General
IGICE CYA I : INTANGIRIRO RUSANGE
Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Uburezi bw’Ibanze (REB) rwashyize ahagaragara
integenyanyigisho ishingiye ku bushobozi igomba gukurikizwa mu burezi bw’abana
b’inshuke . Ubushobozi bw’ibanze n’ubushobozi nsanganyamasomo bugomba
gutezwa imbere binyujijwe mu mikino, imyitozo n’ibikorwa binyuranye bikorerwa
kenshi mu matsinda, bigamije gutoza abana gusabana n’abandi, gukangura
ubwonko n’ ibyumviro byabo, kunoza imvugo bavuga, basobanura ibyo babona
n’ibyo bakora. Hashingiwe kandi ku ihame ry’uko abana bo mu kiciro k’inshuke
biga bigana, imyitwarire n’indangagaciro biboneye bazabitozwa n’urugero rwiza
bahabwa n’ababyeyi, abarezi cyangwa abandi babakuriye.
Mu rwego rwo gufasha abarimu bigisha mu mashuri y’inshuke gushyira mu
bikorwa integanyanyigisho ishingiye ku bushobozi; Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza
Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB) ku bufatanye na VSO (voluntary service
overseas) na UNICEF Rwanda hateguwe inyoborabarezi ifasha abarezi bo mu
mashuri y’inshuke gukora imfashanyigisho bifashishije ibikoresho biboneka aho
dutuye. Imfashanyigisho zikozwe mu bikoresho biboneka aho dutuye ni ingenzi
kuko ziboneka ku buryo bworoshye kandi zikaba zihendutse. Izo mfashanyigisho
zifasha abarezi kubaka ubushobozi, ubumenyi, ubumenyi ngiro n’ubukesha mu
bana nk’uko biteganyijwe mu nteganyanyigisho y’amashuri y’inshuke.
Kubonera imfashanyigisho abana bato biracyari imbogamizi bitewe n’ubushobozi
buke ndetse n’ubumenyi budahagije ku barezi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, iyi nyoborabarezi
izafasha abarezi bo mu mashuri y’inshuke kwiyungura ubumenyi n’ubumenyi ngiro
buzabafasha kwikorera imfashanyigisho bakeneye kugira ngo barusheho kunoza
imyigigishirize y’abana bo mu mashuri y’inshuke.
Iyi nyoborabarezi kandi ishimangira akamaro ko gukoresha imfashanyigisho zifatika
mu gutanga ubumenyi binyuze mu mikino cyane ko ubu buryo butuma abana bagira
uruhare mu myigire yabo. Iyo umwana yiga hakoreshejwe uburyo bw’imikino
inyuranye, bituma atarambirwa ibyo yiga kandi agahora yishimiye gukina bene iyo
mikino.
Iyi nyoborabarezi yubakiye ku byigwa dusanga mu nteganyanyigisho. Muri buri
kigwa, hagaragazwa imfashanyigisho zitandukanye umurezi ashobora gukora. Burimfashanyigisho kandi igaragaza ibi bikurikira:
- Ibikoresho bikenewe
- Uko bikorwa
- Uko bikoreshwa
- Uko bifasha mu myigire no guteza imbere ubushobozi- Aho biboneka mu nteganyanyigisho.
Inyoborabarezi yerekana aho ihuriye n’integanyanyigisho bityo bigafasha
abarezi kubona isano ifitanye n’ibiri mu zindi nyoborabarezi zikoreshwa mu bigombonezamikurire no mu mashuri y’inshuke.
Imfashanyigisho ni ibikoresho byose bishobora kwifashishwa mu myigire
n’imyigishirize kugira ngo intego y’ikigwa igerweho. Hari imfashanyigisho z’
amajwi, amashusho ndetse n’ iz’amajwi n’ amashusho. Imfashanyigisho zishobora
gukorerwa mu nganda cyangwa zigakorwa n’abarezi, ababyeyi, abana cyangwaabatuye aho ishuri riherereye bifashishije ibikoresho biboneka aho dutuye.
