◄UNIT 14:POWER AND ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE WORLDUNIT 16 :TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN THE WORLD►

UNIT 15:INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE WORLD

  • UNIT 15:INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE WORLD


    Key unit competence: The student-teachers should be able to evaluate
                                                   the success of the sustainable development
                                                   projects in the industry in different parts of the

                                                   world.

    Introductory activity

    Mr. Gatete is a farmer, he grows crops like coffee, cotton, bananas and fruits
    and rears cows and goats. He sells both crops and animal products to Amahoro
    Cooperative Society which transforms these products into Juice, Packed milk,

    Cheese, Clothes etc

    1. According to you, in which category of industry does Mr. Gatete belong to?
    2. Explain the factors on which Amahoro Cooperative Society base on to
    establish the factory which transforms Gatete’s products and the problems
    that may be associated with the factory.
    3. Make research on internet / geographical documents and find out five
    examples of more industrialized countries in the world and describe the

    factors for their industrial development.

    15.1. Definition, classification of industries, factors influencing
    location of industries and major industrial regions of the world

    Learning activity 15.1
    Use experience from your local environment and answer the following questions:
    1. Identify the categories of industries observed.

    2. Describe the factors that influenced their location.

    15.1.1. Definition of industry
    An industry is an establishment that involves production of goods and offering
    of services. It also refers to the processing of raw materials into finished goods.
    Industrialization refers to the concentration or to the development of
    industries in an area, country or region.

    15.1.2. Classification of industries
    There are three categories of industries which are closely interrelated.

    (i) Primary/ Extractive industries
    These are industries which produce raw materials. They are concerned with
    the extraction of natural resources. They involve agriculture, forestry, mining
    and fishing.

    (ii) Secondary/ Manufacturing industries
    These are industries that transform raw materials into finished products
    suitable for consumption. They include food, beverages, chemical products, etc.
    They are subdivided into two categories:
    • Heavy industries: Such as engineering, metal goods, chemical, ship
    building industries, etc.
    • Light industries: Such as food processing, plastics, textiles, electrical
    equipment, cosmetics and toilet articles etc.

    (iii) The tertiary/ Service industries
    These are industries involved in the provision of services. The tertiary industries
    do not produce goods but provide backup services to the industrial sector. The
    services provided include transport and communication, trade and commerce,
    financial insurance, printing and publishing, education, health, banking, etc.

    15.1.3. Factors influencing the location of industries and industrial
    development
    There are several factors that influence the location of industries and which
    contribute to industrial development. They are briefly described in the following
    paragraphs:
    • Efficient labor force: An adequate or skilled labor force is essential
    in the initiation and continuance of an industry. It gives the company a

    maximum output with lowest possible costs.

    • Power and energy: Any industrial establishment must be located in
    the areas with enough fuel or other sources of energy.

    •     Land: The location of any industry requires extensive land for set up
    and future extension.

    •     Government policy: Government’s policies which encourage
    industrial development and job creation are also an important factor.
    This can be done through tax reduction, provision of land to investors
    to establish industries and availability of energy in the area.

    •     Raw materials: various types and availability of local raw materials are
    important in the location of industries. The availability, affordability,
    size, quantity, quality and weight of the raw materials among others
    are essential requirements for industrial location.

    •     Transport and communication: Modern industries require constant
    supplies of raw materials, often in great bulk from various sources.
    Finished goods have to be distributed to many places as well. Thus
    the availability of a good network of transport facilities is another
    important factor in the location of industries.

    •     Market: There is a very strong justification for industries to be located
    near the markets which consume their finished products. Some types
    of industries are more likely to be located near markets than others;
    e.g. perishable goods, fragile goods, bulky goods etc.

    •     Capital: No industry can be developed unless it has financial support.
    Many for purchasing the land and machines, constructing factories,
    acquisition of the required raw materials, and transportation of both
    raw materials and finished goods and for the payment of workers, or
    in every phase of industrial development need to be available.

    • Water supply    : Certain industries, especially iron and steel, aluminum
    smelting, thermal power generation, pulping of timber, synthetic fibre
    manufacture and chemicals, consume enormous quantities of water
    either in processing the raw materials or for cooling purposes.

