UMUTWE WA 4: A UMUCO W’AMAHORO
UMUTWE WA 4 A: UMUCO W’AMAHORO
UMWANDIKO: TWESE BIRATUREBA
Kundwa ni umukobwa w’umuhanga wiga mu mwaka wa gatanu w’amashuri
yisumbye. Imyaka yose yize agira amanota atari munsi ya mirongo inani, agira
urugwiro n’ikinyabupfura. Ni we mwana w’umukobwa wenyine mu muryango wa
Rwabigwi na Munyana. Imyigire ye ayifashwamo n’ababyeyi be cyanecyane se kukoari we umugenera ibikenerwa byose.
Muri iyi minsi yarahindutse ku buryo bugaragarira abantu bose, ntakivuga, ahorana
agahinda, asigaye anakererwa ku ishuri. Abanyeshuri bigana bamwibazaho cyane.
Ntakigira urugwiro, nta kinyabupfura akigira, ntakinasetsa, ntagikora imyitozo
ngororamubiri kandi yarayikoraga ashishikaye. Mu mirimo yo mu matsinda,
abanyeshuri bo mu itsinda rye babyiniraga ku rukoma kuko rifite umuntu ukorana
umwete kandi ibitekerezo atanze bikaba byizewe. Icyo gihe yakurikiraga umwarimu
neza, yamubaza agasubiza ashize amanga none ubu byarahindutse. Asigaye asinziramu ishuri umwarimu yamubaza akabura icyo asubiza.
Mu gihembwe cya mbere, Kundwa yagize amanota mirongo itanu. Nk’umurezi we
bintera impungenge mpita nifuza kuganiriza ababyeyi be mu ntangiriro z’igihembwe
cya kabiri. Igihembwe kigitangira, Kundwa aza kwiga nk’uko bisanzwe yarazonzwe
boshye uwishwe n’inzara kandi mu gace dutuyemo se Rwabigwi ari we rubandabacaho inshuro y’ibihingwa ngandurarugo.
Umunsi umwe mvuye ku kazi, nahitiye ku isoko ngo ndebe icyo nahaha. Igihe
nunamye ntoranya amashu, agakapu nari mfite ku rutugu karanshika kagwa
hasi. Ngiye kugatoragura umubyeyi twari twegeranye arakampereza. Mu guhuza
amaso, mbona ni Munyana, nyina wa Kundwa ariko ntangazwa n’uko yari yambayeubucabari, umwera ari wose, yarananutse cyane, ubona atagira shinge na rugero.
Natashye nibaza byinshi kuri Munyana. Ntekereje amashyo y’inka zikamwa bafite
n’akazi umugabo we akora bimbera urujijo. Natekereza no ku myitwarire ya Kundwa,
mbona ko umuryango wabo ufite ikibazo gikomeye. Mu kanya nk’ako guhumbya
ihoni ry’imodoka yari itwawe na Rwabigwi rirankanga umutima urasimbuka. Ubwo
ahita ahagarara mbona yarahozagaye cyane, dore ko ntaherukaga no kumuca
iryera. Ibyo bintera kutaripfana mubaza aho yabaga, ambwira ko amaze icyumwerumu nama mpuzamahanga yaberaga muri Kenya, nuko arakomeza aragenda.
Imodoka igitirimuka, Munyana acaho yiruka amasigamana, ameze nk’uwataye
umutwe. Mbere yo kugera iwange nanyuraga ku rugo rwa Rwabigwi. Yari umuturanyi
wange. Nkigera ku muharuro kwa Rwabigwi numva umuntu utaka ariko ahita
aceceka. Mba mbonye Kundwa asohoka mu nzu. Mubajije aho ababyeyi be bariambwira ko ntabahari ngwa mu kantu, nkomeza kugenda ariko sinashira amakenga.
Nuko ngenda ntekereza ku gisubizo Kundwa ansubije ko nta mubyeyi we n’umwe
uhari kandi nahuye na se na nyina bataha biranyobera. Mu gitondo cya kare nsubiye
ku kazi nsanga Kundwa ntiyaje ku ishuri. Ntangira kwigisha ariko ntatuje kuko
nahuzaga ibyo nari naraye mbonye n’imyitwarire ya Kundwa, bikambera ikibazo
gikomeye. Nyuma y’isaha, isomo ririmbanyije, ngiye kubona mbona Kundwa
arakomanze arinjiye. Nkimukubita amaso, mbona amaso ye yatukuye, adatuje namba; binyanga mu nda mufata akaboko njya kumubaza ikibazo afite.