Ingero z’ibikoresho wakwifashisha mu gukora imfashanyigisho zitandukanye:
Bimwe mu bikoresho byakwifashishwa bigaragara mu mashusho akurikira:
Jean Piaget agaragaza ko imyigire y’abana bato igoranye mu gihe nta mfashanyigisho
zifatika zihari. Ingero zikurikira zigaragaza akamaro k’imfashanyigishomu myigire
y’abana bato:
Urugero rwo kwiga wifashishije ibigaragara: Kwereka abana igishushanyo kiriho
inka hanyuma ukababaza umubare w’amaguru inka ifite.
Urugero rwo kwiga wifashishije ibitagaragara: Kubaza abana umubare w’amaguru
inka igira hanyuma ugatekereza ko baguha igisubizo nyacyo kandi utaberetse
byibura igishushanyo kiriho inka.
Nta gushidikanya ko dushingiye ku ngero tumaze kubona kwiga ibitagaragara
bigoye kurusha kwiga ibigaragara. Ni yo mpamvu imfashanyigisho ari ingenzi kuko
zifasha abana kwiga bareba banakora kurusha kwiga ibyo batabona. John Dewey
avuga ko abana biga neza binyuze mu kuvumbura. Ni byiza rero ko abana bahabwa
imfashanyigisho zitandukanye bakazikoresha kugira ngo bibafashe kuvumbura no
guhanga udushya.
Izindi mpamvu zerekana akamaro ko gukoresha imfashanyigisho:
- Bituma abana bakoresha ibyumviro byinshi
- Bituma abana bagira uruhare rugaragara mu myigire.
- Bifasha abana guteza imbere ubushobozi bwo gutekereza byimbitse,guhangaudushya,gukemura ibibazo,....
Imfashanyigishozitegurwa zigomba:
- Kuba zifite ingano ihagije ku buryo zigaragarira abana bose mu ishuri kandi
ntizibatere urujijo;
- Kuba zikoze neza ku buryo abana bashobora kuzigana;
- Kuba ziri ku kigero cy’abana kandi bashobora kuzikoresha bisanzwe;
- Kuba zitanga amakuru y’ingenzi;
- Kuba zikurura abana;
- Kuba zitezitateza impanuka mu kuzikoresha;
Kuba ziramba kandi zihendutse;
- Kuba zihagije kandi zoroheye abana bose kuzikoresha mu ishuri;
- Kuba zijyanye n’imibereho y’umwana akaba azi ibyo bikoresho;- Kuba zitanyuranya n’umuco w’ abana.
Mbere yo gutegura imfashanyigisho, umurezi agomba kubanza kwibaza ku byo
agamije, kugira ngo imfashanyigisho ategura zimufashe kugera ku ntego yiyemeje
mu buryo bworoshye. Urugero rw’ibyo ashobora kwibaza:
- Ni iki nshaka ko abana bamemenya?
- Ni iki nshaka ko abana bakora?
- Ese imfashanyigisho ntegura zirakoreshwa n’umurezi gusa cyangwa n’abana
bazazikenera mu myigire yabo?
- Ese imfashanyigisho ngiye gutegura zizafasha abana bari mu kihe kigero?
- Ese imfashanyigisho ngiye gutegura ntiziheza abana bafite ubumuga?- Ese ntizibangamira umuco.
Ibikoresho bishobora gukoreshwa ku ntego nyinshi mu byigwa bitandukanye.
Urugero guhuza imifuniko n’amakarita yanditseho byafasha mu mibare, mu gusoma
no guteza imbere ubushobozi nk’imiyego y’ingingo nto n’imiyego y’ingingo nini nokwikemurira ibibazo.
Gutegura neza imfashanyigisho ni ngombwa cyane kubera ko bifasha umurezi
kuzigeraho ku buryo bworoshye igihe azikeneye mu kwigisha ikigwa runaka,bigatuma agendera ku gihe, adahuzagurika.