    • Industrial inertia    : This is when an industry remains in its original
    location even if the initial advantage that led to its location is no longer
    available. This is due to three main factors:

    The presence of a good transportation network of roads, railways,
    canals and so on. An industry moving to a new site might face
    transportation difficulties.
    ─ Influence of skilled labor and experienced workers built up in
    that area.
    ─ The cost of building and equipping a factory is extremely high.
    Industrial establishments do not readily undertake a complete
    move with the new building and tooling-up costs that this entails.

    •     Sites: Some industrial plants have to be sited on leveled ground instead
    of hilly regions. Others require vast acreage of land and the cheapness
    of the available land is a primary consideration.

    •     Climate: Climatic factors sometimes have to be taken into account
    especially in countries with extremes of climate. Costs of heating, air
    conditioning factories or offices may be prohibitive. Hot climate may
    create problems of storage. Climatic factors such as severe winters or
    annual floods may affect transportation adversely.

    • Political stability:     encourages long term investment necessary for
    industrial development. This is why countries with little political
    instability like Western Europe are advanced in industrial development

    than developing countries of Africa and Asia.

    Application Activity 15.1
    1. Describe the categories of industries common in Rwanda.
    2. Identify two industries of Rwanda and describe the factors that led

    to their location.

    15.2. Major industrial regions in the world
    Activity 15.2
    1. Make research and identify the major world industrial regions.
    2. Explain the factors that are responsible for the location of industries
    in USA, RUSSIA, China, Egypt and South Africa.

    There are major industrial areas in both developed and developing countries.
    USA, and Russia are the example of industrialized countries in developed

    countries, Egypt, South Africa, China in developing countries.

    15.2.1. Major industrial regions in developed countries
    A. Industrialization in USA
    i. Factors for the high level of industrialization in USA
    USA is the world’s leading industrial nation. About four-fifth of the industrial
    output of North America is contributed by the United States alone. The factors,
    which helped in the industrial development of USA, are:
    • A wide range of raw materials such as agricultural raw materials and
    mineral raw materials.
    • The population of USA was made up of immigrant from many advanced
    European countries especially from U.K, France, Germany, Holland and
    others. These immigrants brought with them the experience skills and
    technical knowhow of their mother countries. This encouraged rapid
    industrial development.
    • USA is located on the opposite side of Atlantic from Europe. This
    has stimulated trade and growing world markets. It has also led to
    industrial expansion.
    • USA has extended water transport from St. Lawrence Seaway to
    the heart of the continent via the Great Lakes. This has stimulated
    industrial development by providing cheap means of transport for raw
    materials and finished goods.
    • USA has a high level of technology. This has been maintained by
    adequate educational and training facilities and a technological
    system. This system attracts skilled scientists and technologists. This
    brain drain helps to give the USA a lead in scientific modern industries
    such as electronics computers and so on.
    • USA has abundant petroleum, natural gas, local and hydro-electric
    power. The availability of various sources of power in economic
    quantities has stimulated the development of large manufacturing industries.
    • Availability of capital generated from international trade (from
    exports) encouraged industrialization.
    • The government of USA also encourages rapid industrialization. It
    encourages export promotion.
    • There is internal competition among the industries and this has
    stimulated industrial development.

    • Availability of extensive land for industrial development.

    ii. Industrial regions of USA
    There are six industrial regions in USA:
    1. Southern New England: It is centered in Boston with two types of
    industries; shipbuilding and textile,
    2. Mid-Atlantic States: This region includes cities of New York, Philadelphia
    and Baltimore. The industries here include iron and steel, engineering,
    printing, electrical goods, foot wear and consumer goods.
    3. Pittsburgh – Lake Erie region: this is the core of heavy industries,
    engineering, glass, pottery, chemicals, synthetic, rubber, tyre making,
    generating hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls, flour milling etc.
    4. Detroit industrial region: this is the greatest automobile manufacturing
    region of the USA. Other industries include electrical wires, glass,
    batteries, paints, alloyed steel etc…
    5. South Appalachian region: It is centered in Birmingham. Industries
    include steel making, Hydro Electric Power generation, cotton textiles,
    metal works, machinery manufacture etc.
    6. Eastern Texas: It has major cities like Dallas, Fort Worth and Houston.

