Physical Education

6.1. Key unit competence
After completion of this unit, learners will be able to improve the use of techniques and tactics of handball in game situations.
6.2. Prerequisites knowledge and skills
Learners will learn better this unit if they are able to perform basic technical skills of handball in game situations such as exercises of passing the ball, exercises shooting, exercises of throwing, dribbling and bouncing.
6.3. Cross-cutting issues to be addressed
1. Inclusive education: In teaching-learning process of handball the teacher together with the learners must set instructions that include all learners. Learners with physical impairment will be referees. Simplify the rules of the game to include all learners (impaired as well as slow learners). E.g.: Not allowing more than three steps while dribbling the ball.
2. Standardization culture: In handball lesson, the size of handball balls must meet the required standards of the ball according to the learners’ age and sex.

6.4. List of lessons

Lesson 1: Techniques and tactics of handball
a. Prerequisites
Learners will learn better this lesson if they are able to perform exercises of throwing, dribbling, bouncing, and goalkeeping. Practice throwing in place, back throw, vertical jump throws, stride throw, throw while falling, free bouncing, bouncing with an opponent, using hands to catch or deviate the ball (upper ball), using legs to stop or deviate the ball (lower ball), using trunk to stop or deviate the ball.
b. Teaching resources
Playground, stopwatch, whistles, cones, handball balls, chasubles/pennies,
c. Introduction
Opening discussions (in a semicircle formation)
• After checking learner’s readiness, give instructions and rules of the game
• Forms groups basing on the quantity of resources available as well as on the class size.
• Discuss with learners how to maximize the use of all the available resources.
d. Lesson development
Warm-up activities
For warm-up activities and stretching use exercises in units 1, lesson 1.
a. Teaching of catching and passing
1. Passing
Types of Passing include:
• Passing while standing,
• Passing while running,
• Passing with jump (preliminary stride),
• Passing with vertical jump
While teaching how to pass, remember to emphasize the following:
• To pass with the right and left hand,
• Passing the ball with the left hand: the right leg must be forward,
• The ball is placed in the inner surface of the hand (palm) and the hand is relaxed
• The hand is put back on the ball and the pressure on the ball is uniformly distributed on the ball,
• Passing should be as simple as possible, without additional moves,
• The ball must be passed in front of a player, taking into account the player’s speed,
• The pass should be performed while running,

• To practise short and long passing, taking into account the particular situation on the playing field.

2. Receiving/catching the ball in handball
• Reception of the ball in handball must be done with two hands;
• The technique of reception must be adapted to the flying height of the ball to receive
When receiving/catching a ball of the flying height which is above the chest level, the fingers are held up higher and pointed forward and the thumbs are nearly touching each other.

When receiving a lower ball/ close to the ground in handball; the fingers are held in lower position and pointed forward and the small fingers are nearly touching each other.

Teaching points
Receiving the ball with suppleness and flexibility; i.e. smooth flexion of the arms movement while catching the ball in reception.
After reception apply good handling techniques

b.Shoting in handbal1.
1.Shot in place

2. Leaning back shot

3. Vertical Jump Shot

4. Stride Jump Shot

5. Shots while falling

6.Shot while falling backward position
Description of the technique
• The ball is placed in the inner surface of the hand (palm) and the hand is relaxed
• The hand is put back on the ball and avoid to put much force in fingers while gripping the ball.
• Uniformly distribute the pressure of the hand on the ball, this will help to avoid uncontrolled throw.
• After receiving the ball, bring the ball in back position with two hands, then place it in the throwing hand, continue to bring back the throwing hand for preparation of the throw.
• Take the support of the entire body on the left leg (blockage of the body on the left leg) and then throw the ball.

