Course: Science and Elementary Technology

Topic outline

General
UNIT 1: AGRICULTURAL TOOLS
People do different types of jobs for their living. Many jobs can be done using hands. But some jobs are not easy to do with hands alone. To make such jobs easier, we use tools.

1. Identify the tools the farm workers use.
2. Group these tools according to their uses. Fill in the table below

Table 1.1 : Grouping Agricultural Tools Based on their Uses

Can you name some other agricultural tools?

1. Visit a nearby agricultural farm.
2. Observe and practice the ways people maintain all agricultural tools.
3. Make a report on it and present to the class.
The following are useful methods to maintain agricultural tools in good condition:
1. Tools must be cleaned properly after use.
2. After cleaning, tools must be stored in a safe, dry and termite-free place.
3. Digging and cutting tools should be kept sharp.
4. Plastic sprayers must be kept away from fire. Pipes and nozzles must be cleaned regularly to prevent blockages.
5. Damaged tools must be repaired properly.
6. Metallic tools like wheelbarrows must be painted regularly to avoid rusting.
7. On transporting tools and their parts, oiling and greasing have to be done regularly.
8. Tools must be handled with care.
9. Tools must be used for the purpose they are designed for. 10. Records of the movement of tools must be kept.

1. Visit a nearby agricultural farm.
2. Observe the techniques the farm workers use to store their agricultural tools.
3. Make a report on it and present to the class.
After using the tools, they must be stored in a safe place. The following points should be kept in mind while storing tools:
1. Store all tools in a damp-proof or a dry room.
2. The store room should be well lit.
3. Tools should be kept dry.
4. Tools may be hung on hooks on the wall or from the ceiling.
5. Tools must be stored in the fixed places.
6. Damaged tools must be repaired and greased before storing.
7. Tools we use often should be kept near the door.
8. Store room should be locked to protect the tools from theft

1. Discuss the prevention against possible dangers of misusing agricultural tools.
2. Make a report on it and present to your science teacher.
Misuse of agricultural tools could lead to injuries to people and their co-workers.
Incorrect storage of tools could also lead to injuries.
We may get cut with the sharp edges of the tools.
Therefore, tools must be handled with care.
If an agrochemical is inhaled as a mist, it may cause headache, nausea and diseases of lungs.
So it is necessary to wear a mask while spraying pesticides.
Ensure that nobody is around there while spraying.

1. Go to a nearby agricultural farm.
2. Observe the ways the farm workers handle the tools.
3. Also list the precautions to be taken while using the tools.
The following precautions should be taken while using agricultural tools:
1. Debris should be removed so that the fields become safer places to work.
2. Worn out tools in poor condition can lead to accidents. Therefore, these must not be used.
3. If we get cut with any tools, first aid should be applied properly.
4. Agrochemicals are poisonous. These should be used by wearing gloves and mask.
5. Agrochemicals must not be checked by inhaling.
6. Handgloves, boots and a mask should be worn while sprinkling pesticides.
7. After working with pesticides, wash your hands with soap properly .

Agricultural tools : Tools we use in farm work.
Agrochemicals : Chemicals used in agriculture.
Container :Anything that can hold some other material.
Fertilizer: Chemicals that add nutrients to the soil.
Herbicides : Chemicals that can kill herbs.
Insecticides : Chemicals that can kill insects.
Pesticides : Chemicals that can kill pests.
Tool : A hand-held instrument.
Weedicides : Chemicals that can kill weeds

The tools we use in farming are called agricultural tools. Examples: hoe, spade, rake, axe, wheelbarrow, machete, trowel, milking can, sprayer and file.
Tools like hoe, spade, and trowels are used for digging the soil.
Tools like watering cans, pipes and watering wheels are the common watering tools.
Transplanting of seedling can be done with the help of spades and trowels .
Sharpening of tools can be done with the help of a file.
Axes and machetes are the common cutting tools.
Wheelbarrows and tractors are common transporting tools.
Maintenance of tools increases the life of the tools.
After using the tools, they must be stored in a safe, dry and termite
free place. Misuse of agricultural tools could lead to injuries to people and their co-workers.
If agrochemicals are inhaled as a mist, it may cause headache, nausea and diseases of lungs.
Handgloves, boots and a mask should be worn while using agricultural tools.

1. Fill in the blanks with the correction options :
Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
1. Axes and machetes are ............ tools.
(a) cutting   (b) clearing
(c) watering (d) transporting
2. ………… has toothed bars fixed diagonally to a handle.
(a) Rake (b) File
(c) Trowel (d) Spade
3. Trowel is a .................. tool.
(a) sharpening (b) transplanting
(c) cutting (d) none of these
4. Wheelbarrow is a ................... tool.
(a) transplanting (b) transporting
(c) digging d) Sharpening
5. ............... is a sharpening tool.
(a) Spade (b) Trowel
(c) File (d) Machete
II. State whether the following statements are true or false :
1. Tools make our job easier.
2. Digging and cutting tools should be kept sharp regularly.
3. Tools must be handled with care.
4. Agricultural tools must be stored in a damped room.
5. One must wear a mask while spraying insecticides.
III. Much the following :
Column A Column B
1. Hoe (a) Watering tool
2. Rake (b) Transporting tool 3
. Axe (c) Digging tool
4. Tractor (d) Levelling soil
5. Watering can (e) Cutting tool
IV. Answer the following questions briefly :
1. What are agricultural tools?
2. List some common agricultural tools.
3. Write the uses of the following tools:
(a) Hoe (b) Rake (c) Spraying pump
(d) Trowel (e) Machete
4. Write some methods of maintenance of agricultural tools.
5. Explain the dangers of the misuse of agricultural tools.

Clues:
Across
2. It is a plastic container with backpacks and spray guns.
4. The boat-shaped tool which is used for transplanting of seedlings.
5. It is a single wheel, small hand pushed cart.
Down
1. We use this tool for storing and transporting milk.
3. It is a big knife-like tool used for clearing bushes.

Labels: 16URLs: 24File: 1
UNIT 2: Objects Productions
We can make many things for playing with from things found in our environment.
We can make toys from clay, wires, leaves, stick, etc.
We can also make different utility objects using sticks and plant fibres.
Similarly we can make different learning materials using papers.
We can make toys using clay and wires.
Children are fond of playing with the sticks. It will be a fun for them if they learn how to make some utility objects like basket with the sticks.
Banana fibres are obtained from banana plant.
It is eco-friendly. We can use it to make objects like ropes, mats, bags and dustbins.
Making shapes from a sheet of paper is an art.
Children can make different shapes like triangle, rectangle and square with paper.
The prepared utilities and learning tools are soft. We must take extra care to keep them safe. They should be:
kept at dry and clean place.
handled with care.
cleaned with dry soft brush.
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Equilateral triangle : A triangle in which all three sides are equal.
Fibre: A plant material from which a textile is formed.
Flap : A flat piece of paper that is hinged on one side only.
Knead : Work (moisten flour or clay) into dough or paste with hands.
Object : A material that can be seen or touched.
Rectangle : A plane figure with four straight sides and four right angles.
Square: A plane figure with four equal straight sides and four right angles.
Triangle: A plane figure with three straight sides and three angles.

Banana fibre is eco-friendly.
We can use it to make items like ropes, mats, bags, dustbins, and some other materials.
Making shapes from a sheet of paper is an art.
Children can make different shapes like triangle, rectangle and square with paper.
The prepared utilities and learning tools are soft.
These should be kept at dry and clean place. These should be handled with care.
Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
I. Answer the following questions briefly:
1. What type of soil is used for modelling?
2. Name at least three objects made of clay.
3. Which material is used to make the toy below?

4. List at least three objects made up of fibres.
5. Name the following shapes.

Clues :
Across
2. A material that can be seen or touched.
4. A plane figure with four equal straight sides and four right angles.
5. A plane figure with four straight sides and four right angles.
Down
1. A plant material from which a textile is formed.
3. A plane figure with three straight sides and three angles.
UNIT 3: Computer my friend
Computer is a basic need in every field.
Life becomes easier with the introduction of different Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools.
Computers, mobile phones, calculators, radios, scanner and fax machines are common ICT tools.
These tools help us to use information and share it digitally.
Computer is a machine. It accepts data and processes it.
Finally it produces output results. It is used to do difficult calculations.

A computer plays various roles in our daily life.
1. It can be used for personal computing.
2. It can be used for educational references.
3. It can be used in the field of health and medicine.
4. It can be used for scientific research.
5. It can be used for communication and entertainment.
Data: Whatever you type from the keyboard is GDWD.
It may be numbers, alphabets and symbols.
Information: Computer processes data.
The processed data is called information. In a computer,
we can get information through output devices, for example, monitor and printer.
is the process of sending or receiving information.
We can communicate by speaking, writing, through art and music, and books.
With a mobile phone, we can communicate to any part of the world.
We can make calls, send and receive text messages.
1. Type a text message from a mobile phone keypad.
2. Send this message to one of your friends and a family member.
Role of Communication
Communication plays an important role in our day-to-day life.
1. It is a source of information.
2. We know what is happening around the world.
3. Without communication we cannot convey our thoughts and feelings.
d) Technology
Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used to complete a work.
Communication technology helps us to send and receive information.
With the help of communication technology, messages can be sent within a moment around the world.
Examples of technology used for communication are Internet, emails, fax, phones, chat groups and
social networking sites.

Internet : It is a large group of computers connected to each other.
It is used to send information quickly.
It is widely used at hospitals, railway stations, airports, schools and offices.
Website: It is a collection of web pages.
A website gives information about any subject.
Each website has its own web address.
It can be reached through an Internet connection by typing domain name in the address bar.
The first opening page of a website is called home page.
World Wide Web (WWW): It is a collection of millions of electronic pages.
These pages are interlinked just like a spider’s web.
These pages display a variety of information.
(e) Activity
Sugar is a collection of Activities.
Activities are Applications that involve active engagement from the learner.
They automatically save results to a journal, where reflections are recorded.
Activities can be shared between learners.
(f) Projects
A project is a planned set of interrelated tasks.
It should be completed over a fixed period within certain cost and other limitations.
On websites, we get necessary information regarding a project.
Online projects can be done with the help of related websites.
Sugar interface is both a desktop and a collection of activities.
Activities automatically save results to a Journal, where reflections are recorded.
You can write documents, share books and pictures or make music together with ease.
Power-on XO laptop or any computer with sugar installed, you should see the Sugar Home View.
All the icons are not arranged in a ring or a list, you can arrange icons in a way that makes sense to you.