Imfashanyigisho zigomba gutegurwa bitewe n’uburyo zikoreshwa kenshi. Ushobora
gushyira imfashanyigisho zawe hamwe nyuma y’insanganyamatsiko runaka, abana
batashye, cyangwa ku mpera z’igihembwe. Buri munsi mbere yo gutaha, umurezi
aba agomba kumenya ko ibikoresho azakenera umunsi ukurikiyeho biteguye neza.
Ibyo yitaho ni ibi bikurikira:
- Gusana zimwe mu mfashanyigisho zangiritse no kuzuza izituzuye.
- Guhindura imfashanyigisho ugendeye ku nsanganyamatsiko.
- Kureba niba hari izindi mfashanyigisho wakora cyangwa wategura umunsi
ukurikiyeho.
Imfashanyigisho zishobora guhindurwa bitewe n’insanganamatsiko igezweho. Ni
ngombwa gutunganya no gusukura imfashanyigisho igihembwe kirangiye kandiukongeramo izindi bitewe n’ikigero abana bagezeho.
Umurezi n’abana ni bo akenshi bategura imfashanyigisho mu ishuri. Mu bikorwa
byo ku ishuri,abana bashobora gufasha umurezi gutegura imfashanyigisho bakoresha.
Mu ishuri ririmo abana benshi, umurezi ashobora gukora gahunda y’uburyo
azajya afatanya n’ abana bakazikora bityo abana bakunguka ubumenyi bwo kwiga
bakora, bikanabafasha kutazangiza kuko ari bo bazikoreye.
Abatuye aho ishuri riherereye na bo bagira uruhare mu gukusanya ibikoresho byo
gukoramo imfashanyigisho. Bimwe mu bikoresho byo gukoramo imfashanyigisho
ntibikwiye kuba imbogamizi ku murezi, ahubwo abatuye aho ishuri riherereye na
bo bakwiye kubigiramo uruhare, kugira ngo abana babo babashe kwiga neza.
Abayobozi b’ibigo by’amashuri bashobora gufasha abarezi:
- Bakangurira abafite ubucuruzi butandukanye hafi y’ishuri nk’amaduka,
utubari cyangwa ibarizo, gukusanya ibikoresho nk’imifuniko y’amacupa,
ibice bisigara ku mbaho, ibitambaro bisigazwa n’abadozi, amakarito n’ibindi
bitandukanye byakorwamo imfashanyigisho.
- Bakangurira abaturage gukusanya ibikoresho bitandukanye mu gihe
cy’umuganda, mu kagoroba k’ababyeyi cyangwa igihe k’inama runaka maze
bakazabishyikiriza amashuri aherereye aho batuye.
- Bakangurira abatuye mu gace ishuri riherereyemo babyifuza gukora
imfashanyigisho zitandukanye babifashijwemo n’abarezi b’amashuri y’inshukekugira ngo zifashe abana babo kunoza imyigire.
Umurezi ategura imfashanyigisho mu ishuri agendeye ku binogeye abana. Umurezi
yirinda kumanika imfashanyigisho ziteza akajagari mu bana cyangwa ziteza urujijo.
Agomba kuzimanika kuri gahunda, ku kigero cy’ abana aho bashobora kuzikoraho
igihe ari ngombwa bakanazireba byoroshye batararamye cyane kandi akagendera ku
byigwa by’ abana. Umurezi agomba kumanika imfashanyigisho zifasha umwana mu
myigire n’imitekerereze ye. Hari zimwe mu mfashanyigisho zishobora kumanikwa
mu myanya ihoraho mu ishuri
Urugero:
- Amakarita mato agaragaza inguni
- Ingengabihe y’umunsi
- Inyajwi, ingombajwi, imibare, amabara ndetse n’amashusho agaragaza ibyo
umwana akunda kubona mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi.