ICT

Key Unit competence: To be able to ethically use the internet in doing researches

Introductory Activity

1. Observe the image below and describe what the people sitting in front of the computers are doing.

2. What is a search engine? Observe closely and identify the search engine being used by the first and third person from the left

3. List all possible hardware and software elements that make this kind of communication possible

4. Discuss the importance of internet in teaching and learning

5.1. Internet ethics

Activity 5.1

During the end of the year holiday, Mugenzi, a student teacher in Year Two in one of the TTCs in Rwanda received a 

message from someone claiming to be a girl who studies in Year One at the same TTC. 

The girl claimed to have feelings for Mugenzi. 

They chatted as much as they could even confidentially, sent to each other pictures.

At the beginning of the new school year Mugenzi met the girl as they entered the school gate and tried to hug her but 

the girl seemed not to know him. Later he learned from her that they never chatted. 

Some weeks later Mugenzi received a message that if he does not pay 100 000 frws his nude pictures will be published

 on social networks.

 a. “The girl seemed not to know him” Explain why while they introduced themselves to one another and have been 

sending pictures to one another

b. Discuss how Mugenzi would have prevented the threat of having his nude pictures shared

c. Have you encountered a problem like this while using the internet and social media? Discuss.

Internet is an interconnection of computer networks worldwide providing a series of information and communication 

facilities and thus being a big tool for carrying out researches.

Internet ethics refers to set of moral principles that regulate the use of internet.

Thus the internet users must be honest, respect the right and property of others on internet.

The following are ethical issues that should be addressed at individual, social, and political level:

a. Flaming

Flaming refers to messages that contain offensive, obscene or immoral

words spread via social media applications such as WhatsApp, Facebook and Instagram.

b. Forgery

Availability of computers and high resolution imaging devices has make it possible for criminals to forge certificates, 

money and identity cards.

c. Piracy

Piracy is a form of theft of intellectual property on copyrighted software products without proper authorization.

 To avoid violation of copyright laws, everyone needs to understand various software licences.

d. Terrorism

High penetration of internet and mobile phones has exposed most countries to evil plans of terrorists across the globe.

e. Pornography:

Availability of pornographic material in form of pictures and video has affected moral values of young children leading to immoral behavior such as homosexuality and premature sex.

f. Fraud:

Computers and mobile phones are being used to steal other people’s account details or money through fraudulent

 means 

such as fake websites and SMS messages.

g. Corruption:

Corruption has become social evil in private and public institution because it is seen as the easiest means to gaining social, economic or political favors. In some countries, mobile and internet-based money transfer has opened

doors to corrupt behavior that goes unnoticed by law enforcement agents.

h. Blackmail: is an action of asking money or any other benefits in exchange to not revealing private information 

on someone. That information can be nude pictures or videos and other compromising information about someone.

As internet ethics mean acceptable behavior of using internet below are Ten Commandments to guide anyone who uses the internet:

1. Do not use the Internet to harm other people.

2. Do not interfere with other people’s internet work.

3. Do not snoop around in other people’s internet files.

4. Do not use the Internet to steal.

5. Do not use the Internet to bear false witness.

6. Do not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid without permission.

7. Do not use other people’s Internet resources without authorization  or proper compensation.

8. You shall not appropriate other people’s intellectual output.

9. Think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing if it is to be

     used over the internet

10. Always use the Internet in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans

Apart from the commandments some of the ethics to be followed while using internet are here below:

•  While using email and chatting, internet must be used for communication or for research purpose: Be on guard while chatting with stranger and avoid forwarding e-mail from unknown people or stranger
•  Do not be rude and does not use bad language while using email, chatting, blogging and social network, be respectful to others’ views.
•  It is not advisable to use internet to fool others or pretending to be someone else, hiding one’s identity to fool other on internet is a crime.
• It is not advisable to download and share the copyrighted material without permission.

Application activity 5.1

1. Brainstorm on how technology use has influenced our morals in terms of communication, 

     privacy and intellectual property rights.

