S5: IKINYARWANDA

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  UMUTWE 1: UMUCO NYARWANDA

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  UMUTWE WA 1: UMUCO NYARWANDA
  UMWANDIKO: IGITERO K’I BUTEMBO
  
  Igitero k’i Butembo cyabaye mu mwaka wa 1874. Ikimenyetso cy’uwo mwaka cyabaye
  Nyakotsi yitwa Rwakabyaza yagaragaye mu Rwanda mu kwezi kwa Nyakanga 1874.
  Impamvu y’icyo gitero yabaye iyi ngiyi: hariho Shabikobe bya Sebitoryi, agatunga
  inka z’inyambo zitwaga Imisakura. Izo nka bazigishishiriza i Kamuronsi, agahugu kari
  ku mutwe w’ikiyaga cya Kivu ku mupaka w’u Buhunde. Umuhinza wo mu Buhunde
  witwaga Muvunyi wa Karinda arazitera arazinyaga. Iyo nkuru igeze kuri Kigeri IV
  Rwabugiri, ari i Rwamaraba, asanga bibaye ngombwa kujya guhorera izo nyambo ze
  zanyazwe n’uwo muhinza. Nyamara ubundi uwo Muvunyi yayobokaga u Rwanda,
  akajya yohereza amakoro ibwami.
  
  
  Igihe ari mu byo guhaguruka, haza intumwa za Mwezi IV Gisabo, umwami w’u
  Burundi. Izo ntumwa zari Abaganwa batatu, baherekejwe n’intore ijana. Batumye
  ibwami kuvunyisha, Rwabugiri abatumaho ko ari mu rugendo, ko abaheje kugeza
  igihe azahindukirira. Abasigira umutware we Mugabwambere wa Nyamutera,
  akajya abacumbikira i Kanyinya na Rubingo rwa Shyorongi. Ategeka ingo ze zose
  ko zizajya ziboherereza amazimano. Bakazibagira inka eshatu buri munsi, uretse
  iby’amazimano yandi y’ibiribwa n’amayoga.
  Rwabugiri amaze guhaguruka iwe i Rwamaraba, atuma abantu ku bagore be
  ngo barushanwe kwitegura intumwa za Mwezi, anababwira ko uzarusha abandi
  umwiteguro ari we uzatahirwa n’ibirori by’imyiyereko, bikazakirirwamo intumwa za
  Mwezi. Abwira izo ntumwa ati:
  
  “Ungire Cyivugiza ya Gatsibo, [… Umbwirire Muhundwangeyo wa Ngarambe,
  Umukobwa uteye abahungu imbabazi,
  Uti: ‘Witegure intumwa za Mwezi.’
  Ningushima ingabo zizagutaramira,
  Inyambo zitahe iwawe.”
  (Uwo yari Kangeyo ka Kanyabujinja ka Nyiracumu, wagengaga urugo rw’i Gatsibo)
  […]
  Rwabugiri yahagurutse i Rwamaraba ataha […] i Rubengera, ahategerereza abatasi
  yari yarohereje kumutatira u Buhunde […] Abo batasi bamaze kurondorera umwami
  ibyo kwa Muvunyi wa Karinda, umuhinza w’u Buhunde n’abatware bakomeye muri
  icyo gihugu, intore zo mu Ngangurarugo zihimbiraho indirimbo yitwa Rwahama
  […]
  Igitero kigeze mu Buhunde, cyaje kurwanya Muvunyi wa Karinda, araneshwa ariko
  arabikinga ntibashobora kumushyikira. Ubwo ingando ya Kigeri IV Rwabugiri yari
  i Runyana. Amaze gutsinda Muvunyi n’abategeka bandi bo mu Buhunde, Murego
  wa Bigiri we ndetse yatewe mbere ya Muvunyi. Shabiganza we ngo yaba yarahunze
  ariko ntibizwi neza. Abandi batewe bagatsindwa ni Murengezi wa Nyarubwa na
  

  Karenge na Rwankuba rwa Gahinda.

  Twabonye mbere ko umwami yari aganditse i Runyana. Yari yaratatishije Nkingo iri
  hafi y’u Runyana, kuko mu bwiru bari bazi ko ari ho Abarenge baramvuye ingoma
  

  y’ingabe yitwaga Mpatsibihugu.

  Ategeka abiru be kuharamvura ingoma y’ingabe nshya yari yageneye iryo zina
  rya Mpatsibihugu, kugira ngo ayungukiremo ububasha bw’Abarenge ba kera,
  bategekaga ibihugu bigari u Rwanda rwari rutarigarurira byose. Aho Rwabugiri
  amariye gukubanga u Buhunde bwose, abaza abatasi be ati: “Inyuma y’ishyamba
  turuzi rihetuye u Buhunde, hari ibihugu nyabaki?” Abatasi bamubwira ko batabizi, ko
  ari ntawigeze arenga iryo shyamba. Ariko bamumenyesha ibyo bumvanye abandi,
  ngo uryinjiyemo amaherezo inzira yinjira mu mugezi wa Nyabarongo, akaba ari yo
  bagenda bavogera, ikikijwe n’inzitiro z’imigano. Rukaba urugendo rurerure kuzageza
  aho inzira izakukira bakabona kugenda ahatari mu mazi. Rwabugiri ati: “Nimuhogi
  tugende tuge kureba ibihugu byaba inyuma y’ishyamba, ubwo hatataswe tuzagenda
  

  tuhitatira ubwacu.

  Ingabo zose zinjira mu ishyamba, amaherezo koko binjira muri wa mugezi, inzira
  iwinjiramo na bo barawuvogera, Rwabugiri n’abagore be bahetswe. Ngo urwo
  rugendo baruhereye mu gitondo bakuka uwo mugezi ikigoroba. Aho bakukiye
  uwo mugezi wa Nyabarongo rero, bagandika mu ishyamba. Bukeye barakomeza
  bahinguka ahantu hatamurutse hatuwe n’abantu bameze nk’Abahunde, ariko
  batazi ibi byuma bicurwa. Barwanishaga ibisongo by’imigano kandi bagahingisha
  inkonzo z’ibiti. Babonye abo bantu bapfupfunutse mu ishyamba, bagerageza
  kubarwanya, ariko Abanyarwanda barabatsinda. Ingabo zikomeza zikurikiye inzira
  

  yo mu ishyamba, zibona indi Midugudu imeze nk’iyo bari bahingukiyeho mbere.

  Ariko muri iyo Midugudu bahasanga ibintu abo baturage babo bahingaga, byari
  bibatunze. Kuko rero impamba zari zagabanutse, umwami abwira rubanda ati:
  “Nimurye biriya bintu, ubwo byari bitunze abandi bantu namwe byabatunga,
  nitugera i Rwanda muzanywe imiti yo kubahumanura.” Ibyo bintu bavuga byari
  amashaza. Hanyuma bajya guhaguruka ngo bagaruke mu Rwanda, umwami ategeka
  

  ko bazagarukana imbuto zayo.

  Aho azagerera i Rubengera ngo ahingisha mu gikari utuyogi two kororeramo ayo
  mashaza. Izina bayitaga acyaduka, akikwirakwiza mu Rwanda bwa mbere, ryari
  amashaza kuko yabanje guhingwa mu Bwishaza. Ntabwo Abanyarwanda batangaga
  amakoro y’amashaza kuko atari umwaka wa karande mu Rwanda; kandi n’uwaryaga
  amashaza ntiyashoboraga kunywa amata ngo amashaza yica inka. Ngicyo rero ikintu
  

  k’ingirakamaro igitero k’i Butembo cyagiriye u Rwanda: kururonkera imbuto nshya.

  Aho izina ry’igitero k’i Butembo ryaturutse ni muri iryo shyamba riri inyuma y’i
  Buhunde n’u Buhavu. Aka karere kose kari inyuma y’ishyamba mu burengerazuba
  bw’ibyo bihugu byitwa Butembo. Igitero cyari cyarahagurukiye u Buhunde, hanyuma
  

  kirenze ishyamba kivanayo izina ry’u Butembo […] 

  Bamaze kugera mu Rwanda ingabo zitabaruka ukwazo zerekeje mu Buriza n’u
  Bwanacyambwe ngo zizahahurire n’umwami zikore imihango y’imyiyereko, ari
  wo munsi w’ibirori byasezeraga ibitero. Naho Rwabugiri aherekezwa n’abatware
  bamwe anyura iyo mu Murera ahinguka ku Rusumo kwa Magara (ku Rusumo rwa
  Kabona ku ngezi ya Burera) anyura iy’u Buberuka, agana iwe i Gatsibo ngo arebe
  uko umwamikazi Kangeyo ka Kanyabujinja yari yarakoze mu mwiteguro. Twibuke
  ko atabara yari yaratumye ku bamikazi bose ngo bazamwitegure, uzarusha abandi
  akazaba ari we utaramirwa n’ingabo zitabarutse. Ageze i Gatsibo, areba imyiteguro
  

  y’urwo rugo […] Umwami atanga umunsi wo kubyukurutsa. Birangiye arahaguruka.

  Ageze i Gasabo iw’umwamikazi Bayundo ba Rwigenza […] asanga umwiteguro
  waho uruta uw’i Gatsibo. Nanone barabyukurutsa, hanyuma umwami arahaguruka
  

  ajya i Kabuye ka Jabana iw’umwamikazi Kanjogera.

  I Kabuye bari barakoze umwiteguro urushijeho guhimba […] Basanga ari ibwami
  koko. Kuko rero Kanjogera yari inkundwakazi, Rwabugiri atumiza ba Barundi bo kwa
  Mwezi bamusanga i Kabuye. Ingabo ziyereka ari ishyano ryose, hatumiwe n’izitari
  zaratabaye ari ugushaka umurato wo kwereka Abarundi. […] Umwami rero yamaze
  iminsi i Kabuye, hanyuma arahaguruka ajya i Kigali ari kumwe na ba Barundi. Bageze
  kwa Nyirandabaruta ya Sendirima, basanga umutako […] uruta ahandi hose ku
  buryo bitari bigifite n’igereranyirizo […]
  
  Mu birori by’imyiyereko, ingabo zitabarutse, nibwo Biraro bya Nyamushanja wa
  Rugira yahimbiye Rwabugiri ikivugo “Inkatazakurekera” arakimutura.
  
  

  I. Inyunguramagambo 

  1. Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wasomye.
  

  
  

  a) Nyakotsi                                                                                                      g) Amakoro
   b) Kugishisha inka                                                                                     h) Kuvunyisha
   c) Umuhinza                                                                                                   i) Amazimano
   d) Kuramvura ingoma                                                                               k) Abatasi
  

   e) Gukubanga                                                                                               l) Kuvogera umugezi

  f) Kunyaga
  
  2. Koresha buri jambo muri ayo umaze gusobanura mu nteruro iboneye.
  3. Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko
  wasomye .
  
  

  a) Azahindukirira
  b) Guhunga
  c) Gukuka umugezi

  d) Guhinguka

  II. Kumva umwandiko

            Subiza ibibazo bikurikira
  
  1. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje ibivuye mu mwandiko:
  a) Mu gitero k’i..... Abanyarwanda bahakuye imbuto y’.....
  b) Igitero k’i Butembo cyabaye mu wa.....cyagabwe kiyobowe n’umwami .......
  

  c) Igitero cyahagurukiye i .....gisozerezwa inyuma y’ishyamba i.....
  

  2. Sobanura intandaro y’igitero k’i Butembo.
  3. Ni nde wafashe iya mbere mu gushoza urwo rugamba?
  4. Ni ikihe gihembo cyari giteganyirijwe umugore uzarusha abandi kwitegura
  umwami?
  5. Shaka ibintu cyangwa ibikorwa byavuzwe mu mwandiko bibangamiye
  

  ibidukikije unasobanure uko ubibona.
  

  III. Gusesengura umwandiko
  1. Amakoro yatangwaga ibwami wayagereranya n’iki muri iki gihe? Sobanura
  igisubizo utanze uhereye ku kamaro kayo.
  2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko.
  3. Vuga muri make ibikubiye muri uyu mwandiko mu magambo yawe bwite.
  4. Huza ibivugwa muri uyu mwandiko n’ubuzima busanzwe ku ihame
  ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ugaragaza ingaruka zo gushaka abagore
  

  benshi mu muryango nyarwanda.
  

  UBUVANGANZO NYABAMI
  Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” ugereranye ibivugwamo n’ibyavugwaga
  mu yindi myandiko wize mu mwaka wa kane, maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure ingeri
  y’ubuvanganzo uherereyemo n’inshoza y’ubwo buvanganzo. Rondora izindi ngeri
  

  z’ubwo buvanganzo.

  1. Inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyabami
  
  Ubuvanganzo nyabami ni imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bukubiyemo
  ibihangano byose byerekeranye n’abami, ingoma zabo, ibitero byabo,
  abakurambere, abatware n’imihango by’ibwami. Ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo itari
  igenewe buri wese nk’uko ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda bwari bumeze. Bityo
  igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo nyabami ntawashoboraga kugira icyo agihinduraho
  

  atabyemerewe.
  

  2. Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami
  Mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami twavuga nk’ibisigo nyabami, ubwiru,
  ubucurabwenge, ibitekerezo by’ingabo, ibyivugo, inanga, indirimbo z’ingabo
  n’amazina y’inka.
  3. Uturango tw’izo ngeri z’ubuvangazo nyabami
  

  a) Ibisigo nyabami
  – Ntibyahindagurikaga mu miterere yabyo ( ikobyo, ibyanzu, impakanizi).
  – Byasingizaga abami n’ingoma zabo.
  – Byakoreshaga ikeshamvugo.

  – Byakoreshaga amagambo 

  b) Ubwiru

  – Bwari bukubiyemo amategeko yagengaga imihango y’ibwami.
  – Ntibwahindagurikaga.
  – Bwakoreshaga ikeshamvugo.

  – Bwakoreshaga amagambo yabugenewe.

  c) Ubucurabwenge

  – Buvuga amazina y’abami n’abagabekazi.

  – Bwakoreshaga imvugo iryoheye amatwi.

  d) Ibitekerezo by’ingabo
  

  – Havugwamo inkuru y’ibitero byagabwe.
  – Uko igitero cyagenze.

  e) Ibyivugo
  – Muri rusange byandikwa mu mikarago.
  – Hagaragaramo ibigwi n’ibirindiro by’uwivuga.
  – Bigaragaramo ikeshamvugo.

  f) Inanga
  – Zahimbirwaga kurata no gusingiza abami.
  – Zacurangirwaga mu bitaramo

  g) Indirimbo z’ingabo
  – Zaririmbwaga mu bitaramo byo kwizihiza umutsindo.
  – Zafatiraga ku bantu babayeho (abami, ab’ibwami n’abatware cyangwa
  ibikorwa byabayeho bizwi).
  – Zabagamo amakabyankuru.

  h) Amazina y’inka
  – Yari imivugo irata inyambo n’umwami.
  – Habagamo itondeke ripimye (umubare w’utubangutso ungana).
  – Hagaragaragamo ikeshamvugo n’amagambo yabugenewe.
  – Yagiraga imiterere yihariye.

  Imyitozo
  1. Ubuvanganzo nyabami ubona butandukaniye he n’ubuvanganzo bwo
  muri rubanda?
  2. Wowe na bagenzi bawe nimutange ibitekerezo ku kamaro k’ingeri
  z’ubuvanganzo nyabami muri iki gihe.

  IBITEKEREZO BY’INGABO
  Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure
  inshoza yawo n’uturango twawo.
  1. Inshoza y’igitekerezo k’ingabo
  Ibitekerezo by’ingabo ni igihangano cyabaga gikubiyemo uko urugamba rwagenze.
  Byahimbwaga n’abatekereza b’ibwami bafatiye ku byavuzwe n’abavuzi b’amacumu babaga
  bakubutse ku rugamba. Abo bavuzi b’amacumu bari abantu bazwiho ubuhanga mu kuvuga
  neza no gufata mu mutwe bagakoresha imvugo nziza kandi batajijinganya.

  
  

  2. Uturango tw’igitekerezo k’ingabo
  Igitekerezo k’ingabo kirangwa n’ibi bikurikira:

  
  – Havugwamo inkuru y’igitero cyagabwe.
  – Havugwamo uko igitero cyagenze.
  – Abakigizemo uruhare n’abakibayemo intwari.
  – Gishingira ku kuri kw’ibyabayeho.
  – Hashobora kubonekamo amakabyankuru.