This view helps to see your friends or classmates’ activities, and you can join them in order to collaborate.

The XO menu appears when you point on the XO icon.

The XO laptop allows switching from sugar interface to GNOME interface.

To switch to GNOME interface from Sugar Interface:
1. Hover over XO icon in the middle of ring of activities.
2. Choose the option “My Settings ".
GNOME is a graphical user interface.
Figure 16 shows some major components of the GNOME desktop.
The desktop lies behind all other components on your screen.
You can place files and folders on the desktop that you want to have easy access to.
The desktop also has several special objects on it:
The computer icon gives you access to Compact Discs,
removable media such as pen drive, and also the entire files system.
All of your personal files are kept in your Home folder, labelled username's Home.
You can also open this folder from the places menu.
The Trash is a special folder where you can place files and folders you no longer need.

The bars across the top and bottom of the desktop are called top panel .
By default the top panel appears as follows:

The Application menu provides access to the applications installed in the system. The places menu provides a list of locations. On selection these are opened in file browser windows. The system menu provides options for:
configuring the system, and
desktop environment such as desktop theme and screen resolution. In the above picture of the desktop the icons next to the system menu provide quick access to common applications and tools.
The right hand side of the panel includes the current time, a volume control and a network status indicator.
The left desktop panel contains three items appearing as follows:

The area containing squares controls the currently displayed virtual workplace.
The GNOME desktop allows multiple workspaces to be active at any one time.
We can move from one application to another by clicking on one of the squares in the bottom toolbar.

A window is a rectangular area of the screen. It has a border all around and a title bar at the top. Each window displays an application. It allows you to have more than one application visible, and work on more than one task at a time.

Buttons on title bar allow you to minimize, maximize, and close the windows. You can control a window’s position of the screen, as well as its size. You can control those windows which overlap other windows, so the one you want to work with is completely visible.
To work with an application, you need to give the focus to its window. Only one window can have focus at a time. The window that has focus will appear on top of other windows, so nothing covers any part of it.

Workspaces allow you to manage which windows are on your screen. Every workspace contains the same desktop, the same panels, and the same menus. By default, four workspaces are available. You can switch between them with the Workspace Switcher applet at the right of the bottom edge panel. This shows a representation of your workspaces, by default a row of four rectangles.

To switch between workspaces, follow these steps:
1. Open the Launcher and click the workspace switcher button near the bottom.
2. Double-click on any window or workspace to switch to it, or press the workspace switcher button again to return to your previous workspace.

1. Press to move to a workspace which is to the right of the current workspace.
2. Press to move to a workspace which is to the left of the current workspace.
3. Press to move to a workspace which is below the current workspace.
4. Press to move to a workspace which is above the current workspace.

An application is a type of computer program that allows you to perform a particular task.
You might use applications:
to create text documents such as letters or reports;
to work with spreadsheets;
to listen to your favourite music;
to navigate the Internet;
to create, edit, or view images and videos.
For each of these tasks, you would use a different application.
To launch an application, open the Applications menu
and choose the application you want from the submenus.
The applications that are part of GNOME include the following:
GEDIT is an application of GNOME that can be used to create,
edit, format and save a document .

There are other applications in GNOME like, Dictionary, Image viewer and calculator.

Switching back to Sugar from GNOME can be done by clicking on icon “Switch to Sugar’’ of GNOME desktop.

The Sugar Journal records everything you do using Sugar interface. You can use a Journal as a place:
to revisit old work,
to resume incomplete work,
to organize completed work, and
to reflect upon your progress as the learner.
To show the Journal, click the - Journal icon on the Frame.

On an XO laptop, you can press the magnifying glass key
in the top row of the keyboard to immediately open the Journal and search .

The Journal view contains a menu and a list of journal entries:
1. Star: You can mark important entries to help them stand out
in the list by clicking the star icon for that entry.
When you click the star icon, the star is colored in.
2. Icon : Each Journal entry has an icon.
The color of the icon shows who created the entry.
For example, if you copy a photo from a friend, the photo’s icon has your friend’s colors.
You can launch the Activity for the entry by clicking the icon.
A hover menu may reveal additional options. In particular,
“Erase” deletes that entry from your Journal.

3. Each entry has a name. You can edit the name by clicking it.
4. If other participants join you in this Activity, icons in their colors will appear here.
5. The Journal displays the time since the most recent change the entry .
6.  Click this button to see detailed information about the entry. See “Journal detail view”, on next page.
7. When there are more entries in the Journal than can fit on the screen, you can use the scroll bar to scroll through them.
8.  Type words in the box to search for entries that match those words. Entries are displayed when they contain all of the typed words. Comparison will be against all of:
the entry name field
the description field (see “Journal detail view”)
the tag field (see “Journal detail view”)
9. Choose an entry type to display only entries of that type. Types include the Activity that created an entry, or the object type, such as, picture, sound, text, and so on.
10. you can limit the Journal View to entries made within the past day, week, or month.
You can search and retrieve a saved document in journal by using features such as search box ,by selecting items, using options like Anything ,Anytime and Sort View. You can also search by entering the item name in the search box.

The Detail view appears when you click the button for an entry. This view lets you examine and annotate the entry. The detail view has the following components.
1.  You can click anywhere in this line to return to the main Journal View.
2. These items duplicate their functions on the main Journal view—a star represents a special, never-deleted Journal entry and the icon color indicates who created it originally.
3. Each entry has a thumbnail image that is created automatically. The image shows the Activity screen when the last change to the Journal entry was saved.
4. You can change the name of the entry by clicking it and typing in a new name.
5. Displays the time since the most recent change to the entry.
6. You can type a description of the entry in this field. Use a description to remind you of what you did.
7. You can enter search tags. Use keywords to describe a journal entry so that you can find it later using the Search box in the main Journal view.
8. Displays the XO icons of each person who participated in a shared Activity.
9. You can click the Resume button to resume an Activity. A hover menu may show additional options. For example, you can resume working with an image using either the Browser or the Paint Activity.
10. You can copy a Journal entry to the clipboard (or to one of the removable storage devices shown on the bottom edge of the Journal screen) by clicking the Copy button.
11. You can erase an entry by clicking the Eraser button.

1. Plug a flash dish into the XO laptop.
2. Push on magnifying glass key to open Journal.
3. Write on the notebook two icons found on the button of Journal.
4. Open the Universal Serial Bus (USB) device by clicking on the icon representing flash disk on the bottom of the Journal. 5. Click on Journal icon besides the USB device icon to see the activities saved in Journal.
The Journal also supports external storage media such as USB device or Secure Digital (SD) card.

1. Plug USB device into XO laptop.
2. Open Journal.
3. Point on the entry you want to move and hold the touchpad key.
4. Drag down to the USB device icon.

Hover over the icon of USB device and on the appeared menu, click Unmount or Remove option.

Find your friend’s XO Friend in the view. In your friend’s pop-up palette menu select . Use the search text box in the view tool bar to find a known XO friend name.

Computer:  Computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes, organizes and produces results.
Data: Whatever you have typed from the keyboard is the data.
GNOME Interface : A graphical user interface which has many applications designed to help you in your daily work.
Information : The processed data.
Internet : A large group of computers connected to each other.
Journal : An automated diary of everything you do within Sugar.
Website : A collection of web pages related to each other by a certain topic.

Communication is the process of sending or receiving information. We can communicate by speaking, writing, through art and music and books.
Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used to complete a work. Communication technology helps us to send and receive information.
Project is a planned set of interrelated tasks. It should be completed over a fixed period within certain cost and other limitations.
Computer hardware refers to physical parts that can be touched. For example, system unit, monitor, printer, keyboard and mouse.
Software is a set of instructions for a computer to perform specific operations that cannot be touched. For example, Windows Media Player and Word Processing.

Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct options :
1. …................ tools help us use information and share it digitally.
(a) ICT (b) UPS
(c) DATA (d) Website
2. .................... is a collection of web pages.
(a) Data (b) Website
(c) Digital (d) Analogue
3. The ................. lies behind all other components on your screen.
(a) mouse (b) keyboard
(c) desktop (d) none of these
4. The ............ is a special folder where you can place files and folders you no longer need.
(a) window (b) home
(c) Icon (d) trash
5. ............... is a type of computer program that allows you to perform a particular task.
(a) Application (b) Text Editor
(c) Calculator (d) Character map
II. State whether the following statements are true or false :
1. Computer hardware refers to physical parts that can be touched.
2. Gedit Text Editor can read, create, or modify any kind of simple text without any formatting.
3. Buttons on status bar allow you to minimize, maximize, and close the windows.
4. Sugar is a graphic user interface.
5. The Sugar Journal records everything we do using Sugar Interface.
III. Match the following :
Column A Column B
1. Project (a) processed data
2. Communication (b) an electronic device
3. Information (c) collection of electronic pages
4. www (d) exchanging information
5. Computer (e) a planned set of interrelated tasks
IV. Answer the following questions briefly :
1. What are the roles of a computer?
2. Differentiate between data and information.
3. Explain the features of website.
4. List some uses of the following:
(a) Scroll bar (b) Gedit Text Editor (c) GNOME interface
(d) System menu (e) Workspaces
5. Write the steps to switch on and switch off a computer.
6. What is the Journal Activity ?

Clues:
Across
2. A device or program that enables a user to communicate with a computer.
6. This is the processed data.
7. It is a large group of computers connected to each other.
Down
1. The collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used to complete a work.
3. This is a set of instructions for a computer to perform specific operations.
4. Something on which operations are performed by a computer.
5. An electronic device that accepts data, processes, organizes and produces results.

Students in group practice switching from Sugar to Gnome interface and vice versa.

