
    the), which means that the search results have more pages of search results than
    needed.
    It is usually best to eliminate stop words from the internet searches. The main
    exception is if the search is based on looking for a specific title or name that includes
    them.
    3) Use Quotation Marks
    Enclosing a search term also known as search query within quotation marks
    prompts the search engine to search for that specific word or phrase.
    If the term is a single word, using quotation marks will cut out stemmed variations
    of it. For example, if searching for the word director, the researcher likely receives
    a lot of results for direct, direction, directions, and so on typing “director” with
    quotation marks, ensure that only results for that stem word are displayed.
    If the search term is a phrase, the search will be for that specific phrase, rather than
    for all the component words as individual items. For example, if searching for the
    phrase director of human resources, without quotation marks, the search returns
    results based on all of the words in the phrase. Thus, surrounding the term with
    quotation marks, will generate results that feature this specific term.
    4. Remove unhelpful words
    The use of a hyphen, small dash or minus sign immediately before a word excludes
    it from a search.
    For example, typing in marketing -digital will exclude digital from the search
    engine, making it easier to find the information searched for. Typing marketing
    -digital -social     would allow researcher to get rid of even more confusion.
    5. Refine the search using operators
    Other characters or terms, known as operators allow to narrow down the internet
    search in more targeted ways. A few of those are explored here below:
    • Wildcard searches: use the * symbol as a placeholder for another word. For
    example, searching for * man in the world returns results for the richest man
    in the world, the tallest, the oldest, and so on. Wildcard searches are also
    useful for example when researcher do not know the full text of a quote.
    • Combination searches: the OR operator enables user to search for two or
    more terms simultaneously, and is most useful when those terms are very
    similar. For example, typing selling OR retailing, will return pages where
    either of the terms is used, without both needing to be present.
    • Another way to combine searches is to use AND. This operator ensures that
    researcher receives only search results that include two or more terms.
    • Search in a specific Site: Typing the site followed by the URL of the website
    that researcher wish to search and a search term limit the search to a single
    website. For example, the site: reb.rw” Director General” will return all the
    pages from reb.rw that feature the term “Director General.”
    • Finding related sites: A useful operator is related. Typing this in front of a web
    address like in the search sentence “related: igihe.com” (don’t consider the
    quotes) will deliver a range of websites that are similar to igihe.com.
    6. Avoid the use of difficult word to recognize (Search Pitfalls)
    Note: When searching online, it is important to bear in mind that the use of
    abbreviation cannot give the relevant result.
    Whatever written in search box of search engine, the search engine tries to provide
    relevant information related to the search query. The window below shows what
    the search engine displays when researcher wants to get information about current

    Rwandan District

    B. Keywords
    Keywords are the words that the search engines use to find pages. Generally, the
    more specific the word, the better the returned results will be, because the page
    which contains that word will more likely have something the user intended to look
    for.
    APPLICATION ACTIVITY 4.4
    1. Using Google search engine conduct a research about the topic” IMPACT
    OF GIRA INKA MUNYARWANDA”
    2. Using Search in a Specific Site, Conduct a research about the all prime
    ministers of your country .
    4.4.1.2 Advanced search techniques
    Activity 4.5
    1. Conduct a research on internet about Boolean operators
    2. Using different search techniques which include Boolean operators,
    quotation marks,… do a research on the internet about the sexual
    development of a human from birth to adolescence .
    i. Advanced search techniques using Boolean operators
    Boolean searching, also known as searching using Boolean Operators in between
    the search words is the single most effective advanced search techniques used to
    improve the search results, making them more relevant and precise. While using
    these operators capitalize the words AND, OR, and NOT to form the most effective
    search queries. Additionally, quotations are important when searching for a phrase
    or multiple phrases.
    Examples:
    • Keyword1 AND Keyword2: Results must include both results
    • Keyword1 OR Keyword2: Results must include at least one of the keywords
    • Keyword1 NOT Keyword2: Results must exclude Keyword2
    The Boolean logic expression “Lesson and Tutorial” once typed in search engine
    will ensure that the engine returns document which contains both words.
    The Boolean logic expression “power imbalance” OR “power balance in
    mediation “    once typed in search engine will ensure that the engine returns any
    document which had either of the terms.
    The Boolean logic expression “Lesson Not Tutorial” once typed in search engine
    will ensure that the engine returns any document which contains Lesson but no

    document contain the word Tutorial will appear in the same page of search engine.