  Imyitozo
  1. Ku bwawe urabona akamaro k’ibitekerezo by’ingabo kari akahe?
  2. Kwiga ibitekerezo by’ingabo bidufitiye akamaro muri iki gihe ndetse n’ikizaza. Bitangeho
  ibitekerezo.
  3. Gereranya igitekerezo k’ingabo n’insigamugani.

  
  

  IBYIVUGO
  Soma uyu mwandiko witonze, witegereza imiterere yawo utahure ubwoko bwawo
  hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi ugaragaze inshoza, uturango n’amoko ya bene uwo
  mwandiko. 

  
  

  Rwangizamirera rwa Muhandangabo
  Ndi umuhanga w’umuheto
  Umuhunde yaje arambirana isuri
  Ndamurasa arisenya
  Ntiyasukirwa amazi
  Umenya ngo akubiswe n’inkuba,
  Inkuku zirayagara
  Inzira ndayiharira

  Ababisha bagisobanura abanyabwoba!

  1. Inshoza y’ibyivugo

  Ibyivugo ni imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo. Muri iyo ngeri,
  uwivugaga yirataga ibigwi n’ibirindiro yagiriye ku rugamba. Tuyisangamo amoko
  abiri y’ingenzi ari yo: Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo by’imyato.

  
  

  2. Uturango tw’ibyivugo muri rusange

  
  – Byabaga bifatiye ahanini ku rugamba.
  – Kwandikwa mu mikarago.
  – Izina ry’igisingizo .
  – Inshinga nkene “ndi…”
  – Ibigwi (amazina y’ababisha n’aho ingabo yabatsinze) n’ibirindiro (ibindi
  bikorwa by’ubutwari ingabo yagaragaje nko kwimana, kugarukira,
  kugarukirwa no kurusha) by’uwivuga.
  – Dusangamo ikeshamvugo (uburyo bwo gukoresha amagambo yabugenewe
  kandi mu buryo bunoze).

  
  

  3. Amoko y’ibyivugo
  
  

  Mu byivugo dusangamo amoko abiri y’ingenzi ari yo: ibyivugo by’iningwa
  n’ibyivugo by’imyato.

  
  a) Ibyivugo by’iningwa

  
  Iningwa ni ikivugo kigufi cyane cy’abantu bakuru, gikubiyemo ubutwari umuntu
  yagaragarije ku rugamba yatabayemo. Buri mugabo wese yagombaga kukiihimbira
  ikivugo k’iningwa. Ibyivugo by’iningwa byamamaye mu Rwanda ku ngoma ya
  Ruganzu II Ndoli ahagana umwaka wa 1510.

  Urugero
  Ndi Rugaragara mu z’imbere
  Rushinguka mu z’inyuma, Ruterabwoba
  Sebuharara Nkombe ya Rugina
  Nimanye inka mu nkoko
  Inkomere zinyita Rugina.
  Ibyivugo by’iningwa birangwa n’ibi bikurikira.

  
  – Kuba ari bigufi (ibyashyizwe mu mikarago usanga ibyinshi bitarengeje
  imikarago icumi).
  – Kuba bigizwe n’igice kimwe (bitagabanyijemo ibika).
  – Kuba muri rusange bivuga ku ngingo imwe.

  
  

  b) Ibyivugo by’imyato
  Imyato ni ibyivugo birebire bigabanyijemo ibika na byo byitwa imyato. Byahimbwa
  n’intiti gusa.Uwabyifuzaga akazegera zikabimuhimbira. Nka Biraro bya
  Nyamushanja yahimbiye umwami Rwabugiri umwato urata umuheto we awita
  Inkatazakurekera ya Rugombangogo. Ibi byivugo by’imyato byatangiye ku
  ngoma ya Yuhi IV Gahindiro.

  
  

  Urugero

  INKATAZAKUREKERA

  Inkatazakurekera ya Rugombangogo

  Ndi intwari yabyirukiye gutsinda,

  Nsiganirwa nshaka kurwana

  Ubwo duteye Abahunde,

  Nikoranye umuheto wange

  Nywuhimbajemo intanage

  Intambara nyirema

  Igihugu cy’umuhinza nakivogereye.

  
  

  Umukinzi ampingutse imbere n’isuri,
  Umurego wera nywuforana ishema
  Nywushinzemo ukuboko ntiwananira,
  Nongeye kurega inkokora
  Nkanga umurindi hasi, ndarekera
  Inkuba zesereza hejuru y’icondo,
  Ikibatsi kiyica hejuru mu rubega
  Intoki zifashe igifunga zirashya
  Imisakura imucamo inkora,
  Inkongi iravuga mu gihengeri.

  
  

  Mu gihumbi ke inkurazo zihacana inkekwe
  Inkuku yari afite ihinduka umuyonga!
  Agera hasi yakongotse
  Umubiri we uhinduka amakara,
  N’aho aguye arakobana
  Nk’ukubiswe n’iyo hejuru. 

  
  

  Ababo batinya kumukora,
  Bati : “Ubwo yanyagiwe n’Inkotanyi cyane,
  Nimumureke mwe kumukurura
  Ibisiga bimukembere aho”
  Na byo bimurara inkera,
  Bimaze gusinda inkaba,
  Byirirwa bisingiza uwantanagiye
  Imbungiramihigo sinahagararwa hagati nk’abatagira ishyaka,
  Ishyamba ry’umwimirizi ndiremamo inkora.

  
  

  Ibyivugo by’imyato birangwa no kuba ari:

  
  – Birebire gusumba ibindi byose.
  – Bigiye bigabanyijemo ibice cyangwa ibika bita “imyato”.
  – Bigaragaramo ibigwi n’ibirindiro.
  – Bivuga ku ngingo nyinshi.
  – Harimo imvugo ikoresha amagambo yihariye mu byivugo (ihitamo
  ry’amagambo akoreshwa ku rugamba).

  
  

  4. Gusesengura ibyivugo (iby’iningwa n’iby’imyato)
  a) Imvano n’ingingo by’ibyivugo

  
  Ababihimbaga bafatiraga ku bikorwa by’ubutwari ingabo zabaga zaragaragaje ku
  rugamba cyangwa mu bindi bikorwa runaka. Umuntu kandi yashoboraga guhimbira
  undi ikivugo bitewe n’ubutwari cyangwa imyitwarire amubonaho.\

  
  

  b) Akamaro k’ibyivugo
  – Gususurutsa igitaramo.
  – Kwigisha abantu umuco wo guhiga no kwesa imihigo.
  – Kwigisha abantu kugira ishyaka ry’ubutwari.
  – Kwigisha abantu umuco wo gukunda igihugu no kukitangira.
  – Gutoza abantu kuvugira mu ruhame.
  – Gufasha abantu kutaba ibifura.
  – Gufasha abantu kutaba ibigwari.
  – Kwigisha abantu kunga ubumwe.
  – Kwigisha abantu umuco wo gutabarana ahakomeye.
  – Gufasha abantu gukoresha impano zabo mu nganzo y’ubuhimbyi.

  
  

  C) Amagambo ya bugenewe mu byivugo

  Ibyivugo bikoresha amagambo yabugenewe.

  Ingero z’amagambo yabugenewe

  – Umurera bivuga ingabo.

  – Umunega bivuga icumu.

  – Imisakura bivuga imyambi.

  – Umukore bivuga umuheto.

  
  

  d) Ikeshamvugo mu byivugo
  Mu byivugo dusangamo iminozanganzo itandukanye.

  
  

  Ingero

  – Isubirajwi

  Ndamurasa arisenya

  Ntiyasukirwa amazi

  – Isubirajambo

  Inkuba zesereza hejuru y’icondo,

  Ikibatsi kiyica hejuru mu rubega

  – Igereranya

  Umenya ngo akubiswe n’inkuba

  – Ikabya

  Agera hasi yakongotse

  Umubiri we uhinduka amakara,

  N’aho aguye arakobana

  Ikitonderwa
  Ibyivugo bya kera byibandaga cyane ku babisha intwari yabaga yaratsinze ku
  rugamba, icyakora ibyivugo by’ubu byo hari ingingo zitandukanye byagombye
  gushingiraho. Muri zo twavuga nk’uburezi, siporo, ibikorwa byo kwicungira
  umutekano no kuwucungira abandi, ikoranabuhanga, iterambere n’ibindi.

  Umwitozo
  Hanga ikivugo k’iningwa n’ik’imyato maze ukivugire (kwivuga) imbere ya
  bagenzi bawe.

  
  

  ISUZUMA RISOZA UMUTWE WA MBERE
  Soma uyu mwandiko nurangiza usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho
  Igitero k’Imigogo
  Iki gitero cyasakiranyije by’umwihariko Abanyarwanda n’Abanyankore, icyakora
  kivugwamo n’ayandi mahanga. Inkuru y’iki gitero yabarwa mu bice bibiri: Inzira
  y’Abanyankore n’inzira y’Abanyarwanda.

  
  Iki gitero kandi cyabayeho mu gihe umwami Kigeri IV Rwabugiri yari mu Bunyabungo
  n’ingabo ze hafi ya zose. Nyuma ariko yaje kubimenya agaruka mu Rwanda kurwanya
  Abanyankore.

  
  

  “Ehururu ya Rwanda”: Abanyankore batera u Rwanda

  
  

  
  

  Dore uko Ntare V Rugingiza rwa Migereka, umwami wo mu Nkore yateguye gutera

  u Rwanda.Yatumije ingabo n’abatware agira ati: “Ejo muzohereze abantu bakwiriye

  ingerero, banzanire abatware b’ingabo, baze mbabwire, bazahigire gutera u Rwanda,

  bahigire gutera Rwabugiri.” Ati: “Rwabugiri ni we njya numva bavuga; Rwabugiri

  bajya bamunshimira cyane; ni we njya numva bavuga ngo agira Igihugu kiza kandi

  kinini, ngo agira inka nziza nyinshi, ngo na we aratora nkange; ngo na we afite

  intore.” Ati: “Maze muzahigire gutera Rwabugiri. Nimumara kumunesha nzizera ko

  mfite ingabo. Ikindi cya Rwabugiri kimbabaza ni uko bangereranya na we ngo ni we

  duhwanye.” Abatware bose bakura ubwatsi bati: “Wabera niho ukiduhaka, umuntu

  uduhaye gutera u Rwanda, umuntu uduhaye gutera Rwabugiri!”

  
  

  Arahaguruka Igumira rya Bacwa, Ruharabwoba, aravuga ati: “Gahorane Imana!
  Mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri! Nzamutera bikumare agahinda. Iki gitero ni icyange.
  Nzatura mu Gihugu cya Rwabugiri, nzatunga inka za Rwabugiri. Rwabugiri
  nankundira tukarwana, ntampunge, nzamufata mpiri mukuzanire!”

  
  

  Maze arahaguruka Matsiko mu Nyana ati: “Mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri. Niyumva
  natungutse n’umutwe w’Inyana, akankundira tukarwana, ntampunge, nange
  nzamufata mukuzanire aha!”

  Arahaguruka Itiri rya Gicobwa, Rugambwishayija, umutware w’Ubwuma n’Abarwanyi.
  Ati: “Nange mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri niwumva yatungutse mu mutwe w’Ubwuma
  n’Abarwanyi, akankundira tukarwana, nzamufata muzane hano!”

  
  Arahaguruka Kijoma cya Kayisinga, Rugatwankurayijo, umutware w’Ingangura
  ati: “Mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri. Niwumva atungutse mu mutwe w’Ingangura,
  akankundira tukarwana, nzamufata muzane aha!”

  
  

  Arahaguruka Rugumayo rwa Kanagayiga Rusheshangabo Rutacwekera, umutware
  w’Abanganshuro. Ati: “Mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri natunguka mu Banganshuro
  nzamufata mukuzanire.

  
  

  Arahaguruka Rwirangira Rutakirwa, umutware w’Ibirehe, arahiga, ararangiza.
  Arahaguruka Rwishumba rwa Mwendo, arahiga mu Batenganduru, ararangiza.
  Arahiga Bwijire mu Badahunga. Na we ararangiza.

  
  

  Abatware bamaze guhiga, abahungu na bo barakenyera barahiga.

  
  Arahaguruka Nkoko ya Gahunga, Rutakomwa. Arahaguruka Irabiro rya Gahuta,
  Rutarindimuka. Arahaguruka Bayija ba Kambiri, Rugomwa. Arahaguruka Bangonera
  ba Ndondoza Ihigiro. Arahaguruka Kamurase ka Bwisheke, Rutakangarana.
  Arahaguruka Kakuba ka Kangonya, Rutagengwa Ruhuzabiri. Arahaguruka
  Cyanyangutura cya Manunga, Ruteranyangabo.

  
  

  Bamaze guhiga umutware w’igitero, Igumiro, asaba iminsi, ati: “Iminsi yacu ni
  itandatu, uwa karindwi tugatabara i Rwanda.” Baragenda bamara gatandatu, ku munsi
  wa karindwi bataha ibwami, barara mu mihigo; buracya birirwa bahabwa intwaro:
  abahabwa imbunda barazihabwa, abahabwa amacumu n’imiheto barabihabwa. Uwo
  munsi bigaba Rugando, baza Kazinga, baza Mwizi na Kankaranka, banyura Rujebe
  rwa Kabuganda, i Gorora rya bene Rukari, bananyura i Rukoni rwa Cyabukemwa,
  bagera Rwampara. Amashyo ya Nshenyi arikanga, arahunga, amwe yambukira mu
  byambu bya Rina n’Ibanda, andi yambukira mu byambu bya Butsinda na Bugomora,
  andi ahunga aza i Rwanda […]

  
  

  Bwafamba amaze gushuka Ntare, barara mu mihigo ngo bagiye guhuhura
  Abanyarwanda. Ntare agabanyamo ingabo ze imitwe. Abanza kohereza Abanga,
  Abatenganduru n’Inyana. Barara baza ijoro ryose kugira ngo bazasakirane
  n’Abanyarwanda hakiri kare ubwo kandi ni bwo Ntare yatabaje Mwanga umwami
  w’u Buganda amutumyeho Rutarurwa. Mwanga aramuhakanira kuko igihugu cyari
  cyarabaye icy’abazungu atagifite ububasha bwo kohereza ingabo aho yishakiye.
  Intore zimwe za Ntare zari zifite imbunda za Cyarabu (bitaga makoba).

  
  

  I. Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
  1. Erekana impamvu yatumye Ntare Rugingiza ashaka gutera u Rwanda.
  2. Shaka mu mwandiko amazina y’abatware bane bahigiye gutera Rwabugiri.
  3. Hari inama Bwafamba yagiriye umwami w’Abanyankore. Ni iyihe?
  Yayimugiriye kubera kumukunda?
  4. Ukurikije ikivugwamo urasanga uyu mwandiko ari bwoko ki?
  5. Uretse igitero umaze gusoma vuga ibindi bitero waba uzi.
  6. Muri make muri uyu mwandiko haravugwamo iyihe nsanganyamatsiko?
  7. Sobanura uko abatware b’Abanyankore bakiriye igitekerezo cy’umwami
  Ntare cyo gutera u Rwanda.

  
  

  II. Inyunguramagambo

  
  Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro ugendeye ku nyito afite mu mwandiko:
  

  a) Iyo gihera

  b) Gukura ubwatsi

  c) Guhuhura

  d) Intore

  e) Guhiga

  III. Ubuvanganzo
  
  

  1. Tanga ingeri eshanu zo mu buvangazo nyabami wize.
  2. Ukoresheje ubushobozi wungukiye muri uyu mutwe wa mbere, gereranya
  igitekerezo k’ingabo n’ikivugo.
  3. Ibyakorwaga mu gutangira no gusoza igitero wabigereranya ute na gahunda
  ubuyobozi bushyize imbere yo kureba ibyo abantu biyemeje gukora n’uko
  babigezeho?
  4. Hanga ikivugo k’imikarago nibura icumi wishyize mu mwanya w’umuntu
  wirata ubutwari bw’ibikorwa byiza yakoze.

