• UNIT 3: FOOTBALL

    Key unit competence: Develop football tactical skills

    3.1 Prerequisite (Knowledge, skills, attitudes and values)
    Students of senior five will develop better football tactical skills if they can
    perform basics physical exercises and play football by using technical skills learned in senior four.

    3.2 Cross-cutting issues to be addressed
    Gender: Engage both women and men in physical activity and sports
    exercises and help them to exploit their full potentials. No activity is
    reserved only for women or men.
    Inclusive education: Identify the students with special education
    needs, ensure interactive and inclusive discussion during practice of
    physical activity and sport exercises.
    Financial education: Facilitate/guide students to make non cost
    materials like ropes and balls from banana leave fibers and they can
    also improvise hurdles for jumping exercises
    Standardization culture: Advise learners to use standardized
    materials in prevention of injuries and accidents. Students have to
    know how to choose and use safe sports clothes for their health (e.g.:
    safe sports shoes), safe physical exercises (avoid bad body postures
    and forbidden body exercises, adapted physical activities)
    Environment and sustainability: Train students on the culture of
    protecting the environment surrounding the field/playground and any
    other place they play on.
    Peace and values education: Encourage teamwork spirit, mutual
    help, and respect of opinions of colleagues among learners.
    Comprehensive sexuality education: Provide physical activities and
    set instructions that prevent sexual harassment, any kind of gender based
    violence like sexual abuse and physical contacts concerned with
    sexuality intention in Physical Education and Sports activities.
    Genocide studies: Take time to explain to students how sports should
    be used to fight against Genocide ideology and how to prevent it. E.g.:
    Organizing Genocide memorial tournaments at school and giving the
    message related to the Genocide.

    3.3 Guidance on introductory activity

    Before introducing the lesson one of this unit, teacher must introduce the whole unit.
    The teacher as a guide, facilitator and expert, asks questions or gives activity 
    related
    to football in order to help students to predict what to be learnt in the whole 
    unit.
    He/she may use a selected picture or scenario which helps to quick thinking 
    and reaction.

    3.4 List of lessons/sub-heading


    Lesson 1: Players’ position exercises

    a) Learning objective

    Take players’ position in the playing ground and identify responsibilities of each position.

    b) Teaching resources
    Balls, football playground, cones, whistle, watch and videos related to football tactical skills.

    c) Prerequisites/Revision/Introduction
    Students of senior five will develop better Players’ position exercises if they can perform
    basic physical exercises and play football by using technical skills 
    learned in senior four.

    d) Learning activities

    Opening discussions

    – Ask questions about football techniques as been learned in senior four.
    – Through brainstorming, introduce player’s position in football game.
    – Invite students to start warm up exercises.

    Warm up exercises and stretching exercises
    – Let students perform general warm up exercises and specific warm up
    based on body’s parts to be used more while performing tactical skills
    and stretch their muscles properly.
    – Guide them while performing warm up and stretching exercises.
    – Help them/demonstrate/correct where is necessary.

    e) Lesson body

    Identifying and taking player’s positions in football.
    – Trough brainstorming, help students to identify player’s positions in
    the field of football.
    – Guide students to individually pass by each position in the field.

    – Help the students to highlight all player’s positions.


    Activity 3.1

    Discussing the responsibilities of each player’s position
    - Form 8 groups of mixed students;
    - Each group should be composed by an odd number of students;
    - Name the groups with letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H;
    - Assign groups A and C to discuss on goalkeeper’s responsibilities;
    - Assign groups B and D to discuss on defenders’ responsibilities;
    - Assign groups E and G to discuss on midfielders’ responsibilities;
    - Assign groups F and H to discuss on forwards responsibilities;
    - Pass around groups by guiding and facilitating students;
    - Ask groups to present their findings to the whole class by requesting the
    group representative to write them on the chalkboard or flip chart;
    - After group presentations, the teacher facilitates students to make a summary of
    players’ position responsibilities.


    Cool down exercises
    – Let students do light relaxation exercises.

    Closing discussions

    Reflect
    – What are advantages of players’ position exercises?
    – How did you proceed to perform those exercises of positioning and
    controlling the ball?

    Connect
    – Why is it important to have players’ position in football?

    Apply
    – How will you apply positioning exercises in your daily life?

    Lesson 2: System formations exercises

    a) Learning objective
    Apply system formations.

    b) Teaching resources
    Balls, football playground, cones, whistle, watch and videos related to football tactical skills.

    c) Prerequisites/Revision/Introduction
    Students of senior five will develop better system formations if they can
    perform taking different positions in football pitch and play football by using technical
    skills learned in previous lessons.

    d) Learning activities
    Opening discussions

    – On U shape formation, ask questions about football techniques as have
    been learned in senior four.
    – Through brainstorming, introduce system formations in football game.
    – Invite students to start warm up exercises.

    Warm up exercises and stretching exercises
    – Let students perform general warm up exercises and specific warm up
    based on body’s parts to be used more while performing tactical skills
    and stretch their muscles properly.
    – Guide them while performing warm up and stretching exercises.
    – Help them/demonstrate/correct where is necessary.

    e) Lesson body
    Types of system formations most used in football
    Help students in group formed to explain different system formations.

