◄UNIT 2: NEWSPAPERS AND REPORTINGUNIT 4: MYSELF AND MY AMBITIONSMYSELF AND MY AMBITIONS►

UNIT 3: CULTURAL DIVERSITY

  • UNIT 3: CULTURAL DIVERSITY

    Key Unit Competence:
    Language use in the context of Cultural Diversity

    Introductory activity: 

    Observing and interpreting pictures

    Carefully study the pictures above and then discuss the cultural aspects that

     each of them reflects.

    3.1. Describing Being in a Foreign Country
    3.1.1. Reading and Writing:
    Living in a Foreign Country: How to Adapt?

    Living in a foreign country is hard enough as it is, with all the cultural and
    administrative issues you have to deal with. But if you don’t want to get stuck in the
    expatriate bubble, you’ll need to learn to adjust to life in a foreign country.

    While living in a foreign country sounds exciting and romantic, it does have a catch.
    When foreigners tread on unfamiliar ground, they tend to stick to what is familiar
    to them. Thus, many expatriates never make the transition from expatriates to
    compatriots. After all, becoming a part of the local culture is probably the hardest
    part of life abroad.

    It is tempting to share your experiences of living in a foreign country exclusively
    with other expatriates. Nobody else will understand your hesitation to try the local
    food, your problems with adjusting to the pace of life and your ambivalence towards
    social customs as well as those who are in the same boat. However, in order to get the 
    most out of your expatriate experience, you need to break out of your comfortable
    little cocoon after a while and try to immerse yourself in the local culture. If you let
    go of false impressions and stereotypes, then you have already taken the first major
    step. Living in a foreign country can then become a truly life-altering experience.

    It is not as easy as it seems to adjust to life abroad. The process of making the
    transition from living like an expatriate to a more local life-style takes time. Culture
    shock  is part and parcel of living abroad and hits all of us eventually. The trick is
    not to let it get the better of you. After all, it takes some time for all international
    travelers and expatriates to get used to their new environment.

    For most people who live in a foreign country, many aspects of the local culture
    seem strange at best. This might appear exciting at first. The initial reason for moving
    abroad is after all often the wish to explore foreign cultures. However, after living in
    a foreign country for a while, little things that you initially considered charming may
    begin to annoy you. You will remember how everything ran on schedule back home,
    how clean your former hometown was, or how much more relaxed and friendly
    everyone seemed.

    Everybody who decides on living in a foreign country needs some time to adjust
    to their new environment. Lina (32) felt that way when she moved from Sweden to
    Ecuador. Everything seemed different from her home town Gothenburg, and after
    the burst of initial excitement, those differences started to get to her.

    However, after a while, she began to accept that things were simply not the same in
    Quito. Until you get to this point, try to be respectful, patient, and humble.

    After all, you are a guest living in a foreign country, at least until you have made the

    transition from expatriate to compatriot.

    Adapted from https://www.internations.org/guide/global/living-in-a-foreign-country-how-to adapt 15281

    retrieved on March 19th, 2018

    Read the above text and using complete sentences, answer the questions below:
    1. Which obstacles is an immigrant likely to face in the host country?
    2. Explain the right attitude that an immigrant should adopt and say why.
    3. Based on the above passage, discuss at least five reasons why you would

    adapt yourself to new cultures if you found yourself in a new country (city).

    3.1.2. Writing and Speaking
    3.1.2.1 Application Activities
    I. Make notes during your group discussion and present the outcome to the
    whole class.
    II. With close reference to the passage on page 62-64, explain the following
    words and phrases:
    a. … adjust … (paragraph one)
    b. … unfamiliar ground … (paragraph two)
    c. ... ambivalence … (paragraph three)
    d. … life altering … (paragraph four)
    e. ...transition … (paragraph nine)
    III. Refer to what you studied in unit one about composition writing and carry
    out the tasks below:
    1. Write a 250 word composition discussing the importance of adapting to
    new cultures.
    2. Imagine yourself in a foreign country where everybody behaves in a way
    you are not familiar with. They cannot speak your language, their beliefs
    are different from yours. Tell your classmates how you would react in

    such a situation.