Send a document to your classmates through sugar interface. Discuss it with each other.
UNIT 4: Writing skills
We like to write and decorate words and sentences in our notebooks. In the same way, word processing applications help us to write, edit, and format a document in a computer. Word processing programs like Microsoft Word, Word Perfect, WordPad, and WordPro give us options for text formatting. Observe the various tools of MS Word in the following picture. These tools help us in writing, editing, and formatting a document.
Selection of text highlights the text. After selecting the text, we use formatting or editing tools to make changes in the text. You can select text either using the keyboard or using the mouse.
1. Click on the slide the mouse up so the cursor is on
2. Click on option and choose
3. On a new document page, write your name.
4. Select the first character of your name by placing cursor at the start of your name, press key, hold it and then press  key at the same time.
\
1. Open a new document and write a home life story
We can use mouse to select characters, words, sentences, paragraphs, or a whole document .
Formatting a text means changing the style, color, and size of the desired text. Font size indicates the size (both height and width) of the text. Using the font size tool, you can increase or decrease the text size
Writing skills

1. Type the following sentence exactly as shown. Include all the errors.
on frrday ,I went to the shoip to buyi tomatoies
2. Using the right button of your mouse, click on the first word that has the red wavy line under it.
3. Several choices will appear. Click on the correct one.

4. Do the same thing with each of the words with wavy lines under them. Spelling errors are displayed with a red wavy line under the text. A red wavy line means the word is wrongly spelt or It is not A English word.

When your work is finished, you need to save it for further use. You should save the document at proper place with a suitable name.
To save a word document:
1. Press or Click on the button on the Home tab of the Ribbon. The window will appear.
2. Select the location in the computer where you wish to save the document.
3. Write a file name in the box. For example, “Computer”.
4. Click on the button. The file will be saved by the name “Computer”.

Writing skills
2. Select the location where you saved the document.
3. Choose the document to be opened and click on button. The document you selected appears on the screen.

The Write Activity in Sugar Interface helps multiple users to work together or on a single document. You can show edits made to a document so that others can review the edits. You can also merge edits from multiple users. To do this, is required.

1. Open the Activity on which the document is prepared.

2. To send an invitation:
Go to the
Click a friend’s XO icon to send an Invite request .

3. Receive/Accept an invitation:
After you have invited your friend, he/she has to click the icon in the Frame and choose .

4. Once you and your friends have shared the Write Activity, everyone sees the same document. Then both of you can type on the same document.

1. Go to you Computer Lab.
2. Search or connect to friends in the .

Go to your computer laboratory. Type the following document. Then format this document as instructed below. Information and Communication Technology  (ICT)
stands for Information and Communication Technology. Computer is the basic need in every field. Life becomes easier with the introduction of different ICT tools.
Computers, mobile phones, calculators, radios, thermometers and fax machines are the common ICT tools. These tools help us use information and share it digitally.
1. Select the heading “Information and Communication Technology (ICT)”.
2. Make it bold.
3. Change its color into red.
4. Make it underlined.
5. Change its style into Arial.
6. Select the first paragraph and change its case to uppercase.
7. Select the second paragraph and make it italic.
8. Save this document with the name ‘ICT’.

is an input device of a computer system. Data are entered into the computer with the help of keyboard. It plays a very crucial role while working on a computer.

is a pointing device on laptops and some keyboards. It is operated using fingers. It allows the user to touch an area on the screen in order to enter data. Like computer mouse, it also has two buttons. These two buttons allow the user to left-click or right-click.
Frame keys are the keys which are available on the multimedia keyboard. These keys are used for special functions or as short-cut keys.
The following keys of multimedia keyboard are used for Volume control.
The following keys of multimedia keyboard are used for brightness control.
The keys which are marked with red are special keys. All special keys have some special functions.
Collaboration : The action of working with someone to produce something.
Front Size: The size (both height and width) of the text.
Formatting text: Changing the style, colour, and size of the text.
Frame keys : The keys available on the multimedia keyboard.
Keyboard : An input device of a computer system.
Touchpad : A device for controlling the pointer on a display screen by sliding the finger along a touch-sensitive surface.
Word processing applications help us to write, edit, and format a document in an effective manner.
Text formatting buttons are used to make the text bold, italic, and underlined.
When our work is finished, we need to save a document for further use.
Selection of text highlights the text. After selecting the text, we use a formatting or editing tool to make changes in the text.
Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
I. Filling in the blanks with the correct options :
1. The buttons which are used for formatting are called ............ buttons.
(a) formatting (b) editing
(c) calculating (d) none of these
2. Ctrl + I command is used to make the text…………. .
(a) bold (b) italic
(c) underlined (d) none of these
3. A word can be selected with mouse by ………….. clicking on it.
(a) single (b) double
(c) triple (d) none of these
4. ………... keys are used to select a sentence from its beginning to its end.
(a) Home + Shift + End (b) End + Shift + Home
(c) Home + Shift + Up Arrow (d) Home + Shift + Down Arrow
(c) Delete
5. ............... key erases the characters from left side of the cursor.
(a) Esc (b) End
(c) Delete d) Backspace
II. State whether the following statements are true or false:
1. Right arrow key moves the cursor in right direction.
2. To select a sentence with mouse, hold down the Ctrl key then click the sentence.
3. Font size box on the formatting toolbar is used to change the font style of the character.
4. button is used to change the text from lower case to upper case.
5. Sharing and collaboration feature helps multiple users to work together on a single document.
III. Match the following shortcut keys with their functions:
Shortcut key Functions
(a) Pastes the most recent addition
(b) Applies or removes underline
  (c) Selects the whole document
(d) Applies or removes italic formatting
(e) Used to undo an action.
IV. Answers the following questions briefly :
1. Define formatting.
2. State the steps to select a paragraph with mouse.
3. How will you select whole document with keyboard?
4. Differentiate between Keyboard and Touchpad.
5. Give uses of the following special keys:
(a) Enter key (b) Esc key (c) End key
(d) Home key (e) Delete key
6. Write steps to:
(a) change the colour of text
(b) change the style of text
(c) save a word document
V. Complete the crossword puzzle using the clues below:

Clues
Across
3. The action of working with someone to produce something.
4. An online backup and data storage software.
5. An input device of a computer system which has 104 keys.
Down
1. The keys available on the multimedia keyboard.
2. A device for controlling the pointer on a display screen by sliding the finger along a touch-sensitive surface.
UNIT 5: Graphics and Multimedia
Computer graphics is one of the most effective way to communicate the processed information to the user. It displays the information in the form of graphics objects such as pictures, graphs and diagrams. Let us learn about Paint Application.
Paint is an activity in . It is used to draw, colour and edit pictures. The program mainly saves file as Joint Photography Expert Group(JPEG).
1. It is used to paint.
2. It shows the properties of brush tool.
3. Draw different types of shape.
4. It is used to edit shape size and colour.
5. It is used to type text in your activity and change the format of text, i.e, bold, italic and font face.
6. It is used to insert image, colour formatting (Grayscale and colour), and editing.
7. It quits the Activity and exits the program.
1. Take an image of market place from the Internet.
2. Reduce its size with the help of crop tool.
3. Delete some of unwanted parts from its images.
4. Change colour of image.
Each tool bar contains a logically grouped set of buttons and controls, as the name on its corresponding tab suggests. Each of these sets represents a distinct editing or control context, called
1. Display or change the name of the image that is saved in the Journal.
4. Changes the properties of the brush tool or the stamp tool. When the brush tool is selected, it changes the colour, size and shape of the brush tool. It also affects the shape and text tools.
5. Draw different types shapes in your clip art.
6. This tool changes the properties of the shape tool. When the shape tool is selected, it changes the colour, size and shape of the brush tool.
7. This tool is used to change the font, the size of the font and formatting.
8. Image Editing tool is used to edit image colour, rotation and importing image in a document.
Graphics and Multimedia
Using Paint Application:
1. Open the Activity.
2. Select the tool .
3. Click on the tool and select the brush size and colour according to your drawing theme.
4. Hold the left mouse button down and drag it to draw a simple house.
If you draw wrong line by mistake, press Ctrl+Z to undo your previous action.
5. Then, draw grasses with green colour.
Select the tool and choose the green colour.
6. Draw the mountains with same tool.
8. Using the tool, draw the sun.
10. Then, select the and choose the colour which you want to fill in grass, house and sun.
11. Now, your drawing is ready.
1. Open the Activity.
2. Select tool.
3. Choose to set fill colour.
4. Draw ellipses of different sizes and arrange them to make a cartoon face.
5. Then, select the tool for drawing cartoon body.
6. Select the tool for drawing cartoon’s hands and legs.
8. Now your cartoon is ready.
1. Draw an image of a school bus with the help of geometric shapes only.
2. Fill colour in it with bucket tool.
1. Go to and press
2. Select the Activity on which you want to comment.
3. Type your comment about your Activity.
4. It will be automatically saved.
1. Draw an image of hut in the forest with the help of geometric tools and free hand.
2. Fill suitable colour in it.
3. Write meaningful comment for the image.
1. Click on . Type your activity name by which you want to save.
2. Click on and type about your activity.
3. Click on , or press Ctrl+Q to close the Activity.
1. Go to
2. Click on
3. Press a window will appear. Then, select the Activity which you want to open.
4. Your saved Activity will be opened.
Bucket tools: It is used to fill colour in an enclosed shape.
Front face tool : It is used to change the face of the font.
Paint: It is an Activity on Sugar Interface.
Undo Command : This command is used to revert last step.
Primary tool bar is used to follow initial steps for drawing in paint activity.
Secondary tool bar consists of logically grouped set of buttons and controls. Each set represents distinct editing tools.
Picker tool picks colour from other objects.
Shape properties tool changes the properties of the shape tool.
Comment is used to inform about the topic or theme of the subject or image.
Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
I. Fill in the blanks with the correct option :
1. ......................... is a simple graphics program.
(a) Clip Art (b) Paint (c) Font Face (d) None of these
2. To undo command you have to press ......................... keys together.
(a) Ctrl + Z (b) Ctrl + Y (c) Ctrl + S (d) Ctrl + X
3. To increase or decrease font size of a text, .......................... tool is used.
(a) Font Size (b) Font Face (c) Bucket (d) None of these
4. .......................... key is used to close a Paint Activity.
(a) Ctrl + Z (b) Ctrl + Q (c) Ctrl + C (d) Ctrl + Y
II. State whether the following statement are true or false :
1. In an XO laptop paint icon is found at Home view.
2. The paint program saves file as .JPEG.
3. Image tool is used to format colour.
4. Invert colour is used to rotate image left.
5. To go for the Home view, we have to press F4.
III. Match the following :
Column A Column B
(a) Inserts sound in clipboard
(b) Used to draw image Free Hand
(c) Used to open Paint Activity
(d) Rotates image horizontally
(e) Reverses your last undo
IV. Answer the following questions briefly :
1. What is the use of Paint Activity?
2. Differentiate between primary and secondary tool bar.
3. Write the use of following tools.
(a) Brush (b) Eraser (c) Bucket (d) Picker
4. Write the command for following actions.
(a) Undo (b) Redo
(c) To go for the Home view (d) To close a Paint Activity
UNIT 6: Programming for Children
. button.
Computer program is a set of instructions. A computer requires programs to function. A program is usually written in a programming language. Scratch and Turtle Art are two popular programming languages for kids.
is a programming language which allows children to draw colourful and complex images. In Turtle Art, a turtle needs commands to draw pictures and designs.
Click on the Turtle icon in the Home View.
The Start up screen of Turtle Art that pops up looks like this.
The Turtle Art window has the following elements.
The Main toolbar consists of the following tools:
1. Activity toolbar (includes sharing; saving/loading options);
2. Edit toolbar (includes copy and paste);
3. View toolbar (includes full-screen, coordinate overlays and turtle status);
4. Palette toolbar (includes all programming blocks);
5. Erase canvas;
6. Run project fast (rabbit);
7. Run project slow (snail);
8. Hide blocks (This button is replaced by the stop button when the project is running);
9. Help;
10. Load examples;
11. Stop activity.