2. What are ethical challenges arising from the use of computers and mobile devices used to access the internet?

5.2. Web security spyware, hacking, firewall

Activity 5.2

1. Discuss the measures taken by your school to protect computers against different security threats If they are not 

     secured suggest solutions that can be used to safeguard them

2. By doing a research write down some cases of internet security break that have happened in Rwanda and in the world?

Computers are indispensable tools in the life of human beings. Computers are used in different area such as banking,

 shopping, communicating between people through emails and chats, etc. However, some intruders join the conversations

 and try to read emails and other information for which they don’t have the rights. Most of the time, they misuse their

 computers by attacking other systems, sending forged emails from computers, or examining personal information 

  stored in others’ computers.

Web security, spyware, hacking and firewall are among the terms that are common in the world of internet specifically 

when it comes to using the internet. The common attributes for all these terms is that they refer to the need to use the internet securely.

5.2.1. Web security

Web security refers to the techniques of protecting computers, networks, programs and data from unauthorized 

access or attacks. Major areas covered in web security are: Application Security, Information Security, 

Disaster recovery and Network Security.

The key Web services security requirements are authentication, authorization, data protection, and no repudiation. 

These are implemented in order to have more security while on the web.

a. Authentication

Is a process in which the credentials provided are compared to those in the database of authorized users’ information 

on a local operating system or within an authentication server. If the credentials match, the process is completed and 

the user is granted authorization for access. Therefore, authentication verifies the identity and enables authorization.

b. Authorization

The term authorization is the process of giving someone permission to do or have something.

 In the field of computer an authorized user gains access to the system and is allowed to get the available resources 

depending on the access level attached to his/her credentials.

c. Data protection

Is the process of safeguarding important information from corruption, compromise or loss.

5.2.2. Spyware

Like virus, Spyware also comes under the category of malware attacks. Although the working of spyware is different

 from the other types of malware mentioned earlier in unit 2, Spyware as the name suggests is used to spy into a system.

 The job of the spyware is to silently sit inside the host system and observe the activities of that system.

i. Example of how spyware work

Suppose a user is logging on to any bank. Once the website of the bank opens, the user id and login password are input. 

After that if the user wants to do a financial transaction, the transaction password has to be entered. 

All this information is quietly registered by the spyware then the spyware sends all the information recorded from

 the user’s computer to probably a hacker

who is somewhere else on the Internet.

ii. How spyware is spread

Devices which use windows operating systems are more susceptible to attacks; here below are the most common ways, 

  a computer can become infected with spyware:

•  Accepting a prompt or pop-up without reading it first
•  Downloading software from an unknown source
• Opening email attachments from unknown senders, etc.

iii. How to recognize spyware on the device

Spyware can be difficult to recognize in an infected device. 

But there are clues that can help one to know that a computer has been infected. 

The symptoms of a computer attacked by a spyware are that the device is so slow or crashes unexpectedly,

 it runs out of hard drive space and there are pop-ups when online or offline.

iv. How to remove spyware

If the device is infected with spyware, it is necessary to run a scan with current security software to make sure it has 

  cleaned up everything it can.

The best fight against a spyware is to install reputable anti-spyware removal tools.

v. How to help prevent spyware

Here are four main ways to help prevent spyware.

• Do not open emails from unknown senders.
• Do not download files from untrustworthy sources.
•  Do not click on pop-up advertisements.
• Use reputable antivirus software.

5.2.3. Hacking

Hacking is a term used to describe actions taken by someone to gain unauthorized access to a computer 

belonging to other people. It is the process by which cyber criminals also known as hackers gain access to a computer.

 After entering in that computer, a hacker can find weaknesses (or pre-existing bugs) in the security settings and 

exploit them in order to access available information. Hacker can also install any malware such as spyware or 

Trojan horse, providing a back door in where to enter and search for information.