  
  

  
  

  
  

  

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  UMUTWE WA 2: UBURINGANIRE N’UBWUZUZANYE
  

  UMWANDIKO: ABABIRI BAJYA INAMA

  
  

  Umuryango wa Kamari na Nyiramana, ni umuryango witeje imbere mu gihe
  nyamara bombi bashakanye ari abakene. Bamaze kurushinga, rubanda rukomeza
  kubaha inkwenene bavuga ko nta cyo bazigezaho. Ariko bo ntibacika intege
  kuko bahamyaga ko ibintu bishakwa ntawubivukana kandi ko abagiye inama
  ntakibananira. Mu mibanire yabo, barangwaga no kumvikana, gufashanya, kujya
  inama no gukorera hamwe. Kubera ko bari baramenyaniye mu mahugurwa
  y’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi bwa kijyambere, umushinga wa mbere batekereje wari uwo
  guhinga no korora. Mu buhinzi bwabo bose barafatanyaga. Kubera ko isambu bari
  bafite itari ihagije, umusaruro wabo ntiwatumaga bashobora gusagurira isoko.
  Umunsi umwe bahinguye, bamaze kurya baratangira baraganira. Maze Nyiramana

  aterura ikiganiro. 

  – Ko mbona ubuhinzi bwacu budatera imbere twatekereje ubundi buryo bwo
  kwiteza imbere?
  – Kagire inkuru. Twakora iki kugira ngo twivane mu bukene?
  – Nge natekereje gukora umushinga w’ubuhinzi bwa kijyambere n’ubworozi
  bw’inkoko z’inyama n’iz’amagi, ahubwo twigire hamwe uko twashakisha
  igishoro. Igihe twahuriraga mu mahugurwa batubwiye ko iyo ufite umushinga
  uteguye neza uwujyana muri banki bakakuguriza amafaranga yo kuwushyira
  mu bikorwa, bityo ukajya ubishyura buhorobuhoro.
  – Nukonuko mugore mwiza! Ni byo koko ababiri bajya inama baruta umunani

  urasana! Reka tubikore dutyo.

  Nyuma y’icyo kiganiro, biyemeza kunonosora umushinga wabo bukeye bagana
  banki gusaba inguzanyo maze barayihabwa. Bidatinze batisha igishanga, maze
  si uguhinga karahava! Umugabo yakurikiranaga umushinga w’ubuhinzi, naho
  umugore akurikirana umushinga w’ubworozi. Batera imbuto z’indobanure, ikirere
  na cyo kirabakundira. Ku isarura rya mbere, bashoboye kwishyura icya kabiri
  k’inguzanyo bari basabye, bagura izindi nkoko z’amagi banubaka ibindi bibuti
  by’inkoko. Ibyo byatumye benshi ndetse no mu babahaga inkwenene bibaza uko
  babakiranye. Ibyo byaterwaga n’uko batari bazi ibanga ryabo ryo kubahana no

  kugirana inama igihe cyose bagiye kugira icyo bakora.

  Bamaze kwishyura umwenda wose wa banki batangira kuzigamira abana bazabyara.
  Biyubakira inzu nziza ya kijyambere baba abakungu barakira karahava. Hashize
  igihe bigira inama yo kubyara abana kubera ko bari bamaze kubona umutungo
  wabafasha kubarera, bidatinze bibaruka abana babiri. Ababyeyi bombi bafatanya
  kubitaho babarerana urukundo, abo bana bahabwa ibyangombwa bikenewe
  nk’indyo yuzuye kandi ifite ubuziranenge, imyambaro ikwiye n’ubuvuzi nyabwo.
  Igihe kigeze babashakira amashuri meza. Babatoza kubahana no gufatanya mu
  turimo tunyuranye two mu rugo. Hashize igihe bongera kwigira inama yo kubyara
  undi mwana wa gatatu. Nk’uko baranzwe n’ubufatanye muri byose, iyo Nyiramana

  yabaga ahugiye mu turimo tunyuranye, Kamari ni we witaga ku ruhinja. 

  Umunsi umwe nyuma y’umuganda, abawitabiriye bamaze kuganira ku
  nsanganyamatsiko y’iterambere, Umuyobozi w’Umudugudu afata ijambo asaba
  Kamari n’umugore we guhaguruka. Maze akomeza agira ati: “Impamvu mpagurukije
  aba bantu ndagira ngo mbasabe ko mubashimira nk’umuryango w’intangarugero
  mu iterambere mu Mudugudu wacu. Ariko kandi ndagira ngo na bo mbasabe

  batwibire ibanga rituma batera imbere kugira ngo tubarebereho.”

  Umunsi umwe nyuma y’umuganda, abawitabiriye bamaze kuganira ku
  nsanganyamatsiko y’iterambere, Umuyobozi w’Umudugudu afata ijambo asaba
  Kamari n’umugore we guhaguruka. Maze akomeza agira ati: “Impamvu mpagurukije
  aba bantu ndagira ngo mbasabe ko mubashimira nk’umuryango w’intangarugero
  mu iterambere mu Mudugudu wacu. Ariko kandi ndagira ngo na bo mbasabe

  batwibire ibanga rituma batera imbere kugira ngo tubarebereho.”

  Kamari asaba Nyiramana kuba ari we ubanza kuvuga, maze Nyiramana aterura agira
  ati: “Iterambere ry’urugo rwacu rishingiye ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye bwacu
  kubera ko twiyemeje kujya inama muri byose, tugafatanya kandi tukubahana.” Kamari
  na we yafashe ijambo avuga ko uzakenera inama wese azabasanga bakayimugira.
  Abari aho bose barabashimira maze bataha biyemeje gukurukiza inama bagiriwe
  n’umuryango wa Kamari. Nyuma y’igihe gito, iterambere mu Mudugudu wabo

  ryagaragariraga buri wese.

  I. Inyunguramagambo

  
  1. Urebera mu merekezo yose, tahura muri iki kinyatuzu amagambo afite
  ibisobanuro bikurikira.
  

  a) Ibitwenge byo kunnyega umuntu.

  b) Twongere twiteze imbere.

  c) Amafaranga atangiza umushinga.

  d) Gutunganya neza.

  e) Gutanga amafaranga bakaguha umurima wo guhinga mu gihe runaka.

  f) Umuntu ukize ku bintu.

  g) Uburyo bw’ibitsina byombi bwo kugira ubushobozi, uburenganzira

  n’uruhare rugaragara bwo gukorera umuryango n’igihugu muri rusange.

  h) Ubufatanye bugaragarira mu mirimo umugore yunganiramo umugabo ku

  buryo buri wese abarirwa mu murimo runaka mu bwubahane.

  i) Igikorwa cyo kuzamura imibereho myiza.

  
  

  2. Koresha mu nteruro amagambo akurikira ugaragaza ko wumva icyo

  avuga mu mwandiko.

  a) Inkwenene

  b) Igishoro

  c) Umukungu

  II. Kumva umwandiko

  1. Ni ba nde bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Kuki rubanda bavugaga ko nta cyo

  bazigezaho?

  2. Umuryango w’abavugwa mu mwandiko urangwa n’iki?

  3. Iterambere ry’umuryango wa Kamari na Nyiramana rikomoka he?

  4. Sobanura uko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ari inkingi y’iterambere.

  5. Garagaza akamaro k’umuco wo kuzigama kagaragara mu mwandiko.

  6. Mu mwandiko batubwira ko umuryango wa Kamari wagaburiraga abana

  babo indyo yuzuye kandi ifite ubuziranenge. Sobanura akamaro ko kurya

  indyo ifite ubuziranenge.

  III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
  

  1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko.

  2. Ni irihe somo ryo mu buzima busanzwe twakura muri uyu mwandiko?

  
  

  IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo

  Ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira: “Ibyiza

  by’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu Rwanda.”

  
  

  IKESHAMVUGO
  Soma umwandiko ukurikira maze usubize ikibazo cyawubajijweho.
  Impanuro z’umubyeyi
  Igihe kimwe Kamana akitse imirimo, yari mu ruganiriro hamwe n’abana be Bukesha
  na Mariza aterura ikiganiro agira ati: “Ariko bana bange mureke tuganire ku busugire
  bw’ururimi rwacu.”
  Kamana: Harya iyo bukeye umworozi w’inka iyo agitangira kuzikama bavuga ko
  agira ate?
  Bukesha: Bavuga ko atangiye kuzikurura amabere.
  Mariza: Reka da! Ariko Bukesha nawe nta byawe! Suzi ko babyita kwinikiza! Mu
  ishuri twarabyize.

  Bukesha: Uzi ko ari byo koko! Ariko nawe hari aho ubyishe: Ntibavuga: “Suzi ko”;
  bavuga:“Ntuzi ko”.
  Mariza: Yego koko. Ngaho noneho nawe vuga uko kurangiza gukama babyita.
  Bukesha: Babyita guhumuza.

  
  

  Bukesha: Uzi ko ari byo koko! Ariko nawe hari aho ubyishe: Ntibavuga: “Suzi ko”;

  bavuga:“Ntuzi ko”.

  Mariza: Yego koko. Ngaho noneho nawe vuga uko kurangiza gukama babyita.

  Bukesha: Babyita guhumuza.

  Kamana: Murumva rero ko dukwiye kujya tunoza ururimi rwacu ntiturwangize uko
   twiboneye.Tukamenya imvugo ikoreshwa ku mata nko kuyabuganiza,
   umubanji n’ibindi.
   Tukibuka ko kurangiza koza ibyansi n’ibisabo na byo babyita guhumuza;
   ingoma n’isekuru byasaduka bakavuga ko byariboye n’ibindi ntarondoye. Si
   ibyo gusa kandi: ubu bamwe muri mwe baba bavuze ngo natarondoye,
   ngo ndavuze uti, ngo bimeze ute? n’ibindi. Ibi byose bishobora gutuma
   abazi ururimi rwacu babaseka kandi kurunoza bitagoye. Muge mukurikira
   neza ibyo umwarimu yigisha kandi namwe muge mwihatira kuganira
   mu Kinyarwanda kinoze.

  Ikibazo
  Muri iki kiganiro umubyeyi arashishikariza abana kunoza imvugo yabo. Ubwo
  buryo bwo kunoza imvugo no kuyikesha bwitwa ngo iki? Kora ubushakashatsi na
  bagenzi bawe utahure inshoza y’ubwo buryo unashakishe izindi mvugo zinoze
  zikoreshwa ku nka, ku mata, ku isekuru, ku gisabo, ku ngoma no ku zindi mvugo
  zikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi.

  
  

  Inshoza y’ikeshamvugo

  
  Ikeshamvugo ni ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu kuvuga no guhanga mu Kinyarwanda.
  Iyo akaba ari imvugo inoze, yuje ikinyabupfura, ifite inganzo kandi ivugitse ku buryo
  bunoze. Ikeshamvugo ahanini, ni imvugo ikoreshwa mu guha agaciro umuntu uyu
  n’uyu cyangwa ikintu iki n’iki bitewe n’akamaro gifite mu muco w’Abanyarwanda,
  bityo hakirindwa gukoreshwa izina ryacyo mu buryo bukocamye. Mu ikeshamvugo ni
  ho hakoreshwa ijambo “Ntibavuga, bavuga.” Umuntu akaba yabasha gutandukanya
  imvugo ikoreshwa ku mwami, ku ngoma, ku nka, ku mata n’ibindi.

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  Ikitonderwa
  Ikeshamvugo ntirishingira gusa ku nka, ingoma, amata… ahubwo rinashingira
  ku mvugo dukoresha buri munsi. Ni ngombwa ko imvugo dukoresha iba inoze,
  yubahiriza ikibonezamvugo kandi idashyoma cyangwa ngo ivangavange
  Ikinyarwanda n’izindi ndimi.

  
  
  
  
  

  g) Kuvanga indimi
  

  Iri kosa ryo kuvanga indimi rikorwa akenshi iyo uvuga akoresha Ikinyarwanda

  akivanga n’indimi z’amahanga cyangwa agatanga igitekerezo ke mu Kinyarwanda

  akoresheje imiterere y’izindi ndimi.

  
  

  
  

  h) Amagambo yerekeye amasano n’indamukanyo

  Iyi mivugire iboneka cyane mu magambo aranga amasano 

  no mu ndamukanyo. Kumpamvu zitandukanye zirimo no

   gutira mu zindi ndimi, usanga abantu batakimenya amagamb

   yabugenewe y’Ikinyarwanda.

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  ISUZUMA RISOZA UMUTWE WA KABIRI

  Soma umwandiko ukurikira maze usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.

  Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere ry’umuryango

  Kugira ngo umuryango utere imbere hakenerwa ibintu byinshi kandi binyuranye,

  birimo ibiribwa bihagije, uburezi, ubuzima buzira umuze, umutekano, ubukungu

  n’ibindi. Iyo urebye neza ariko hari ikintu k’ibanze gikwiye guhabwa agaciro

  mbere ya byose mu kubaka iterambere rirambye ry’umuryango. Hari abemeza

  ko iyo hatitawe ku ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye usanga mu muryango

  hari icyuho kandi kiganisha ku mibereho mibi.

  
  

  Kugira ngo umuryango wihaze mu biribwa niba utunzwe n’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi,
  

  ingufu z’umugabo n’umugore ziba zikenewe kuko nta n’umwe ukwiye guharira
  undi umurimo uyu n’uyu ahubwo bose bagomba kunganirana bityo bakagera
  ku musaruro ushimishije kuko bose baba babishyizeho umwete. Urugero
  twafata hano, ni nk’igihe umugabo n’umugore baba biriranywe bahinga igihe
  cyo guhingura hagomba guterwa intabire umwe muri bo akaba yakwiyumvisha
  ko icyo gikorwa kitamureba yewe akaba atanakora imbagara ngo akeka ko uwo
  murimo utamugenewe. 

  
  

  Ikindi umuntu yavuga kuri iyi ngingo ni uko ubworozi busaba gushirika ubute
  no guhozaho kugira ngo amatungo akenurwe ku kigero gishimishije bityo na
  yo atange umusaruro. Iyo hari umwe mu bagize umuryango wiyumvisemo ko
  atakora umurimo runaka wo mu bworozi aba ateshutse kuko igihombo kiba kiri
  ku muryango wose.

  
  

  Uburezi bw’abana mu muryango ni inkingi ikomeye y’iterambere. Mu burezi
  umugore cyangwa umugabo agomba gutanga umusanzu ufatika nta kwitana ba
  mwana kuko umwana apfa mu iterura. Ikindi kandi nta n’umwe ukwiye kumva
  ko uburere umwana aherwa mu muryango bugenewe gutangwa n’umwe muri
  bo ahubwo bose bagomba gutahiriza umugozi umwe kugira ngo bubake ejo
  hazaza h’abana babo. Inyana ni iya mweru; abana na bo bafata urugero rwiza ku
  babyeyi babo ugasanga abahungu n’abakobwa buzuzanya muri byose.

  
  

  Umuryango udafite ubuzima buzira umuze nta cyo uba ushingiyeho, ni yo
  mpamvu umugabo n’umugore bakwiye kwita ku buzima bwabo n’ubw’abo
  bashinzwe kurera. Iyo havuzwe ingingo y’ubuzima humvikana kwirinda indwara,
  gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo kunoza imikorere mu by’ubuvuzi no kuvurizwa
  igihe iyo hari uwarwaye.

  
  

  Ni yo mpamvu rero yaba umugabo cyangwa umugore, umwana w’umuhungu
  cyangwa umukobwa, bakwiye kwita ku buzima bwabo n’ubw’abandi kuko bose
  bibareba. Urugero rwatangwa hano ni uko umwana atarembera mu rugo nyina 

  adahari kuko abagabo bamwe bumva ko kujyana umwana ukiri muto kwa
  muganga cyangwa kumukingiza bigenewe abagore gusa. 

  
  

  Umutekano wo mu muryango na wo ni ngombwa. Iyo hubahirijwe uburenganzira
  bwa buri muntu bwaba ubwo agenerwa n’amategeko cyangwa umuryango,
  usanga urugo rufite amahoro arambye, kuko nta n’umwe utsikamirwa hitwajwe
  ko ari uyu n’uyu. Aha rero ni ho uburinganire bugaragarira kuko abantu bose
  bareshya imbere y’amategeko.