    When the AND operator is used in the search query, the search engine returns
    results whose content has both keywords on either side of the operator. In this case
    the words lesson and tutorial will appear in the search results. On the other hand,
    using the OR operator will return only results containing one of the operand words.
    Note: both or none of the keywords may not appear in the search results when
    the operator AND, OR are used but when the link is opened the opened page will
    contain those keywords
    ii. Advanced search technique using quotation marks
    Quotation marks (“”) can be used in search engine to avoid finding similar terms
    or derived words. They are used around phrases. The use of quotation marks tells
    the search engine to only bring back pages with the typed term in exact order they
    were typed.
    Example: typing the “health and care reform” in search engine is accurate than
    typing health and care and reform and will display in the search results that
    sentence in quotes
    iii. Advanced search techniques using tilde sign (~)
    When the tilde operator is placed in front of a keyword, it also searches for words
    that are synonyms of that keyword. The searcher can use the tilde operator (~) to
    get Google or other search engines to expand the search with related keywords.
    This is helpful when one does not know the entire search query to use.
    iv. Advanced search technique using NEAR
    This operator is a more specific form of the AND operator. It ensures that the
    document contains both terms and that they are located near each other. In many
    lengthy documents, just using the operator AND might not provide useful results as
    the two keywords might be located in very different parts of the document and might
    not be related to one another.
    Example: The expression “resistance NEAR physics” used in the field of physics
    search engine will ensure that the engine uses both words in its search and ranking
    logic that both words appear
    v. Advanced search techniques using parenthesis
    The operators AND, NEAR, OR and NOT are powerful in their own right but when
    used in conjunction with parentheses, they can offer substantial control over the
    search logic executed by the engine. Parentheses are used in Boolean logic
    similar to the way they are used in mathematical equation, limiting and ordering
    relationships between variables.
    Example: If one wants to find a web-based internet tutorial, it is better to use the
    search criteria internet AND (tutorial OR lesson). The documents returned must
    contain both of the word internet and tutorial or internet and lesson. Obviously, the
    parentheses are used to distribute the keyword internet to one of the two “OR”
    words inside the parentheses.
    APPLICATION ACTIVITY 4.5
    1. Using the advanced search techniques seen, search on the internet about
    these topics:
    a. Non-renewable energy
    b. The power of the mind
    3. Discuss about the use of NEAR keyword used in advanced search
    techniques
    4.4.1.3. Searching for documents, books, images, video on the
    internet
    Activity 4.6
    1. One day an ICT teacher wanted to teach about the topics “assembling
    and disassembling computer”. The day before the teacher gave homework
    to the students to go to the internet and watch for video showing how to
    conduct the activity to assemble and disassemble computer.
    a. Suppose you are in that class, search for those videos on the internet
    b. Analyze the videos got and compare them in terms of their relatedness to
    the topic
    Finding specific information on the internet is compared to searching for information
    in the library. It is not necessary to have experience in internet searching or even to
    know where to locate search sites. Different ways of searching for document, books
    and video on internet are elaborated in the sections to follow.
    A. Searching for documents
    Most information is found on the internet by using search engines. While searching
    for documents online using search engine simply require the typing of search query
    in search box, the search engine displays a lot of information which can be in
    millions of pages like in the image below where more than 6 millions of pages are

    returned.

    Accessing document from internet

    The process of getting files from the internet is known as downloading. The

    downloaded files can be viewed, saved or printed. Any attachment sent in an

    internet needs to be downloaded.

    The process of putting information, document, web pages, images and files onto a

    web server is also known as uploading

    B. Searching for book

    There are different ways to search for online book such as using Wikipedia,

    Google as search engine; researcher can even search for books which have been

    uploaded to any site such as in-house books uploaded to the REB website. When

    the searched book is found, the next step is to download it.

    To search for a book using Wikipedia, one needs just to know the book Title, Author,

    publication house, and date of publication for that book.

    There are free online websites such as www.free-ebooks.net but also there are

    some websites where books are found after payment. Those websites are like

    amazon, barner and noble.

    C. Searching for images

    Most people use the web to search for images. They like to search for images

    online and there are many sites and search engines dedicated just to searching

    different kinds of images. While searching for online images consider the copyright

    issues before using them.

    To search and download images from the internet follow these steps:

    1. Type “google.com” in the web address to find the image to download.

    2. Type the name of the image needed, in the available list of related images

    select the needed image.

    3. Right-click to the image to save.

    4. Click Save image as, searcher can even use “copy image as” option.

    5. Choose location where to save the image.

    D. Searching for video on the internet
    Internet video or online video is the general field that deals with the transmission of
    video over the internet. Internet video exists in different formats, such as MPEG-4
    AVC, AVCHD, FLV, and MP4 MP, MP4A etc. Those videos can be accessed through
    several online video hosting services, such as YouTube, as well as Vimeo, Twitch,
    and Youku, vid mate etc.
    D.1. Searching for video using search engine and video icon
    It is easy to access videos through the use of video icon located on search engines.
    The process of locating videos simply requires to type the name and the author
    of the video in search box of search engine and thereafter click on video icon as

    shown in the figure below:

    D.2. Search video on internet using online video hosting services
    Internet video or online video such as YouTube, vimeo, Twitch, and youku, vidmate
    for Smartphone are very useful tools that help to search for video.
    To search for video online proceed as follows:
    • Open the browser
    • In web address or URL type the online video hosting services such as youtube.com
    • In the opened webpage just write the name of the video by specifying its
    author in order to avoid confusion.