To get the Palettes toolbar, click on the Block icon on the Main toolbar
The palettes toolbar consists of the following palettes:

Each palette consists of blocks. A is a command for the turtle. For example there is a block to tell the turtle to go forward.

1. Practise how to add a block by dragging it from the palette to the main area.
2. Practise how to delete a block by dragging it back onto the palette.
You can to your program by clicking on or dragging them from the palette to the main area. You can also by dragging it back onto the palette. Some of the palettes are discussed below.

Blocks available in Turtle palette are used to control the movements of the turtle.

Blocks available in Pen palette are used to control the attributes of the Turtle’s pen.

Blocks available in Colour palette can be used with the set-pen-colour block in place of a number block.

The blocks available in Numbers palette are used to perform arithmetic operations. For example: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, identity, modulo, square root, random number, etc.

Blocks available in Flow palette control the program flow.

The blocks available in Blocks palette can be used to define variables and subroutines, store a number, string or media object in a named box.
Blocks available in Sensors palette are used to check keyboard input, current value of keyboard input, check picture value and pixels, set volume loudness and pitch.
Using the blocks in extras palette we can access advanced features. For example, push value onto FILO (first-in last-out) heap, show FILO in status block, empty the FILO, print value in status block, program comment (displayed in “walk” mode).
Using the blocks, we can see and run our activity in full screen. We can also adjust our presentation position, for example, left, right, top and bottom.
Using the blocks, we can easily delete or restore all holds block. We can also clear our trash.
Here are some instructions you can use in Turtle Art.
a) Using this command, you can move the turtle forward with the number of pixels entered.
b) Using this command, you can move the turtle backward with the number of pixels entered.
c) Using this command, you can change the turtle’s direction to the left by a specified angle.
d) Using this command, you can change the turtle’s direction to the right by a specified angle.
Using this command, you can draw a part of the circle. The angle is the part of the circle that the turtle draws.
(f)  Using this command, you can clean or clear the screen of all drawings.

Using multiple blocks from the Turtle palette, we can draw lines (horizontal and vertical), square, rectangle and circle.
To draw the vertical line.
1. Move the turtle forward 100 spaces
2. To make the line longer, repeat this step.
To draw Oblique line:
1. Turn the turtle right 60 degrees.
2. Then move the turtle forward 100 spaces.
To draw a square :
1. Move the turtle forward 100 spaces.
2. Then turn the turtle right 90 degrees.
3. Move the turtle forward 100 spaces.
4. Then turn the turtle right 90 degrees.
5. Move the turtle forward 100 spaces.
6. Then turn the turtle right 90 degrees.
7. Move the turtle forward 100 spaces.
8. Now the turtle comes to its original position and forms a square.
To draw rectangle:
1. Move the turtle forward 250 spaces.
2. Then turn the turtle right 90 degrees.
3. Move the turtle forward 500 spaces.
4. Then turn the turtle right 90 degrees.
5. Move the turtle forward 250 spaces.
6. Then turn the turtle right 90 degrees.
7. Move the turtle forward 500 spaces.
8. Now the turtle comes to its original position and forms a rectangle.

To draw a circle:
Arc the turtle right 360 degrees with radius 100 spaces

To save a document :
Once you have completed your work, it is time to save the document, using the following steps:

Scratch is a fun programming language. It provides a learning environment for kids. It allows us to create games, stories and animation. It can be used to write and run a program. Scratch is developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Research group at the MIT Media Lab, USA.
1. Go to the folder where you copied the Scratch.
2. Double click the Scratch icon.
You will see the Scratch window as shown.
The Scratch window has the following components:
Command Palette is an area in the top-right corner of the Scratch window. These blocks consist of the following categories:
Moves sprites and changes angles.
Controls the visuals of the sprite; attaches speech or thought bubble, changes background, makes the sprite bigger or smaller.
Plays audio files and programmable sequenced audio.
  To draw on portrait by controlling pen width, color, and shade.
Conditional if-else statement, “forever”, “repeat”, and “stop”.
Sprites can interact with the surroundings the user has created.
Mathematical operators, random number generator and statement that compare sprite positions.
Defines variable and makes list for sprites.
The middle pane of scratch is called the . Here all program codes are constructed and stored. You can create and view the scripts pertaining to the current sprite.
On the left, you can see a thumbnail for the stage. Clicking on , it changes ‘Current Sprite Information’ area to reflect properties of the stage. To change the appearance of the stage, you would select a different ‘Background’ as opposed to ‘Costume’. On the right, you can see thumbnails of all of the sprites used in the project together with sprite’s name. You can easily change current sprite by clicking on a different one.
You can change costumes or position of an object by animation. Animation involves sprites to talk and interact. The following are different steps to animate an object.
1. Choose menu from menu bar.
2. Click on option from drop-down list box. You will get sprite to work on new project.
A project is a creation made in the Scratch program. It can be about anything from music to animation, art and games.
When you are satisfied completely with the execution of your script:
2. Choose option. The dialog box appears.
3. Choose the location where you want to save the project. Type your file name in the box. Write the name of the . Write
4. Click on . button.
To close your scratch activity:
1. Click on menu. A Drop-down will appear.
2. Choose option. Your scratch activity will be closed.
If you want to show your saved project to your friends:
1. Open the window.
2. Click on menu. A Drop-down appears.
3. Choose option. The dialog box appears.
4. Select the location. Double click on the saved project. Your project will be opened.
1. In Scratch window, create a sprite.
2. Animate it by arranging the instructions required.
Program: A collection of instructions.
Scratch : Scratch can be used to write and run programs.
Spiriting pane: All program code is constructed and stored in this pane.
Thumbnails panel : It changes ‘Current Sprite Information’ area to reflect properties of the stage.
Turtle Art : It is a programming language.
A computer program is usually written by a computer programmer in a programming language.
Blocks can be added to program by clicking on or dragging them from the palette to canvas.
You can add blocks to your program by clicking on or dragging them from the palette to canvas. You can also delete a block by dragging it back onto the palette.
Using arc command you can draw a part of the circle. The angle is the part of the circle the turtle draws.
With Scratch, you can program your own interactive stories, games, and animations. You can share your creations with others in the online community.
Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
1. Fill in the blanks with correct options :
1. Turtle Art is an example of ................ .
(a) Programming lunguange (b) PASCAL (c) BASIC (d) ASCII
2. Using ………… command you can move the turtle forward with the number of pixels entered.
(a) Back (b) Forward (c) Left (d) Right
3. Using …………. command you can move the turtle backward with the number of pixels entered.
(a) Back (b) Forward (c) Left (d) Right
4. Scratch can be used to write and run ……………. . (
a) application (b) hardware (c) software (d) programs
5. All program codes are constructed and stored in ……….. .
(a) Command Palette (b) Script Pane (c) Stage Pane (d) Thumbnails Pane

II. State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. A computer requires programs to function.
2. Scratch and Turtle Art are two popular programming languages for kids.
3. Using clean command you can clear the screen of all drawings.
4. Using left command you can change the turtle’s direction to right by the angle specified.
5. Pen Palettes are used to control the movements of the turtle.
III. Much the following :
Palette Function
1. Flow Palette (a) controls the attributes of the Turtle’s pen
2. Colour Palette (b) controls the movements of the turtle
3. Pen Palette (c) all the actions take place
4. Turtle Palette (d) is used with the set-pen-colour block
IV. Answer the following questions briefly :
1. List any two popular programming languages for kids.
2. What is the use of Arc command?
3. List categories of Command Palette.
4. List uses of the following commands:
(a) Forward (b) Back (c) Left (d) Right
5. Write commands to draw a:
(a) horizontal line (b) rectangle
6. Write the steps to open a scratch activity.
V. Complete the following crossword puzzle using the clue below :

Clues
Across
3. It is a part of programming language .
4. This command is used to clear the screen of all drawings.
Down
1. This is a fun programming language for kids.
2. It is a collection for instructions.
UNIT 7: Air, Wind and Sound
Air is what everybody breathes. It is a mixture of gases.
A moving air is called wind. Air is the gaseous medium through which sound propagates.
Wave your notebook across your face.
What do you feel?
You will feel . Air is everywhere. We cannot see it. We can only feel it.
1. Take a deflated balloon.
2. Blow it until it increases in size.
What makes the balloon inflate? Explain why?
Air makes the balloon inflate. This is because the air blown into the balloon occupies space.
In the same way, air causes football and bicycle tubes to inflate. This shows that
1. Take two balloons of the same size.
2. Blow them up to the same size.
3. Tie their ends with string.
4. Now place these on the two pans of a beam balance. What do you observe?
5. Now burst one balloon and observe what happens.