5.2.4. Firewall

A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and permits or blocks data

 packets based on a set of security rules. Its purpose is to establish a barrier between an internal network and 

incoming traffic from external sources such as the internet in order to block malicious traffic like viruses and hackers.

i. How Does a Firewall Work

Firewalls carefully analyze incoming traffic based on pre-established rules and filter traffic coming from unsecured or 

suspicious sources to prevent attacks. Firewalls guard traffic at a computer’s entry point, called ports which is where information is exchanged with external devices.

ii. Types of Firewalls

Firewalls can either be software or hardware, A software firewall is a program installed on each computer and regulates

 traffic through port numbers and applications, while a physical firewall is a piece of equipment installed between the 

network and the gateway.

Application activity 5.2

1. Discuss and write a brief report on the importance of web security at your school, in Rwanda and in the whole world.

2. In a bank, any customer can create and use an identity (e.g. a user name and password) to log into that bank’s online 

service but the bank’s policy must ensure that the customer can only access individual account online once his/her 

identity is verified.

a. Identify which type of security is used in this bank?

b. Why is that imposed security important?

5.3. URL and its parts

Activity 5.3

1. Each year all students of P6,senior three and senior six pass the national exam. Marking is the second step that follows. 

After marking, Rwanda Education Board avails the result its web application so that each student can obtain the results.

 Give and explain the steps to go through for accessing national exam results

2. Briefly explain the term web browser

3. Differentiate between a web page and website as used in the Internet

a. Web browser

Commonly referred to as a browser. It is a software program that allows a user to locate., access, and display web pages. 

They are used primarily for displaying and accessing websites on the internet as well as other content created using 

appropriate languages such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible Markup Language (XML).

Examples of browsers: Mosaic, Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Google Chrome

b. Website

Is a collection of related web pages stored as a single file in a web server. It is also defined as a group of World Wide 

Web pages usually containing hyperlinks to each other and made available online by an individual, company, 

educational institution, government, or organization

c. Webpage:

This is Hypertext and hypermedia documents containing information about an individual or organization.

 It is accessible through the Internet or other networks using an Internet browser. 

A web page is accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web pages and files.

5.3.1. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

The term Uniform Resource Locator abbreviated as URL commonly known as website address is a unique address 

of each web page and identifies the location of that specific web page on the Internet. An example of URL is: http://www.yahoo.com

5.3.2. Parts of URL

The URL consists of three main parts namely: Protocol, Domain also known as host name and Resource ID.

i. Protocol:

It is a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted over a network. There are many types of protocols used in a network. 

In a URL address, the protocol is shown at the beginning of the address followed with a colon and double slashes.

 In the example above the protocol is http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Nowadays, HTTPS, which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure,

is the most common used protocol. It tells a web browser to encrypt any information entered onto the page, 

like the passwords or credit card information, so cybercriminals cannot access it.

ii. Server name or Host name

It identifies the computer on which the resource is located. This computer is known as a remote server. 

Most web server names begin with the letters www (For example www.igihe.com)

The server name always ends with a dot and a three or two-letter extension called the domain name.

iii. Domain name

The domain is important because it usually identifies the company, agency or organization that is directly responsible

 for the information, or is providing the computer space where the information is kept. 

Sometimes it indicates the country where the server is located.

The Top-Level Domain (TLD) specifies what type of entity an organization registers as on the internet. For example, 

“.com” is intended for commercial entities. Here below are some common top level domain names:

• com: identifies company or commercial sites.
•  org: for non-profit organization sites.
•  ac: for academic/educational institution.
•  edu: for educational sites.
•  go: for government agencies sites.
•  net: for Internet service providers.
•  co: for company.
•  mil: for military organization.

Examples of country domains are .rw for Rwanda; .ke for Kenya; .uk for United Kingdom; .jp for Japan; 

.tz for Tanzania; .us for United States; .au for Australia; .ca for Canada; etc.

iv. Sub domain

Website is like a house, sub domains are like specific rooms in that house. A sub domain in a URL indicates which

 particular page of a website the web browser should serve up.

v. Resource ID

It identifies the file name and the folders or subfolders under which the webpage is stored on the remote server.