    3.1.3. Sounds and Spelling
    In phonology, stress is a relatively extra emphasis or prominence given to a certain
    syllable in a word. The stress is represented with this symbol (‘) placed at the upper
    left corner of the stressed syllable.

    Practise reading the words and phrases in the vocabulary exercise above. You can
    use a dictionary to check their pronunciation. Pay attention to stress.
     Examples:
    1. Adjust /əˈdʒʌst /
    2. Unfamiliar ground /ˌʌnfəˈmɪljɚˈɡraʊnd/
    3. Ambivalence /æmˈbɪvələns/
    4. Life altering / ˈlaɪf ˈɔltɚrɪŋ/

    5. Transition / trænˈzɪʃən/

    3.2. Comparing Culture
    3.2.1. Reading and Writing:
    Cultural Diversity
    Why is cultural diversity a good thing? Culture is the lens with which we evaluate
    everything around us; we evaluate what is proper or improper, normal or abnormal.
    If we are immersed in a culture that is different from ours, we can experience culture
    shock and become disoriented when we come into contact with a fundamentally
    different culture. People naturally use their own culture as a yard stick to judge other
    cultures. Such judgment could reach to a level whereby people tend to discriminate
    against others whose ways of living are different from theirs.

    People fear essentially what they don’t understand. Cultural diversity is inevitable
    since in our country, at our workplaces, and schools there exist increasingly various
    cultural, racial, and ethnic groups. We can learn from one another, but first we should
    have a level of understanding about each other in order to facilitate collaboration
    and cooperation.

    Learning about other cultures helps us understand different perspectives within the
    world in which we live, and helps dispel negative stereotypes and personal biases
    about different groups.

    In addition, cultural diversity can help us recognize and respect “ways of being” that
    are not necessarily our own, so that as we interact with others we can build bridges
    to trust, respect, and have more understanding across cultures. Furthermore, this
    diversity makes our country a more interesting place to live in. Indeed, people from
    diverse cultures contribute to the development of language skills, new ways of
    thinking, new knowledge, and different experiences.

    How can you support cultural diversity? You ought to increase your level of
    understanding about other cultures by interacting with people outside your
    own culture. Meaningful relationships may never develop simply due to a lack
    of appreciation of others’ cultural values. You should avoid imposing your own
    values on others as that may conflict or be inconsistent with their beliefs. You
    ought to recognize and understand that concepts such as family ties, gender roles,
    spirituality, and emotional well-being, vary significantly among cultures and impact
    on behavior.

    Within the workplace, educational setting, and clinical setting, advocate for the
    use of materials that are representative of the various cultural groups in the local
    community and the society in general. You should intervene in an appropriate
    manner when you observe others engaging in behaviors that show cultural 
    insensitivity, bias, or prejudice. You ought to be proactive in listening, accepting,
    and welcoming people and ideas that are different from your own.

    Cultural diversity supports the idea that every person can make a unique and positive
    contribution to the larger society in spite of their differences. Imagine a place where
    diversity is recognized and respected; various cultural ideas are acknowledged and
    valued; contributions from all groups are encouraged; people are empowered to

    achieve their full potential; and differences are celebrated!

    By Dr. Lisa Belfield (Adjunct professor at Kaplan University)

    https://www.purdueglobal.edu/news-resources/what-is-cultural-diversity/, retrieved on March 19th, 2018

    Read the above text and using complete sentences, carry out the following tasks:
    1. Discuss the dangers of judging other people on the basis of your own
    culture.
    2. Basing on the above text, tell how cultural diversity can improve someone’s
    life perspectives?
    3.2.2. Summary Writing Techniques
    • Writing a summary exercise is always based on a given text which must be
    read and re-written in a shorter form depending on the nature of the idea to
    be developed. Emphasis should be put on the specific and key points given.
    Remember, these points have to be presented without details, examples and
    illustrations.
    • Whereas we must use the points drawn from the text, the rules of summary
    emphasize that you should construct it in your own words. You should never
    copy down the same sentences as used in the main text but the central
    message of the text has to be kept.

    • It is important to remember that the purpose of writing a summary is giving
    the reader a brief but complete message.

    3.2.3. Steps in Summary Writing
    Below are four steps to follow as you write your summary:
    • Find the main and relevant points: Review all the ideas and choose one point
    that best expresses the main idea in relation to the summary question. 