Teaching exercises of shooting, throwing and catching in Handball
1. Throwing with precision
Each learner has to throw the ball from the distance of 6m at a fixed object (e.g. a fixed piece of tree, a ball, or another chosen target).
Variations:
• Throwing from different distances,
• Throwing with the right and left hand alternatively,
• Throwing after making 1,2 or 3 steps

2. Shooting at the goal
Make to teams and place them in front of the goal, learners will throw the balls at the goal, and pursue the balls to recuperate them.
Variations:
• Throwing in place
• Throwing after 3 steps

3. Exercises with a partner (2 learners with one ball)
• Aim at the outstretched arms of the partner, who in return will pass back the ball (right hand and left hand),
• Make a pass at different height (front pass, chest level, hips level, knees level),
• Pass at the right and left sides,
• Pass from different distances,
• Pass with 2 balls (the two learners throw simultaneously the balls)

Distance of 10m between partners:
3 Steps, pass and move back (start moving back by walking first, after move back by running);
• Pass in place, left, right, left
• Pass with the right hand and move back after passing the ball;
• Pass in place; right, left, right
• Pass with the left hand and move back after making his/her pass
4. Exercises in a group of 4 learners
Pass and pursue and going standing last at the end of the line of the opposite group.
• Pass and stop,
• Pass after 3 steps
• Receiving the ball while running to meet the ball then making 3 steps and pass.
5. Throw and catch the ball
In an alley of 6 m of large, the learners exchange each other passes in zigzag.

6. Throw and catch in triangle
Learners A, B and C for a triangle. Learner M stands in the middle of them. The ball will follow the following way: M-A-B-M-C-A-M-B.

7.Throw and catch the ball in triangle and in movement
6 learners form a triangle (distance of the side of a triangle)

Pass and go
Each learner performs his/her. After passing, he/she joins the extremity of his/her line and waits his/her time.

Pass and pursue
• Each learner performs his/her pass. After passing, he/she joins the extremity of his/her line and waits his time pass again.
• 3 steps make a pass and pursue,
• Each learner performs his/her pass. After passing he/she joins the extremity of the line in the group which does not receive the ball.
• 3 steps pass and go to the other direction.

c. Jump shooting in handball
Description of the technique of jump shooting in Handball
Start with two hands on the ball in a ready position. Knees slightly bent facing the target.
Step forward with foot opposite of your shooting hand. Take non-shooting hand off the ball.
Jump in the air while raising shooting arm up and back to make an L, or a 90 degree angle. Rotate shoulders square to the goal whipping throwing arm forward.
Pike slightly at the waist and land on take-off foot. Follow through with throwing hand pointed at the target.
Teaching exercises of shooting
1. Learning the three steps rhythm
Learners jump:
• Over mark made by a chalk on the ground (ropes) or over the 9m line,
• Over a bench (or a piece of tree)
• Over an extended rope of 30cm height from the ground
• They must land on the take-off leg.

2. Learning coordination of the jump and shoot
Learners jump over the bench (line, rope) and pass the ball to a partner while jumping.
3. Learning exercises for the jump shoot
After the impulse and take-off, learners pass the ball to a partner of the other group while being in their predominant phase of the jump. They jump over mark made by a chalk on the ground (or a ropes) or over the 9m line, over a bench (or a piece of tree) and over an extended rope of 30cm height from the ground.
4. Exercises of shooting at the goal using jump shoot
Form two groups; learners one by one execute the jump shoot at the goal. After performing his/her shoot, he/she recuperates the ball and goes at the end of the line of his/her group.

5. Performing a jump shoot after a pass
Form three groups (A, B, and C):
C1 passes the ball to A1 and after he/she goes at the end line of A; A1 performs the jump shoot, after shooting he/she recuperates the ball and goes to stand at the end line of the group C; C2 passes the ball to B1 and after he/she goes at the end line of B; B1 performs the jump shoot, after shooting he/she recuperates the ball and goes to stand at the end line of the group C.

6. Assessment (R-C-A discussions).
• Reflection
1. What is passing in hand ball?
2. What are the skills to develop to be a good jump shooter in handball?
3. What are the qualities of a good pass in handball?
• Connection
Compare handball pass to a basketball pass.
• Application
Applying different types of passing and shooting in different game situation.
Lesson 2 :Various technical skills and tactics of playing handball
A. Prerequisites
Learners will learn better this lesson if they are able to perform exercises of passing, shooting, blocking, marking dribbling, bouncing and goalkeeping.
B. Teaching resources
Playground, stopwatch, cones, whistles, handball balls, chasubles/ pinnies
C. Introduction
• Opening discussions (in a semicircle formation)
1. After checking learner’s readiness, give instructions and rules of the game
2. Forms groups basing on the quantity of resources available as well as on the class size.
3. Discuss with learners how to maximize the use of all the available resources.