Example of resource ID is /index.php/ icons/services

Application activity 5.3

1. What do you understand by the term web address

2. Describe all parts of URL

3. What do mean by the term Top level domain?

5.4. Search on the internet

5.4.1. Strategies for better search results:

5.4.1.1. Simple search techniques

Activity 5.4

1. Considering the image below of Google search engine window.

Name the parts labeled from A to G

2.   Open the browser in address bar, type the most used search engine and in search box type the following text “the proper use

        of ICT in Rwandan school” Explain what you observe after

Search on the Internet most of the time requires the use of search engines, such as Google or Ask,

 to look for information based. The words that are typed in the search box are called keywords, 

and should be directly related to the topic that one is searching for.

Understanding how to perform searches for online information increase the chances of finding the needed information.

Search Engine: Search Engines are programs that help the user look for and identify items that corresponds

 to keywords or phrases specified from the World Wide Web.

 Examples include; Yahoo, Google, Bing and Ask.com among others.

A. Strategies to pinpoint specific information online

Searching the internet can be a frustrating; researcher may enter a word or a phrase into a search engine and

 get irrelevant information. What is need is the ability to refine the search to get exactly what is needed.

1. Vary the Search Engine

Search engines search through about millions of active websites to provide content and source of content.

 No search engine is perfect they all have shortcomings that are avoided only by the techniques of the user while

searching. Keywords are the terms that searcher uses to find content on the internet.

 Making the keywords as specific as possible will lead search engine to track down the information that user needs.

2. Simplify the Search Terms

Some engines include Stop Words in their searches. 

These are frequently used words such as prepositions (in, of, on), conjunctions (and, but) and articles (a, the), 

which means that the search results have more pages of search results than needed.

It is usually best to eliminate stop words from the internet searches. The main exception is if the search is based on 

looking for a specific title or name that includes them.

3. Use Quotation Marks

Enclosing a search term also known as search query within quotation marks prompts the search engine to search for

 that specific word or phrase. If the term is a single word, using quotation marks will cut out stemmed variations of it. 

For example, if searching for the word director, the researcher likely receives a lot of results for direct, direction, 

directions, and so on typing “director” with quotation marks, ensure that only results for that stem word are displayed.

If the search term is a phrase, the search will be for that specific phrase, rather than for all the component words as 

individual items. For example, if searching for the phrase director of human resources, without quotation marks, 

the search returns results based on all of the words in the phrase.

Thus surrounding the term with quotation marks, will generate results that feature this specific term.

4. Remove unhelpful words

The use of a hyphen, small dash or minus sign immediately before a word excludes it from a search.

For example, typing in marketing -digital will exclude digital from the search engine, making it easier to find the information searched for. Typing

marketing -digital -social would allow researcher to get rid of even more confusion.

5. Refine the search using operators

Other characters or terms, known as operators allow to narrow down the internet search in more targeted ways.

 A few of those are explored here below:

•  Wildcard Searches: use the * symbol as a placeholder for another word. For example, searching for * man in the world returns results for the richest man in the world, the tallest, the oldest, and so on. Wildcard searches are also useful for example when researcher do not know the full text of a quote.
•  Combination Searches: the OR operator enables user to search for two or more terms simultaneously, and is most useful when those terms are very similar. For example typing selling OR retailing, will return pages where either of the terms is used, without both needing to be present.
• Another way to combine searches is to use AND. This operator ensures that researcher receives only search results that include two or more terms.

Search in a Specific Site: Typing the site followed by the URL of the website that researcher wish to search and a search term limit

the search to a single website. For example the site: reb.rw”Director General” will return all the pages from reb.rw 

      that feature the term “Director General.”

•  Finding Related Sites: A useful operator is Related. Typing this in front of a web address like in the search sentence “related: igihe.com” (don’t consider the quotes) will deliver a range of websites that are similar to igihe.com.

6. Avoid the use of difficult word to recognize (Search Pitfalls)

Note: When searching online, it is important to bear in mind that the use of abbreviation cannot give the relevant result.