    This region is the major USA source of oil and gas.

    5

    B. Industrialization in Russia
    i. Factors for high level of industrialization in Russia
    • Presence of a variety of minerals such as Iron, copper, gold, diamond, coal etc.
    • Improved transport network of railways, aircrafts and developed road network.
    • Existence of agricultural raw materials such as cotton for textiles, milk
    for dairies, hides and skins for leather and footwear industries.
    • Availability of capital from financial institutions to promote industrial
    development.
    • Improved research to develop cheap and highly efficient methods of
    production. This has led to technology and industrial development.
    • Government policy of promoting self-sufficiency in most of the
    manufactured goods consumed in the country.
    • Attraction of foreign investors from Europe, Japan and USA has greatly
    contributed to industrial development.
    • Presence of a large population which provide a large domestic market
    and cheap labor force.
    • Skilled labor in form of electrical, mechanical, chemical engineers,
    laboratory assistance.

    ii. Industrial regions of RUSSIA
    The Russian industries are concentrated in the four major areas:
    1. The Moscow – Gorki region: this region has diverse industries including
    heavy engineering, steel industries, railways, equipment, automobiles,
    aircraft and food processing.
    2. The Ukraine industrial region: This region has developed during the
    period of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) the main industries
    are iron and steel, making machinery, chemicals, etc.
    3. The Urals industrial region: engineering (heavy) and metallurgical
    industries dominate all other activities,
    4. The Kuzbas region: This area has large thermal plants, extensive coal
    deposits, engineering, hydro-electric power plants, metallurgical plants,

    chemicals including petrochemicals.

    M

    15.2.2. Major industrial regions in developing countries
    (i) Industrial development in China
    Industrial development in China began after the beginning of Communist rule
    in 1949, and now China is an art industrial power of Asia and of the world.
    There has been a complete transformation of the industrial system during the
    last 60 years.

    Under the new system and policy, China is developing its industrial system
    in a planned manner. Rapid development has made China a leading producer
    of iron and steel, textiles, and cheap consumer goods such as toys, household
    goods and light metal goods.

    a. Factors for industrial development in China
    Large quantities of natural resources: They constitute the raw materials for
    industries such as coal, copper, zinc, lead, and manganese. This has given rise
    to industries dealing in copper processing, steel products, electrical equipment etc.
    Deposits of coal and petroleum: They act as a source of energy for the
    industries. Coal is the single most important energy source.

    Large population    : With over 1.3 billion people, China has large domestic
    market for its industrial goods. Chinese manufactured goods have a ready

    market even in other countries like USA, Japan, UK, and the European Union.

    Location of China: On the Asian main land and the most populated continent
    provides the market for manufactured goods, the promotion of trade and
    procurement of raw materials.

    Government policies    : Communist system has great influence on the
    development of industries where each commune was encouraged to have its
    own industries.

    Education:     Chinese system provides the basic skills on practical knowledge
    required in industries and workshops.
    Cheap labor force: With a large population, China has a big labor force which is
    cheap, skilled and unskilled. China has a largest labor force in the whole world.
    Transport and communication systems: Aircraft is developed to communicate
    with the entire world and railway transport is improved for acquisition of
    raw materials and distribution of manufactured goods. Also the country has
    navigable inland water ways but has been improved by construction of canals.

    b. Industrial regions of China
    • Manchurian Industrial Region: This is the most important industrial
    area of China with centers at Anshan (steel industry), Penki (steel
    industry), Fushun (coal, lubricating oil, and chemicals), Mukden or
    Shenyang (machinery and tools) and Dairen (mills and shipyards). All
    of them are nearby coal and iron ore deposits.

    • Tientsin and Beijing Region    : This is a second industrial area located
    at the northern end of the North China Plain, near the Kailan coal
    reserves, with Tientsin, Peking or Beijing and Tangshan as its main
    centers. The presence of coal-fields in Shansi and Hopei has contributed
    to the rise of the metallurgical and engineering industries here.