    • Organize your summary: In the first sentence state the thesis which gives
    a summary in your own words. After the first sentence, proceed in a logical
    manner, presenting the material in the same order as in the original passage. 

    • When you finish drafting your summary, compare what you have written with
    the question. Make sure your sentences flow smoothly.

    • Check the correctness or accuracy of grammar (tense, punctuation, spellings,

    vocabulary, etc.)

    3.2.4. Application Activities
    Give the meaning of the following words as used in the above passage
    a. .... immersed ... (paragraph one)
    b. ... culture shock ... (paragraph one)
    a. ... to facilitate collaboration ... (paragraph two)
    b. ... different perspectives ... (paragraph two)
    c. ... prejudice ... (paragraph four)
    III. Match the words or phrases in Column A with their corresponding
    meanings in Column B of the table below. In your exercise notebook,
    present your answers in complete sentences.
     Example:
    The word ‘Prejudice’ refers to the practice or tendency of judging or making
    conclusions without a fair reason.

    IV. Summarize the aspects of multiculturalism as analyzed in the above passage.

    3.2.5. Language Structure : Modal Verbs
    1. Definition
    A Modal Verb is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to convey ideas like
    talking about ability, asking permission, making requests, talking about things
    which are desired and so on.
    2. Uses of Modal Verbs
    How to use the Modal Verb “Can”.

    Can is used when talking about someone’s skill or general abilities. It is also used to
    make offers, ask and give permission.
     Example
    1. Muhire is patient and humble, he can adapt to any culture. (Ability)
    2. If multiculturalism is recognized, people can live wherever they like.
    (Permission)
    3. I can play for you a nice piece of music about wedding ceremonies in
    Kenya if you like. (Offer)
     How to use Modal Verb “Should”
    Should is used when giving a piece of advice, a recommendation or a suggestion.
    Very often, should is used instead of Must to make rules, orders or instructions sound
    more polite.
     Example
    a. If we are to live peacefully with others, we should  avoid prejudices.
    (Advice, recommendation, suggestion).
    b. We should experience a united community since people now respect
    each other’s beliefs. (Likely situation).
    c. As tolerance is encouraged in our communities, we  should  have a
    more peaceful generation in the future. (Prediction).
    d. If you wish to fully recover from culture shock, you should never judge

    other people’s culture. (Obligation-not as strong as Must).

    How to use Modal Verb “Ought to …”

    This modal verb is used to express the view that something is the right thing to do,
    because it’s morally correct, polite, or someone’s duty. It is also used to predict that

    something is fairly, likely or expected, based on normal circumstances or logic.

     Example
    a. We ought to keep our identity and respect other people’s customs.
    (Duty, the right thing to do)
    b. The world ought to experience a high rate of migration as cultures
    mix. (Prediction)
    c. You ought to interact with people outside your own culture. (advice or
    recommendations)
    3.2.6. Application Activities
    I. Construct nine meaningful sentences using each of the following model
    verbs can, ought to … and should. Then read your sentences to the class.
    II. Choose the correct Modal Verb between can, ought to …, and should to
    complete the sentences below.
    1. We …………..celebrate rather than fight over cultural differences.
    2. Community groups ………... have different traditions.
    3. Different people ………..share the same beliefs.
    4. People ………..fight over cultural differences.
    5. We …………..encourage tolerance.
    6. Immigrants ………... adapt to new customs.
    7. Prejudices ……………. be a hindrance to peace building.
    8. Political conflicts ………. be push factors for migration.
    9. Multiculturalism ………..not make one lose his identity.
    10. In a multicultural community, people ……... respect each other’s beliefs.
    3.3. Describing Cultures and Customs
    3.3.1. Listening and Speaking: Question and Answer; Debate
    3.3.1.1. Application Activities
    Listening and speaking:
    1. Question and Answer
    Carefully listen as your teacher reads a text for you. Be prepared to answer
    the questions about the text.
    2. Debating:
    a. Debate on this motion “Cultural Diversity is a blessing, not a loss of
    one’s identity”.
    b. You should remember what you studied earlier on in unit one about
    debating.
    c. Choose any local culture that you know very well.
    d. Discuss some positive aspects of that culture.
    e. Describe any contrast between that culture and your own, if any.
    f. Copy those aspects on a sheet of paper.
    g. Remember to use Modal Verbs like can, should and ought to in your

    debate.