Whatever written in search box of search engine, the search engine tries to provide relevant information related to

 the search query. The window below shows what the search engine displays when researcher want to get information

 about current Rwandan District

B. Keywords

Keywords are the words that the search engines use to find pages.

Generally, the more specific the word, the better the returned results will be, because the page which contains 

that word is more likely have something user intended to look for.

Application activity 5.4

1. Using Google search engine conduct a research about the topic” IMPACT OF GIRA INKA MUNYARWANDA”

2. Using Search in a Specific Site, Conduct a research about the all prime ministers of your country

5.4.1.2 Advanced search techniques

5.4.1.2 Advanced search techniques

Activity 5.5

1.  Conduct a research on internet about Boolean operators

2.  Using different search techniques which include boolean operators, quotation marks,… do a research

 on the internet about the sexual development of a human from birth to adolescence

i. Advanced search techniques using Boolean operators

Boolean searching, also known as searching using Boolean Operators in between the search words is the single 

most effective advanced search techniques used to improve the search results, making them more relevant

and precise. While using these operators capitalize the words AND, OR, and NOT to form the most effective search 

queries. Additionally, quotations are important when searching for a phrase or multiple phrases.

Examples:

•  Keyword1 AND Keyword2: results must include both results
•  Keyword1 OR Keyword2: results must include at least one of the keywords
• Keyword1 NOT Keyword2: results must exclude Keyword2

The Boolean logic expression “Lesson and Tutorial” once typedin search enginewill ensure that the engine returns 

document which contains both words.

The Boolean logic expression “power imbalance” OR “power balance in mediation”once typed in search enginewill

 ensure that the engine returns any document which had either of the terms.

The Boolean logic expression “Lesson Not Tutorial” once typed in search engine will ensure that the engine returns any document which contains Lesson but no document contain the word Tutorial will appear in the same page of search engine.

When the AND operator is used in the search query, the search engine return results whose content has both keywords 

on either side of the operator. In this case the words lesson and tutorial will appear in the search results.

 On the other hand using the OR operator will return only results containing one of the operand words.

Note: both or none of the keywords may not appear in the search results when the operator AND, OR are used but

 when the link is opened the opened page will contain those keywords

ii. Advanced search technique using quotation marks

Quotation marks (“”) can be used in search engine to avoid finding similar terms or derived words. 

They are used around phrases. The use of quotation marks tell the search engine to only bring back pages with 

the typed term in exact order they were typed. Example: typing the “health and care reform” in search engine is 

accurate than typing health and care and reform and will display in the search results that sentence in quotes

iii. Advanced search techniques using tilde sign (~)

When the tilde operator is placed in front of a keyword, it also searches for words that are synonyms of that keyword. 

The searcher can use the tilde operator (~) to get Google or other searchengines to expand the search with

related keywords. This is helpful when one does not know the entire search query to use.

iv. Advanced search technique using NEAR

This operator is a more specific form of the AND operator. It ensures that the document contains both terms and 

that they are located near each other.

In many lengthy documents, just using the operator AND might not provide useful results as the two keywords might

 be located in very different parts ofthe document and might not be related to one another.

Example: The expression “resistance NEAR physics” used in the field of physics search engine will ensure that the 

engine uses both words in its search and ranking logic that both words appear

v. Advanced search techniques using parenthesis

The operators AND, NEAR, OR and NOT are powerful in their own right but when used in conjunction with parentheses,

 they can offer substantial control over the search logic executed by the engine. Parentheses are used in Boolean logic 

similar to the way they are used in mathematical equation, limiting and ordering relationships between variables.

Example: If one wants to find a web-based internet tutorial, it is better to use the search criteria internet AND (tutorial OR lesson). The documents returned must contain both of the words internet and tutorial or internet and lesson. 

Obviously, the parentheses are used to distribute the keyword internet to one of the two “OR” words inside the parentheses.