    •     Lower Yangtze Industrial Region: This is China’s oldest industrial
    region. It existed since the middle of 19th century. Shanghai is the
    main industrial town and port of this industrial region. The main
    goods produced are cotton, silk, textile, food, leather, radio, television
    sets, utensils, leather, etc.

    •     The Middle Yangtze Industrial Region: It is located on the middle
    Yangtze plain around the former tree towns of Hankow-Hanyang-
    Wuhan. There iron and steel works there that are based on Peninsiang
    coal and Tayeh iron ore. Shipbuilding, metallurgical and heavy
    industries, railway equipment and chemicals are important items of

    production.

    • Sichuan (Szechwan) Industrial Region: Sichuan (Szechwan) province
    above the Chang Jian (Yangtze Kiang) gorge has many important
    industries around Chongqing (Chungking) and Chengdu (Chengtu).
    The rich deposits of coal, iron, Ferro-alloys and abundant agricultural
    raw materials have all encouraged industrial development. Iron and
    steel, textiles, paper and pulp, machinery, cement, and chemicals are
    made here.

    •     Si Kiang Delta Region: The port of Canton is the main industrial centre
    at the mouth of the Xi Jiang (Si Kiang). Canton lacks local raw materials
    and once was known largely for commerce. Modern industries are
    centered on silk production; there are silk mills, jute and cotton goods
    are manufactured, rubber is processed, and there are food-canning
    and match factories. Iron works and machine factories occupy sites
    near the docks.

    In China, many cities are considered to be the industrial cities. Some towns
    such as Anning, Kiuchuan (iron and steel); Yumen and Hangzhou or Hangchow
    (oil refining); Lanzhou or Lanchow (chemicals, textiles, mining equipment) and

    Kunming (chemicals, machinery,textiles) have industrial development.

    U

    (ii) Industrial development in Egypt
    In the 1920’s, the Egyptian economy was characterized an agricultural economy.
    Three quarters of the Egyptian exports was raw cotton. As a result, industrial
    output was mainly cotton spinning and weaving, followed by preserved food,

    cigarettes, soap and handcrafts.

    a. Factors for industrial development in Egypt
    Factors for industrial development in Egypt include:
    ─ Availability of raw materials: Egypt has agricultural raw materials
    to feed the industries like cotton for textile and sugar for agro-based
    industries.
    ─ Availability of minerals: Egypt has various mineral resources such
    as oil, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Lead, phosphate that lead to the development
    of industries.
    ─ Availability of power and energy: Egypt has the cheapest source of
    fuel (HEP) due to Aswan High Dam which allowed the connection of
    most Egyptian villages to use electricity.
    ─ Internal market: Egypt as one of the most densely populated countries
    in Africa, its population is the ready market for manufactured goods.
    ─ Availability of water: Despite that Egypt is a desert country; it has
    high strategies to use available water from the Nile River. Water is
    used as a raw material in food processing, construction, cooling
    machines and other industrial activities.
    ─ Improved transport: Water, canals, roads, and railway, provide the
    cheapest water transport cost of raw materials and finished goods.
    ─ Relief: The gentle relief of Egypt enables the construction of
    industries and transport routes which facilitate the development of
    industries.
    ─ Government policy: The government is currently adopting an
    industrial policy that entails large-scale privatization of state owned
    enterprises as well as the gradual removal of subsidies and price
    controls in the remaining public sector companies.

    b. Major industrial regions of Egypt
    • Cairo: It is the industrial centre of Egypt with textile industries, food
    processing, motor vehicle assembling and chemical industries. There
    are also Iron and steel industries located at Hulwan near Cairo city.
    • Alexandria: It is the main industrial centre in Egypt as well as the
    country’s largest sea port. It has agricultural, textile and chemical industries etc.
    • Helwan industrial area: It is found on the bank of river Nile with
    several industries mainly the agricultural industries, sugar, gases and

    steel industries.