Why does the pan that holds deflated balloon go up and the other end come down?
The inflated balloon goes down as it is heavy.
The inflated balloon is heavy because it has air in it.
This shows that the

1. Take a syringe.
2. Pull its plunger and draw in 10 mL of air.
3. Then cover its nozzle with your finger.
4. Try to push the plunger down.
What do you observe?
Why can you push the plunger into a certain
extent? Discuss.
Air inside the syringe gets compressed to a certain extent.
This shows that
Thus, the air has the following properties:
(a) Air occupies space
(b) Air has weight
(c) Air can be compressed

1. Take a beaker and fix a candle on it.
2. Pour water into it.
3. Mark the initial level of water.
4. Light the candle.
5. Cover the candle with a glass jar.
6. Record your observation.

The candle stops burning when it is covered by the jar.
It is because the burning candle has used up the oxygen present inside the jar.
Water rises up to fill this space.
The level of water rises to one-fifth of the glass jar.
This is because one-fifth of air is used up in the jar.
This shows that

Air has different components. Each component has some specific use. Some of them are:

1. Discuss the following questions in groups:
   What would happen if there was no nitrogen in the air?
   Write some other uses of nitrogen.
2. Make a report on it and present to the class.
If there was no nitrogen in air,
everything would burn rapidly on the earth surface.
Nitrogen prevents this rapid burning.
Nitrogen is also used in the preparation of fertilizers.

You will see that the cockroach in the second jar dies.
This is because the burning candle has used the oxygen present inside the jar.
Due to the lack of oxygen, the cockroach could not respire.
This shows that

1. Take two potted plants.
2. Keep them in the open.
3. Cover one of the plants with a bell jar.
What do you observe after 2-3 hours?
The plant covered with bell jar wilted.
This is because it got no oxygen for respiration.
The plant which was kept open did not wilt.
This is because it got oxygen for respiration.
This shows that

1. Take two flasks and label them A and B.
2. Put wet cotton cloths in both flasks.
3. Place equal number of soaked gram seeds
on the wet cotton wool in both the flasks.
4. Take two test tubes and tie them with threads.
5. In the first test tube,
fill Pyrogallic acid which absorbs oxygen. Hang this test tube in flask
A. Ensure that no acid falls on the cotton wool.
6. In the second test tube, fill water and hang this test tube in flask B.
7. Seal both the flasks with the corks and keep them in the room at ordinary temperature.
8. Observe them after two days.

You will find that seeds in flask B grow while seeds in flask A do not.
In flask A, oxygen was absorbed by the pyrogallic acid and no germination took place.
In flask A, there was oxygen and germination took place.
This shows that

The candle covered with the cup goes off after some time.
This is because the supply of oxygen is interrupted.
This shows that .
Thus, oxygen is used for the following purposes:
Thus, oxygen is used for the following purposes:
(a) Respiration
(b) Plant germination
(c) Combustion

Argon is used in the light bulb.

1. What does the picture show?
2. What is the process called?
3. Which gas is used in this process?
This is the process of . In this process,
green plants use carbon dioxide to prepare food.

The grass covered with the brick cannot receive atmospheric carbon dioxide and light.
So it is unable to prepare its food and becomes pale yellow. This shows that


1. What does this picture show?
2. Why does the drink fizz up?
3. Which gas is used in its preparation?
In factory, .
Carbon dioxide is poorly soluble in water.
When we open the bottle, carbon dioxide is quickly released. T
Therefore, releasing the pressure it produces fizz.

1. What does the picture show?
2. Which gas is used in the fire extinguisher?
Carbon dioxide is used in the fire extinguisher to put the fire off.
Thus, carbon dioxide has the following uses:
(a) Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food.
(b) Carbon dioxide is used for like soda water.
(c) Carbon dioxide is used in to put the fire off.

1. What does the picture show?
2. What is the role of water vapour in the process ?
The picture above shows the cycle of water.
Water vapour forms clouds and then falls as rain on earth.
So it is essential for life processes on earth.
The atmospheric air contains a little amount of carbon dioxide and water vapour.
These are the most powerful greenhouse gases.
Charcoal stoves, brick kilns,
factories and motor vehicles release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Bushfire also increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
This gas traps the heat released by the earth. As a result, the atmospheric temperature increases.
is produced during boiling of water.
These vapours are suspended in the atmosphere as clouds.
These clouds trap the heat released by the earth. As a result,
the atmospheric temperature increases.
The process of rising atmospheric temperature is called
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas.
1. Take a small rat and keep it in the first jar.
2. Take another rat and keep it in the second jar.
3. Place a burning candle in the second jar.
4. Now cover both the jars with their lids.
What difference do you observe?
Explain why?

You will see that the rat in the second jar gets unconscious. This is because the burning candle fills the jar with carbon monoxide. It shows that carbon monoxide is dangerous.

To prevent atmosphere from global warming:
1. Reduce fuel consumption.
2. Walk, use bicycle or take public transport.
3. Encourage people to plant trees to preserve the rainforests.
4. Use solar and wind energy.
5. Maintain your vehicle properly.
6. Turn off your vehicles at the traffic lights
. 7. Buy energy-efficient appliances.
Place a burning candle in your school verandah.
What do you observe?
What makes the candle flame disturbed?
Moving air disturbs the flame. This moving air is called
It blows from a particular direction.
1. Discuss what type of wind is blowing by looking out of the window.
Explain its nature also.
2. Each pupil lists the differences between the types of wind.
Movement of air depends on the change in pressure and temperature of
the atmosphere. Winds may be light, breezy or stormy
When wind blows very fast, it is called
A storm can uproot trees and blow away temporary houses.
It can also damage bird’s nests, sheds, and crops.
We must not go out of our homes during a storm.
Air and wind help animals and human in many ways.
1. What does the picture show?
2. What helps the bird to fly?
Air helps the bird to fly in the sky.
You will feel uneasy. This is because air is necessary for breathing.
This process is called . Wind helps in winnowing.
In this process, farmers separate lighter
husk particles from heavier grains like corn, millet and sorghum.
After two hours, you will find the clothes become dry.
What make the clothes dry?
The moving air helps the clothes to dry.
\
1. What does the picture show?
2. What helps the clouds
to move for rain distribution?
The picture shows clouds formation,
moving air helps the clouds to move for rain
distribution.
1. What does the picture show?
2. What helps the boat to sail on water?
Moving air helps the boat to sail on water.
1. What does the picture show?
2. What helps the wheel of the windmill to rotate?
The moving air rotates the wheel of the windmill to generate electricity.
Air helps us in many ways. But sometimes it is very dangerous.
1. Observe the pictures above and state what is happening?
2. What do strong winds do to trees and electric poles?
3. How can strong wind damage houses and properties?
4. Why is it unsafe to fly an airplane on a stormy day?
5. Why is it unsafe to sail a boat on a stormy day?
The following are some dangers of wind:
1. Strong winds can uproot the plants and electric poles.
2. It can damage our houses and other properties.
3. It can damage our crops.
4. On a stormy day, an airplane can lose its control and may crash.
5. Strong wind can make a boat sink
Can you add some more dangers to this list ?
Organise a visit to an area spoiled by the wind.
Observe and list the effects of wind on environment
1. What does the picture show?
2. Why does the boy plant trees around his house?
The boy plants trees around his house.
Trees can block the wind speed and protect the house from damage.
We can prevent dangers of wind in the following ways:
1. Trim the branches of trees. It allows the wind to pass through.
It lowers the chance of trees tumbling over.
2. Ask the fishermen not to go for fishing on a stormy day.
3. Check the roof for loose tiles.
They can get displaced by strong wind and hurt some one.
4. Never go on a stormy day. You can get hurt.
5. Make people aware about the dangers of wind.
1. Go outside your classroom.
2. Try to hear different sounds produced in your surroundings.
3. List the sources of each sound, you have heard.
4. Imitate these sounds.
5. Ask your friend to tell what sound you are making.
Sound is a form of energy.
It comes from all around us.
It comes from:
people when they talk.
radios when they play.
airplanes when they fly.
Even breathing makes a low sound
Sounds may be soft or loud,
high or low, and pleasant or unpleasant.
Still, all kinds of sounds are made in the same way
When we hit the drum,
its membrane moves back and forth very quickly.
This fast movement is called
It makes the sound. The vibrations cause paper
pieces to jump on the membrane.

The sound becomes fainter as you suck the air.
This is because the air has been removed from the glass.
It shows that
It cannot travel in vacuum. Some other nature of sound are:
1. Sound is a form of energy, just like electricity and light.
2. It is always produced by a source.
3. Sound waves cannot be transmitted through vacuum.
4. Speed of sound varies in all three media.

You will feel vibration of the speaker.
Its back and forth movements make the sound propagate towards your ears.
Propagation means the transmission of sound in different states of matter.
When any object vibrates, it causes movement of the air particles.
These particles push the particles close to them.
It makes them vibrate too.
This movement creates sound waves.
If your ear is within range of the vibrations, you hear the sound.

1. Go to your school playground.
2. Let each of you try to talk to each other.
Do you hear each other?
You hear one another. Here the

1. Take a bucket and fill it with water.
2. Take a small bell in one hand.
3. Shake this bell inside the water to produce sound.
Make sure that the bell does not touch the body of the bucket.