Application activity 5.5:

1. Using the advanced search techniques seen search on the internet about these topics:

a. Non-renewable energy

b. The power of the mind

2. a)Discuss about the use of NEAR keyword used in advanced search techniques

5.4.1.3. Searching for documents, books, images, video on the internet

Activity 5.6:

1. One day an ICT teacher wanted to teach about the topics “assembling and disassembling computer”. 

The day before the teacher gave homework to the students to go to the internet and watch for video showing 

how to conduct the activity to assemble and disassemble computer.

a. Suppose you are in that class, search for those videos on the internet

b. Analyse the videos got and compare them in terms of their relatedness to the topic

Finding specific information on the Internet is compared to searching for information in the library. 

It is not necessary to have experience in Internet searching or even to know where to locate search sites. 

Different ways of searching for document, books and video on internet are elaborated in the sections to follow.

A. Searching for documents

Most information is found on the Internet by using search engines. While searching for documents online using 

search engine simply require the typing of search query in search box, the search engine displays a lot of information 

which can be in millions of pages like in the image below where more that 6 million of pages are returned.

Accessing document from internet

The process of getting information from the Internet is known as downloading.

This document can be viewed, saved or printed. Any attachment sent in an internet needs to be downloaded.

The process of putting information, document, web pages, images and files onto a web server is also known as uploading

B. Searching for book

There are different ways to search for online book such as using Wikipedia, Google as search engine; researcher 

can even search for books which have been uploaded to any site such as in-house books uploaded to the REB website. 

When the searched book is found, the next step is to download it.

To search for a book using Wikipedia, a searcher need just to know the book Title, Author, publication house, 

and date of publication of the book.

There are free online websites such as www.free-ebooks.net but also there are some websites where books are

 found after payment. Those websites are like amazon, barners and noble.

C. Searching for image

Most people use the web to search for images. 

They like to search for images online and there are many sites and search engines dedicated just to searching different

 kinds of images. 

While searching for online images take into account the copyright issues before using them. 

To search and download images from the internet follow these steps:

1. Type “google.com” in the web address to find the image to download.

2. Type the name of the image needed, in the available list of related images select the needed image.

3. Right-click to the image to save.

4. Click Save image as, searcher can even use “copy image as”option.

5. Choose location where to save the image.

D. Searching for video on the internet

Internet video or online video is the general field that deals with the transmission of video over the Internet. 

Internet video exists in different formats, such as MPEG-4 AVC, AVCHD, FLV, and MP4 MP, MP4A etc. 

Those videos can be accessed through several online video hosting services, such as YouTube, as well as Vimeo,

 Twitch, and Youkuvidmate etc.

D.1. Searching for video using search engine and video icon It is easy to access videos through the use of video icon located on search engines. The process of locating videos simply requires to type the name and the author of the video in search box of search engine and thereafter click on video icon as shown in the figure below.

In the drop down list it is up to the viewer to choose the wanted video

D.2. Search video on internet using online video hosting services

Internet video or online video such as YouTube, vimeo, Twitch, and youku, vidmate for Smartphone are very useful 

tools that help to search for video.

To search for video online proceed as follows:

• Open the browser
•  In web address or URL type the online video hosting services such as youtube.com
•  In the opened webpage just write the name of the video by specifying its author in order to avoid confusion.

Here is a figure showing how to find a video using YouTube online hostingservice.

Once a video is seen it can be watched online or downloaded and saved using different appropriate software such 

as YTD Video Downloader, Internet Download Manager so that they can be watched offline

D.3. Searching for images and videos on internet using add-on software

• Software add-on

This is a piece of software that adds a specific feature or capability to an existing software application.

 A software add-on cannot be run independently; it is just a software extension.

Examples of common add-ons are Adobe Flash, QuickTime, Download Helperand Silverlight.

•  Download Helper

This is a tool used to extract videos and image files from websites and save them to the hard drive.

• Download file (Video) using add-ons/download helper

Type in the Address bar “www.YouTube.com”. Locate a favorite video and click on it.

To download a video on YouTube, there is a red button under Active Video download. 

If Download Helper is used and there is an active video on any website, the icon is active for downloading it, 

see the figure below.

Click the above Download button of the active video then Save As dialog box is displayed and at this stage user can select the location where to save the downloaded video.