    Formations 4-3-3/4-2-3-1/4-5-1 where by:
    – Goalkeeper occupies post number 1;
    – Right Back occupies post number 2;
    – Left Back occupies post number 3;
    – 2 Center Backs occupy posts number 4 and 5;
    – Defensive Midfielder occupies post number 6;
    – Right Winger/forward occupies post number 7;
    – Center Midfielder occupies post number 8;
    – Striker occupies post number 9;
    – Attacking Midfielder occupies post number 10;

    – Left Winger/forward occupies post number 11.

    Formation 4-4-2 where by:
    – Goalkeeper occupies post number 1;
    – Right Back occupies post number 2;
    – Left Back occupies post number 3;
    – 2 Center Backs occupy posts number 4 and 5;
    – Central Midfielder (more defensive) occupies post number 6;
    – Right Midfielder/Winger/forward occupies post number 7;
    – Central Midfielder occupies post number 8;
    – Striker occupies post number 9;
    – Central Forward(withdrawn/link) occupies post number 10;

    – Left Midfielder/Winger occupies post number 11.

    Formations 3-5-2/5-3-2 where by:
    – Goalkeeper occupies post number 1;
    – Right Center Back occupies post number 2;
    – Left Wing Back occupies post number 3;
    – Left Center Backs occupies post number 4;
    – Center Back/Sweeper occupies post number 5;
    – Defensive Midfielder occupies post number 6;
    – Right Wing Back occupies post number 7;
    – Central Midfielder occupies post number 8;
    – Striker occupies post number 9;
    – Attacking Midfielder occupies post number 10;

    – Central Forward occupies post number 11.

    Application activity 3.1
    Small game in which students apply system formations
    Tell the students to form two teams.
    - Ask them to take positions according to the system told.
    - Let them playing assuming every post responsibility.
    - Make necessary substitutions.

    - Correct where it avails required.

    Cool down exercises
    – Let students practice cool down exercises and light stretching by
    focusing on used muscles.
    – Guide them how they can stretch their muscles accordingly.

    Closing discussions (RCA)

    Reflect

    – How did you proceed to succeed exercises of player’s position and
    system formation in Football?
    – What are the challenges did you face while performing players’ position
    and system formation exercises in Football?
    – Describe different types of system formation used in football

    Connect
    – How players’ position and system formation exercises are useful in
    football game?

    Apply
    – How could you apply tactics of players’ position and system formation
    exercises in football help you to become best players in your society?

    Lesson 3: Ball possession and movement exercises

    a) Learning objective

    Perform ball possession and movement exercises.

    b) Teaching resources
    Balls, football playground, cones, whistle, watch and videos related to football tactical skills.

    c) Prerequisites/Revision/Introduction
    Students of senior five will develop better ball possession and movement
    exercises if they can perform basics physical exercises and play football by
    using technical skills learned in senior four.

    d) Learning activities

    Opening discussions

    – Ask questions about football technique as they learned in senior four.
    – Through brainstorming, introduce ball possession and movement
    exercises in football game.
    – Invite students to start warm up exercises.
    Warm up exercises and stretching exercises
    – Let students perform general warm up exercises and specific warm up
    based on body’s parts to be used more while performing tactical skills
    and stretch their muscles properly.
    – Guide them while performing warm up and stretching exercises.
    – Help them/demonstrate/correct where is necessary.

    e) Lesson body

    Ball possession and movement

    Help students to remember that:
    – Ball possession is the amount of time the ball is in the feet of a team’s
    field players or in the hands of the goalkeeper.
    To better perform ball possession and movement in football, you need to think on the following factors:
    – What to do before you receive the ball;
    – Where your teammates are in the field;
    – Where the spaces in the field are;
    – Where your opponents are;
    – Make quick and correct decisions once you get the ball,

    Activity 3.3

    Triangle passing
    – Delimitate playing area with small cones,
    – Distribute ball to groups formed,
    – Demonstrate how to perform triangle passes,
    – Let students perform the exercise,
    – Apply all passing techniques and move quick,
    – Pass to all groups to correct where necessary,
    - Objective of the exercise is to train keeping the ball among players of

    the same team.

    Activity 3.4

    Circle passing and receiving exercise
    – Set up the playing area
    – One student in the middle and three others outside the circle

    Explain to the students that the exercise is conducted in three phases:

    • The player in the middle starts with the ball and passes to outside player.
    Outside player takes a touch and passes to the player to his/her right
    before overlapping to receive next pass into the middle of the grid. This
    player then repeats the process.

    • Similar to phase one but this time player after playing the ball to his/her
    right checks in as a supporting player to connect an extra pass with the
    overlapping player.

    • The middle player receives the ball straight back from outside player
    before connecting to outside player to the right. Overlapping player still
    makes necessary run to receive pass into the middle of the grid:
    – Demonstrate how to perform circle passing and receiving exercise.

    – Let students perform the exercise.