  
  

   Ubukungu ni ikintu k’ingenzi mu muryango no mu gihugu muri rusange.
  Ubukungu rero ntibumanuka mu ijuru ahubwo buraharanirwa. Baca umugani
  mu Kinyarwanda ngo: “Abishyize hamwe ntakibananira”, buri wese mu bagize
  umuryango agomba kumva ko kugira ngo umuryango utere imbere agomba
  kubigiramo uruhare, kandi byose bishoboka iyo hari ubushake. Nta n’umwe
  ugomba kwitinya ngo iki n’iki kigenewe uyu n’uyu ahubwo bagomba kunganirana
  muri byose. 

  
  

  Muri make abagiye inama Imana irabasanga, kandi umutwe umwe wifasha
  gusara ntiwigira inama. Iterambere rihera mu rugo rikagukira mu muryango
  mugari rigakwira Igihugu cyose. Uwiba ahetse aba abwiriza uwo mu mugongo,
  babyeyi urugero muha abana ni rwo bakurikiza. Umuryango uhamye urakenewe
  ngo Igihugu gitere imbere. Ni ngombwa kandi ko habaho amahirwe angana
  ku bitsina byombi. Ni inshingano ya buri wese kugira uruhare rugaragara mu
  kubaka umuryango muzima urangwa n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye kuko ari
  byo shingiro ry’iterambere ry’umuryango.

  
  

  I. Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
  1. Ni ibihe bintu by’ingenzi bivugwa mu mwandiko bya ngombwa mu
  iterambere ry’umuryango?
  2. Kuki ibyo byose bitagerwaho bidashingiye ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye?
  3. Ku bwawe iyo havuzwe uburinganire wumva iki?
  4. Ese ubona bikwiye ko umugore cyangwa umugabo basiganira umurimo
  runaka kandi bose bawushoboye?
  5. Uburere bw’abana buhuzwa bute n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye muri uyu
  mwandiko?
  6. Vuga muri make uko uyu umwandiko ugaragaza uburinganire
  n’ubwuzuzanye.
  7. Garagaza imigani y’imigenurano yakoreshejwe muri uyu mwandiko ifitanye
  isano n’uburinganire.

  II. Inyunguramagambo
  

  1. Koresha aya magambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva icyo

  asobanura mu mwandiko.

  a) Umuze

  b) Umwete

  c) Ubute

  d) Icyuho

  e) Intabire

  2. Huza buri jambo n’igisobanuro cyaryo.

  
  

  
  

  III. Ikeshamvugo
  1. Kosora umwandiko ukurikira ukoresheje imvugo inoze.
  Amashyo y’iwacu
  Mu muryango wacu muri iyi minsi twahiriwe n’ubworozi, amatungo abyara ari
  menshi. Ubwo rero murumva ko dufite inyana nyinshi zikivuka zibera mu kiraro
  cyazo. Ni muri urwo rwego abana tuvukana bamerewe neza binywera amata y’inka
  ikibyara. Iyo umushumba wazo atangiye gukama, umukobwa tuvukana ni we uba
  hafi ngo asubize inyuma inyana itamukoma akayamena. Iyo ayisubije inyuma, mba
  ndi hafi ngahita mfata ibyatsi nkayihanagura.

  
  Ubundi inka zacu twajyaga tuziha umubirizi zimaze gukamwa none isekuru
  twawusekuragamo yarasadutse, dadi akaba ateganya kubaza indi no kugura ikindi
  gisabo vuba aha.Uwo mushumba wacu akunda gukama akoresha amaboko yombi,
  yarangiza gukama tukayasuka mu byansi, tukayatereka ku meza aho abikwa.Ubwo
  inka tukazijyana aho zirisha ari na ho mpurira n’amaniga yange.

  
  

  
  

  3. Hanga umwandiko uvuga ku mwami cyangwa ku bworozi bw’inka

  ukoreshemonibura amagambo icumi y’ikeshamvugo ku mwami cyangwa ku

  nka uyaceho akarongo.

  
  

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  UMUTWE WA 3 : UBUZIMA

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   7b
  

  Umwinjizo w’umukino
  Muri uyu mukino: “Ubwenge buza ubujiji buhise”, muriyumviramo ukuntu
  Nyinawumuntu, yatsimbararaga ku myumvire idahwitse yo kubyara abana
  benshi, ngo akunde yororoke nk’umusenyi wo ku nyanja. Nyamara yagiye ku kigo
  nderabuzima, na bwo ku bwa burembe, yumvise uko urubyiruko rugisha inama
  rushaka kumenya iby’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, ndetse n’abatanze ubuhamya ku
  byiza byo kuboneza urubyaro, afata ikemezo cyo guhinduka no kuba intumwa nziza

  ku bandi bafite imyumvire itaboneye. 

  Abakinnyi dusanga muri uyu mukino n’imiterere yabo.
  Nyinawumuntu: Ni umugore ubyara indahekana. Nyuma y’igihe kirekire
  ahora mu makimbirane n’umugabo we yaje kwisubiraho.
  Mugwiza: Ni umugabo wa Nyinawumuntu. Ashyira mu gaciro, ndetse
  yifuza ko we n’umugore we baboneza urubyaro.
  Mugisha: Ni umugabo uri mu kigero k’imyaka 43. Na we yacengewe
  n’umuco wo kuringaniza urubyaro ndetse abishishikariza
  abandi.
  Iribagiza: Ni umuyobozi w’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Kinigi akaba
  n’inzobere mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere no

  kuboneza urubyaro.
  Fofo: Ni umukobwa uri mu kigero k’imyaka 20 ukora mu kabari.
  Akunze guhura n’ikibazo cy’abagabo bamushuka ko
  bamukunda, akabima amatwi.
  Gwiza: Ni ingaragu afite imyaka 21. Akunda gushukwa n’urundi
  rubyiruko ngo akore imibonano mpuzabitsina ariko akagira
  amakenga ndetse agakomera ku bumanzi bwe.
  Murenzi: Ni umusore w’ibigango n’igikuriro. Afite imyaka 23. Azwiho
  gutwara abagore b’abandi.

  Gakwaya: Ni se wa Murenzi, agisha inama kandi ni inyangamugayo.

  Igice cya mbere
  Agakino ka mbere
  Aka gakino karakinirwa mu ruganiriro kwa Mugwiza na Nyinawumuntu. Ni mu
  gitondo bambaye imyambaro idashamaje nk’abakene, Mugwiza yicaye ku ntebe ya
  kinyarwanda, Nyinawumuntu yicaye ku kirago; mbese biragaragara ko bari mu rugo

  rutifashije. 

  Mugwiza: (Yicaye wenyine yiyumvira) Mbe Nyinawumu...?
  Nyinawumuntu: ( Ijwi ryumvikanire kure, ndetse abanze kwisyigiza) Asyi! Ariko
  

  wowe ni uguhora umpamagara gusaaa! Vuga ndakumva!

  Mugwiza: (Yimyoze ) Igira hino uce akabogi ku muce ariko ngire icyo
  

  nkwibariza, ntuzi ko ijambo ryiza ari mugenzi w’Imana kandi

  ubamba isi ntakurure!

  Nyinawumuntu: Ubu ntunzindukiye ntarikorera uturimo di! Vumvura vuba
  

  wasanga ari ikinkiza uyu muruho n’agahinda nterwa n’uru

  rugo rutindi!

  Mugwiza: Ariko uzitonganya uzageze ryari? Ayo maganya uhorana
  

  ukagira ngo si wowe wayikururiye n’izo ndahekana zawe?

  Nyinawumuntu: Ugize ngo iki...? Umpamagariye kuntuka se? Mva iwacu hari
  

  inda naje nikoreye ku mutwe? Ariko koko bararya zikishyura!

  Umenye ko umanika agati wicaye wajya kukamanura

  ugahaguruka!Nta soni!

  Nyinawumuntu: Ntuza ntuza iki? Ni uko usanzwe ndakuzi kandi uhishe

  mu nda ntiyibwa n’imbwa. Uhora umbwira ngo mbyara

  nk’urukwavu! Ariko ni abange koko! Ko utamfasha kubarera

  se, shyuhuhuuu! Ariko nagorwa nagorwa!

  Mugwiza: (Ase nugira uburakari) Hama hamwe uwanze kumva ntiyanze

  no kubona. Nkubwira ngo uboneze urubyaro, ukananira!

  Icara urambye wumve ingaruka!

  Nyinawumuntu: Wahondaga utanoga di! Ngo bagire ngo! Umuturanyi

  wacu ko yihaye kuboneza urubyaro, byagenze bite? Nta bo

  wumva babisamiraho se? Abapagani gusa! Ijambo ry’Imana

  riratubwira riti: “Mubyare mwororoke mugwire mwuzure isi,

  mungane nk’umusenyi n’inyenyeri.” Ni nde wababwiye ko isi

  yuzuye se?

  (Atuje cyane asa n’uwinginga) Nyamara nkubwire saro

  risumba ayandi nahawe na Rudasumbwa, amahane yawe

  nta cyo azakugezaho! Nashakaga kukubwira ngo tuge

  kugisha inama ku kigo nderabuzima, cyane ko numvise

  umuhwituzi avuga ko ku Kigo Nderabuzima cya Kinigi

  hari iyo gahunda yo kugira inama abaturage ku bijyanye

  n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere no kuboneza urubyaro.

  Nyinawumuntu: (Acururuke gato) Nange mbikenge undi mukiro wari

  umpamagariye umuseke ugitamuruka mu cyoko!

  Ibitesha umuntu igihe ntibibura! Batanga se utujumba

  n’udushyimbo byibura ngo twihere abana? Izo

  mburamukoro gusa! Ugeyo wenyine n’ubundi uwiruka mu

  ntabire y’undi ntabura amaguru. Nge sinishoboreye ngiye

  kwihingira! (Ahaguruke agende, Mugwiza asigare wenyine

  yumiwe)

  
  

  Mugwiza: (Atuje cyane) Tuza ariko nivugiraga mugore nkunda weze
  

  inono ku menyo, kibero kezeho amaribori, ukaba ikemezo

  cy’urugwiro. Nagira ngo twiganirire iby’ubu buzima bwacu,

  tuza rwose.

  Nyinawumuntu: Ntuza ntuza iki? Ni uko usanzwe ndakuzi kandi uhishe
  

  mu nda ntiyibwa n’imbwa. Uhora umbwira ngo mbyara

  nk’urukwavu! Ariko ni abange koko! Ko utamfasha kubarera

  se, shyuhuhuuu! Ariko nagorwa nagorwa!

  Mugwiza: (Ase nugira uburakari) Hama hamwe uwanze kumva ntiyanze
  

  no kubona. Nkubwira ngo uboneze urubyaro, ukananira!

  Icara urambye wumve ingaruka!

  Nyinawumuntu: Wahondaga utanoga di! Ngo bagire ngo! Umuturanyi
  

  wacu ko yihaye kuboneza urubyaro, byagenze bite? Nta bo

  wumva babisamiraho se? Abapagani gusa! Ijambo ry’Imana

  riratubwira riti: “Mubyare mwororoke mugwire mwuzure isi,

  mungane nk’umusenyi n’inyenyeri.” Ni nde wababwiye ko isi

  yuzuye se?

  (Atuje cyane asa n’uwinginga) Nyamara nkubwire saro

  risumba ayandi nahawe na Rudasumbwa, amahane yawe

  nta cyo azakugezaho! Nashakaga kukubwira ngo tuge

  kugisha inama ku kigo nderabuzima, cyane ko numvise

  umuhwituzi avuga ko ku Kigo Nderabuzima cya Kinigi

  hari iyo gahunda yo kugira inama abaturage ku bijyanye

  n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere no kuboneza urubyaro.

  Nyinawumuntu: (Acururuke gato) Nange mbikenge undi mukiro wari
  

  umpamagariye umuseke ugitamuruka mu cyoko!

  Ibitesha umuntu igihe ntibibura! Batanga se utujumba

  n’udushyimbo byibura ngo twihere abana? Izo

  mburamukoro gusa! Ugeyo wenyine n’ubundi uwiruka mu

  ntabire y’undi ntabura amaguru. Nge sinishoboreye ngiye

  kwihingira! (Ahaguruke agende, Mugwiza asigare wenyine

  yumiwe)

  Agakino ka kabiri
  Aka gakino karakinirwa mu gikari cy’urugo kwa Mugwiza n’umugore we
  Nyinawumuntu agaragara ko atwite. Nyinawumuntu afite isuka mu ntoki
  nk’ugiye guhinga, Mugisha aze kubakangurira kwitabira amahugurwa,
  bazane udutebe bicareho baganire, utwana ikenda tw’indahekana dushonje
  twambaye ubucabari twicaye ku muryango w’inzu tubitegereza.
  Mugwiza: Ubu koko amaherezo azaba ayahe?
  Nyinawumuntu: (Akubite igitwenge aseke cyaneee) Ngo amaherezo azaba
  ayahe? Ubaye wa wundi uhora yibaza iby’uko bwira n’uko
  bucya se! (Aririmbe yishongora: Ese ko bucya bukiraaa

  amahereeezo azaba ayahe weee!)

  Mugwiza: (N’ijwi ryihanangiriza) Ariko Nyinawumu! Uwiruka atizwa
  umurindi n’umwirukankana koko. Sinzongera kukubwira
  ibyo kuboneza urubyaro no kumenya iby’imyororokere,
  gusa uzirengere ingaruka. (Ahite yumva umuntu ubaramutsa)
  Mugisha (N’ijwi risa n’irirenga) Mwaramutse aba hano? Ni Mugisha
  ubasuhuza.
  Mugwiza: Mwaramutse? (Mugisha yinjire)
  Nyinawumuntu: Ese ni wowe Mugi, ko uturamukiye se, uragenzwa n’iki?
  Reka nzane udutebe two kwicaraho. (Azane udutebe twa
  kinyarwanda bicare)
  Mugisha: Ni ubuhoro ariko! Numvise mwari mu kiganiro ariko
  

  musakuza, nza kureba ibyo murimo!

  Nyinawumuntu: Sinzi ibyo yari arimo ambwira ra!

  Mugisha: Umva kandi. (Aseke gato ) Ntubizi kandi numvaga muvuga
  

  ku ngingo nziza?

  Nyinawumuntu: Yewe ga yewe ga! Uzi ko uwububa abonwa n’uhagaze bahu!
  

  Burya bwose wumvirizaga ibyo twavugaga?

  Mugisha: Oya sinumviriza abantu. Nihitiraga amagambo agira atya
  

  angwa mu gutwi.

  Mugwiza: Ni byo rata twavugaga ibyo kujya kugisha inama ku kigo
  

  nderabuzima, ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere no

  ku kuboneza urubyaro.

  Mugisha: Ntiwumva; nange ubu ndi kugana ku kigo nderabuzima.
  

  Namwe abahwituzi babagezeho?

  Mugwiza Batugezeho ariko nararigushije, Nyinawumuntu yanze

  andaba ivu mu gahanga! Aracyari wa wundi boshye

  akabaye icwende koga nti...reka nicecekere nako.

  Mugisha: Ubwo se yabikora bahu? Dore ubu bukene bw’akarande
  

  buterwa no kuba mutaraboneje urubyaro. Rero ndabona

  anatwite indi!

  Mugwiza: e. Ntidushobora kubona ibitunga abana
  

  bahora bicira isazi mu jisho, kwambara ukuri byo

  barabimenyereye, kubavuza ni ikibazo! Icyangira umuntu

  gitera agahinda gusa!

  Mugisha: Izo ni ingaruka nyine! Aho isi igeze kirazira kikaziririzwa
  

  kubyara abo udashoboye kurera, kuko ni ukwiyica uhagaze

  ukica n’ubuzima bw’abo ubyara.

  
  Nyinawumuntu: (N’agasuzuguro) Mwasomye ntimwasogongeye ariko!
  

  Ubuzima bwicwa n’iyo miti njya numva! Nge hari icyo ntaka

  uretse ubukene?

  Mugwiza: Yego nyine iyo tubyara abo dushoboye kurera, ntuba utaka
  

  ubwo bukene!

  Nyinawumuntu: (Ase n’ugira amakenga) Gute se?
  Mugisha: Igihe uta urera abana barenga ikenda bose, iyo uza kuba
  

  ufite babiri uba ugikoresha mu kubashakira ibibatunga no

  kubateganyiriza ejo hazaza.