    Here is a window showing how to find a video using YouTube online hosting service.

    Once a video is seen it can be watched online or downloaded and saved using
    different appropriate software such as YTD Video Downloader, Internet Download
    Manager so that they can be watched offline.
    D.3. Searching for images and videos on internet using add-on software
    • Software add-on
    This is a piece of software that adds a specific feature or capability to an existing
    software application. A software add-on cannot be run independently; it is just a
    software extension.
    Examples of common add-ons are Adobe Flash, QuickTime, Download Helper and
    Silverlight.
    • Download Helper
    This is a tool used to extract videos and image files from websites and save them
    to the hard drive.
    • Download file (Video) using add-ons/download helper
    Type in the Address bar “www.YouTube.com”. Locate a favorite video and click
    on it.
    To download a video on YouTube, there is a red button under Active Video download.
    If Download Helper is used and there is an active video on any website, the icon is

    active for downloading it, see the figure below.

    Click the above Download button of the active video then Save As dialog box
    is displayed and at this stage user can select the location where to save the
    downloaded video.
    Note: YouTube has been designed for users who only watch and view videos on
    their website. In case to save the video on computer is needed, select from a variety
    of online downloader programs to download the video.
    APPLICATION ACTIVITY 4.5
    1. a) Through the use of internet and by using different techniques, search for
    a video on any one of the three video hosting services (YouTube, Vmeo,
    Twitch). The video to search for is about “grain germination”
    b) Which one gives more related search results? Explain
    2. Search on internet a book called “Imigani miremire ” written by Aloys
    BIGIRUMWAMI
    3. Create a folder on Desktop and call it your name, thereafter Search on
    internet the current map of Rwanda and save it in the created folder
    Take an image of your classmates in the classroom and save it on the computer
    with internet connectivity. Using that saved image search for similar images of
    students (or student teachers) in the classroom.
    4.4.2 Searching by image
    Activity 4.7
    The term search by image also called “reverse photo lookup” is a type of online
    search where, user instead of typing in a text-based keyword also known as search
    query, uploads an image to find visually similar images and relevant details about
    the query image. Here below are procedures to conduct the search by image:
    1. Open Google Images (images.google.com)

    2. Click on the camera icon in the search box.

    3. Click Upload an image.

    1. Click Choose file’ and browse through the image from PC.
    2. Select the image and upload it to Google image.
    In the figure above images can be searched by pasting the address (Paste image
    URL) of searched image or by uploading it. The term upload has been seen earlier.
    Here below is the description of the downloaded image called download33. The

    image shows that it is related to images describing the smart classroom.

    APPLICATION ACTIVITY 4.7
    Download ICT books for your subject available on the internet and save them on
    your computer.
    4.5. Browser’s techniques for remembering
    Activity 4.8

    3. What is the role of the cord found in the book below


    2. Tom Likes watching movies related to Surgical Pathology on YouTube.
    Whenever he opens YouTube he finds Surgical Pathology related topics
    displayed the first. For his friend Kamana who likes to watch videos on
    History of Rwanda, videos on Surgical Pathology are not displayed.
    Discuss the possible reason for this.
    People who use the internet testify that the internet seems to be intelligent based on
    the feedback and suggestions they get from it. Some websites offer the possibilities
    to store some data like details of a filled form, user name and passwords in such a
    way that on the next visit to the same website those data won’t need to be refilled.
    Some websites like YouTube, social media websites and e-commerce websites
    provide suggestions to their visitors depending on their experience for the last visit
    on the same website. The different mechanisms through which this is achieved are
    elaborated in this topic.
    A. Cookies
    Cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer. They are designed
    to hold a modest amount of data specific to a particular client and website and can
    be accessed either by the web server or the client computer.
    A computer cookie consists of information. When user visits a website, the website
    sends the cookie to the computer. The computer stores it in a file located inside the
    web browser of the used computer.
    The purpose of the computer cookie is to help the website keep track of user visits