    F

    (iii) Industrial development in South Africa
    South Africa is the most industrialized country in Africa. Today South Africa
    exports a large amount from manufacturing sector. Two thirds of South Africa’s
    national outputs are derived from manufacturing industries.

    a.     Factors for industrial development in South Africa
    • Large quantity of mineral resources: South Africa is endowed with
    a wide range of mineral resources which constitute raw materials
    for industries. The exploitation of minerals has stimulated industrial
    development.
    • Presence of energy: The most important of this is coal. There are also
    numerous rivers, which produce hydro-electric power. Such rivers
    include orange, the Transvaal River and others.
    • Climate: Ranging from the temperate climate, Mediterranean, desert
    and tropical climate. The variety of climate contributes to a wide
    range of agricultural products, which form the raw materials for many
    industries.
    • Forest resources: contribute to the development of sawmills, furniture
    making and manufacture of paper industries.
    • Fish resources: South Africa has one of the most developed fishing
    industries on the Africa continent. This has given rise to fish canning,
    freezing, fishmeal and fertilizers industries.
    • Labour: Abundant labor supply.
    • Market: Large market for its finished manufactured products.
    • Capital: Enough capital to invest in Industries.
    • Transport and communication: Good transport and communication
    networks.
    • Government policy: Encouragement from the government.
    • Land: Availability of land for industrial location and extension.

    b. Major industrial regions of South Africa
    • Johannesburg: The main industries found here are textile industries,
    chemical industries, paper and printing, engineering, electrical
    equipment, saw milling etc.
    • Springs: The major industries in this town include manufacturing
    of mining machinery, electric goods, printing machinery, sheet glass,
    paper and food canning industries.
    • Durban: Industries in this region include ship repairing, oil refining,
    soap manufacture, textile, light engineering etc.
    • Cape Town: It has food processing, textile, chemical, paper and
    printing etc.
    • Pretoria: industrial establishment include glass, cement, metal
    working, manufacturing railway wagons etc.
    • Eastern Cape Industrial Zone: Is formed by East London and Port
    Elizabeth. It is the important port for international trade. It produces
    building material, soft drinks, furniture, clothes, local agricultural

    products etc.

    M

    Application Activity 15.2
    1. Explain how the following factors have contributed to the
    development of industry in RUSSIA
    i) High level of technology
    ii) Improved transport
    iii) A wide range of raw materials.

    2. Explain the factors that have contributed to the development of
    industries in the following countries:
    i) China
    ii) Egypt

    iii) South Africa

    15.3. Importance of industries and problems affecting industrial development
    Activity 15.3
    According to you, why is it important for a country to have industries?

    15.3.1. Importance of industries
    Industries have the following advantages:
    • Industries provide self-sufficiency in essential goods rather than the
    need for imports and dependency on foreign aid. In other words, it
    causes import substitution and export promotion, which encourages
    development.
    • Self-sufficiency gives greater political and economic strength. It
    makes a country more independent of foreign political or economic
    domination.
    • It creates employment. It employs both skilled and unskilled labor.
    • Industrialization earns the country foreign exchange. If the products
    are manufactured for export, the value of the commodities is increased
    and so the revenue obtained from their sale also increases.
    • Industrialization raises living standards of the population as they
    contribute to increase their income.
    • It contributes to the diversification of the economy and reduces
    reliance on agricultural products which may fluctuate in prices.
    • Industrial growth is cumulative and can stimulate growth in other
    sectors of the economy.
    • It provides infrastructure particularly electricity, transport and
    communication.
    • Industries also improve social amenities like schools and hospitals.
    • It contributes to the development of research and technology and the
    regular training of skilled man power.