Tugeze hanze araturika ararira, ndamuhoza mugusha neza kugira ngo menye umuzi
n’umuhamuro w’akababaro yari afite. Hashize umwanya muto, araceceka ambwira
ko agiye kumenera ibanga! Yambwiye ko iwabo nta mahoro aharangwa, ko nyina
yaraye akubitwa ijoro ryose azira gusaba se amafaranga y’abahinzi kuko yari
yagurishije imyaka yose yari yejeje. Anambwira ko nyina akora iyo bwabaga, akirya
akimara ahingisha, yamara guhunika imyaka yasaruye imodoka ya se igatundaagasigara amara masa, aririra mu myotsi.
Ibyo rero ngo byabaye intandaro y’amakimbirane hagati ya se na nyina, ndetse
binatuma ubukene n’inzara byokama abagize umuryango wa Rwabigwi, mu gihe
we ahora yishimisha mu byo ataruhiye. Kundwa n’amarira menshi arakomeza
ambwira ko nyina yafashe ikemezo cyo kwahukana akajya kwa musaza we kubera
amakimbirane ahora mu rugo rwabo. Ansobanurira ko ibyo ari byo byatumyeakererwa ishuri kuko yari yatoye agatotsi mu gitondo se amaze kugenda.
Bukeye njya kuganiriza Munyana kuri icyo kibazo. Ambwira ko amakimbirane ari
mu rugo rwabo ashingiye cyane ku ihohoterwa akorerwa n’umugabo we agasahura
urugo yamubaza impanvu akamucura bufuni na buhoro. Nange musubiza ko
ihohoterwa ari icyaha gihanwa n’amategeko. Ambwira ko atari azi ko hari amategeko
amurengera ndetse ko agiye kubimenyesha ubutabera bukamurenganura.
Mbona bitagarukira aho gusa, mpitira ku Muyobozi w’Akagari tuganira ku kibazo
cy’amakimbirane agenda agaragara mu ngo abantu bafata nk’ikintu cyoroshyekandi kigira ingaruka zikomeye ku muryango.
Umuyobozi w’Akagari ahita atumiza inama y’abaturage bose, anatumiza urwego
rwa porisi rushinzwe umutekano. Ntibyatinze inama iraterana. Mu nama nari
nicaranye na Rwabigwi, bavuga ibirebana n’amakimbirane mu ngo aterwa ahanini
n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore mu ngo, akareba hasi kuko ari we babaga bajombye
igikwasi. Munyana we yari ari gusuka amarira yayujuje umusazirwa w’agatenge yari
yambaye! Bageze ku bihano biteganywa n’amategeko ku bateza amakimbirane,
umutima wa Rwabigwi uratera ndawumva, yitsa imitima abura aho arigitira kuko murugo rwe yari we ntandaro y’amakimbirane ahahora. Inama ihumuje turataha.
Mu nzira dutaha ngerageza kumuganiriza, ambwira ko ibyo bavuze byose wagira
ngo ni we bavugaga. Arakomeza ambwira ko guhera uwo munsi agiye kwisubiraho,
ko urugo rwe rugiye kurangwa n’amahoro kandi ko atazongera kwigira intare
ngo abuze umutekano umugore we n’abana. Kuva ubwo afata umugambi wo
kutazongera gutererana umugore we mu mirimo yakoraga no gufasha abana mumyigire kandi abaha ibyo bakeneye byose.
Turwanye amakimbirane twubaka umuco w’amahoro, twese biratureba.
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wasomye.
a) Isomo ririmbanyije
b) Imodoka igitirimuka
c) Amakenga
d) Yarahozagaye
e) Kumuca iryera
2. Kora interuro wifashishije aya magambo ku buryo wumvikanisha icyo asobanura.
a) Gutora agatotsi
b) Amashyo y’inka
c) Ubucabari
d) Kwahukana
e) Kutagira epfo na ruguruf) Gusuka amarira
3. Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wasomye.
a) Kuzongwa
b) Inama ihumuje
4. Uzurisha interuro zikurikira aya magambo: rimbanyije, amakenga, binteshaumutwe, guca inshuro, kwiruka amasigamana.
a) Yampamagaye sinamwumva kuko imirimo yari ………….
b) Banyibye ibikoresho byo mu nzu byose …………., ariko narabifashe.
c) Bana bange ejo nzazinduka njya …………muzakore imirimo yo mu rugo.
d) Yagiye ku ishuri ……………………. kuko yari yakerewe.e) Ni byiza kugira…………………mbere yo gufata ikemezo gikomeye.