Note: YouTube has been designed for users who only watch and view videos on their website. In case to save the video on computer is needed, select from a variety of online downloader programs to download the video.

Application Activity 5.6

1. a) Through the use of internet and by using different techniques, search for a video on any one of the three video hosting services (YouTube, Vmeo, Twitch). The video to search for is about “grain germination”

b) Which one gives more related search results? Explain

2. Search on internet a book called “Imiganimiremire ” written by Aloys BIGIRUMWAMI

3. Create a folder on Desktop and call it your name, thereafter Search on internet the current map of Rwanda and save it in the

     created fold.

5.4.2 Searching by image

Activity 5.7

Take an image of your classmates in the classroom and save it on the computer with internet connectivity. 

Using that saved image search for similar images of students (or student teachers) in the classroom

The term search by image also called “reverse photo lookup” is a type of online search where, user instead of typing in a text-based keyword also known as search query, uploads an image to find visually similar images and relevant details about the query image. Here below are procedures to conduct the search by image:

1. Open Google Images (images.google.com)

2. Click on the camera icon in the search box.

3. Click Upload an image.

4. Click Choose file’ and browse through the image from PC.

5. Select the image and upload it to Google image.

In the figure above images can be searched by pasting the address (Paste image URL) of searched image or by uploading it. 

The term upload have been seen earlier.

Here below is the description of the downloaded image called download33.

The image show that it is related to images describing the smart classroom.

Application activity 5.7

Download ICT books for your subject are available on the internet and save them on your computer.

5.3. Browser’s Techniques for remembering

Activity 5.8

1. What is the role of the cord found in the book below

2. Tom Likes watching movies related to psychology on YouTube. Whenever he opens YouTube he finds psychology related topics displayed the first. For his friend Kamana who likes to watch videos on History of Rwanda videos on psychology are not displayed. Discuss the possible reason for this

People who use the internet testify that the internet seems to be intelligent based on the feedback and suggestions they get from it. Some websites offer the possibilities to store some data like details of a filled form, user name and passwords in such a way that on the next visit to the same website those data won’t need to be refilled. Some websites like YouTube, social media websites and e-commerce websites provide suggestions to their visitors depending on their experience for the last visit on the same website. The different mechanisms through which this is achieved are elaborated in this topic.

A. Cookies

Cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer. They are designed to hold a modest amount of data 

specific to a particular client and website and can be accessed either by the web server or the client computer.

A computer cookie consists of information. When user visits a website, the website sends the cookie to the computer. 

The computer stores it in a file located inside the web browser of the used computer.

The purpose of the computer cookie is to help the website keep track of user visits and different activities carried 

      out by the users Some activities of cookies

•  Registering which people have visited what pages on a website. This information can then be used to choose the right advertisement or otherwise tailoring the pages the user may view. Many cookies used for advertising and tailoring content are third-party cookies.
• Monitoring the traffic through statistics to improve the site and learn more about different target groups.
•  Keeping track of the selected language. Where to locate, enable or delete cookies

1. Open the browser. Because cookies are stored in the web browser, the first step is to open the browser.

2. Find where cookies are stored. Each browser manages cookies in a different location.

For example, in Internet Explorer, find them by clicking “Tools” and then Settings. And then click advanced settings”

In Chrome, choose “Preferences” from the Chrome menu in the navigation bar, display settings. 

Then expand the “Advanced” option to display “Privacy and security.” From there, open “Content settings” and “Cookies.”

3. Manage the cookies. Every browser gives a range of options for enabling or deleting cookies. 

Internet Explorer for instance, allows managing cookies under “Privacy” and “Advanced.” 

In Chrome, find where cookies are stored as outlined above, and then select the management options under “Cookies.”