4. Place your ear gently on the water surface. Be careful:
water should not enter in your ear.
Can you hear the sound of the bell?
You can hear the sound of the bell.
This shows that
Thus, sound can transmit through the following:
Thus, sound can transmit through the following:
(a) Solids
(b) Airs
(c) Liquids

1. Move towards a hilly area.
2. Shout loudly. What do you hear after a while?
A faint sound similar to original sound is heard after some time.
This can also be experienced in big and empty rooms or halls.
Sound hits the solid surface and reflects back.
This reflection of sound waves is called

1. Take a tuning fork and strike it with a hard object (Figure
A). Hear the sound it produces.
2. Now take a hammer and strike it on a metal box (Figure
B). Hear the sound it produces.
We hear different types of sound in our daily life.
Some of them are pleasant to hear.
Others are unpleasant to hear.
The sounds which are pleasant to hear are .
Musical sounds are produced by the regular vibrations.
All musical instruments produce regular vibrations,
for example, strings of guitar and violin.
The sounds which are unpleasant to hear are called .
Irregular vibrations produce noise. Grinding machine, hammer,
motor vehicles and crackers produce irregular vibrations.
1. Visit a nearby factory or a stone crusher.
What type of sound does it produce?
2. List some effects of such sounds on our health and environment .
We hear sound or noise through our ears.
If we hear loud noise, we get irritated.
Prolonged exposure to noise has various harmful effects.
1. Loud noise can damage our ears.
2. Loud noise can also cause .Tinnitus is like a ringing or buzzing in the ears or head.
3. Noise leads to emotional and behavioural stress.
4. Noise increases chances of diseases like headache, blood pressure and heart failure.
5. Noise leads to noise pollution.

1. What does this picture show?
2. Why is the factory worker wearing earmuffs?
The factory worker is wearing earmuffs to protect his ear from noise.

Air : mixture of gases.
Combustions: The process of burning a substance,
Such as charcoal and wood, in the presence of oxygen.
Echo: The reflection of sound waves.
Germination : The process by which a plant grows from a seed.
Global warming : The process of rising atmospheric temperature.
Green house : A glass housing in which temperature can be regulated to grow plants.
Photosynthesis : The process through which green plants produce their food.
Respiration : The process by which energy is obtained from food.
Sound : A form of energy, just like electricity and light.
Sound propagation: The transmission of sound.
Syringe :A tube with a nozzle for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a thin stream.
Tinnitus : Ringing or buzzing in the ear.
Vibration : To and fro movement of something.
Wind : The moving air.

Air is a mixture of various gases.
It has the following properties:
(i) It occupies space.
(ii) It has weight.
(iii) It can be compressed.
Oxygen is used by all living things.
It is essential for germination, respiration and combustion.
Carbon dioxide is an essential component of photosynthesis.
Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food.
Carbon dioxide and water vapour are the most powerful greenhouse gases.
The moving air is called wind. Winds may be light, breeze and stormy.
Sound is a form of energy.
Propagation means transmission of sound in different states of matter.
The reflection of sound is called echo.
The sounds which are pleasant to hear are pure or musical sounds.
Musical sounds are produced by the regular vibrations.
The sounds which are unpleasant to hear are called noise.
Irregular vibrations produce noise.

Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
1. The percentage of nitrogen present in air is ............. .
(a) 78% (b) 21% (c) 0.17% (d) none of these
2. …………….. supports combustion.
(a) Oxygen (b) Argon (c) Nitrogen (d) Water vapour
3. …………. is a greenhouse gas.
(a) Oxygen (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Argon (d) None of these
4. …………. is used in light bulbs.
(a) Oxygen (b) Argon (c)Nitrogen (d) Water vapour
5. …………. is produced when something vibrates.
(a) Sound (b) Light (c) Air (d) Oxygen
II. State whether the following statements are true or false :
1. The vibrating body causes the medium around it to vibrate.
2. Nitrogen is essential for respiration.
3. Reflection of sound waves is called echo.
4. Regular vibrations produce noise.
5. Noise increases chances of diseases
like blood pressure and heart failure.

v. Answer the following question briefly
1. List different properties of air.
2. Explain the composition of air.
3. List at least two uses of the following:
(a) Oxygen (b) Carbon dioxide
4. List the main types of wind.
5. State some uses of air and wind.
6. Define echo.
7. What is the nature of sound wave?
8. How can we protect our ears from noise?
Unit 8: Soil
Soil is one of the non-living things. It is useful to plants,
people and other animals. Plants grow in soil.
People and other animals depend on plants for food.
There are three main kinds of soil:
1. Loam is chiefly a mixture of sand and clay.
It can hold enough water and air for plants. It feels smooth.
2. Clay is made up of very fine particles. It can hold a lot of water but very little air.
It feels sticky when wet and forms clumps when dry.
3. Sandy soil is made up of very small rock particles.
They are bigger than clay particles. Sand is found in desert areas.
Sand cannot hold much water but it can hold much air. It feels gritty.
1. Collect samples of clayey, sandy and loamy soils.
2. Take a fistful of soil from one of the samples.
3. Remove any pebbles and rocks from it.
4. Now add water drop by drop and knead the soil.
5. Try to make a ball from the soil.
6. On a flat surface roll the ball into a cylinder.
7. Repeat this activity with other samples.
Which soil is suitable for making different shapes? Why?
The clayey soil does not allow water to pass through it easily.
This is because its particles are closely packed.
It has high water-holding capacity. It is suitable for cultivation.
Soil that is used for cultivation should be fertile.
Fertile soil should have the following characteristics:
1. It should have adequate amount of humus.
2. It should have high water-holding capacity.
3. It should be well aerated.
4. It should be deep because deep soil enables plants to grow well.
5. It should be easy to dig.
You might have seen tall trees grown on all sides of a field.
These are grown to reduce the speed of blowing winds.
They act as wind breakers.
Soil erosion is maximum on hill slopes due to the speed of water being high.
Here the hills are cut into steps by farmers.
It reduces the speed of flowing water and prevents soil erosion.

Clay: Soft soil when it is wet and hard when it is dry.
Humus: A component of soil, made up of dead plant and animal remains.
Loam : A kind of soil which is a mixture of sand and clay with some humus.
Sand: Finely crushed stones found on beaches.
Soil : The topmost layer of the earth’s surface.
Weathering : Breaking of rocks into tiny pieces to form soil.

Soil is the topmost layer of earth’s surface.
Soil contains air, water, clay, sand, stones and humus.
There are three types of soil, namely loam, clay and sand.
Fertile soil should have high water-holding capacity and adequate amount of humus.
The process of carrying away soil by wind, water or other agents is called soil erosion.
Water and wind are two main agents of soil erosion.
Deforestation, overgrazing and bushfires are main causes of soil erosion.

1. Define soil.
2. What are the different types of soil?
3. What is the composition of soil?
4. Write three uses of soil.
5. Soil is home to many animals. Can you name any three animals?
6. Write any three characteristics of fertile soil.
7. Mention one agent of soil erosion
8. List different types of soil erosion.
9. List three methods of preventing soil erosion.
2. It is the topmost layer of the soil.
4. Soft when it is wet and hard when it is dry.
5. Component of the soil,
made up of dead plants and animal remains.
Down
1. A kind of soil which is a mixture of sand and clay with some humus
3. Finely crushed stones found on beaches.
UNIT 9: Animals
There are different types of animals in the world we live in. Many animals are quite similar to each other.
Others are quite different. Animals can be classified based on their similarities.
4. They have lungs or gills for breathing.
5. They have closed circulatory system.
They are mammals. They have the following characteristics:
1. Mammals have hairs on their body.
2. They (females) give birth to their young ones.
3. They (mothers) feed milk to their young ones.
Cow
Cow is the best example of a mammal. It possesses a backbone,
hair and mammary glands.
It gives birth to its young ones.
These animals are called birds.
They have the following characteristics:
1. They have a backbone.
2. They have streamlined body.
3. They have a beak, wings and feathers.
4. Their feet are covered with scale.
5. They lay eggs.

Hen is the best example of a bird.
It possesses a backbone, beak, wing and feathers.
It lays eggs.
Tilapia and tuna Tilapia is the best example of a fish.
It possesses backbone. It lives in water. It has scales on its body. It breathes through gills.
These animals are called . They have the following characteristics:
1. They have a backbone.
2. They move by crawling.
3. They have scales on their body.
4. They lay eggs on land.
Snake is the best example of a reptile. It possesses a backbone and scales on its body.
It moves by crawling. It also lays eggs.
2. Each insect has a pair of antennae or feelers.
3. Insects like butterfly have a proboscis to suck nectar from flowers.
4. Body of an insect is made up of head, thorax and abdomen.
5. Most insects have wings and can fly.
6. Insects breathe through their spiracles (or air holes).
The five most well-known classes of vertebrates are mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.
Insects are animals with jointed legs and segmented body.
All animals take oxygen from the air and give out carbon dioxide.
Aquatic animals such as fish breathe through gills. Gills are found on both sides of the head.
Animals move from one place to another. This movement of animals is called locomotion
Herbivores eat grass, leaves, fruits, vegetables and nuts.
Carnivores eat flesh of other animals.
All animals give birth to their young ones to continue their own kind on earth
. This process is known as reproduction.
Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
I. Fill in the blanks with the correction options
1. Animals having backbones are called ............ .
(a) vertebrates (b) invertebrates (c) both (d) none of these
2. Animals lacking backbones are called ............ .
(a) vertebrates (b) invertebrates (c) both (d) none of these
3. .................. is a mammal.
(a) Frog (b) Dog (c) Snake (d) Fish
4. .................. is an amphibian.
(a) Snake (b) Lizard (c) Newt (d) Crocodile
5. ............... is an egg-laying animal.
(a) Bat (b) Hen (c) Whale (d) Cat
6. .................. is a rodent.
(a) Sparrow (b) Squirrel (c) Crow (d) Snake
II. State whether the followings statements are true or false :
1. Mammals have hairs on their body.
2. Reptiles move by Crawling
3. An adult frog breathes though gills.
4. Insects have four legs.
5. Vulture is a granivore.