    3.4. Describing Traditional Rwandan culture
    3.4.1. Reading and Writing:
    Rwandan Traditions and Culture
    In the Rwandan culture, it is considered extremely rude to eat in public. People are
    not supposed to eat on the street, in public transportation, and sometimes even
    during big parties in the presence of strangers. In addition, traditionally adults don’t
    eat in front of their in-laws. In the past, adults could not even eat in front of their own
    children and would often take their food into their bedroom. Some men would only
    eat food cooked by their wives and refuse to eat any food cooked by a housekeeper.
    It was said in the past that women were not supposed to eat goat meat, for two
    reasons: it would make them grow beard, and become stubborn. However, it is now
    believed such assumptions were invented by greedy men who wanted all the good
    meat for themselves.

    Going out to eat at restaurants is actually a fairly new concept that has only taken
    hold with the influence of foreigners. In the recent past, if a man or a couple went
    out to eat, it meant that the wife was a bad cook or that the man did not have a wife 
    at all. Even today, there are many Rwandans who generally do not dine out. In the
    past, it was considered a taboo for in-laws to eat at a married couple’s house. It was
    also taboo for them to stay the night and they would have to find another place in

    the neighborhood to stay. Rwandans say that drinking milk makes women beautiful. 

    When there is a beautiful woman, Rwandans might say that she must have drunk a
    lot of milk. If you invite someone or even multiple people out to dinner or drinks, it
    is expected that you will pay for them. When Rwandans are served a bottle of beer
    with a glass, they will sometimes pour a few drops into the glass, swish the liquid
    around, and then pour it on the ground behind them. This serves two functions:
    it symbolizes sharing the drink with ancestors and also helps clean out the glass.
    When a guest stops by for a visit to a friend or family member, it is expected that the
    host will offer him or her something to drink. The most common drink is Fanta or
    beer. It is considered very rude to offer water, at least not until the guest has finished
    the first drink.

    When a married couple has children, their names essentially change to reflect the
    identity of their first-born child. For example, if parents are named Joshua and Gloria.
    As soon as they get their first baby-girl and call her Simbi, everyone who knows
    them (friends, family members, community members, neighbours, perhaps even
    colleagues) would start to call them Papa Simbi and Mama Simbi. People hence start
    considering them as having enriched their identity and recognition with a family
    and address. However this practice was borrowed from other African Countries such

    as the Democratic Repuplic of Congo (DRC)

    When a couple is planning a wedding, the man and the woman separately hold
    numerous “planning meetings” at which they meet with their friends and family to
    organize and finalize the details for the marriage.

    One of the ways that the family of a bride prepares for a wedding is to plant a few
    banana trees along the road leading to their house. In the past this was done to
    show that the family was relatively wealthy, because it was implied that they could
    also supply their guests with banana beer from their banana trees.

    When a man and a woman share the bed, the man always sleeps on the side of door
    so that he may protect his wife in the case of an intruder or a problem. It is considered
    a serious taboo for an unmarried man to spend the night at an unmarried woman’s
    home. This is part of a larger discussion about gender and double standards/disparate
    access and opportunities: it is not acceptable for women to go out dancing without

    men. If they do so, they will be taken for prostitutes. 

    It is forbidden for a married person to pronounce the name of his or her mother-inlaw
     or father-in-law. When greeting them or even describing them to others, people 
    cannot say their name and have to describe them instead. They cannot even share

    meals.

    If a woman sews at night or in the dark, people will discourage her by saying that she
    is sewing her parents’ eyes shut. This is most likely to prevent women from straining
    their eyes by sewing under faint light. Whistling at night is considered a taboo as
    it is believed to be a way of summoning snakes. It is also a taboo for a woman to
    whistle at any time of the day for she would be considered as a malish. If you have
    the hiccups, people say that someone is talking about you. When you have a twitch

    on your eye or face, people believe it is a good omen.

