◄PART I UNIT 1:KEY CONCEPTS OF FINE ARTS AND CRAFTSUNIT 3 :MOTIF AND PATTERN DESIGN PROCESS►

UNIT 2:DRAWING STILL LIFE AND NATURE

  • UNIT 2:DRAWING STILL LIFE AND NATURE

    Key unit competence: To be able to make detailed drawing of
                                                      still life and nature studies by applying
                                                      elements and principles of art using

                                                      different techniques, tools and materials.

    Introductory Activity

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    Make a research on elements and principles used in art and crafts.

    1. List down drawing materials and tools.

    2.1 Elements of art and crafts

    Activity 2.1
    Referring to the drawing above, define the following elements of art and
    crafts:
    a. Line
    b. Texture
    c. Value
    d. Shape
    e. Color
    f. Form

    g. Space

    a. Lines
    A line is a path of point moving through space. A line is one of the tools used
    to describe the appearance of a form or object. There are different types of

    lines, each expresses different feelings, and they are as follows:

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                                                      Different types of lines.

    b. Shapes
    Shape is a flat, two-dimensional area with height and width. It is made
    when two ends of a line meet. There two types of shapes: regular shape or

    geometric and irregular or organic shape.

    • The regular shape

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    • The irregular shape

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    c. Texture

    Texture is the roughness or smoothness of the surface. They are two types

    of texture:

    • Tactile texture is how you feel if you touch on a surface.

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    • Visual texture is the way a surface appears to you through the sense

    of vision.

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    d. Value

    Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a colour.

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    e. Color
    Color is the characteristic appearance of surface in the presence of light.
    There are three main kinds of colours:

    i.     Primary colours: are yellow, red and blue. Primary means basic

    or first, these hues cannot be obtained from other colours.

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    ii. Secondary colours: are orange, green and purple or violet. A

    secondary colour is mixture of two primary colours.

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    iii. Tertiary color : is a new colors from the mixture of any primary colour
    with another secondary color .

    Example: yellow-green, yellow-orange, blue-green, blue-purple, red-orange,

    and red-purple.

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    Note: Colour may be used objectively to represent forms as appear in
    nature for example; green trees and may be used subjectively as the artists

    chooses to express himself for example; purple water.

    f. Space
    Space means the area in and around an object. There are two kinds of
    space:

    i. Positive space, is area occupied by an object.

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    ii. Negative space, is area around the object that defines its edges.

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    g. Form
    A form is an object with three dimensions; height, width and depth. They are
    two types of forms:

    • Geometric forms such as, cube, sphere, cylinder, …

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    Different geometric forms

    • Organic forms Such as stones, cabbages, sweet potatoes, etc.

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    Application activity 2.1
    • What do you understand by the elements of design?

    • Describe tactile texture.

    2.2.Principles of art and crafts

    Activity 2.2

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    Observe the drawing above and list the principles of arts and crafts used.

    We have seen the elements of art as color, form, line and dot, shape, space,
    value and texture that are used in drawing and painting. This lesson shows
    the principles of art that are not the rules, but guidelines enabling to create a
    picture that is pleasing to look at. They include balance, rhythm/movement,
    perspective, dominance/emphasis, unity, and proportion.

    1. Balance: It refers to feeling of equality in weight, attention, or
    attraction of the various visual elements. They are three main types of balance:
    a. Symmetrical balance/Formal balance: here the axis passes through

    the composition, dividing it into two equal parts.

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    Asymmetrical balance/informal balance: the sides of axis are not identical

    but they balance out.

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    Assymmetrical balance
    b. Radial balance: It is a form of balance where elements are arranged

    around the center point.

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    2. Rhythm/movement: refers to a regular beat, whereas movement
    refers to motion. In work of art rhythm and movement can be created

    continuously. There are three types of rhythm:

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    4. Proportion: It refers to the relationship of different parts of an object
    in terms of size. It is about the ration of one part in relation to another.
    The principle requires that part of a given form or composition be

    related in such a way that they are visually acceptable or pleasing.