IV. Answer the following question briefly :
1. Define vertebrates.
2. List all five major classes of vertebrates.
3. Name two reptiles that lay eggs on land.
4. What do fish use for breathing?
5. Name two animals that breathe through skin.
6. Name two animals that breathe through gills.
7. Name two animals that breathe through spiracles.
8. Write the name of two amphibians.
9. Define invertebrates.
10. List any two properties of invertebrates.
11. Write any two characteristics of an insect.
12. Which group do rabbits and squirrels belong to?
UNIT 10: Animal management
Rabbits are small mammals. They are used for meat, fur and as pets. Rabbits can be found in woods, forests and grasslands. They live in the underground burrows. Pet rabbits live in the hutches.
1. Visit a local rabbit farm.
2. Observe different conditions of a good rabbit hutch.
3. Ask the farm owner different questions regarding a rabbit hutch.
4. Make a report and discuss it in your class.
A good rabbit hutch should provide enough exercise space for the rabbit.
It should protect the rabbit from the predators.
The following points should be considered while making the hutches.
1. Hutches should be airy.
2. Rabbits should have enough material to play with. For example, small toys,
pipes and ramps.
3. Hutches should be dry
4. Hutches should be clean.
5. Litter areas should be lined with hay.
6. The space required for an adult rabbit is about 0.18 sq.m.
1. Take paper cartons, sticks, and dry grass to build a model rabbit hutch.
2. Place things that you think will be good for the rabbits.
The following are some sanitary measures to be taken:
1. Clean the hutches or cages once in a week.
2. Clean the feeding and watering troughs daily to avoid contamination.
3. Feed the rabbits at least twice a day in proper time.
4. Give them scope for enough physical exercise and mental stimulation by providing toys to play.
5. Isolate sick rabbits for treatment.
6. De-worm the rabbits at regular intervals.
7. Keep the surroundings of the rabbit cage weed-free.
The optimum temperature of rabbit hutch should be between fifteen degrees celsius and twenty degrees celsius.
The size of a female rabbit is comparatively large than a male rabbit of same age and same breed.
A female rabbit is known as Doe.
A male rabbit is known as Buck.
According to the breed of rabbits, they are divided into three categories, YL]., commercial, fancy and woolly.
Rabbits feed on green leaves ,vegetables, carrots, beetroots, turnips
and pellets. Pellets are manufactured animal feed.
Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
1. A good rabbit hutch should be ………………….. .
(a) stuffy (b) airy
(c) oppressive (d) none of these
2. The space required for an adult rabbit is …………………… .
(a) 1.18 sq.m (b) 0.18 sq.m
(c) 0.17 sq.m (d) all of these
3. A female rabbit is …………………………. than a male rabbit of the same breed.
(a) smaller (b) larger
(c) lighter (d) none of these
1. Pet rabbits live in burrows.
2. A male rabbit is smaller than a female rabbit of the same breed.
3. Rabbits should not have a supply of water at all times.
4. To avoid ear scabies among the rabbits, hutches should be kept very clean.
5. Sneezing is not a symptom of pneumonia of the rabbits.
1. List two conditions of a good rabbit hutch.
2. Distinguish a male rabbit from a female rabbit.
3. List two criteria for choosing a rabbit to rear.
4. What does a rabbit feed on?
5. List two points to keep a rabbit healthy.
6. List four common diseases of a rabbit.
7. Write two symptoms and prevention of the disease ‘ear scabies’.
8. List any two importances of rabbit farming.
9. How can we use the skin of a rabbit?
Across
3. The male of the rabbit.
4. Originating in or characteristics of a distant foreign country.
Down
1. It is the house of a pet rabbit.
UNIT 11: Plants
Plants are living things. They grow from seeds.
Most plants bear seeds. Seeds germinate and grow into new plants.
1. Take some gram seeds.
2. Sow them in your school garden.
3. Sprinkle water to keep the soil moist.
4. Observe them daily for 3–4 days.
When seeds get enough air, water and light, they grow into new plants or seedlings.
The growing of seeds into seedlings is called
Every seed needs certain favourable conditions to germinate.
Four containers, cotton wool, some viable and non-viable cowpea seeds and a cupboard.
1. Take four containers marked A, B, C and D as follows:
A with dry cotton wool. B, C and D with moist cotton wool.
2. Place 3–4 viable (healthy) cowpea seeds at the top of the cotton wool in containers
A, B and D and non-viable (unhealthy) seeds in container C.
3. Place containers A, B and C in sufficient light and air.
4. Place container D in the cupboard.
5. Observe them daily for 3–4 days.
6. Discuss your findings in the class.

After 3–4 days, you may observe that seeds in containers A, C and D remain unchanged.
The seeds in container B have germinated. Find out why.

Like other organisms, plants also have different parts.
Each part has a specific function to perform. Let us know about them.

1. Visit your school surroundings.
2. Uproot a small flowering plant and observe its various parts.
3. Name these parts
4. Also discuss their functions in the class.

It is the underground part of the plant. It has the following functions:
1. Roots fix the plant into the soil.
2. They absorb water and minerals from the soil. Water and minerals are important for plants to grow healthy.
3. In some plants, roots store extra food. For example, carrot, radish and beetroot .

It is the aerial part of a plant. It has the following functions:
1. The stem supports branches which bear leaves, buds, flowers and fruits.
2. It transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and fruits.
3. In some plants, stems store extra food. We eat these stems.
For example, Irish potato, ginger and sugarcane.

It is the most important part of a plant. Most plants have green leaves.
Some functions of a green leaf are:
1. A green leaf makes food for the plant.
2. Air and water vapour go in and out of the leaf.
Thus it helps the plant to breathe.
3. In some plants, leaves store extra food.
We eat these leaves.
For example, spinach, cabbage and coriander.

Flowers are colourful and pretty. They are the reproductive parts of a plant.
Some functions of the flower are:
1. Flowers turn into fruits.
2. They give off a sweet smell.
So they are used to decorate houses and gardens.
3. Flowers like pyrethrum are natural insecticides.
4. We eat some flowers, for example, cauliflower and broccoli.

When seeds get enough air, water and light, they grow into new plants or seedlings.
The growing of seeds into seedlings is called germination.
During germination, cotyledons of some seeds come out of the ground.
Such type of germination is called epigeal germination.
During germination, cotyledons of some seeds remain under the surface of the soil.
Such type of germination is called hypogeal germination.
There are different types of plant such as trees, herbs and shrubs.
Branch, fruit, flower, leaf, stem and root are the main parts of a plant.
The stem is the main part of the shoot.
Branches, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits grow on it.
A green leaf makes food for the plant.
Flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant.

Do these review exercises in your exercise book.

1. When a seed gets enough air, water and sunlight, it grows into a seedling.
This process is known as ..................... .
(a) germination (b) pollination
(c) dispersion (d) none of these
2. The tall plants are called ……………… .
(a) shrubs (b) herbs
(c) trees (d) none of these
3. ………….. live for one season or for a few months.
(a) Shrubs (b) Trees
(c) Herbs (d) All of these
4. Fruits are produced from ……………… .
(a) roots (b) stems (c) leaves (d) flowers
5. …………. transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and
fruits.
(a) Root (b) Leaf
(c) Stem (d) Flower

1. Seeds germinate and grow into new plants.
2. Epigeal germination occur in maize seeds.
3. Hypogeal germination occurs in bean seeds.
4. Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil.
5. Flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant.

1. Define germination.
2. List two types of germination.
3. Define trunk of a tree.
4. Write the names of two shrubs.
5. Write any two functions of roots.
6. We eat some flowers.
Can you name any two flowers that we eat?
7. Write any two functions of flower and fruit.

Across
2. The part of the shoot which bears branches, leaves, flowers and fruits.
3. A tall plant with a trunk and branches made of wood.
4. A flowering plant whose stem is not woody
Down
1. A small to medium-sized woody plant.
2. A small hard part of a plant from which a new plan grows.
UNIT 12: Human Sensory Organs
Organs which help us to see, hear, smell, taste and feel are called .
The organs which help us to know the world around us are eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin.
These are our sensory organs.
1. Research on the functional mechanism of all sensory organs
from library or search engines like Google or Yahoo.
2. Make a report on it and present to the class.
Sensory organs are connected to the brain through nerves. T
hey work as follows:
Each sensory organ receives stimuli such as touch, heat, cold
and pressure from the environment.
The sensory organ transmits this information to the brain through sensory nerves.
The brain interprets this information and gives feedback to the sensory organ through motor nerves.
The sensory organ transmits this information to the brain through sensory nerves.
The brain interprets this information and gives feedback to the sensory organ through motor nerves.
1. Run around your school playground twice.
2. Now observe your skin. What is formed on your body?
The substance you see on your body is sweat. Others can say you are sweating.
The main functions of the skin include:
1. It allows us to have a sense of touch.
2. It protects our body from harmful germs.
3. It regulates our body temperature.
4. It helps us to release waste products as sweat.
Skin has the following properties:
1. Different people have different skin colours.
Some people have light skins.
and Others have dark skins.
2. Skin may be oily and dry.
A clean skin cannot be attacked by diseases.
So it is important to keep our skin clean.
To keep the skin clean:
1. Take a bath every day.
2. Use good soap while bathing.
3. Rub and wash every part of the body.
4. After taking bath, wipe your body with a clean towel.
5. Wear clean and ironed clothes.
6. Always eat healthy food and drink plenty of water.
7. Always protect your skin from injuries.
The following are some common skin diseases:
Ringworm usually causes itching. It begins as a small red area.
This grows larger. It appears as red, scaly ring.
There may be one or several patches.
Ringworm can be easily cured with medicine.
The affected person should use his/ her own comb, soap and towel.
Eczema is characterised by itching and inflammation.
The inflamed skin may be dry, swollen and crusty.
It may even ooze fluids.
Eczema can be prevented if we wash our skin carefully with good soap.
Doctors prescribe ointments and creams for early relief.
Scabies causes intense itching. It may affect any part of the body from neck down.
It frequently involves the skin between the fingers, under the arms,
and on the wrists. It is caused by mites.
Scabies spreads through skin contact.
Doctors treat the disease with creams and lotions that kill the mites.
Scabies can easily spread from one family member to another.
Leprosy is an infectious disease.
Its main symptoms include white or reddish patches on skin,
loss of feeling in skin and thickened nerves.
The fingers and toes may curl inward.
Early detection and treatment can control leprosy.
You will feel uneasy. This is because the nose helps us to breathe. Nose also helps us to smell.
The following are some common nose diseases:
The common cold is a viral infectious disease. A person with common cold feels a runny nose. He/She sneezes from time to time. It causes headache and weakness.
The causes of common cold include:
1. Transmission of cold viruses through air-borne droplets
2. Cold weather condition such as rain or winter
3. Poor immune functions
4. Insufficient sleep and malnutrition.
It is an infection of the sinuses near the nose. When a person suffers from sinusitis, his/her nose is blocked. He/She does not breathe well. He/She has headache and facial discomfort.
The causes of sinusitis include:
1. Microorganisms such as virus, bacterium or fungus
2. Abnormalities in the structure of the nose
3. It can be caused by allergy and irritation of sinuses.
The following measures should be taken to prevent nose diseases:
1. Avoid close contact with the people who are sick.
2. Wear face mask when you are in crowds.
3. Cover your mouth and nose while others are sneezing or coughing.
4. Wash your hands with a soap. It reduces the spread of viruses.