D. Lesson development
Warm-up activities
For warm-up activities and stretching use exercises in units 1, lesson 1.
1. Attacking systems
• System 3:3
• System 2:4
2. Defence systems
• System 6:0
• System 5:1
3. Attacking systems versus defending systems
• Attacking system 3:3 versus defending system of 6:0
• Attacking system 2:4 versus defending system 5:1
Teaching exercises for basic tactics in handball
a. 4 attackers versus 3 defenders
Team (B) attacks with 4 players the team (A) composed of 3 defenders and a goalkeeper on a half of the court. Defenders stay at the goal line surface, the attack is initiated from the halfway line; after a shoot at the goal, team A (defenders) leaves the court and goes standing behind team E, team C enters the court and attacks the team B; and so on.
b. Learners perform the same exercises with 5 attackers versus 4 defenders.
c. Exercises - Attackers and defenders with equal number

• 3 attackers versus 3 defenders
Same organisational form as previous exercise; 3 players attack 3 defenders; the goalkeeper is neutral and remains in the goal always.
• 4 attackers versus 4 defenders (same process as the previous exercise).
• The same exercise with 5 defenders versus 5 attackers
d. Counter-attack exercises
• Two attackers versus one defender
Learners stand in two parallel lines at the end of the court; the distance between the two lines is 12 m to 15. At the other end of the court stay the goalkeeper and one defender; playing two by two, the two learners exchange passes while running towards the other end of the court and try to score; the defender comes to constrain them. They return back passing by the outside of the court. Next learners in the lines (two by two) perform the same exercise (the defender is changed).

• Three attackers versus one defender
Same organisational form as in previous exercise, the pass must always go through the player in the middle.
• Three attackers versus two defenders
The same exercise as the previous but there are two defenders in defence
e. Assessment (R-C-A discussions).
Closing discussion
Reflection
1. How many handball formation systems can we use while playing as a team?
2. Outline strengths and weaknesses for each system.
Connection
Compare handball system formation to football formation.
Application
Applying different players’ formations in a game situation.
Lesson 3 : Exercises of goalkeeping and playing in teams

a. Prerequisites
Learners will learn better this lesson if they are able to perform basic exercises goalkeeping and playing in teams.
b. Teaching resources
Playground, stopwatch, cones, whistles, handball balls, chasubles/ pennies
c. Introduction
Opening discussions (in a semicircle formation)
1. After checking learner’s readiness, give instructions and rules of the games
2. Forms groups basing on the quantity of resources available as well as on the class size.
3. Discuss with learners how to maximize the use of all the available resources.
d. Lesson development
Warm-up activities
For warm-up activities and stretching use exercises in units 1, lesson 1.

The goalkeeper in handball
A goalkeeper greatly influences the game and the final result. Playing as a goalkeeper requires a lot of physical and mental efforts.
The basic elements of the goalkeeper’s player are:
• Posture,
• Moving,
• Using hands (upper balls),
Using legs (lower balls),
• Using trunk,
• Putting the ball down
Posture and Moving in handball

Exercises of goalkeeping in handball

Exercise No1. The shooting learners stand width front at the goal along the goal circle holding a ball in front of them. The goalkeeper runs forward and touches a ball, and the shooter, whose ball has been touched, throws the ball against the goal in a high soft curve over the goalkeeper. The goalkeeper runs backwards and tips the ball over the goal frame. The ball must be thrown at the center of the goal so that the goalkeeper does not risk running into a goal pole. Also remember that it is a goalkeeper exercise. The throw must be performed in such a way that the goalkeeper has a chance to reach the ball.

 Exercise No2. The shooting learners stand 2 by 2, each with a ball and have made an agreement, who is shooting. Both runs forward and perform a shooting movement, but only one releases the ball. The distance between the shooters may be increased when the goalkeeper gets better. Start with a distance of about 2 meter and end the exercise with shots from left back and right back position. 

Exercise No3. The shooting learners stand 2 by 2, each with a ball. The 1st shooter runs forward and the 2nd shooter runs behind the 1st in a distance of about 2 meter. The 1st shooter shoots at goal, high or low at the 9meter line in her starting side. The 2nd shooter also shoots from the 9meter line in her starting point side high or low. The goalkeeper must try to take both shots.