    Adapted from https://helainainrwanda.wordpress.com/2010/11/23/cultural-norms-traditions taboos-andsuperstitions/ retrieved on March 18th, 2018

    Read the above text and using complete sentences, answer the questions below:
    1. Explain five aspects of the Rwandan culture as discussed in the above
    passage.
    2. Describe the wedding process in the Rwandan culture as portrayed in the
    above passage.
    3. Refer to the notes on paragraph writing in Unit 1 page 4 of this book for
    guidance and write an eighty-word paragraph about any other aspect of
    the Rwandan culture that you know.
    4. Give the meaning of the following words as used in the above passage
    a. … extremely rude … (paragraph one)
    b. … was invented by greedy men ... (paragraph one)
    c. … considered taboo … (paragraph two)
    d. … pour … (paragraph three)
    e. … symbolizes … (paragraph four)
    f. … to reflect … (paragraph five)
    g. … a bride … (paragraph six)
    h. … double standards … (paragraph seven)
    i. … faint light … (paragraph nine)
    j. … a twitch … (paragraph ten)
    3.4.2. Letter Writing
    An informal letter is always written in a personal style. Informal letters can be written
    to people we relate with on personal grounds like relatives or friends. The content and
    context of informal letters revolve on non-professional and unofficial relationships. 
    They are mainly on private issues or topics although this doesn’t exclude business
    partners or workers with whom you’re friends.
    Aspects of an Informal Letter
    A letter should always present the following:
    1. The Sender’s Address
    The writer’s address should be located at the top right corner of the page.
    2. The Receiver’s Address
    This is also called the addressee’s address. It is usually located on the back side of
    the envelope. However, it can also be placed at the top left corner of the letter, just
    below the sender’s address.
    3. The Date
    The date is usually located below your own address. Simply leave one line below,
    open, and insert the date, that is the month, day and year. Sometime, only the
    month and day will be sufficient. (Remember that in English, the months and the
    days are spelt starting with capital letters.)
    4. The Opening or introduction
    The opening is fairly straightforward, and it is usually not as important as it would be
    with a business or formal letter.
    5. The Body
    The body comprises the content of the letter which should be written in a personal
    and friendly tone. However, it’s important to adjust the language based on the
    person you are writing to. Words and expressions are determined by the nature of
    the relationship between the writer and the receiver of the letter.
    The Ending: The ending is the closing sentence of your letter.
    6. The Signature
    The signature ends the letter. In case of an informal letter, the name of the sender

    can serve as the signature.

    3.4.3. Application Activity
    Imagine you met a person, or you went to another community where you are
    obliged to adopt other people’s culture.
    • Write a detailed letter to your family members expressing some of the
    shocking experiences.
    3.5. Describing the causes of migration
    3.5. 1. Listening and Speaking
     Look at the above pictures and share with your classmates about questions like:
    What is happening to the people and why?
    What would cause someone to leave his or her country or city for a foreign one?
    3.5.2. Reading and Writing
    Factors of Migration
    People migrate for a number of reasons. These reasons may fall under four areas
    that are environmental, economic, cultural and socio-political reasons. Within all
    these, there are some that may be seen as ‘Push’ or ‘Pull’ factors. Push factors force
    individuals to move out voluntarily, and in many cases, they are forced because they
    are risking something if they stay.

    Push factors may include conflict, drought, famine, or religious based discrimination.
    Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunities.

    Other strong push factors include race and discriminating cultures, political
    intolerance and persecution. Pull factors are those factors in the destination country
    that attract the individuals or groups to leave their home. Those factors are known
    as place utility, which is the desirability of a place that attracts people.

    Better economic opportunities, more jobs, and the promise of a better life often
    pull people into new locations. Sometimes, individuals have ideas and perceptions
    about places that are not necessarily correct, but are strong pull factors for them.
    As people grow older and retire, many look for places with warm weather, peaceful
    and comfortable locations in order to spend their retirement after a lifetime of hard
    work and savings.