Nose injuries often occur during play, sports and accidents. Some of the nose injuries include:

A broken nose is a fracture in a bone in the nose.
It commonly occurs with face injuries.
Some causes of broken nose include:
falling down and motor vehicle accidents.
A person suffering from broken nose has the following symptoms :
1. Nose pain.
2. Swelling of the nose.
3. Bruising around the nose or eyes.
4. A runny nose or a nosebleed.
5. Blocked nasal passages.
In case of broken nose:
1. If you have nose bleeding, sit upright and breathe through the mouth.
2. To reduce swelling, apply an icepack on the nose
. 3. In severe cases, consult a doctor.
Nosebleed is the flow of blood from one or both nostrils.
It is caused due to minor injury to the nose.
If you have nosebleed:
1. Sit upright and breathe through the mouth
2. Keep an icepack on the nose to stop bleeding
3. In case of severe bleeding, consult a doctor.
1. Discuss the following questions with your parents.
Why do we clean our ears regularly?
What materials are suitable for cleaning ears?
Why is it unsafe to clean ears with sharp or hard objects?
2. Make a report on it and present to the class.
Regular cleaning of ears prevents some ear problems.
Therefore, these should be cleaned properly.
1. Do not clean your ears with toothpicks, matchsticks or any sharp objects.
It can injure the delicate part of the ears.
2. Use cotton buds to clean your ears.
3. Keep you away from loud sound.
Loud sound can damage the ears.
4. Do not push things like beads and small stones into your ears.

He is suffering from ear disease. Some common ear diseases are: hearing loss and deafness.

Hearing loss is the reduced ability to hear sound.
It occurs when sound waves do not reach the brain.
Basically, there are two types of hearing loss.

The child is cleaning his ears using a matchstick.
It is unsafe to enter such foreign materials into the ears.
It may cause problems with ear canal, ear drums and middle ear.
It may lead to conductive hearing loss. Some other of conductive hearing loss are:
1. Infection in the ear canal.
2. Tumour in the ear canal.
3. Much ear wax in the ear canal.
This disease is temporary.
It can be cured by removing ear wax and other
foreign materials from the ears.

In the first picture,
the child is hearing loud noise coming from vehicles and loud speakers.
If he hears such loud noise for a long time,
he will suffer from sensory hearing loss.
Sensory hearing loss is due to the problem in the inner ear.
A person with such disease cannot understand what he/she is hearing.
This disease is nerve-related.
Some other of sensory hearing loss are:
1. Old age
2. Injury to the ear canal
3. Ear infection.
This disease can be cured by:
1. Treatment of ear infection
2. Avoiding travel in the vehicles which produce loud sound
3. Treatment of infection in the ear canal.

Deafness is the complete inability to hear sound.
It is caused by damage to the inner ear.
Basically, there are three types of hearing loss. These are:

It is the condition in which a person is unable to hear properly.
It can be by the following factors:
1. Intrusion of foreign materials in the ear
2. Much ear wax in the ear canal
3. Holes in the ear drum.
This disease is temporary.
It can be cured by removing ear wax and other foreign materials from the ears.

It is the condition in which a person is completely unable to hear.
In some cases, deafness is inherited from parents to their child.
This type of deafness is permanent and cannot be cured.

It is due to the problem in the nervous system.
A person with such a disease cannot understand what he/she is hearing.
It can be by the following factors:
1. Disease of the blood vessels
2. Loud noises or sounds
3. Tumour in the ear canal
4. Use of certain medicines (drugs) that are harmful to hearing.
This disease can be cured by:
1. Treating the diseases of the blood vessels.
2. Avoiding working around loud noises every day.
3. Removing tumour from the ear canal by surgery.

1. Choose a partner and face each other.
2. Look into the eyes of your partner closely.
3. Observe and describe the parts you see.
You can see a dark round part in the eye.
There is a darker spot at the middle of it.
It is the hole through which light enters into the eye.

Presbyopia is a progressive form of long-sightedness.
It affects most people by their early 60s.
Most people find that the near point gradually diminishes.

It arises due to the gradual weakening of the eye muscles.
Simple reading eyeglasses with convex lenses correct most cases of presbyopia.
Sometimes, a person may suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia.
Such people often require be focal lenses .
In the bi-focal lens, the upper portion of the bi-focal lens is a concave lens,
used for distant vision.
The lower part of the bi-focal lens is a convex lens,
used for reading purposes.

Do these review exercises in your exercise book.

1. Organs which help us to see, hear, smell, taste and feel are called ............. .
(a) breathing organs (b) sensory organs
(c) reproductive organs (d) none of these
2. ………… is the sensory organ for touch and feel.
(a) Ear (b) Eye
(c) Skin (d) Nose
3. ………… is the sensory organ of sight.
(a) Ear (b) Eye
(c) Skin (d) Nose
4. ………… is the sensory organ of taste.
(a) Ear (b) Eye
(c) Skin (d) Tongue
5. ………… is the sensory organ of hearing.
(a) Ear (b) Eye
(c) Skin (d) Nose
6. ………… is the sensory organ for smell.
(a) Ear (b) Eye
(c) skin (d) Nose

1. Sensory organs are connected to brain through nerves.
2. Tongue enables us to balance our body.
3. The inner ear has three tiny bones.
4. Retina is the outer layer of the eye.
5. Short-sightedness can be corrected using a convex lens.

1. Explain the mechanism of sensory organs.
2. What are the specific functions of skin?
3. List any two properties of skin.
4. Name any three skin diseases.
5. What are bruises?
6. What are the specific functions of tongue?
7. How can you take care of your tongue?
8. List some tongue disorders and their causes.
9. What are the specific functions of nose?
10. Explain how to maintain the hygiene of tongue.
11. List two nose diseases, their causes and preventions.
12. State the functions of ears.
13. Mention some ear diseases and their causes.
14. List some eye defects and their corrections.
15. How can you prevent eye defects?

Across
5. Organs which help us to see, hear, smell, taste and feel.
Down
1. It is the sensory organ for taste.
2. It is the sensory organ for smell.
3. These are the sensory organs for sight.
4. These are the sensory organs for hearing.
5. It is the outermost covering of our boy.
UNIT 13: Human skeleton
Skeleton supports our body.It is made up of bones.
Without skeleton, we would not be able to stand up.
Skeleton gives shape and support to our body.
A skeleton comprises skull, arms and legs.
Each of the major parts consists of some small bones.
1. Press the top of your forehead.
2. Do you feel hard or soft?
3. What do you think makes your forehead harder ?

Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
1. Our body is supported by a framework of bones called ............... .
(a) skeleton (b) tissue
(c) muscle (d) none of these
2. ………… encloses the brain.
(a) Pelvis (b) Skull
(c) Rib (d) None of these
3. ………… is the lower part of the trunk.
(a) Rib (b) Spine
(c) Pelvis (d) None of these
4. A break or crack in the bone is called ………… .
(a) disease (b) fracture
(c) deformity (d) none of these
5. When the fracture punctures the skin, it is called ………… .
(a) open fracture (b) closed fracture
(c) deformity (d) none of these
6. ………… is the bone disease caused due to lack of Vitamin D.
(a) Scoliosis (b) Bone cancers
(c) Rickets (d) None of these
1. Skeleton gives shape and support to our body.
2. Pelvis is the hardest bone in our body.
3. The legs are called forelimbs.
4. Fracture is the break or crack in the bone.
5. Kyphosis is characterised by an abnormally rounded upper back.

1. What is skeleton?
2. Which part of the skeleton protects the brain?
3. List major bones of the skull.
4. List major bones of the trunk.
5. List major bones of the legs.
6. Name the bone found in the upper part of the leg.
7. List major bones of the arms.
8. Name the bone found in the upper arm.
9. List at least three functions of the skeletal system.
10. What is fracture?
11. What are the two main types of bone fractures?
12. Name some common bone diseases and deformation of vertebral column.

Across
2. This is the bony framework that encloses our brain.
3. This is a break or crack in the bone.
Down
1. This is the part of the body to which the head and limbs are attached.
2. This is the framework of bones that supports our boy.
UNIT 14: Muscles
Do these review exercises in your exercise book.
1. Muscles are the ............ found in the body.
(a) tissues (b) cells
(c) organs (d) none of these
2. Muscles that work at our will are called ………… muscles.
(a) voluntary (b) involuntary
(c) cardiac (d) none of these
3. Muscles that do not work at our will are called ………… muscles.
(a) voluntary (b) involuntary
(c) cardiac d) none of those
1. Muscles together with bones help in the movement of body.
2. Muscles of the arms and legs are involuntary muscles.
3. Shoulder muscles prevent joint dislocations.
4. Muscles keep the joints in good shape.
5. In case of muscle cramp, we should take a cold water bath.
1. Facial muscles (a) Allow the body to run, jump and play
2. Eye muscles (b) Prevent joint dislocation
3. Shoulder muscles (c) Enable us to open or close our eyes
4. Knee muscles (d) Keep the arms attached to the body
5. Chest muscles (e) Facial expression
Across
3. This type of muscle is present in heart and intestines.
4. This is a painful contraction of muscle.
Down
1. This is the point at which bones are joined.
2. Together with bones they help in the movement of our body.
Unit 15:MODEL QUESTIONS
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ASSESSMENT
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Topic outline

Unit 15:MODEL QUESTIONS

ASSESSMENT

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