    15.3.2. Problems affecting industrial development
    There are several problems that affect many industries. Below are the main and
    common ones:
    • Inaccessibility to the distant world markets which results into low
    demand for the manufactured goods especially in landlocked countries.
    • Lack of real capital investment. Many countries have a problem of
    inadequate funds to set up industries.
    • Shortage of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled labor. Inadequate
    managerial and entrepreneurship skills have also affected industrial growth.
    • Lack of adequate supporting infrastructure. This is critical for the
    development of industrial activity.
    • Developed countries face the twin challenges of reduced demand and
    increased unemployment levels in older industries as well as finding
    new market for their industrial output.
    • Competition for markets has led to blocks of countries grouping to
    reduce trade barriers and to increase integration of supply and demand.
    Such trade agreements allow individual countries to take advantage
    of agglomeration economies and cheap labor among themselves.
    However, for countries outside the trading block, they act as barriers
    to trade and tariffs.
    • The infrastructural facilities in the developing countries are not at the
    level necessary to produce and support industrialization.
    • The shortage of valuable minerals in some countries, such as iron ore
    which form a basis for the establishment of industries. These countries
    have to import raw materials at high costs.
    • In developing countries, poverty lead to a low demand for industrial
    goods resulting into a limited market, thus affecting the process of
    industrialization.
    Application Activity 15.3
    1. Explain why the industries in developed countries are highly
    developed than the ones in developing countries.
    2. Explain the importance of industry in RUSSIA, China and Egypt.

    15.4. Problems resulting from industrial development and
    ways to mitigate them
    Activity 15.4
    Why is it not advisable to live near industrial areas?
    Industrial development has both positive and negative effects on a given country.
    • Pollution of the environment: In the areas of heavy industrial
    concentration, land, air and water are contaminated by industrial wastes.
    • Wildlife extinction: Industrial pollution affects habitats of wildlife
    and destroys its species; it is hard to recover them in the environment.
    For instance, major industrial accidents like oil spills, fires, leak of
    radioactive materials cause great damages.
    • Global warming: With the rise in industrial pollution, global warming
    has been increasing at a steady pace. Smoke and greenhouse gases are
    being released by industries into the air and this contributes to global
    warming. Melting of glaciers, existence of floods, tsunamis, hurricanes
    are some of the effects of global warming.
    • The accidents caused by the machines used in industries: The
    machines used in industries for various purposes may cause the
    accidents from the misuses by the employees or from other external
    causes; e.g. Lightening, tsunami, electricity, collapses of mining tunnels, etc.
    • Leaching of resources from the environment: Industries do require
    large amount of raw materials to process into finished products. This
    requires extraction of minerals from beneath the earth. The extracted
    minerals can cause the environment destruction in different ways.

    Ways to mitigate the problems caused by industries
    • Isolation of industries from settlements and sources of water to reduce
    the effects of pollution.
    • Reducing of greenhouse effects through neutralizing industrial fumes
    before they are disposed into either air or water.
    • Efforts should be made to control pollution. These can take the form
    of industries treating their wastes before disposing them as well as
    recycling some of those waste products and the use of biodegradable materials.
    • Promotion of training skilled manpower and use of appropriate
    technology to reduce accidents in industries.
    • Creation of special areas/ zones where industrial wastes are channeled or poured.

    Application Activity 15.4
    1. Analyse the problems resulting from industrialization in USA.
    2. Examine the ways of reducing problems caused by industries in
    developing countries.

    15.5. Case studies
    (i) Developed Countries and Developing Countries
    Activity 15.5
    1. Draw a sketch map of Japan and South Korea and on it, indicate
    the major industrial regions.
    2. 2. Examine the factors that lead to the development of industry in
    developed and developing countries.

    a. Developed countries: Japan
    i. Factors for high level of industrialization in Japan
    Japan is the most highly industrialized country of Asia and ranks among the main
    industrial nations of the world. Despite its shortage of industrial raw materials,
    Japan has been able to develop her industries because of the following reasons:
    • Development of hydro – electric power resources to provide enough
    power to support rapid industrial development because of little
    quantity of coal.
    • Efficient use of its limited raw materials such as copper, manganese,
    iron ore, sulphur and timber.
    • The coastline and many large ports facilitate the importation of large
    quantities of raw materials from all over the world. This is because of
    the geographical location of Japan.
    • The population that provides a large supply of labor and the
    development of industries since it has small land for agriculture.
    • The government that encourages industrial development. It has
    formulated a technically based education system. This has improved
    the country’s technological development.
    • A high and expanding market potential. It is located near Asian
    countries which are mainly agricultural dependent. These provide
    market for Japanese goods.
    • Aid from USA: after the Second World War, Japanese industrial
    establishments were destroyed. It got financial assistance from rich
    countries specifically the USA. These loans were used to replace and
    rebuild the ruined industries.
    • Advanced technology: Japan adapted latest techniques from Western
    industries and have been able to improve upon them.
    • Improved transport network: water transport, modern ports were
    build, roads and railways were improved.