    Such ideal places are pull factors too. Very often, People consider and prefer
    opportunities closer to their locations than similar opportunities farther away. In
    the same spirit, people often like to move to places with better cultural, political,
    climatic and general terrain in closer locations than locations farther away. It is rare
    to find people move over very long distances in order to settle in places that they
    have little knowledge of. 
    Adapted from http://eschooltoday.com/migration/the-pull-and-push-factors-of-migration.html retrieved
    on March 18th, 2018
    Read the above text and answer the questions below:
    1. State and explain the reasons why people migrate.
    2. Assume there are migrants who come to your home area. Explain how you
    would treat them.
    3. In your own words, write a paragraph summarizing the pull factors of
    migration.
    4. Construct one meaningful sentence with each of the following words and
    phrases:
    a. … migrate …(paragraph one)
    b. … push factor … (paragraph two)
    c. … political intolerance … (paragraph three)
    d. … vein …(paragraph five)
    e. … peaceful and comfortable … (paragraph five)
    3.5.3. Application Activity
    Discuss the consequences of cultural intolerance.
    3.5.4. Language Structure: Sentence Connectors 
    Definition
    A sentence connector is a word or phrase used to join or combine two sentences
    in order to convey a specific meaning. Some sentence connectors show cause and

    effect. These include among others: because, so that, in order to.

    Example
    1. People migrate because they risk something if they stay in their home
    area.
    2. Older people migrate to comfortable locations in order to spend their
    retirement after a lifetime of hard work and savings.
    3. Weaver had to work full-time in order to earn a living for her family of five
    children in her new town.

    4. I moved to France so that I could improve my French.

    3.5.2. Application Activities
    I. Construct two meaningful sentences containing cause and effect language
    (Make use of so that, because, in order to,...)
    II. Combine the two sentences below using the transition word or phrase
    expressing cause and effect in brackets:
    a. We stayed in Musanze. Their culture had a lot of similarities with ours.
    (because)
    b. Kayumba had to adapt to the aborigines’ culture. He wanted to
    successfully carry out his research on multiculturalism. (in order to)
    c. Tolerance was to be encouraged. People could live peacefully. (so that)
    d. Munyana failed her business first test abroad. She didn’t adapt to the
    new beliefs that she faced. (because)
    e. We ought to respect other people’s traditions. We wish they respected
    our traditions. (so that).
    f. We mustn’t be rude with people who don’t share our customs.
    Rudeness may be a threat to peace in our community. (because)
    g. Many people migrate to Rwanda. They wish to find jobs. (in order to).
    h. They decided to stay abroad. Their cultural identity was not threatened.
    (because)
    i. Kayihura and his wife decided to be humble and patient. They wished
    to build peace with their neighbors. (in order to).
    j. They moved to Rwanda. There were culture-based conflicts in their

    home country (because)

    3.6. UNIT SELF- ASSESSMENT
    3.6.1. Comprehension and Vocabulary
    “Tolerance as Cultures Mix”
    In Maine, a refugee from Afghanistan was seen kissing the penis of his baby boy,
    a traditional traditional expression of love by this father. To his neighbors and the
    police, it was child abuse, and his son was taken away.

    In Seattle, a hospital tried to invent a harmless female circumcision procedure to
    satisfy conservative Somali parents wanting to keep an African practice alive in
    their community.

    The idea got buried in criticism from an outraged public.
    How do democratic, pluralistic societies like the United States, based on religious
    and cultural a tolerance, respond to customs and rituals that may be repellent to
    the majority?

    As new groups of immigrants from Asia and Africa are added to the demographic
    mix in the United States, Canada and Europe, balancing cultural variety with
    mainstream values is becoming more and more tricky.

    Many Americans confront the issue of whether any branch of government should
    have the power to intervene in the most intimate details of family life. ‘’I think we
    are torn,’’ said Richard A.

    Shweder, an anthropologist at the University of Chicago and a leading advocate
    of the broadest tolerance for cultural differences. ‘’It’s a great dilemma right now
    that’s coming up again about how we’re going to deal with diversity in the United
    States and what it means to be an American.’’

    Anthropologists have waded deeply into this debate, which is increasingly
    engaging scholars across academia, as well as social workers, lawyers and judges

    who deal with new cultural dimensions in immigration and asylum.