II. Kumva umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Uhereye ku mwandiko, sobanura ukuntu amakimbirane yo mu muryango
agira ingaruka ku bana.
2. Umwarimu wa Kundwa ntiyagiriye Kundwa ibanga nk’uko yari yabimusabye.
Kutagira ibanga kwe byagize izihe nyungu ku muryango wa Rwabigwi?
3. Ni ayahe makimbirane avugwa mu mwandiko? Ayo makimbirane akomoka
kuri nde? Kubera iki?
4. Ni iki wakwigira ku bavugwa mu mwandiko bakurikira: Kundwa, umwarimu
wa Kundwa?
5. Ni nde wakunze muri iyi nkuru? Ni iki wamwigiriho?6. Ni hehe muri uyu mwandiko hagaragarira imiyoborere myiza?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Gereranya ibivugwa mu mwandiko n’ubuzima bw’aho utuye.
3. Garagaza insanganyamatsiko y’ingenzi igaragara muri uyu mwandiko
n’isomo ry’ingenzi uwukuyemo.
4. Uramutse ubonye mu muryango runaka hari amakimbirane wakora ikingo amahoro agaruke muri uwo muryango?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku bintu bitera amakimbirane n’uburyoyakemuka hakubakwa umuco w’amahoro.
INSHOBERAMAHANGA
Itegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye muri izi nteruro, utahure ubwoko bwayo,
inshoza yayo, unakore ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku buryo bwo kuyasobanura.
– Kundwa yakererewe kubera ko yatoye agatotsi mu gitondo.
– Munyana we yari ari gusuka amarira.
– Rwabigwi ni we rubanda bacaho inshuro y’ibihingwa ngandurarugo.– Kundwa yasubizaga ashize amanga.
Ibibazo ku nteruro
a) Amagambo abiri yanditse mu mukara utsitse ari muri buri nteruro afitanye
iyihe sano?
b) Wavuga ko ayo magambo ari ubuhe bwoko?c) Shakisha izindi mvugo z’ubwo bwoko zikoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda
Ibibazo ku nteruro
a) Amagambo abiri yanditse mu mukara utsitse ari muri buri nteruro afitanye
iyihe sano?
b) Wavuga ko ayo magambo ari ubuhe bwoko?c) Shakisha izindi mvugo z’ubwo bwoko zikoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda.
1. Inshoza y’inshoberamahanga
Dukurikije inyito yazo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo umuntu utarakenetse ururimi
adahita yumva igisobanuro cyayo iyo bayivuze. Bavuga ko ikintu cyashobeye
umuntu iyo cyamunaniye akabura uko abigenza ndetse n’uko agisobanura. Akenshi
na kenshi abumva bene izo mvugo ntibazisobanukirwe ni abanyamahanga kuko
baba batazi umuco cyangwa amateka y’u Rwanda kandi inshoberamahanga ari byo
zishingiyeho. Aho ni na ho haturutse kwita bene izo mvugo “inshoberamahanga”.
2. Uturango tw’inshoberamahanga
Inshoberamahanga irangwa no kuba igizwe n’inshinga n’icyuzuzo cyayo. Ikabakandi ikoresha imvugo shusho itandukanye n’ibisobanuro by’amagambo ayigize.
3. Gusobanura inshoberamahanga
Dukurikije imiterere yayo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo ifite igisobanuro kidahuye
n’igisobanuro k’ijambo cyangwa amagambo ayigize. Mu kuyisobanura bisaba koumuntu aba amenyereye umuco n’ururimi by’Ikinyarwanda.
Ingero– Kuvoma hafi: kurakazwa n’ubusa/kurizwa n’ubusa.4. Ingero zitandukanye z’inshoberamahanga
Umuntu utazi neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda we ahita yumva kujya kuvoma amazi
ahantu bugufi.
–Gutera isekuru: kugenda ucumbagira.