  Mugwiza: Si uko! Ubu se baziga koko, kandi ubu amashuri ari wo
  

  murage? Kera ababyeyi bagiraga iminani baragaga abana

  babo. Ubu abacu tuzabaraga iki?

  Nyinawumuntu: Nimuhebere urwaje rero, none se twakwihakana urubyaro
                                      rwacu.
  Mugisha: Guhunga ibibazo si ubutwari ni ubugwari bukabije, kuko
  

  intore ntiganya ishaka ibisubizo. Byongeye kandi Leta y’u

  Rwanda nta we ishaka ko abaho nabi aririra mu myotsi.

  Ubu se mwe gahunda ya Gira Inka Munyarwanda ntiri hafi

  kubageraho!

  Nyinawumuntu: (N’ibyishimo byinshi) Ni byo se! Ayo ni amareshyamugeni
                                   have sigaho!
  Mugisha: Ni ukuri rwose. Gusa mugomba kwitabira gahunda za Leta
  zirimo kuboneza urubyaro, kugana ibigo nderabuzima
  mukagisha inama ku buzima bwanyu, n’ibindi. Isaha ziragiye
  ahubwo muze tugende tudatinda.
  Mugwiza: Nge nahagurutse. Haguruka nawe Nyinawumu... Singenda
  ngusize!
  Mugisha: Ntiwumva ko nta rundi rwitwazo Nyinawumu...! Erega
  gahunda za Leta kuzitabira ni byiza birigisha kandi
  bigafasha abantu no guhindura imyumvire!
  Nyinawumuntu: (Abanze kwiyumvira) Tugende ariko ni uko abaye wowe
  Mugi...!
  
  Mugwiza: Nyinawumu? Tuvugishije ukuri, hari uko ntakugize
  ukananira?
  Nyinawumuntu: Wowe se ko utifungishije ngo baguhindure ikiremba?
  Mugwiza: Byo se nari kubikora tutabyumvikanyeho? Erega byose
  bikorwa mu bwumvikane, mu bufatanye n’ubwuzuzanye
  bw’abashakanye
  Mugisha: Ni ukuri rwose. Gusa mugomba kwitabira gahunda za Leta
  zirimo kuboneza urubyaro, kugana ibigo nderabuzima
  mukagisha inama ku buzima bwanyu, n’ibindi. Isaha ziragiye
  ahubwo muze tugende tudatinda.
  Mugwiza: Nge nahagurutse. Haguruka nawe Nyinawumu... Singenda
  ngusize!
  Mugisha: Ntiwumva ko nta rundi rwitwazo Nyinawumu...! Erega
  gahunda za Leta kuzitabira ni byiza birigisha kandi
  

  bigafasha abantu no guhindura imyumvire!

  Nyinawumuntu: (Abanze kwiyumvira) Tugende ariko ni uko abaye wowe
  Mugi...!
  Mugwiza: Nyinawumu? Tuvugishije ukuri, hari uko ntakugize
  ukananira?
  Nyinawumuntu: Wowe se ko utifungishije ngo baguhindure ikiremba?
  Mugwiza: Byo se nari kubikora tutabyumvikanyeho? Erega byose
  bikorwa mu bwumvikane, mu bufatanye n’ubwuzuzanye
  

  bw’abashakanye.

  Mugisha: Erega ntibinabuza umuntu gukora imibonano
  mpuzabitsina, bibuza kororoka gusa. Uzi ko mutazi ubuzima
  bwanyu bw’imyororokere! Mureke twihute ndabizi ku kigo
  

  nderabuzima murahungukira byinshi. (Bahaguruke bagende)

  Igice cya kabiri
  Agakino ka mbere
  Aka gakino karakinirwa ku kigo nderabuzima, karakinwa na Iribagiza, Fofo,
  Gwiza, Gakwaya, Murenzi, Mugisha, Mugwiza na Nyinawimuntu. Iribagiza ari
  

  kugira inama abaturage bicaye mu gacaca, bacoca amagambo.

  Iribagiza: (Asuhuze abo bari kumwe) Muraho mwese! Nimugire
  ubuzima bwiza, mukure muzi ubuzima bw’imyororokere
  kandi mwororoke muringaniza urubyaro! Nagira ngo
  abafite ibibazo byihariye, duhereye ku rubyiruko, babanze
  

  babitugezeho tubone aho duhera.

  Fofo: Nitwa Fofo mfite imyaka makumyabiri, nkora mu kabari.
  Abagabo n’abasore bantesha umutwe bambwira ko ndi
  mwiza, bakankorakora cyangwa bagashaka kunsoma iyo ndi
  

  mu kazi, nkabyanga. Nakora iki ngo banshikeho?

  Gwiza: Nange nitwa Gwiza mfite imyaka 21. Bagenzi bange bahora
  banyumvisha ko nkwiye gushaka abakobwa cyangwa
  abagore dukorana imibonano mpuzabitsina, ngo ni
  bwo nzakira ibishishi mu maso n’ubugabo bwange ngo
  bugakura neza da! Ni byo koko?
  Gakwaya: Nge mungire inama, uyu muhungu wange Murenzi, numva
  bamwita umupfubuzi ngo abagore benshi ni we bayobotse.
  Iyo ngeso ntizatuma yisazira. (Abari aho bose bumirwe
  

  batangire kujujura)

  Iribagiza:  Ndabashimiye kuba mugishije inama ku bibazo muhura
                        na byo, mu rwego rwo kumenya ubuzima bwanyu
  

                        bw’imyororokere. Kuvugisha ukuri ni indangagaciro ikwiye

                    kuturanga. Reka mpere ku kibazo cya Fofo. (Ahamagare
  

                    Fofo) Fofo we?

  Fofo:           Karame!
  Iribagiza: Abo bagabo bagushuka bagukorakora, bikubaho
  buri munsi? Ese na bagenzi bawe mukorana ni ko
  

  bibagendekera? 

  Fofo: Yego, ariko buri wese arimenya. Abenshi barabakorakora,
             bagasangira inzoga, bakabahonga amafaranga ndetse
             hari n’abemera gutahana na bo. Nge rero numva
  

             ntawankorakora atarankoye

  Iribagiza: Ni byo koko abakobwa bahura n’ababashuka bashaka
  

  kubashora mu ngeso mbi z’ubusambanyi, kubashora

  mu biyobyabwenge, kubacuruza mu mahanga n’ibindi

  byinshi biteye agahinda. Buri wese agomba kwimenya,

  akifata, akirinda izo nkozi z’ibibi ziba zishaka kubata mu

  kangaratete, ukaba watwara inda idateganyijwe cyangwa

  y’imburagihe. Ushobora no kwandura indwara zandurira mu

  mibonano mpuzabitsina. Komera ku mugambi wawe wo

  kwimenya, ukomera ku busugi bwawe. Si byo?

  Fofo:      Murakoze kungira inama nziza!
  Iribagiza: Wowe rero Gwiza. Umubiri w’umuntu ugira imisemburo
  

  igenda itera impinduka bitewe n’ikigero ugezemo iyo ukura.

  Ibishishi ufite ni ukubera ikigero cy’ubukure ugezemo.

  Ntaho bihuriye no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina. Naho

  iby’ubugabo bwawe, ingingo z’umubiri w’umuntu zikura

  uko Imana yazigennye n’uko yaziremye, keretse bahayeho

  impamvu y’ubumuga runaka. Kandi na bwo umuntu

  ugize ikibazo ajya kwa muganga, abaganga bakamufasha.

  Hanyuma wowe Mure! Ibyo so yakuvuzeho ni byo?

  Murenzi: (Adidimanga) Urumva nyine, nyine, urumva... Ni ni ni byo
  

  rwose simbihakana. (Abantu bajujure)

  Iribagiza: (Acecekeshe abari mu nama) Ubwo se uzi ibibazo urimo
  

  kwikururira?

  Murenzi: Ibihe bibazo se kandi? Ni umwuga wange. Abashaka
  iyo ndyo barayibuze ndayibagaburira. None se wabona
  imboga ukazirengeshwa? (bamwe bagwe mu kantu, Gwiza
  

  akwenkwenuke, ubona ko bidasanzwe kumva ibyo bintu)

  Iribagiza: Mbabajwe n’uko ubivugana ishema aho kwigaya. Iyo
  si indangagaciro y’umuco wacu. Ubwo uzi indwara
  uzanduriramo nka Sida, imitezi, uburagaza, mburugu
  n’izindi? Bavandimwe muri aha, dufatanye kubyamaganira
  

  kure.

  Murenzi: (Avugane agahinda) Rwose mumbabarire byose
  nabiterwaga n’ubujiji, kandi mbarahiriye ko ntazabisubira
  

  ukundi.

  Iribagiza: Mumfashe gushimira Murenzi wiyemeje guhindura
  

  imyitwarire akaba atazongera kwijandika mu bikorwa

  by’urukozasoni. Noneho tubaze na bariya babyeyi

  bagire icyo batubwira ku byiza byo kumenya ubuzima

  bw’imyororokere no kuboneza urubyaro. ( Bose bamukomere

  amashyi) Reka twumve Mugisha ibyo atubwira.

  Mugisha: (Age imbere) Murakoze kumpa ijambo, baca umugani
  

  ngo: “Utaranigwa agaramye agira ngo ijuru riri hafi!”

  Ngishakana n’umugore wange Beza, twabanje kubura

  urubyaro, tujya mu bapfumu biba iby’ubusa. Twagiye

  kwa muganga, batugira inama, ikibazo cyacu kirakemuka,

  tubona umwana. Ubwo umugore wange ati: “Nkababyara

  nkimara agahinda!”(akubite agatwenge) Nange nti:

  “Nyabuna aho ibihe bigeze tugomba kuboneza urubyaro.”

  Kuva ubwo ntitwongeye gucana uwaka, amahoro mu rugo

  agenda nka Nyomberi. (yitse umutima gato) Nuko kera

  kabaye, tuza guhura n’umubyeyi ukiri muto cyane rwose,

  afite utwana tune tw’indahekana, twambaye ubucabari,

  umwanda ari wose, inzara sinababwira, mbese ubona ko

  bazahajwe n’ubukene. Umugore wange ahita aturika ararira.

  Mubajije icyo abaye ati: “Mbabajwe na turiya tuziranenge!”

  Naramubwiye nti: “Natwe nitutaboneza urubyaro ngurwo

  urudutegereje.” Ati: “Uramenye uramenye niba ari ibi

  ntitugomba kuzarenza abana babiri, ubundi tugafata akana

  kamwe muri utu tukakarera, tukagabanyiriza umuruho iyi

  ndushyi.” Ibyo twabishyize mu bikorwa, none ubu tumaze

  gutera imbere, abana bacu twarabakujije, turabateganyiriza,

  biga heza, dutuye neza, tumeze neza rwose. Muntu uri aha

  hitamo imara ipfa kuzabaho neza nkatwe cyangwa kuba

  magorwa. Ni ibyo nababwira. Murakoze! (Bamukomere

  amashyi menshi)

  Iribagiza: Ndumva nta kindi nakongeraho. Kumenya ubuzima
  

  bw’imyororokere no kuboneza urubyaro ntako bisa. Ni

  urufunguzo rw’imibereho myiza, iterambere, ibyishimo

  n’umugisha mu muryango. (Abaze niba hari ushaka kugira

  icyo yongeraho)

  Nyinawumuntu: Mbashimiye inama nziza mutugejejeho. Rwose kugeza
  

  ubu, nari naranangiye umutima, naranze kumva ibyiza byo

  kuboneza urubyaro, none ndabimenye. Nabitonganiye

  n’umugabo wange igihe kirekire, yagira ngo aravuze nti:

  “Kavuge idahiye!” Nari naramuhinduye umupagani utazi

  ijambo ry’Imana kugeza mbyaye abana ikenda bose

  kandi ejobundi nzabyara undi. Rwose musabye imbabazi

  imbere yanyu ambabarire. Nubwo nisamye nasandaye!

  Ubu niyemeje kubabera intumwa ku bandi bose bafite

  imyumvire idakwiye nk’iyo nari mfite. 

  Iribagiza: Mumfashe dushimire uyu mubyeyi. (Bose bamukomere
  

  amashyi menshi) Mwumvise ko tugomba kwitabira

  inyigisho ku buzima bw’imyororokere tukamenya

  imihindukire y’imibiri yacu, tukaboneza urubyaro kandi

  tukamenya indangagaciro na kirazira by’umuco wacu.

  Twese tumenye ubuzima bwacu. Mugire amahoro.

  Nyinawumuntu: Bahaguruke bahoberane n’ubwuzu bwinshi (Abari aho
  na Mugwiza : bakome mu mashyi.)
  
  I. Inyunguramagambo
  1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
  

  a) Guca akabogi
  b) Umuce
  c) Indahekana
  d) Babisamiraho
  e) Umuseke ugitamuruka mu cyoko
  f) Intabire
  g) Umurindi
  h) Baragaga
  i) Nimuhebere urwaje
  j) Kuririra mu myotsi
  k) Amareshyamugeni

  l) Mu kangaratete

  2. Uzuza interuro zikurikira wifashishije amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu
  

   mwandiko: urubyaro, indahekana, amareshyamugeni, ihame, imyororokere.

  a) Ni ngombwa ko abana bakibyiruka bamenya ubuzima bw’….………yabo.
  b) Amagambo ashukishwa abakobwa ni …………….
  c) Kuboneza ……………bituma abana bakura neza.
  d) Abana ba Kabanyana ni …..……… kuko barutana umwaka umwumwe.

  e) Umuryango wubahiriza ……………. ry’ubwuzuzanye utera imbere.

  3. Sobanura iyi migani y’imigenurano yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
  

  a) Ubwenge buza ubujiji buhise.
  b) Ijambo ryiza ni mugenzi w’Imana.

  c) Umanika agati wicaye wajya kukamanura ugahaguruka.

  4. Vangura interuro zijyanye no kuboneza urubyaro mu nteruro zikurikira.
  

  a) Ni byiza kubyara abo ushoboye kurera.
  b) Abantu barabyara Imana ikabarerera.
  c) Kubaho nabi mu muryango biterwa no kuboneza urubyaro.
  d) Umuryango waboneje urubyaro ubaho neza.
  e) Gukurikiza inama z’abaganga n’abajyanama b’ubuzima.
  f) Kugira ubuzima bwiza bituruka ku kubyara indahekana.
  g) Mubyare mugwire isi mungane nk’inyenyeri zo mu kirere.
  h) Kutabasha gushyira abana mu ishuri bituruka rimwe na rimwe ku kutaboneza
   urubyaro.
  i) Guteganyiriza umuryango bijyana no kuboneza urubyaro.
  j) Ubukene bw’akarande bushobora guterwa no kubyara abo udashoboye

   kurera.

  II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
  

  1. Kumenya ubuzima bw’imyororokere bisobanuye iki?
  2. Kuki Mugisha na Beza babayeho neza?
  3. Amakimbirane ari mu rugo rwa Mugwiza na Nyinawumuntu aterwa n’iki?
  4. Ese n’abagabo baboneza urubyaro? Sobanura.
  5. Urubyiruko rushobora gukura he amakuru arwigisha ubuzima
   bw’imyororokere?
  6. Usanga urubyiruko rumenye neza ubuzima bw’imyororokere byarumarira iki?
  7. Sobanura iyi migenurano yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
  8. Utaranigwa agaramye agira ngo ijuru riri hafi.
  9. Ntawukorakora uwo atakoye.

  10. Sobanura akamaro ko kuboneza urubyaro kavugwa mu mwandiko

  III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
  

  1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka dusanga mu mwandiko.
  2. Ku bwawe urumva ari iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwaho mu mwandiko?

   Kubera iki?

  IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
  Gereranya imyitwarire y’abanyarubuga wumvise mu mwandiko n’ubuzima
  

  busanzwe bwa buri munsi.

  IKINAMICO

  1. Inshoza y’ikinamico
  Ikinamico ni igihangano kifashisha uburyo bwo gukina imico y’abantu itandukanye.
  Mu ikinamico herekanwa umuco, ibikorwa, imyifatire, imigenzo…by’abantu. Uwo
  mukino ushobora kubera mu ruhame imbere y’abantu cyangwa ukanyuzwa mu
  bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga by’inyakiramajwi nka radiyo n’iby’iyumvabona nka
  tereviziyo, mudasobwa n’ibindi. Ikinamico iba igamije kwigisha, gukosora ingeso
  

  n’imyifatire mibi, gushishikariza abantu kugenza neza n’ibindi.