    By Barbara Crossette (New York Times Magazine) http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/06/arts/testinglimits-tolerance-cultures-mix-does-freedom-mean-accepting-rituals-that.html, retrieved on March 18th, 2018


    Carefully read the above passage, then answer the questions below
    1. Suppose you were one of the people mentioned in paragraph one.
    Talk about the attitude that you would adopt.
    2. Basing on the above text, explain how men and women should
    behave towards each other to encourage tolerance in their mutual
    relationship.
    3. Construct one meaningful sentence with each of these words and
    phrases as used in the above passage:
    a. … conservative … (paragraph one)
    b. … criticism … (paragraph one)
    c. … outraged … (paragraph one)
    d. … cultural variety … (paragraph two)
    e. … pluralistic societies … (paragraph two)
    f. … repellent … (paragraph two)
    g. … broadest tolerance … (paragraph three)
    h. … advocate … (paragraph three)
    3.6.2. Grammar and Phonology
    I. Use cause-effect language with the sentence connectors: because, in order
    to, to complete these sentences:
    1. They moved to Rwanda .......…... they could escape from war and save
    their lives.
    2. I can’t visit you today ………………. I am busy reading my notes on
    multiculturalism.
    3. Fulani visited Liverpool ……………… to learn about his new British
    friend’s culture.
    4. A Rwandan doesn’t call his father-in-law by his name …… it would be
    considered impolite.
    5. Michael has many friends abroad ………….. of his capacity to adapt to
    new traditions.
    6. In Rwandan culture, women are forbidden to sew at night …………. to
    prevent them from straining their eyes.
    7. At a wedding ceremony, banana trees are planted ……….. they can
    show the family’s wealth and generosity.
    8. We should be tolerant towards others ………….. to avoid culture
    shock.
    9. People finally had to understand each other ………….. they could
    learn from each other’s cultures.
    10. Cultural diversity makes people contribute positively to the larger
    society ……….. of their differences.

    II. Read the following words and phrases aloud and correctly. Put the stress at
    the right place.
    a. Outraged                                                        d. Advocate                      
    b. Mainstream values                                     e. Pluralistic
    c. Intimate                                                          f. Conservative

    3.6.3. Summary
    Carefully read the passage that follows, and then write 80 word paragraph
    summarizing the importance of cultural identity for children’s wellbeing.

    Cultural identity matters to children’s wellbeing

    A strong cultural identity is important to a child’s mental health and
    wellbeing.   Having a strong sense of their own cultural history and traditions
    helps children build a positive cultural identity for themselves, gives them a sense
    of belonging and self-esteem and supports their overall wellbeing.

    When children have a strong cultural identity, they are well-placed to make social
    connections with others and develop a sense of belonging to their community,
    even if the community’s cultures are different from their family culture. Having
    a positive sense of belonging in both settings helps children move between
    cultures with greater ease and confidence, and can increase their engagement.

    In turn, the sense of belonging builds children’s self-esteem and resilience, and
    reduces the likelihood they will experience depression and anxiety. To be able
    to get on well in a culture that is different from their family culture, children
    often need to understand and respond to different expectations. For example,
    the expectations around body language can be very different across various
    cultures. In many Asian cultures, making direct eye contact with an adult is
    viewed as a sign of disrespect or a challenge to that adult’s authority.
    It can be complex, and sometimes confusing, for a child from a different cultural
    background to their school culture to make sense of the different expectations.
    In some cases children may experience ‘cultural conflict’ and feel that they have
    to choose one culture or the other, even though they have to live in both. This
    can be stressful for children and have negative impacts on their mental health
    and wellbeing.

    However, when children have a positive sense of belonging to both cultures,
    their mental health and wellbeing is supported and so is their learning. The
    experiences of children and families in a health and community setting can also
    have a positive effect on their sense of belonging and engagement with the wider
    community. A child’s sense of their own cultural identity is also strengthened
    when this diversity is recognised, respected and valued in their interactions with
    health and community professionals.

    Adapted from https://www.kidsmatter.edu.au/health-and-community/enewsletter/cultural-identitymatters-children%E2%80%99s-wellbeing, Retrieved on May 9th, 2018.

    3.6.4. Essay Writing
    Suppose you experienced a situation involving ‘culture shock’. Write an essay of
    about 350 words showing the right way of behaving in such a situation. 
    

    ◄UNIT 2: NEWSPAPERS AND REPORTINGUNIT 4: MYSELF AND MY AMBITIONSMYSELF AND MY AMBITIONS►