Umuntu utazi neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda ahita yumva gutera isekuru (umugeri,igipfunsi...)
a) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga “guca”
Guca mu rihumye Guca umuti wa mperezayo
Guca igihugu umugongo Guca ururimi ukarumira
Guca igikuba Gucira undi inkamba
Guca imihini migufi Guca hejuru
Guca hasi
Guca imitwe Gucisha hasi
Guca inkeramucyamo Gucisha hejuru
Guca iryera Gucisha mu misoto
Guca ku nda Gucisha mu ryoya
Guca mu myanya y’intoki Guca i Kibungo
Guca mu nkindi Guca ibiti n’amabuye
Guca ruhinganyuma Gucira ibintu inyeri
Guca umugara
b) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga “gufata”
Gufata ku isunzu Gufatira undi ikitayega
Gufata nk’amata y’abashyitsi Gufata iry’iburyo
Gufata undi mu mugongo Gufatirwa mu cyuhoGufatana urunana Gufatwa mpiri
c) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga “kugwa”
Kugwa gitumo Kugwa mu matsa
Kugwa isari Kugwa mu ntege
Kugwa ivutu Kugwa ruhabo
Kugwa ku nzoka Kugwa mu kantuKugwa miswi Kugwa umudari
d) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga “kurya”
Kurya akara
Kurya amenyo
Kurya indimi
Kurya inkunaKurya ureba hanze
e) Izindi nshoberamahanga zinyuranye
Gufumbira umunaba Gutaba mu nama Kuvomera mu rutete
Guha undi intera Gutega zivamo Kuziba icyuho
Guhabwa akato Gutera isekuru Kwambara ukikwiza
Guhenera umugina Gutererayo utwatsi Kwesa umuhigo
Gukama ikimasa Guteza ubwega Kwiba umugono
Gukambya agahanga Gutunga agatoki Kwica ijisho
Gukanga Rutenderi Koga runono Kwihungura ugutw
Gukanja amanwa Konsa umuhini Kotsa Kwimyiza imoso
Gukizwa n’amaguru igitutu Kwinyara mu isunzu
Gukoma urume Kuba mu rinini Kwirya ukimara
Gukora hasi Kujya irudubi Kwitana bamwana
Gukura ubwatsi Kumara amavuta Kwizirika umukanda
Gukurayo amaso Kumena ibanga Gucurangira abahetsi
Gupfa undi agasoni Kumera amababa Gucurika icumu
Gusesa urumeza Kumesa kamwe Kuvamo umuntu
Guseta ibirenge Kumira bunguri
Gushya amaboko Kumira nkeriGuta muri yombi Kuryamira amajanja
Umwitozo
Ongera usome umwandiko “Twese biratureba”, utahure inshoberamahanga
zirimo. Himba umwandiko muto ku “ngaruka z’amakimbirane” ukoreshemo
zimwe muri izo inshoberamahanga cyangwa izindi uzi, uziceho akarongo. Somera
uwo mwandiko bagenzi bawe. Urugero rw’inshoberamahanga ziri mu mwandiko“Twese biratureba”
IMYANDIKIRE YEMEWE Y’IKINYARWANDA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza uburyo amwe mu magambo azigize yanditse
atubahirije imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda, hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi
ku myandikire y’ibihekane, ikata ry’amagambo, imyandikire y’amagambo afatana
n’adafatana.a) Munyana niwe umutega rugori wari uzi kwihanganira umugabo we.1. Imyandikire y’ibihekane
b) Umwarimu wa Kundwa yari intanga rugero mu guhashya amakimbirane
c) Kundwa yari umunyeshuri w’icyitegererezo mw’ishuri rye.
d) Umuco wamahoro n’ipfundo ryo kurwanya amakimbirane mu muryango.e) Ntamuntu utaragayaga Rwabigwi kubera imikorere ye.