  Ikinamico ishobora kugaragaza ibikorwa by’umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi.
  Ishobora kandi gukinwa n’umuntu umwe ugenda yihinduranya, gusa akenshi iba
  

  ikinwa n’abantu benshi.

  2. Uturango tw’ikinamico
  

  Ikinamico ihimbye neza igomba kuba igaragaramo uturango dukurikira:
  – Umutwe w’ikinamico: umutwe w’ikinamico ugomba kuba uteye
  amatsiko abumva cyangwa abareba ikinamico. Ayo matsiko akaza gushira
  uko abanyarubuga bagenda bigaragaza.
  – Umwinjizo: ni amagambo atangira umukino aba asa n’akebura abagiye
  gukurikira ikinamico ndetse abakururira gukurikira neza umukino.
  – Abanyarubuga: ni abakinnyi bakina umukino bagaragaza imyifatire
  itandukanye, bagenda bumvikana ndetse bakagaragara mu mukino.
  – Ibice by’umukino: ni mukino wose uba ugabanyijemo ibice
  bitandukanye, bitewe n’uko umuhanzi yabigennye.
  – Agakino: igice cy’umukino gishobora kugira imiseruko itandukanye
  bitewe n’igitekerezo gikubiye mu gice cy’umukino.
  – Urukiniro: ni aho agakino cyangwa igice cy’umukino kiba kiri
  bukinirwe. Urukiniro baruha umuteguro bakarutaka cyangwa bakaruha

  imirimbishirize bitewe n’ibyifuzo by’umuhanzi cyangwa umutoza
  – Umuseruko: umuseruko urangwa no kwinjira cyangwa gusohoka
  k’umunyarubuga ku rukiniro.
  – Inyobozi: ni ibisobanuro bigaragara mu ikinamico biyobora
  abanyarubuga uko bari bwitware mu mukino. Bikunze gushyirwa mu
  dukubo.
  – Imvugo nkana: ni amagambo umunyarubuga ashobora kuvuga mu gihe
  ari kugirana ikiganiro na mugenzi we, ariko mugenzi we akigiza nkana ko
  atayumvise.
  – Imvugano: ni ikiganiro kiba hagati y’abanyarubuga igihe bahererekanya
  amagambo.
  – Inyishyu: ni amagambo umunyarubuga runaka asubiza mugenzi we mu
  ikinamico.
  – Umwivugisho: ni amagambo avugwa n’umunyarubuga igihe ari wenyine
  yivugisha.
  – Ururondogoro: ni imvugo itinze y’umunyarubuga runaka.
  – Iherezo: ikinamico igira iherezo. Iherezo ry’ikinamico rishobora kumara
  amatsiko abayikurikiye, cyangwa rigasiga abayikurikiye mu gihirahiro

  bibaza uko byagenze cyangwa uko bizagenda.

  3. Amoko y’ikinamico
  

  Dukurikije umuyoboro ikinamico inyuzwamo, ikinamico ibamo amoko abiri:
  ikinamico ikinirwa imbere y’indorerezi n’ikinamico inyuzwa kuri radiyo cyangwa

  tereviziyo.

  Dukurikije ibikorwa njyamutima ikina, dusangamo amoko atatu: ikinamico

  nterabitwenge, ikinamico nteragahinda n’ikinamico mberabyombi.

  Dukurikije imiterere, ikinamico tuyisangamo amoko abiri: ikinamico isanzwe

  n’ikinamico y’uruhererekane.

  Dukurikije insanganyamatsiko, ikinamico tuzisangamo amoko menshi: Ikinamico
  gakondo, ikinamico nyobokamana, ikinamico y’amateka, ikinamico ya politiki,

  ikinamico y’urukundo, ikinamico y’imibereho…

  4. Imyubakire cyangwa ibice by’ikinamico
  

  Ikinamico nk’inkuru ikinnye igira imyubakire cyangwa ibice bikurikira.

  a) Intango: muri iki gice hagaragaramo uko ubuzima buba busanzwe muri
   rusange, abantu babanye neza nta kibazo bafitanye.
  b) Kidobya: nko mu nkuru, kidobya ni akantu kaza kakaba imbarutso
   kagahindura ibintu uko byari bimeze. Icyo gihe uko ibintu byari bisanzwe

   birahinduka, niba ari nk’ikibazo kivutse kigashakirwa igisubizo. \

  c) Inkubiri y’ibikorwa: muri iki gice ni ho dusobanukirwa inkuru koko.
   Abanyarubuga bakagaragaza ya myifatire cyangwa imico itandukanye

   baba bakina.

  d. Umwanzuro: muri iki gice ni ho tubona uko inkuru irangiye. Mu mwanzuro
  ikinamico ishobora kurangira imaze amatsiko cyangwa igasiga mu rujijo

  abayiteze amatwi cyangwa abayireba.

  e) Amaherezo: muri iki gice hagaragaramo uko byagenze nyuma y’ikemuka
   ry’ikibazo runaka cyangwa se nyuma y’uko ikibazo gikomeza kuba insobe.
   Aha ni na ho hagaragara abagiriye inyungu muri kwa gukemuka cyangwa

   kudakemuka kw’ikibazo.

  5. Uko ikinamico yandikwa
  
  

  – Umuhanzi w’ikinamico agomba kubanza guhitamo insanganyamatsiko
  agiye kwandikaho kuko imico y’abantu aba agiye gushyira mu mukino
  igomba kuba ifite intego runaka yo kwigisha, gucyaha, kunenga, kugira
  inama n’ibindi.

  
  – Iyo amaze guhitamo insanganyamatsiko, ahitamo abanyarubuga
  akabatwerera imyifatire n’imiterere igaragaza neza ibyo agiye gukina.
  – Mu kwandika ikinamico umuhanzi agomba kuzirikana uko atangira
  umukino we n’uko aza kuwusoza, atanze igisubizo k’ikibazo cyari ingutu
  cyangwa asigiye abawukurikiye umukoro wo gukomeza kwibaza uko
  bizagenda.

  
  – Ikinamico igomba kwandikwa mu buryo bw’ikiganiro, aho abanyarubuga
  usanga bahererekanya amagambo, ndetse hakagenda hagaragazwa izina
  ry’ugiye kuvuga. Gusa aho biri ngombwa usanga umukinnyi ashobora
  gukina yivugisha we ubwe.

  
  – Umuhanzi w’ikinamico kandi bitewe n’ibyifuzo by’uko ashaka ko umukino
  we ukinwa agenda agaragaza inyobozi, zandikwa mu dukubo, zigaragaza
  uko abanyarubuga bagomba kwitwara, aho umukino runaka ubera
  n’imirimbo ihatatse. Inyobozi kandi zituma umutoza w’abakinnyi abafasha

  kwitwara uko umuhanzi w’ikinamico yabyifuje.

  Dore ibigomba kwitabwaho mu kwandika ikinamico:
  – Umuhanzi agomba kwita cyane ku nsanganyamatsiko agiye kwandikaho
  bityo akayishakira umutwe bifitanye isano. Umutwe w’ikinamico ugomba
  kuba uteye amatsiko abagiye kuyikurikira cyangwa abasomyi.
  – Umuhanzi agomba kwita cyane ku bo ageneye umukino we, mu rwego
  rwo kugena imvugo ( iy’ubusabane, isanzwe, ihanitse, iya gisizi...) aza
  gukoresha. Agomba kumenya kandi ikigero barimo, imico yabo n’uko
  babayeho kugira ngo agene uburyo aza gukoresha ababwira, bityo

  umukino ugire icyo ubamarira, bitewe n’icyo agamije kugeraho.

  – Abanyarubuga bagomba kwisanisha neza n’ibyo bakina haba mu mvugo
  ndetse no mu ngiro.
  – Umuhanzi agomba kuzirikana igihe ikinamico igomba kumara, bitewe
  n’aho igomba kunyuzwa n’icyo igamije. Hari amakinamico ashobora
  kugira uduce dutoduto tugenda dutangazwa mu gihe runaka, ikaba
  yamara igihe kirekire, nk’urunana, museke weya...Umuhanzi anazirikana

  ko igihe ikinamico ikinwa itagomba kurambirana cyane. 

  6. Guhitamo abakinnyi b’ikinamico
  
  

  Umuhanzi w’ikinamico agomba kugena uko abakinnyi bitwara, cyane ko baba
  bagomba kugaragaza imico y’abantu basanzwe mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Rimwe
  na rimwe usanga abakinnyi bahabwa amazina ahita aranga imyitwarire yabo, nk’abo
  bita ba Rubundakumazi, Nzavugankize, Rusisibiranya, Kajarajara, Kirikumaso n’andi.
  Gusa abacengeye neza iyi nganzo y’ikinamico bemeza ko atari byiza kwita bene aya
  mazina kuko biba bisa no kumara amatsiko abakurikiye ikinamico. Bavuga ko byaba
  byiza abakinnyi bagiye bahabwa amazina asanzwe atagaragaza imyitwarire yabo,
  noneho uko bakina, ababakurikiye akaba ari bo batahura imyitwarire y’abakinnyi. Ni
  yo mpamvu mu guhitamo abakinnyi hagomba kurebwa umuntu uri bwigane neza

  umunyarubuga runaka.

  7. Abanyarubuga mu ikinamico
  Mu ikinamico abanyarubuga barimo ibice bibiri by’ingenzi. Habamo umunyarubuga
  mukuru. Umunyarubuga mukuru ashobora kuba ari umwe cyangwa ari benshi.
  Habamo kandi abanyarubuga bungirije bashobora kuba bunganira umunyarubuga
  mukuru kugira ngo agere ku ntego yiyemeje ( abunganizi) cyangwa se bakaba
  bamubangamira ngo atagera ku ntego yiyemeje ( imbogamizi). Ni ukuvuga ko
  mu ikinamico dusangamo umunyarubuga mukuru n’abanyarubuga bungirije.
  Ariko hashobora no kubamo abanyarubuga batari ngombwa. Abo banyarubuga
  mu by’ukuri nta gikorwa gifatika bakora, ndetse bashobora no kuva mu ikinamico
  cyangwa mu nkuru ntibigire icyo bitwara (nk’igihe umukino ubera mu isoko,

  abaremye isoko bose si ko bagira uruhare mu mukino).

  8. Uko ikinamico ikinwa

  
  Ikinamico iba igabanyijemo ibice. Iyo ari ikinamico yo ku rubuga aho ikinirwa
  (urukiniro) hagenda hahinduka uko buri gice kirangiye. Buri gice na cyo kiba
  kigabanyijemo uduce (imiseruko) tugenda duhindagurika, buri gihe uko hinjiye
  umukinnyi mushya cyangwa se hagize usohoka ku kabuga nkuru. Abakinnyi
  b’ikinamico ku rukiniro baba bagomba gusa neza nk’uko abanyarubuga bagaragajwe
  mu myifatire yabo. Mu gukina ikinamico kandi inyobozi ni ngombwa cyane zigomba

  kubahirizwa kugira ngo umukino ugende neza nk’uko umuhanzi wayo yabyifuje.

  Umwitozo
  Muhange agakino ku nsanganyamatsiko mwihitiyemo. Mukurikize uturango

  tw’ikinamico, mugafate mu mutwe maze muzagakinire bagenzi banyu.

  Umukoro
  Mufate mu mutwe ikinamico mufite mu gitabo muzayikinire imbere ya bagenzi
  banyu, mwigana imyitwarire y’abanyarubuga, muhuza imvugo n’ingiro kandi

  musesekaza.

  UBUTINDE N’AMASAKU MU NTERURO
  Musome interuro zikurikira mwubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku, mukore

  ubushakashatsi, mutahure amasaku mbonezanteruro.

  1. Akarimâ k’îgikoôni.

  2. Umugorê n’ûmugabo barafâtanya.

  3. Abâana b’âbakoôbwa bafatanya na bâsaaza bâabo.

  4. Mugeenzi na Mugabo barakûundana.

  5. Muu nzêego z’ûbuyobozi bakora nêezâ nk’întoôre.

  Amasaku mbonezanteruro
  Mu nteruro amagambo agenda ahindura imiterere y’ubutinde n’amasaku kamere
  bitewe n’uko yakoreshejwe. Hari amasaku mbonezanteruro ashingiye ku moko
  y’amagambo nk’ibyungo na na nka ndetse n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi
  

  –a. N’andi masaku mbonezanteruro adashingiye ku byungo cyangwa ku binyazina

  ngenera 

  a) Amasaku mbonezanteruro ashingiye ku moko y’amagambo nk’ibyungo na

   na nka ndetse n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi –a.
  – Iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi -a,
  bikurikiwe n’izina ridafite indomo, ariko rifite isaku nyejuru ku mugemo wa

  gatatu, iryo zina rifata isaku nyejuru ku mugemo waryo wa mbere.

  Ingero
  Kiizâ na Mûganwâ
  Umugî wa Kîgalî

  
  – Iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi -a
  bikurikiwe n’izina ridafite indomo, ku mugemo wa kabiri rifite isaku nyesi
  nyejuru, iryo saku rirahaguma, umugemo wa mbere na wo ugafata isaku

  nyejuru.

  Ingero
  Inzu ya Kâliîsa
  Kamaâli agenda nka Mûhiîre.
  – Iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bikurikiwe n’izina ridafite
  indomo ariko rifite isaku nyejuru ku mugemo wa kabiri bituma iryo saku

  ryimuka rikaza ku mugemo wa mbere.

  Ingero
  Mutôni na Gâsaro
  Inkoni ya Gâsore
  – Buri gihe iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi - a
  bikaswe bikurikiwe n’izina ritangiwe n’indomo, iyo ndomo itangira iryo

  zina ihita ifata isaku nyejuru.

  Ingero
  Umugorê n’ûmugabo.
  Abâana b’âbakoôbwa.
  – Buri gihe iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi –a
  bikaswe bikurikiwe n’izina rifite isaku nyejuru cyangwa nyejuru nyesi ku

  mugemo wa kabiri, bituma indomo y’iryo zina igira isaku nyejuru nyesi.

  Ingero
  Afatwa nk’îintwâari.
  Miniisîtiri w’îintêbe.
  – Iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi –a bikaswe
  bikurikiwe n’ikinyazina nyereka, icyo kinyazina nyereka gifata isaku nyesi

  nyejuru ku nyajwi ibanza.

  Ingero
  Abatô bageendana n’iîki gihe.

  Yiitwaara nk’aâba babyêeyi bê.

  b) Andi masaku mbonezanteruro adashingiye ku byungo cyangwa ku binyazina
   ngenera.

  – Ikinyazina mbanziriza gihorana isaku nyejuru ku gicumbi cyacyo.

  Ingero
  Uwô mvugâ yaaje.

  Ibyô akorâ birakwîiye

  – Indangahantu ho, yo, mo/mwo bifatana n’inshinga n’akajambo ko bifata

  buri gihe isaku nyejuru.

  Ingero
  Si kô bavuzê
  Yagiiyeyô
  Namuboonyemô/ Namûboonyemô
  – Inshinga mburabuzi ni (si) ikoreshejwe mu nteruro buri gihe ifata isaku

  nyejuru. Nyamara iyo itangiye interuro iryo saku riratakara.

  Ingero
  Amasuunzu sî amasakâ.
  Uwô nshâakâ nî uwo.
  Ni umwâana nk’âbaândi.
  Si nge ujyayô.
  – Indangahantu “i“ na yo ishobora guhindura amasaku kamere
  y’amagambo.

  
  

  Ingero

  
  Saavê
  Avuuka i Sâavê.
  – Iyo mu nteruro hakoreshejwe ibyungo “no” na “nko” n’ibinyazina ngenera

  bifite igicumbi –o, bifata isaku nyejuru.

  Ingero
  Kunywâ nô kuryâ birajyaana.
  Umurimâ wô guhîinga nî uwo.

   Iyo nyâna yô gukwâ nî iyi.

  Umwitozo
  Shyira amasaku ku nteruro zikurikira.
  a) Akabando k’iminsi gacibwa kare kakabikwa kure.
  b) Urasana n’iminsi ntakura mu ruge.
  c) Ukora icyo azi asomera agaramye.
  d) Amata yo kunywa barayateka.

  e) Uwo navugaga ugenda nk’intwari atuye i Saave.