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    5. Unity/ harmony: It is achieved when all elements in a given work of
    art are used. This deals with a consistent and orderly whole. Related
    elements are used to create comfortable combinations as they adapt

    to each other easily. Circles and ovals are harmonious.

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    6. Dominance/ emphasis: It deals with an element assuming more
    important than others in the same composition. This could be a
    strongly contrasting part in terms of colour, shape, texture, tonalvalue,

    line or size.

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    Application activity 2.2
    • Mention and explain different types of balance.
    • Give the types of rhythm/movement
    • Individually make a mixture of colours in order to get colour that

    can used to paint similar colour of your chair

    2.3.Drawing materials and tools

    Activity 2.3

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    After observing these drawings, what are the materials and tools used in
    producing those drawings?

    Materials, tools and equipment for drawing
    1. Paper
    A paper is very important material in drawing. It acts as a surface for drawing
    on. There are different types of papers and they vary according to thickness
    and texture.

    Types of paper according to texture:
    • News print papers (cheapest)
    • Blotting paper
    • Manila paper
    • Bond paper
    • Strawboard paper
    • Hardboard paper and so on…
    According to the size, there are papers of A0, A1, A2, A3, and A4 (duplicate paper).
    A0 is the largest size.

    Note:     Cartridge paper is the best quality for technical drawing.
    2. Pencils
    Lead and black are the basic drawing pencils. They come in different ranges:
    9B, 8B, 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B, H, HB, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6B and HB
    • “H” pencils are the hard pencils.
    • “B” pencils are Soft pencils.
    • HB pencils are the medium pencils; they are very good for general
    drawing.
    NOTE: The higher the number before the letter the hardest or softest
    the pencil becomes.
    Pencils are used to draw a sketch or to make shade in drawing

    3. Charcoal

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    Charcoal is used in drawing and sketching like a pencil. Individual may make
    some charcoal, but other may be brought commercially prepared.

    4. Masking tape
    It used to fix the work paper onto the drawing board when drawing.

    5. Drawing board
    It holds the work paper while drawing. It slants the paper to give a good
    drawing position.

    6. Set squares
    It is used in taking measurements and drawing lines.

    7. Tee squares
    It enables in drawing horizontal lines, which are parallel.

    8. A pair of compasses
    It enables in drawing circles, curves, arcs and again for bisecting angles and
    straight lines.

    9. Erasers or rubbers
    They are used for removing (cleaning, clearing or deleting) marks or mistakes.
    Eraser normally rubs off both pencil and ink. However, it is advisable to
    minimize rubbing so that the texture of the paper should not be interfered.

    10. Sharpener
    A pencil sharpener is a tool for sharpening a pencil nib by shaving away its
    worn surface. Pencil sharpeners may be operated manually or by an electric
    motor.
    11. A pair of scissors, used to give preferable size to the paper.

    12. Markers are used mostly to write the title and names of drawing.

    Application activity 2.3

    • Discuss on any three basic materials and tools used in drawing still life.

    2.4.Types of drawing

    Activity 2.4

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    2.4.1.Types of drawing
    A. Drawing from observation:
    a. A still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter,
    typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food,
    flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books,

    vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on).

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    b. Nature drawing involves drawing nature objects like leaf, fruits, and

    flowers

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    c. Human figure involves drawing a person in different positions; when
    drawing human being from observation the person who poses to be
    drawn is called a model. For a model you can draw specific part or the

    whole.

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    d. Scenery drawing: is about drawing outdoor and involves drawing

    landscape, sea- secapes and town-escapes.

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    B. Imagination
    Imagination is drawing in an original creation. Not at all from experience,
    but conceived purely in the mind. It may have a touch of reality because
    imagination may be influenced by experience, but it can be as far from reality

    as possible to the point of looking absurd or bizarre.

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    C. Imitation
    Imitation can be defined as the act of copying, mimicking, or replicating
    behavior observed or modeled by other individuals. Current theory and
    research emphasize that imitation is not mechanical “parroting,” but

    complex, goal-oriented behavior, which is central to learning.