Exercise No4. The shooting learners (e.g.: 10) are numbered from 1 to 10 and are placed along the 9meter throw line from RB to LB position. The goalkeeper must not know the numbers of the shooters. The teacher now shouts one and the learner with No one shoots. Then he/she shouts two and learner No 2 shoots. There must be about 1 second between each shot. If there is a risk that the goalkeeper could step on a loose ball, the exercise is stopped. The exercise can be performed again with the same numbers, but this time the counting is backwards. Or with even and odd numbers: 2-4-6-8-10-1-3-5-7-9 and so on.

Exercises of playing in team
At this level we assume learners have acquired different techniques and tactics of playing handball.
• To conduct this step of the lesson by organising your learners in teams.
• Organise team in different attacking/defensive systems (6-0, 5-1,4-2 and 3-3 formation).
• Let learners play based on your guide and instructions.
• Alternate the system until the time is over.
• Switch the teams’ roles and systems
• Emphasis the correct techniques.

e. Assessment (R-C-A discussions).
Closing discussion
• Reflection
1. What are the basic skills for a handball goalkeeper?
2. What techniques to use for a goal keeper when the ball is shot in an opposite angle?
• Connection
Compare goalkeeping in handball and goalkeeping in soccer.
• Application
Applying techniques and tactics in game situation.

6.5. End unit assessment
• Set exercises passing, dribbling and shooting from various positions.
• Set exercises of defending using man to man defensive tactics.
• Organize a handball match and observe these techniques in a game situation and the ability of learners to play as a team.

6.6. Additional information
Handball playing court, basic rules and players positions
1. Handball basic rules
Philosophy of the game
Handball is a team sport played by two male or female teams. The players are allowed to handle and throw the ball using their hands, but they must not touch the ball with their feet. The objective of the game is to score and avoid getting goals. The team that scores more goals in a given period of time wins the match. The game is played at a very high speed and body contact is permitted. As a result, Fair Play has a central importance. Basic handball is either played in a sports hall or outdoors on a 40x20 metres court. The other variations of the game, such as Mini-handball, Beach Handball or Wheelchair Handball, are all based on the fundamental rules of the game, although both facilities and rules shall be adapted to their needs.

Who can play the game?
Handball is a team sport for two squads of 7 players (six field players and a goalkeeper). For competition handball two referees are also necessary.
What do you need to play?
The court:
Regular indoor handball court (see picture): 40x20 metres court. The court has two 6m goal areas and two goals (3x2m).
The ball:
Men play with ball size 3, women with ball size 2, but different age categories may use different sizes (size 1 and 0 balls also exist). Clothing: Players need adequate sports clothing for handball. Shorts, shirts and sports shoes are required.
Duration of the game
A handball game is played 2x30 minutes, but this duration can vary according to the needs of the diverse age categories.

How to play handball in summary

The elements of personal progressive punishment: yellow card (warning) / 2-minute suspension / red card (disqualification for the rest of the game).

2. Hanball playing court

3. Players’ positions in handball court
Goalkeeper:  the player who defends the goal with just about every part of the body! The goalkeeper is the only player who can touch the ball with their feet.
Centre: a creative handball player who directs play in both defense and attack. Also known as the ‘playmaker’ and sets up the tactics and the players in shooting positions.
Left and right backs: usually the largest players on the handball team. When defending, they try to block shots, and in attack they are the long-range handball shooters.
Circle runner: the creative force in attack and disruption to opponents when defending. The circle runner is quick and gets in among opposing defenders to either create openings for teammates or to get into a good scoring position themselves.
Left and right wingers: the fast players who patrol the sides of the court. They counter opposing wingers and in attack look to create openings for others, or shoot from the more difficult angles.

6.7. Additional activities
As additional activities to give to your learners you need to:
• Encourage learners to actively participate in handball training sessions organized by different coaches and private individuals in training centers.
• Encourage also learners to participate in handball community competitions if there are any (e.g.: Kagame cup competitions, right to play, Imbuto foundation….)
• Encourage learners to participate actively in school organized competitions as well as in Sector, District and national competitions (e.g.: Inter-school’s competition organized by FRSS)
• Encourage learners to participate in all youth competitions available (e.g.: Competitions organized by FERWAHAND).
• Encourage learners to create local handball competitions in their villages.

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