  ISUZUMA RISOZA UMUTWE WA GATATU
  Soma uyu mwandiko nurangiza usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
  

  Yahisemo neza!
  Uyu mukino urakinirwa mu cyumba, Tegura aryamye ku gitanda kiriho inzitiramibu
  (supaneti), hari agahinja iruhande rwe n’akameza kariho imbuto zitandukanye.
  Hari ababyeyi bane barimo Kabanyana, Uwamwiza bicaye ku musambi baganiriza

  Tegura. Munyampeta yicaye ku ntebe ibaje mu giti ifite urwegamiro. 

  Tegura: Munyampeta yishimye ariko ye!
  Munyampeta: Urabivuga urabizi? Ubu meze nk’inyana ikinagira mu ruhongore.
                                (aseke buhoro)
  Kabanyana: (Akubite agatwenge) Tegu, ubu se wowe irari wari ufite ryo gufata ibere
                             uriha ikibondo nturishize koko!
  Uwamwiza: Nizeye ko uyu muzahita mumukurikiza. Murabona imyaka iri hagati ye
                            na kariya gahungu. Ni na yo yayo kandi babiri ntibahagije.
  Munyampeta: (Asa n’utangaye) Reka reka, muri iki gihe tugomba kuboneza urubyaro
                                  da! Maze twafashe ikemezo cyo guhagarikira kuri uyu!
  Kabanyana: Tugomba gushyira mu gaciro rata, kubyara abangana n’inyenyeri
  

  cyangwa umusenyi wo ku nyanja, boshye abahanganye n’umuremyi

  w’isi n’ijuru, ntibikigezweho. Ahubwo tubahundagajeho impundu,

                   nimwonkwe. (Ba babyeyi bakome mu mashyi bavuza n’impundu)

  Uwamwiza: Ahaaa! Nange nivugiraga. Kuboneza urubyaro ni ibya mbere.
  Kabanyana: Ongeraho ko bijyana no kumenya ubuzima bw’imyororokere. 
  Tegura: Kabanya, uvuze neza rwose. Uzi ukuntu nabonye ko ndi hafi yo kwibaruka
   nkajya kwa muganga, ngo igihe nikigera abaganga bamfashe.
  Kabanyana: Si uko, none se ntabahitanwa n’inda zibafatiye mu ngo, kubera ubujiji?
  Tugomba no kwigisha abana bacu iby’ubuzima bw’imyororokere
  bagakura babusobanukiwe, nge nsigaye mbona ishyamba atari ryeru!
  Munyampeta: Yemwe, muri iki gihe ntibyoroshye! Ku kigo cy’amashuri abanza cya
  Gicari ngo hari umukobwa wiga mu mwaka wa gatandatu watewe
  inda n’agahungu bigana. Murumva se koko abana bacu atari abo
  gusabirwa? 
  Kabanyana: (Ase n’uwiruhutsa) Ayi weee! Ntimunyumvira ra! Ndumiwe pe! Ariko
  kuvuga ni ugutaruka, Tegu, ko ndeba amabere yatariranye akaba
  yuzuye igituza, aho ni ubuhoro?
  Tegura: Nta kibazo, ni uko umwana ataramenya gushyira imoko mu kanwa ngo
   yonke ibere neza. Subiza agatima impembero rwose nta kibazo.
  Uwamwiza: (Ahaguruke) Ntiwumva! Nahumure rwose. Maze rero mbiseguyeho, nge
  ndabona umunsi uriboye, reka ninyakure ndebe uko rwiriwe.
  Kabanyana: Natwe ni uko ntudusiga. (Ba babyeyi bose bahaguruke) Tegu, reka
   tujyane tuzagaruka ejo kureba uko waramutse. 
  Munyampeta: Nange ngiye kureba uko iriya mbyeyi y’ikibamba imeze nyigaburire
  

   neza yongere umukamo. (Basohoke bose) 

  Agakino ka kabiri
  Aka gakino karakinirwa mu gikari kwa Munyampeta, Munyampeta ari kuganira na
  

  Gatari, umukecuru Nyirabubare, aze abasanga.

  Munyampeta: (Yiyamira) Murara yampaye imaragahinda! Niko sha Gata! Ko utahaye
                                 iyo mbyeyi ubwatsi ntuzi ko ari yo igiye kujya ikamirwa umubyeyi?
  Gatari: Mvuye kwahira kandi buratoshye, nta kabuza irongera umukamo rwose.
  Munyampeta: Yego sha. Gira bwangu mu kanya unyarukire ku isoko uge kugura
                                isombe bambwiye ko yondora cyane.
  Gatari: Reka ngire vuba noneho.
  Munyampeta: (Ase n’utega amatwi akanya gato) Ese uwo ni nde uvunyisha Gata?
  Nyirabubare: Muraho bana ba!
  Munyampeta: Uraho mukecu? Hari hashize iminsi myinshi.
  Nyirabubare: Kubera iza bukuru se ndacyasodoka ngo ngire aho ntarabukira
                               mwana wa?
  Munyampeta: Nyamara uracyakomeye mukecu, kandi tuguhaye ikaze rwose.
  Nyirabubare: Nari nshyiguwe no kuza kwirebera akuzukuru, mukanyereke kamare
                                ibicuro. Kandi mukomeze mwororoke mugeze kuri Nyandwi,
                                Nyiraminani, Nyabyenda na Ndaribumbye.
  Munyampeta: Ubonye icyo utwifuriza! Twazakura he ibyo kubatunga?
  Nyirabubare: Mwana wa, twe ko twabareze mugakura, twabarushaga amikoro?
  Munyampeta: Ku gihe cyanyu ibintu byari bikiriho, amasambu aboneka, inka
  sinakubwira. Ubu ibihe byarahindutse mukecu.
  Nyirabubare: Oya ab’ubu mufite umururumba w’imitungo mwabaye ibisahiranda.
  Ntimuzi ko ahatari umwaga uruhu rw’imbaragasa rwisasira batanu?”
  Munyampeta: Uwo mugenurano ntujyanye n’ibihe tugezemo. Twe twahisemo neza.
  Nyirabubare: Ngaho mukomeze muboneze urubyaro maweya!
  Munyampeta: Mukecu! Wabyara benshi se ukabarera, ukabagaburira indyo
   yuzuye, ukabavuza, ukabambika, ukabigisha, kandi byose muri iki
   gihe bigurwa amafaranga?
  Nyirabubare: Ab’ubu ntimujya muva ku izima! Ndumva amafaranga agiye kuzabaca
                              ku rubyaro?
  Munyampeta: (Akubite agatwenge gato) Erega ibihe biha ibindi mukecu, ahubwo
                                ngwino nkwereke umubyeyi n’umwana, bari mu nzu ubaramutse.
  

                               (Binjire mu nzu)

  I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
  

  1. Umuryango wasuwe ufite abana bangahe? Ese uboneza urubyaro?
  2. Ni iki kigaragaza ko Munyampeta na Tegura bubahiriza ihame
  ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye?
  3. Ese Tegura asobanukiwe neza n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere?
  4. Nyandwi, Nyiraminani, Nyabyenda na Ndaribumbye bavugwa mu mwandiko
  ni abana ba kangahe?
  5. Uhereye ku mwandiko, rondora inshingano enye umubyeyi agomba
  gukorera uwo yibarutse.
  6. Uhereye ku mwandiko garagaza ko imyumvire ya kera itandukanye n’iy’ubu.

  7. Agakino ka kabiri karimo imiseruko ingahe? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.

  II. Inyunguramagambo
  Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
  
  a) Irari                                                                     d) Kwibaruka                                          
  b) Umuvaburayi                                                  e) Yatariranye
  

  c) Kumuhundagazaho                                      f) Imoko

  III. Ubuvanganzo
  

  1. Dukurikije ibikorwa njyamutima, ikinamico ibamo amoko angahe?
  2. Vuga amoko y’abanyarubuga dusanga mu ikinamico.
  3. Vuga imimaro byibura ine y’ikinamico mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi.
  4. Kuki atari byiza guha abanyarubuga amazina ahita agaragaza imyifatire
  yabo?
  5. Ukurikije ikinamico n’izindi ngeri z’ubuvanganzo wize nk’imigani,
  insigamigani, ibitekerezo n’izindi, ni uwuhe mwihariko ikinamico ifite ku
  mikorere y’abanyarubuga n’imyandikire yayo?

  IV. Ubutinde n’amasaku ku magambo no mu nteruro
  

  1. Tandukanya amagambo akurikira yandikwa kimwe ariko ntasomwe kimwe
   ukoresheje ubutinde n’amasaku.
  

  a) Kureshya (umugeni) ≠ Kureshya (kudasumbana)

  b) Inda (atwite) ≠ Inda (agasimba)

  c) Isoko (y’amazi) ≠ Isoko (bahahiraho)

  d) Kurara (kujya ahantu ntutahe) ≠ Kurara (gusaduka kw’isekuru)

  e) Gufungura (kurya) ≠ Gufungura (gukingura)

  2. Andika interuro zikurikira mu nyandiko igaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku.
  

  a) Ni byiza kumenya ubuzima bw’imyororokere no kuboneza urubyaro.
  b) Akabando k’iminsi gacibwa kare kakabikwa kure.
  c) Urasana n’iminsi ntakura mu ruge.
  d) Mu gitondo nabonye Iribagiza.
  e) Nyinawumuntu n’umugabo we bahoranaga amakimbirane kubera kutumva

  neza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.

  V. Ihangamwandiko
  Andika agace kamwe k’ikinamico karimo abakinankuru batarenze bane (byibura ku
  ipaji imwe) kuri imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira.
  

  a) Kuringaniza urubyaro bifasha mu iterambere ry’umuryango.

  b) Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko.

  
  

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  UMUTWE WA 4 A: UMUCO W’AMAHORO

  UMWANDIKO: TWESE BIRATUREBA

  
  

  Kundwa ni umukobwa w’umuhanga wiga mu mwaka wa gatanu w’amashuri
  yisumbye. Imyaka yose yize agira amanota atari munsi ya mirongo inani, agira
  urugwiro n’ikinyabupfura. Ni we mwana w’umukobwa wenyine mu muryango wa
  Rwabigwi na Munyana. Imyigire ye ayifashwamo n’ababyeyi be cyanecyane se kuko
  

  ari we umugenera ibikenerwa byose.

  Muri iyi minsi yarahindutse ku buryo bugaragarira abantu bose, ntakivuga, ahorana
  agahinda, asigaye anakererwa ku ishuri. Abanyeshuri bigana bamwibazaho cyane.
  Ntakigira urugwiro, nta kinyabupfura akigira, ntakinasetsa, ntagikora imyitozo
  ngororamubiri kandi yarayikoraga ashishikaye. Mu mirimo yo mu matsinda,
  abanyeshuri bo mu itsinda rye babyiniraga ku rukoma kuko rifite umuntu ukorana
  umwete kandi ibitekerezo atanze bikaba byizewe. Icyo gihe yakurikiraga umwarimu
  neza, yamubaza agasubiza ashize amanga none ubu byarahindutse. Asigaye asinzira
  

  mu ishuri umwarimu yamubaza akabura icyo asubiza. 

  Mu gihembwe cya mbere, Kundwa yagize amanota mirongo itanu. Nk’umurezi we
  bintera impungenge mpita nifuza kuganiriza ababyeyi be mu ntangiriro z’igihembwe
  cya kabiri. Igihembwe kigitangira, Kundwa aza kwiga nk’uko bisanzwe yarazonzwe
  boshye uwishwe n’inzara kandi mu gace dutuyemo se Rwabigwi ari we rubanda
  

  bacaho inshuro y’ibihingwa ngandurarugo. 

  Umunsi umwe mvuye ku kazi, nahitiye ku isoko ngo ndebe icyo nahaha. Igihe
  nunamye ntoranya amashu, agakapu nari mfite ku rutugu karanshika kagwa
  hasi. Ngiye kugatoragura umubyeyi twari twegeranye arakampereza. Mu guhuza
  amaso, mbona ni Munyana, nyina wa Kundwa ariko ntangazwa n’uko yari yambaye
  

  ubucabari, umwera ari wose, yarananutse cyane, ubona atagira shinge na rugero.

  Natashye nibaza byinshi kuri Munyana. Ntekereje amashyo y’inka zikamwa bafite
  n’akazi umugabo we akora bimbera urujijo. Natekereza no ku myitwarire ya Kundwa,
  mbona ko umuryango wabo ufite ikibazo gikomeye. Mu kanya nk’ako guhumbya
  ihoni ry’imodoka yari itwawe na Rwabigwi rirankanga umutima urasimbuka. Ubwo
  ahita ahagarara mbona yarahozagaye cyane, dore ko ntaherukaga no kumuca
  iryera. Ibyo bintera kutaripfana mubaza aho yabaga, ambwira ko amaze icyumweru
  

  mu nama mpuzamahanga yaberaga muri Kenya, nuko arakomeza aragenda.

  Imodoka igitirimuka, Munyana acaho yiruka amasigamana, ameze nk’uwataye
  umutwe. Mbere yo kugera iwange nanyuraga ku rugo rwa Rwabigwi. Yari umuturanyi
  wange. Nkigera ku muharuro kwa Rwabigwi numva umuntu utaka ariko ahita
  aceceka. Mba mbonye Kundwa asohoka mu nzu. Mubajije aho ababyeyi be bari
  

  ambwira ko ntabahari ngwa mu kantu, nkomeza kugenda ariko sinashira amakenga.

  Nuko ngenda ntekereza ku gisubizo Kundwa ansubije ko nta mubyeyi we n’umwe
  uhari kandi nahuye na se na nyina bataha biranyobera. Mu gitondo cya kare nsubiye
  ku kazi nsanga Kundwa ntiyaje ku ishuri. Ntangira kwigisha ariko ntatuje kuko
  nahuzaga ibyo nari naraye mbonye n’imyitwarire ya Kundwa, bikambera ikibazo
  gikomeye. Nyuma y’isaha, isomo ririmbanyije, ngiye kubona mbona Kundwa
  arakomanze arinjiye. Nkimukubita amaso, mbona amaso ye yatukuye, adatuje na
  

  mba; binyanga mu nda mufata akaboko njya kumubaza ikibazo afite. 

  Tugeze hanze araturika ararira, ndamuhoza mugusha neza kugira ngo menye umuzi
  n’umuhamuro w’akababaro yari afite. Hashize umwanya muto, araceceka ambwira
  ko agiye kumenera ibanga! Yambwiye ko iwabo nta mahoro aharangwa, ko nyina
  yaraye akubitwa ijoro ryose azira gusaba se amafaranga y’abahinzi kuko yari
  yagurishije imyaka yose yari yejeje. Anambwira ko nyina akora iyo bwabaga, akirya
  akimara ahingisha, yamara guhunika imyaka yasaruye imodoka ya se igatunda
  

  agasigara amara masa, aririra mu myotsi.

  Ibyo rero ngo byabaye intandaro y’amakimbirane hagati ya se na nyina, ndetse
  binatuma ubukene n’inzara byokama abagize umuryango wa Rwabigwi, mu gihe
  we ahora yishimisha mu byo ataruhiye. Kundwa n’amarira menshi arakomeza
  ambwira ko nyina yafashe ikemezo cyo kwahukana akajya kwa musaza we kubera
  amakimbirane ahora mu rugo rwabo. Ansobanurira ko ibyo ari byo byatumye
  

  akererwa ishuri kuko yari yatoye agatotsi mu gitondo se amaze kugenda.

  Bukeye njya kuganiriza Munyana kuri icyo kibazo. Ambwira ko amakimbirane ari
  mu rugo rwabo ashingiye cyane ku ihohoterwa akorerwa n’umugabo we agasahura 
  urugo yamubaza impanvu akamucura bufuni na buhoro. Nange musubiza ko
  ihohoterwa ari icyaha gihanwa n’amategeko. Ambwira ko atari azi ko hari amategeko
  amurengera ndetse ko agiye kubimenyesha ubutabera bukamurenganura.
  Mbona bitagarukira aho gusa, mpitira ku Muyobozi w’Akagari tuganira ku kibazo
  cy’amakimbirane agenda agaragara mu ngo abantu bafata nk’ikintu cyoroshye
  

  kandi kigira ingaruka zikomeye ku muryango.