Urutonde rw’ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda
– mb, mf, mp, mv, nd, ng, nj, nk, ns, nsh, nshy, nt, nz;
– bw (bg), cw, dw, (fw), gw, hw, jw, kw, mw, nw, nyw, (pfw), (pw), rw, shw,
shyw, sw, tsw, tw, (vw), zw;
– by, cy, jy, my, nny, pfy, py, ry, sy, ty, (vy);
– byw, myw, pfyw, (ryw), (vyw);
– mbw, (mfw), mpw, (mvw), ndw, ngw, njw, nkw, (nshw), (nshyw), (nsw), ntw,
nzw;
– mby, mpy, (mvy), ncy, ndy, njy, nsy, nty;– (mbyw), (mvyw), njyw.Ikitonderwa: Igihekane bg gikoreshwa gusa mu ijambo Kabgayi .
a) Imyandikire y’ibihekane kw, gw, hw, bikurikiwe n’inyajwi o cyangwa u
Ibihekane (n)kw, gw, hw, bikurikiwe n’inyajwi o cyangwa u ntibyandikwa; mumwanya wabyo handikwa (n)ko, ku, go, gu, ho, hu.
Bandika: kwi, ku, ko, kwa, kwe
nkwi, nku, nko, nkwa, nkwe
gwi, gu, go, gwa, gwe
ngwi, ngu, ngo, ngwa, ngwehwi, hu, ho, hwa, hwe
Ingero
– Ngwije akunda koga yambaye inkweto zinyereza akagwa.
– Ngoboka yahwituye Hondi kugira ngo bihute bahure na Ngwabije.
– Mahwane yorora inguge, inkwavu n’inkoko.
– Kwigira akunda kuboha akoresheje imigwegwe.
– Nkwiye kwinjira mu rugo rugwije ingweba rukunda kweza amahundo
nko kwa Nkunda.
– Gwiza ahwekereye mu rugo kwa Mbugurize.b) Imyandikire y’ibihekane jy na cy, bikurikiwe n’inyajwi i cyangwa e
Ibihekane jy na cy byandikwa gusa imbere y’inyajwi a, o na u. Imbere y’inyajwi
i cyangwa e handikwa gi, ge, ki, ke.
Bandika: ki, cyu, cyo, cya, ke,
nki, ncyu, ncyo, ncya, nke
gi, jyu, jyo, jya, gengi, njyu, njyo, njya, nge
Ingero– Nkunda gusenga iyo ngiye gufata urugendo njya mu mugi.Ikitonderwa: Amazina bwite yatanzwe kandi yakoreshejwe mbere y’aya mabwiriza
– Gewe/Ngewe njyana n’abana bange kwa masenge mu magepfo.
– Iki kibo cyuzuye ibishyimbo.
– Ncyuye inka ncyocyorana na Nkeramugaba afite incyamuro.
– Jya gucyura ihene i Bujyujyu.
– Icyumba ke cyuzuye injyo z’ikibindi cyamenetse.– Njyuri afite urujyo mu ntoki.
akomeza kwandikwa uko yari asanzwe yandikwa.
Ingero
– Intara y’Amajyepfo
– Umujyi wa Kigali
– Akagari ka Cyimana– Umurenge wa Cyeru
c) Ibihekane bigizwe n’ingombajwi ts, pf na c
Ibihekane bigizwe n’ingombajwi ts, pf na c zibanjirijwe n’inyamazuru byandikwamu buryo bukurikira: ns , mf , nsh .
Ingero
– Yohana yansikamiye ku kirenge.
– Insina za kijyambere zitanga umusaruro utubutse.– Imfizi y’inshuti yange.
2. Ikata n’itakara ry’inyajwi
a) Ikata ry’inyajwi zisoza ibinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo na na nka
Inyajwi zisoza ikinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo na na nka zirakatwa iyo zikurikiwe
n’ijambo ritangiwe n’inyajwi ariko inyajwi isoza ikinyazina ngenera gikurikiwen’umubare wanditse mu mibarwa ntikatwa.
Ingero– Aragenda buhoro nk’umurwayi.b) Inyajwi zisoza zidakatwa
– Umwaka w’ibihumbi bibiri na cumi n’ibiri.
– Umwaka wa 2017 wambereye umwaka w’amata n’ubuki.– Amashuri y’imyuga yariyongereye.
Inyajwi zisoza amagambo ntizikatwa.
Ingero
– Tuzatera imbuto imvura iguye.
– Twubatse amashuri ateza imbere imyuga.
Inyajwi i isoza akabimbura nyiri, n’inshinga mburabuzi ni na si ntizikatwa.
Ingero
– Nyiri ubwenge aruta nyiri uburyo.
– Amasunzu si amasaka.– Icyatumye ejo ntaza iwawe ni uko natashye ndwaye.