    ii. The Major industrial regions of Japan
    Japan is the most industrialized country in Asia and ranks among the industrial
    nations of the world. There are four main industrial zones in Japan:
    • The Keihin Region: This is the most industrial region in Japan
    located on the Kwanto plain to the East of HONSHU. It is formed by
    the conurbation of three important towns; Tokyo, Kawasaki, and
    Yokohama. This region has 20 % of the Japan’s population and account
    for 33 % of the country’s output.
    The major industries found in this region are Chemicals, machinery,
    textiles, food processing, furniture.
    • The Hanshin Region: this stretches across a great industrial
    conurbation of three major cities formed by Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto.
    It accounts for about 20 % of Japan’s industrial output. It is important
    for the manufacture of textile, iron, and steel products, handcrafts, and

    shipbuilding.

    • The Ise Bay Region: this is the third industrial region dominated
    by NAGOYA industrial Region on the Nobi Plain with a wide range of
    manufacturing industries including textile mills that process local
    silk, imported cotton , wood and also synthetic fibres ; engineering
    industries including all kinds of machinery , automobiles ,locomotives
    and aircraft .

    •     The Kitakyushu Region: in the northern Kyushu area, the Chikugo
    coalfield and good accessibility gave rise to a conurbation, called
    Kitakyushu. This one, embraces several towns, including Yawata,
    Kokura and Moji. The industrial area extends southwards to Fukuoka
    and Nagasaki. It makes steel, ships, machine parts, chemicals and

    textiles.

    B

    ii) Developing countries: South Korea
    a. Industrial development in South Korea
    South Korea is located in Eastern Asia between the Yellow sea and the East sea/
    Sea of Japan.

    i) Factors for industrial growth in south Korea
    Highly skilled labor force: The education system provides basic skills required
    in industries and workshops. There is highly trained labor force in managerial

    and marketing which help the country to compete with other countries.

    High technology: In industries, microelectronics and computers which keep in
    touch with scientific advancement.

    Government support:     Policies aiming at export-oriented industries, rather
    than to supply the local market.

    Agricultural development    : The country is self-sufficient in rice growing with
    large schemes of irrigated land this has made the rural economy more efficient.
    Many business people: Companies or businessmen from Europe, USA, Japan
    who had the capital and skills to build industries have been attracted by low
    wage rates in South Korea.

    Infrastructural development    : Well developed transport and communication
    network which makes the exportation of goods very easy.
    Research: This is highly emphasized especially in electronic industry, so as to
    improve all the existing products and develop new products to meet the market
    demands.

    ii) Major industrial regions of South Korea
    • The major industrial regions of South Korea are: Seoul, Yeosu, Chongju,
    Gwangju, Masan (Changwon), Ulsan, Pohang, Taejon, Busan, Yongdimpo.
    • Industries the most developed in these regions are Iron and steel,
    petrochemicals, ship building, agricultural equipment, machinery,

    electronics, textiles and light industries.

    d

    Application Activity 15.5
    1. Discuss how human factors have influenced the growth of industries
    in South Korea and Japan.
    2. Assess the factors that are responsible for the development of

    industries in Japan and South Korea

    Skills lab:
    Industrialization is one way of developing the country. Carry out a field visit in
    your local community, and propose the type of industry that can be establishing
    in your local area.

    End unit Assessment
    Make a field trip in any industrialized area around and answer the
    following questions:
    1. Discuss the physical and human factors that have influenced the
    location of industries in this area.
    2. Describe how industrialization contributes to sustainable
    development.
    3. Analyse the ways of improving the level of industrialization in

    developing countries.

    ◄UNIT 14:POWER AND ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE WORLDUNIT 16 :TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN THE WORLD►