Here below is a list of shortcut that can be used to access and view the bookmarks in a browser :

• Google Chrome: Ctrl+Shift+O
•  Mozilla Firefox: Ctrl+B or Ctrl+ Shift+B
•  Microsoft Edge: Ctrl+I
•  Internet Explorer: Ctrl+I
•  Opera: Ctrl+Shift+B

Process of viewing bookmark in Google chrome

1. Open the Google Chrome browser.

2. Navigate to the page to bookmark.

B. Bookmark

When referring to an Internet browser, a bookmark or electronic bookmark is a method of saving a web page’s address. 

In Microsoft Internet Explorer, bookmarks are referred to as favorites

• The purpose of bookmark

A bookmark is very useful when user finds a webpage that should be remembered in order to be able to look at it 

another day. Bookmarking is like creating a shortcut for quick access to that web page.

Here below is a list of shortcut that can be used to access and view the bookmarks in a browser :

•  Google Chrome: Ctrl+Shift+O
• Mozilla Firefox: Ctrl+B or Ctrl+ Shift+B
•  Microsoft Edge: Ctrl+I
•  Internet Explorer: Ctrl+I
• Opera: Ctrl+Shift+B

• Process of viewing bookmark in Google chrome
  

1. Open the Google Chrome browser.

2. Navigate to the page to bookmark.

3. Press Ctrl+D or click the star icon on the far side of the address bar

d. Cache

A web cache also known as a HTTP cache or page cache is a system that temporarily stores data such as web pages, 

images and similar media content when a web page is loaded for the first time.

When a user visits a page for the first time, a site cache commits selected content to memory and when that same page

 is visited again, the site cache is able to recall the same content and reload it much quicker when compared to the first visit.

e. Browser history

In computing system, the term web browsing history refers to a list of web pages a user has visited recently and 

associated data such as page title and time of visit which is recorded by the web browser software as standard for a

 certain period of time. Web browsers software do this in order to provide the user with a back button and a history 

list to go back to pages they have visited previously as well as displaying visited links

Viewing browsing history in Google Chrome:

All web browsers keep a record of every page visited in their web history.

Here are the steps followed to view a browser’s history:

          1. Open the browser.

          2. Click the icon located to the far right corner of Google Chrome under the closing icon.

         3. Select History. This option is near the top of the drop-down menu. ...

         4. Click History. It’s at the top of the pop-out menu.

          5. Review the browsing history

Application activity 5.8

1. Explain the purpose of Bookmark, cookies Cache.

2. Using internet explain three ways to view bookmarks using different browsers.

End unit assessment

          1. What is URL? Explain the five parts of URL

          2. What does the prefix https:// in a browser address field mean?

          3. Differentiate web page from web site

          4. When moving from one web page to another, it is a good to open each web page in a different window.

         Try opening the following links, each in its own window: www.igihe.com, www.reb.rw, www. google.com

         5. What is a browser’s page history? What is its purpose?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. National Curriculum Development Centre(NCDC). (2011). ICT Syllabus for Upper Secondary. Kigali.

2. MYICT. (2011). National ICT strategy and plan NICI III-2015.Kigali.

3. National Curriculum Development Centre(NCDC). (2006). ICT syllabus for Lower Secondary Education. Kigali.

4. Pearson Education. (2010). Computer Concepts.

6. Define the term search engine and list at least three examples of the most common ones

7. Nowadays most services are carried out online by using the web application www.irembo.gov.rw. 

With your computer connected to Internet, search for steps to be followed while applying for National ID 

 using this web application.

Rwanda Education Board (REB), (2019), ICT Syllabus for TTC, (2019), Kigali

5. Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Computer Science S5 student’s book

6. Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Computer Science S6 student’s book

7. Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Information and Communication Technology for Rwandan 

    Schools Secondary 1 Students’ Book

8. Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Information and Communication Technology for Rwandan Schools Secondary 1

Students’ Book

9. Rwanda Education Board (REB) (2019), Information and Communication Technology for Rwandan Schools

     Secondary 2

Students’ Book

10. Longhorn Publishers (2016) Computer Science For Rwandan Schools Senior Four Student’s Book

11. Fountain Publishers (2016) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Rwanda Schools 

      Learner’s Book Senior Three

12. http://www.monteee.com/how-to-install-ram.html

13. www.proprofs.com