    and different activities carried out by the users

    ♦ Some activities of cookies
    • Registering which people have visited what pages on a website. This
    information can then be used to choose the right advertisement or otherwise
    tailoring the pages the user may view. Many cookies used for advertising and
    tailoring content are third-party cookies.
    • Monitoring the traffic through statistics to improve the site and learn more
    about different target groups.
    • Keeping track of the selected language.
    ♦ Where to locate, enable or delete cookies
    1. Open the browser. Because cookies are stored in the web browser, the first
    step is to open the browser.
    2. Find where cookies are stored. Each browser manages cookies in a different
    location.
    For example, in Internet Explorer, find them by clicking “Tools” and then Settings.
    And then click advanced settings”
    In Chrome, choose “Preferences” from the Chrome menu in the navigation bar,
    display settings. Then expand the “Advanced” option to display “Privacy and
    security.” From there, open “Content settings” and “Cookies.”
    1. Manage the cookies. Every browser gives a range of options for enabling
    or deleting cookies. Internet Explorer for instance, allows managing cookies
    under “Privacy” and “Advanced.” In Chrome, find where cookies are stored
    as outlined above, and then select the management options under “Cookies.”
    B. Bookmark
    When referring to an Internet browser, a bookmark or electronic bookmark is a
    method of saving a web page’s address. In Microsoft Internet Explorer, bookmarks
    are referred to as favorites.
    ♦ The purpose of bookmark
    A bookmark is very useful when user finds a webpage that should be remembered
    in order to be able to look at it another day. Bookmarking is like creating a shortcut
    for quick access to that web page.
    Here below is a list of shortcuts that can be used to access and view the bookmarks
    in a browser:
    • Google Chrome: Ctrl+Shift+O

    • Mozilla Firefox: Ctrl+B or Ctrl+ Shift+B

    • Microsoft Edge: Ctrl+I
    • Internet Explorer: Ctrl+I
    • Opera: Ctrl+Shift+B
    ♦ Process of viewing bookmark in Google chrome
    1. Open the Google Chrome browser.

    2. Navigate to the page to bookmark.


    3. Press Ctrl+D or click the star icon on the far side of the address bar


    d. Cache
    A web cache also known as a HTTP cache or page cache is a system that temporarily
    stores data such as web pages, images and similar media content when a web
    page is loaded for the first time.
    When a user visits a page for the first time, a site cache commits selected content
    to memory and when that same page is visited again, the site cache is able to recall
    the same content and reload it much quicker when compared to the first visit.
    e. Browser history
    In computing system, the term web browsing history refers to a list of web pages
    a user has visited recently and associated data such as page title and time of visit
    which is recorded by the web browser software as standard for a certain period
    of time. Web browsers software do this in order to provide the user with a back
    button and a history list to go back to pages they have visited previously as well as
    displaying visited links
    which is recorded by the web browser software as standard for a certain period
    of time. Web browsers software do this in order to provide the user with a back
    button and a history list to go back to pages they have visited previously as well as
    displaying visited links
    Viewing browsing history in Google Chrome:
    All web browsers keep a record of every page visited in their web history. Here are
    the steps followed to view a browser’s history:
    1. Open the browser.
    2. Click the icon located to the far-right corner of Google Chrome under the
    closing icon.
    3. Select History. This option is near the top of the drop-down menu. ...
    4. Click History. It’s at the top of the pop-out menu.

    5. Review the browsing history

    APPLICATION ACTIVITY 4.8
    1. Explain the purpose of Bookmark, cookies Cache.
    2. Using internet explain three ways to view bookmarks using different

    browsers.

    End unit assessment
    1. What is URL? Explain the five parts of URL
    2. What does the prefix https:// in a browser address field mean?
    3. Differentiate web page from web site
    4. When moving from one web page to another, it is a good to open each web
    page in a different window. Try opening the following links, each in its own
    window: www.igihe.com, www.reb.rw, www. google.com
    5. What is a browser’s page history? What is its purpose?
    6. Define the term search engine and list at least three examples of the most
    common ones
    7. Nowadays most services are carried out online by using the web
    application www.irembo.gov.rw. With your computer connected to Internet,
    search for steps to be followed while applying for National ID using this

    web application.

    BIOGRAPHY
    1) National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC). (2011). ICT Syllabus for
    Upper Secondary. Kigali.
    2) MYICT. (2011). National ICT strategy and plan NICI III-2015.Kigali.
    3) National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC). (2006). ICT syllabus for
    Lower Secondary Education. Kigali.
    4) Pearson Education. (2010). Computer Concepts.
    5) Rwanda Education Board (REB), (2019), ICT Syllabus for TTC, (2019),
    Kigali
    6) Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Computer Science S5 student’s
    book
    7) Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Computer Science S6 student’s
    book
    8) Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Information and Communication
    Technology for Rwandan Schools Secondary 1 Students’ Book
    9) Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Information and Communication
    Technology for Rwandan Schools Secondary 1 Students’ Book
    10) Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Information and Communication
    Technology for Rwandan Schools Secondary 2 Students’ Book
    11) Longhorn Publishers (2016) Computer Science For Rwandan Schools
    Senior Four Student’s Book
    12) Fountain Publishers (2016) Information and Communication Technology

    (ICT) for Rwanda Schools Learner’s Book Senior Three

    ◄UNIT 3:ADVANCED SPREADSHEET I