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    2.4.2 Human figure drawing from observation
    A Human figure drawing is a drawing of the human form in any of its
    various shapes and postures using any of the drawing media. In this, the
    living person is the subject. To draw a human form well, one needs to have
    an understanding of the human body structure. There are basic proportions
    associated with the human face and the human body.

    For drawing adult proportion     you need to renew that the height of the
    whole body is eight time of the height of the head. Proportion of the child
    vary according to age , a child with 1 year the height of the body is four time

    of the height of the head

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    Human figure drawing from observation involves using your eyes to observe
    directly the person that you are drawing.

    Artists take a variety of approaches to drawing the human figure. They may
    draw from live models or from photographs, from skeletal models, or from
    memory and imagination.

    Drawing from imagination involves mental ability or creativity to make new
    artworks using different material and tools.

    2.4.3.Drawing landscape/scenery
    A landscape painting or drawing refers to an artwork whose primary focus is
    natural scenery, such as mountains, forests, cliffs, trees, rivers, valleys, etc.

    As a landscape in the sense of a landscape drawing, we understand
    representations of the environment created by nature or man. Typical
    landscape drawings depict natural landscapes, mountains, cities, factory
    landscapes, seascape, park landscapes et cetera. In contrast to a still life
    - To name just one example - a landscape drawing shows a much larger

    section of the environment.

    Here is a summary of everything you need to consider when drawing or
    painting a landscape:
    1. Choice of a landscape / surroundings (city, nature, meadow,
    mountains, sea ...)
    2. Search and choice of eye catchers (focal points) and interesting
    objects and structures
    3. Position the horizon
    4. Choice of the image detail / total composition
    5. Choice of a season
    6. Choice of weather conditions

    7. Draw it!

    2.4.4 Perspective methods in landscape drawings
    In addition, there are still more tricks on how to draw landscapes better (now,
    however, it will be somewhat technical). An important aspect of a landscape
    is the perspective.

    All objects are smaller the further they are away from us. This effect of the
    distance is of course very strong in the landscape, as we look far into the
    distance. The decrease in size of the objects can illustrated relatively easily
    with a drawing aid: The perspective with vanishing points.

    Perhaps you may have already heard of perspective drawing with the help of
    vanishing points. The principle means that all objects become smaller along

    vanishing lines. These lines all converge at a point that lies on the horizon.

    Application activity 2.4
    • Differentiate sketch from imagination
    • Which points do you consider when you are drawing or painting landscape?

    2.5.Techniques of shading in drawing
    Activity 2.5
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    After observing these drawings, explain the techniques of shading used.

    Techniques used for applying shading to an object are quite varied. Each
    technique produces a different texture and “feel” to the drawing. The drawing
    medium used may determine the shading technique that applied in the
    drawing.

    The most common application techniques include:
    Hatching: Lines drawn in the same direction. By drawing lines close together,
    darker values are created. Leaving more space between lines results in
    lighter values. For rounded objects, the lines may curve slightly around the

    form - following the contours of the object.

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    Cross-Hatching: Lines cross over each other. The density at which the lines

    cross over each other determines the value that produced.

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    Mass toning/Blending: Smooth gradations of value are produced either
    by adjusting the amount of pressure applied to the medium or by using a

    blending tool, such a blending stump.

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    Rendering: Using an eraser to remove the medium to produce lighter values.

    This technique is typically used in conjunction with blending.

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    Random lines: Loose applications of crossing lines. The frequency in which

    the lines cross over each determines the value produced.

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    Stippling/ dots method: Applying countless small dots to build up darker
    and lighter values in a drawing, the density of the dots determines the value

    produced.

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    Activity 2.6
    • Differentiate sketch from imagination
    • Which points do you consider when you are drawing or painting
    landscape?

    End unit assessment
    1. Define the following terms:
    a. Visual texture
    b. Radial balance
    c. Proportion
    2. Distinguish between objective and subjective colors.

    3. By using illustrations, explain techniques of shading.

    ◄PART I UNIT 1:KEY CONCEPTS OF FINE ARTS AND CRAFTSUNIT 3 :MOTIF AND PATTERN DESIGN PROCESS►