  Umuyobozi w’Akagari ahita atumiza inama y’abaturage bose, anatumiza urwego
  rwa porisi rushinzwe umutekano. Ntibyatinze inama iraterana. Mu nama nari
  nicaranye na Rwabigwi, bavuga ibirebana n’amakimbirane mu ngo aterwa ahanini
  n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore mu ngo, akareba hasi kuko ari we babaga bajombye
  igikwasi. Munyana we yari ari gusuka amarira yayujuje umusazirwa w’agatenge yari
  yambaye! Bageze ku bihano biteganywa n’amategeko ku bateza amakimbirane,
  umutima wa Rwabigwi uratera ndawumva, yitsa imitima abura aho arigitira kuko mu
  

  rugo rwe yari we ntandaro y’amakimbirane ahahora. Inama ihumuje turataha. 

  Mu nzira dutaha ngerageza kumuganiriza, ambwira ko ibyo bavuze byose wagira
  ngo ni we bavugaga. Arakomeza ambwira ko guhera uwo munsi agiye kwisubiraho,
  ko urugo rwe rugiye kurangwa n’amahoro kandi ko atazongera kwigira intare
  ngo abuze umutekano umugore we n’abana. Kuva ubwo afata umugambi wo
  kutazongera gutererana umugore we mu mirimo yakoraga no gufasha abana mu
  

  myigire kandi abaha ibyo bakeneye byose.

  Turwanye amakimbirane twubaka umuco w’amahoro, twese biratureba.
  I. Inyunguramagambo
  1. Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wasomye.
   a) Isomo ririmbanyije
   b) Imodoka igitirimuka
   c) Amakenga
   d) Yarahozagaye
   e) Kumuca iryera
  2. Kora interuro wifashishije aya magambo ku buryo wumvikanisha icyo asobanura.
   a) Gutora agatotsi
   b) Amashyo y’inka
   c) Ubucabari
   d) Kwahukana
   e) Kutagira epfo na ruguru
  

   f) Gusuka amarira

  3. Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wasomye.
   a) Kuzongwa
   b) Inama ihumuje
  4. Uzurisha interuro zikurikira aya magambo: rimbanyije, amakenga, bintesha
  

   umutwe, guca inshuro, kwiruka amasigamana.

  a) Yampamagaye sinamwumva kuko imirimo yari ………….
   b) Banyibye ibikoresho byo mu nzu byose …………., ariko narabifashe.
   c) Bana bange ejo nzazinduka njya …………muzakore imirimo yo mu rugo.
   d) Yagiye ku ishuri ……………………. kuko yari yakerewe.
  

   e) Ni byiza kugira…………………mbere yo gufata ikemezo gikomeye.

  II. Kumva umwandiko
  Subiza ibibazo bikurikira.
  1. Uhereye ku mwandiko, sobanura ukuntu amakimbirane yo mu muryango
  agira ingaruka ku bana.
  2. Umwarimu wa Kundwa ntiyagiriye Kundwa ibanga nk’uko yari yabimusabye.
  Kutagira ibanga kwe byagize izihe nyungu ku muryango wa Rwabigwi?
  3. Ni ayahe makimbirane avugwa mu mwandiko? Ayo makimbirane akomoka
  kuri nde? Kubera iki?
  4. Ni iki wakwigira ku bavugwa mu mwandiko bakurikira: Kundwa, umwarimu
  wa Kundwa?
  5. Ni nde wakunze muri iyi nkuru? Ni iki wamwigiriho?
  

  6. Ni hehe muri uyu mwandiko hagaragarira imiyoborere myiza? 

  III. Gusesengura umwandiko
  1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zivugwa mu mwandiko?
  2. Gereranya ibivugwa mu mwandiko n’ubuzima bw’aho utuye.
  3. Garagaza insanganyamatsiko y’ingenzi igaragara muri uyu mwandiko
  n’isomo ry’ingenzi uwukuyemo.
  4. Uramutse ubonye mu muryango runaka hari amakimbirane wakora iki
  

  ngo amahoro agaruke muri uwo muryango? 

  IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
  Ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku bintu bitera amakimbirane n’uburyo
  

  yakemuka hakubakwa umuco w’amahoro.

  INSHOBERAMAHANGA
  Itegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye muri izi nteruro, utahure ubwoko bwayo,
  inshoza yayo, unakore ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku buryo bwo kuyasobanura.
  – Kundwa yakererewe kubera ko yatoye agatotsi mu gitondo.
  – Munyana we yari ari gusuka amarira.
  – Rwabigwi ni we rubanda bacaho inshuro y’ibihingwa ngandurarugo.
  

  – Kundwa yasubizaga ashize amanga.

  Ibibazo ku nteruro
  a) Amagambo abiri yanditse mu mukara utsitse ari muri buri nteruro afitanye
  iyihe sano?
  b) Wavuga ko ayo magambo ari ubuhe bwoko?
  

  c) Shakisha izindi mvugo z’ubwo bwoko zikoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda

  Ibibazo ku nteruro

  a) Amagambo abiri yanditse mu mukara utsitse ari muri buri nteruro afitanye
  iyihe sano?
  b) Wavuga ko ayo magambo ari ubuhe bwoko?
  

  c) Shakisha izindi mvugo z’ubwo bwoko zikoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda.

  1. Inshoza y’inshoberamahanga
  
  Dukurikije inyito yazo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo umuntu utarakenetse ururimi
  adahita yumva igisobanuro cyayo iyo bayivuze. Bavuga ko ikintu cyashobeye
  umuntu iyo cyamunaniye akabura uko abigenza ndetse n’uko agisobanura. Akenshi
  na kenshi abumva bene izo mvugo ntibazisobanukirwe ni abanyamahanga kuko
  baba batazi umuco cyangwa amateka y’u Rwanda kandi inshoberamahanga ari byo
  zishingiyeho. Aho ni na ho haturutse kwita bene izo mvugo “inshoberamahanga”.
  
  2. Uturango tw’inshoberamahanga
  Inshoberamahanga irangwa no kuba igizwe n’inshinga n’icyuzuzo cyayo. Ikaba
  

  kandi ikoresha imvugo shusho itandukanye n’ibisobanuro by’amagambo ayigize.

  3. Gusobanura inshoberamahanga
  
  Dukurikije imiterere yayo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo ifite igisobanuro kidahuye
  n’igisobanuro k’ijambo cyangwa amagambo ayigize. Mu kuyisobanura bisaba ko
  

  umuntu aba amenyereye umuco n’ururimi by’Ikinyarwanda.

  Ingero
  

  – Kuvoma hafi: kurakazwa n’ubusa/kurizwa n’ubusa.
  Umuntu utazi neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda we ahita yumva kujya kuvoma amazi
  ahantu bugufi.
  –Gutera isekuru: kugenda ucumbagira.
  Umuntu utazi neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda ahita yumva gutera isekuru (umugeri,

  igipfunsi...) 

  4. Ingero zitandukanye z’inshoberamahanga 
  a) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga “guca”
  
  Guca mu rihumye                                                                                  Guca umuti wa mperezayo
  Guca igihugu umugongo                                                                     Guca ururimi ukarumira                            
  Guca igikuba                                                                                             Gucira undi inkamba
  Guca imihini migufi                                                                               Guca hejuru 
                                                                                                                          Guca hasi
  Guca imitwe                                                                                              Gucisha hasi
  Guca inkeramucyamo                                                                           Gucisha hejuru
  Guca iryera                                                                                                  Gucisha mu misoto
  Guca ku nda                                                                                                 Gucisha mu ryoya
  Guca mu myanya y’intoki                                                                      Guca i Kibungo
  Guca mu nkindi                                                                                          Guca ibiti n’amabuye
  Guca ruhinganyuma                                                                                 Gucira ibintu inyeri
  Guca umugara                                                                                               
  
  b) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga “gufata”
  Gufata ku isunzu                                                                                               Gufatira undi ikitayega
  Gufata nk’amata y’abashyitsi                                                                      Gufata iry’iburyo   
  Gufata undi mu mugongo                                                                             Gufatirwa mu cyuho
  

  Gufatana urunana                                                                                            Gufatwa mpiri
  

  
  c) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga “kugwa”
  
  Kugwa gitumo                                                  Kugwa mu matsa
  Kugwa isari                                                         Kugwa mu ntege
  Kugwa ivutu                                                      Kugwa ruhabo
  Kugwa ku nzoka                                              Kugwa mu kantu
  

  Kugwa miswi                                                    Kugwa umudari
  

  d) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga “kurya”
  

  Kurya akara
  Kurya amenyo
  Kurya indimi
  Kurya inkuna
  

  Kurya ureba hanze

  e) Izindi nshoberamahanga zinyuranye
  

  Gufumbira umunaba                       Gutaba mu nama                                                     Kuvomera mu rutete
  Guha undi intera                               Gutega zivamo                                                         Kuziba icyuho
  Guhabwa akato                                   Gutera isekuru                                                      Kwambara ukikwiza                                            
  Guhenera umugina                           Gutererayo utwatsi                                             Kwesa umuhigo
  Gukama ikimasa                                Guteza ubwega                                                    Kwiba umugono
  Gukambya agahanga                        Gutunga agatoki                                                 Kwica ijisho
  Gukanga Rutenderi                             Koga runono                                                      Kwihungura ugutw
  Gukanja amanwa                                Konsa umuhini Kotsa                                      Kwimyiza imoso
  Gukizwa n’amaguru                          igitutu                                                                      Kwinyara mu isunzu
  Gukoma urume                                   Kuba mu rinini                                                      Kwirya ukimara
  Gukora hasi                                           Kujya irudubi                                                         Kwitana bamwana
  Gukura ubwatsi                                    Kumara amavuta                                                 Kwizirika umukanda
  Gukurayo amaso                                 Kumena ibanga                                                     Gucurangira abahetsi
  Gupfa undi agasoni                             Kumera amababa                                                Gucurika icumu
  Gusesa urumeza                                   Kumesa kamwe                                                      Kuvamo umuntu
  Guseta ibirenge                                      Kumira bunguri                                                         
  Gushya amaboko                                  Kumira nkeri
  

  Guta muri yombi                                   Kuryamira amajanja

  Umwitozo
  Ongera usome umwandiko “Twese biratureba”, utahure inshoberamahanga
  zirimo. Himba umwandiko muto ku “ngaruka z’amakimbirane” ukoreshemo
  zimwe muri izo inshoberamahanga cyangwa izindi uzi, uziceho akarongo. Somera
  uwo mwandiko bagenzi bawe. Urugero rw’inshoberamahanga ziri mu mwandiko
  

  “Twese biratureba”
  

  IMYANDIKIRE YEMEWE Y’IKINYARWANDA
  Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza uburyo amwe mu magambo azigize yanditse
  atubahirije imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda, hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi
  ku myandikire y’ibihekane, ikata ry’amagambo, imyandikire y’amagambo afatana
  n’adafatana.
  

   a) Munyana niwe umutega rugori wari uzi kwihanganira umugabo we.
   b) Umwarimu wa Kundwa yari intanga rugero mu guhashya amakimbirane
   c) Kundwa yari umunyeshuri w’icyitegererezo mw’ishuri rye.
   d) Umuco wamahoro n’ipfundo ryo kurwanya amakimbirane mu muryango.

   e) Ntamuntu utaragayaga Rwabigwi kubera imikorere ye.

  1. Imyandikire y’ibihekane
  

  Urutonde rw’ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda
  – mb, mf, mp, mv, nd, ng, nj, nk, ns, nsh, nshy, nt, nz;
  – bw (bg), cw, dw, (fw), gw, hw, jw, kw, mw, nw, nyw, (pfw), (pw), rw, shw,
  shyw, sw, tsw, tw, (vw), zw;
  – by, cy, jy, my, nny, pfy, py, ry, sy, ty, (vy);
  – byw, myw, pfyw, (ryw), (vyw);
  – mbw, (mfw), mpw, (mvw), ndw, ngw, njw, nkw, (nshw), (nshyw), (nsw), ntw,
  nzw;
  – mby, mpy, (mvy), ncy, ndy, njy, nsy, nty;

  – (mbyw), (mvyw), njyw.

  Ikitonderwa: Igihekane bg gikoreshwa gusa mu ijambo Kabgayi .
  

  a) Imyandikire y’ibihekane kw, gw, hw, bikurikiwe n’inyajwi o cyangwa u
  Ibihekane (n)kw, gw, hw, bikurikiwe n’inyajwi o cyangwa u ntibyandikwa; mu
  

  mwanya wabyo handikwa (n)ko, ku, go, gu, ho, hu.

  Bandika: kwi, ku, ko, kwa, kwe
   nkwi, nku, nko, nkwa, nkwe
  gwi, gu, go, gwa, gwe
  ngwi, ngu, ngo, ngwa, ngwe
  

  hwi, hu, ho, hwa, hwe

  Ingero
  – Ngwije akunda koga yambaye inkweto zinyereza akagwa.
  – Ngoboka yahwituye Hondi kugira ngo bihute bahure na Ngwabije.
  – Mahwane yorora inguge, inkwavu n’inkoko.
  – Kwigira akunda kuboha akoresheje imigwegwe.
  – Nkwiye kwinjira mu rugo rugwije ingweba rukunda kweza amahundo
  nko kwa Nkunda.
  – Gwiza ahwekereye mu rugo kwa Mbugurize.
  

  b) Imyandikire y’ibihekane jy na cy, bikurikiwe n’inyajwi i cyangwa e 

  Ibihekane jy na cy byandikwa gusa imbere y’inyajwi a, o na u. Imbere y’inyajwi
  i cyangwa e handikwa gi, ge, ki, ke.
  Bandika: ki, cyu, cyo, cya, ke,
  nki, ncyu, ncyo, ncya, nke
  gi, jyu, jyo, jya, ge
  

  ngi, njyu, njyo, njya, nge

  Ingero
  

  – Nkunda gusenga iyo ngiye gufata urugendo njya mu mugi.
  – Gewe/Ngewe njyana n’abana bange kwa masenge mu magepfo.
  – Iki kibo cyuzuye ibishyimbo.
  – Ncyuye inka ncyocyorana na Nkeramugaba afite incyamuro.
  – Jya gucyura ihene i Bujyujyu.
  – Icyumba ke cyuzuye injyo z’ikibindi cyamenetse.

  – Njyuri afite urujyo mu ntoki.

  Ikitonderwa: Amazina bwite yatanzwe kandi yakoreshejwe mbere y’aya mabwiriza
  

  akomeza kwandikwa uko yari asanzwe yandikwa.

  Ingero
  – Intara y’Amajyepfo
  – Umujyi wa Kigali
  – Akagari ka Cyimana
  

  – Umurenge wa Cyeru

  c) Ibihekane bigizwe n’ingombajwi ts, pf na c
  Ibihekane bigizwe n’ingombajwi ts, pf na c zibanjirijwe n’inyamazuru byandikwa
  

  mu buryo bukurikira: ns , mf , nsh .

  Ingero
  – Yohana yansikamiye ku kirenge.
  – Insina za kijyambere zitanga umusaruro utubutse.
  

  – Imfizi y’inshuti yange.

  2. Ikata n’itakara ry’inyajwi
  a) Ikata ry’inyajwi zisoza ibinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo na na nka
  Inyajwi zisoza ikinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo na na nka zirakatwa iyo zikurikiwe
  n’ijambo ritangiwe n’inyajwi ariko inyajwi isoza ikinyazina ngenera gikurikiwe
  

  n’umubare wanditse mu mibarwa ntikatwa.

  Ingero
  

  – Aragenda buhoro nk’umurwayi.
  – Umwaka w’ibihumbi bibiri na cumi n’ibiri.
  – Umwaka wa 2017 wambereye umwaka w’amata n’ubuki.

  – Amashuri y’imyuga yariyongereye.

  b) Inyajwi zisoza zidakatwa
  Inyajwi zisoza amagambo ntizikatwa.
  Ingero
  – Tuzatera imbuto imvura iguye.
  – Twubatse amashuri ateza imbere imyuga.
  Inyajwi i isoza akabimbura nyiri, n’inshinga mburabuzi ni na si ntizikatwa.
  Ingero
  – Nyiri ubwenge aruta nyiri uburyo.
  – Amasunzu si amasaka.
  

  – Icyatumye ejo ntaza iwawe ni uko natashye ndwaye.

  
  

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