    Application activity 3.2
    - Form two teams;
    - These two teams will play in an area without goals and the objective
    is to keep the ball from the opponent’s teams as long as possible;
    - Ask students to play in applying the following;
    - Play the ball fast when the situation requires it;
    - Play the ball slow or keep it when the situation requires it;
    - Move to the empty spaces;
    - Keep the ball as short as possible to make the opposing football team
    run;
    - Tell them to keep their head up as try to know what to do before the
    ball comes to them;
    - Make necessary substitutions.

    Cool down exercises
    – Let students practice cool down exercises and light stretching by
    focusing on used muscles.
    – Guide them how they can stretch their muscles accordingly.

    Closing discussions (RCA)

    Reflect

    – How did you proceed to succeed exercises of keeping ball possession
    and movement in football game?
    – What are the challenges did you face while performing ball possession
    and movement in football?

    Connect
    - How important is ball possession and movement in a football game?

    Apply
    – How could you apply ball possession and movement in a football game
    help you to become best players in your society?

    Lesson 4: Counter attack exercises

    a) Learning objective

    Apply counter attack tactics exercises

    b) Teaching resources
    Balls, football playground, cones, diamonds, whistle, watch and videos
    related 
    to football tactical skills.

    c) Prerequisites/Revision/Introduction
    Students of senior five will develop better Players’ position exercises if they 
    can perform basics physical exercises and play football by using technical skills learned in senior four.

    d) Learning activities

    Opening discussions

    – Ask questions about football technique as they learned in senior four.
    – Through brainstorming, introduce player’s position in football game.
    – Invite students to start warm up exercises

    Warm up exercises and stretching exercises
    – Let students perform general warm up exercises and specific warm up
    based on body’s parts to be used more while performing tactical skills
    and stretch their muscles properly.
    – Guide them while performing warm up and stretching exercises.
    – Help them/demonstrate/correct where is necessary.

    e) Lesson body

    Activity 3.5

    Counter attack exercises

    – Divide the playing area into 3 zones with small cones or diamonds;
    – Form the groups of 6 each;
    – Name the groups of students formed team1, team 2 and team 3;
    – Give the ball to the middle group that will start exercise;
    – Demonstrate and explain how to perform counter attack;
    – Team 1 will attack, team 2 will defend and team 3 will wait;
    – Team 1 attacks the goal and if team 2 wins the ball, its players
    attack team 3;
    – Teams may regroup in the middle zone;
    – If the attacking team scores, its players maintain possession and
    attack the third team;
    – Encourage players to play fast;
    – Let students perform the exercise;

    – Correct where it avails necessary.

    Cool down exercises
    – Let students practice cool down exercises and light stretching by
    focusing on used muscles.
    – Guide them how they can stretch their muscles accordingly.

    Closing discussions (RCA)

    Reflect

    – How did you proceed to succeed counter attack exercises in football
    game?
    – What are the challenges did you face while performing counter attack
    exercises in football?

    Connect
    – How important is counter attack exercises in a football game?

    Apply
    – How could you apply counter attack exercises in a football game help
    you to become best players in your society?

    Lesson 5: Set pieces’ exercises

    a) Learning objective

    Perform set pieces’ exercises

    b) Teaching resources
    Balls, football playground, cones, whistle, watch and videos related to football tactical skills.

    c) Prerequisites/Revision/Introduction
    Students of senior five will develop better set pieces’ exercises if they can
    perform basics physical exercises and play football by using technical skills learned in senior four.

    d) Learning activities

    Opening discussions

    – Ask questions about football technique as they learned in senior four.
    – Through brainstorming, introduce Set pieces exercises in football game.
    – Invite students to start warm up exercises

    Warm up exercises and stretching exercises
    – Let students perform general warm up exercises and specific warm up
    based on body’s parts to be used more while performing tactical skills
    and stretch their muscles properly.
    – Guide them while performing warm up and stretching exercises.
    – Help them/demonstrate/correct where is necessary.

    e) Lesson body

    Activity 3.6

    Kick off exercises

    – Organize the students on football pitch;
    – Remind the students that a kickoff is taken to start each half of the game and after a goal is scored;
    – The ball must be stationary on the centre mark;
    – The opponent players must be at 9.15 meters or 10 yards away from the ball;
    – The referee gives a whistle signal;
    – The ball goes in play when it is kicked and clearly moves;
    – A goal may be scored directly against the opponents from the kick-off; if the
    ball directly enters the kicker’s goal, a corner kick is 
    awarded to the opponents;

    – Ask students to individually perform the kickoff.

    Activity 3.7

    Organize students on football pitch;
    – Brainstorm when and where goal kick is taken
    – Form the groups of students and align them behind each ball
    placed at 5.5-meter line;
    – Ask students to individually perform goal kick exercises;
    – Let students perform goal kick alternating groups after the

    teacher’s command.

    Activity 3.8

    Penalty kick exercises

    – Organize students on football pitch;
    – Brainstorm when and where a penalty kick is taken and the correct
    positions of players at that time;
    – Form two groups of students and help them to position correctly;
    – Use each half penalty area;
    – Each student from his/her respective group should take and set
    the ball by him/herself at 11meter marked point;
    – Ask students to individually perform a penalty kick exercise;
    – Randomly, one student acts as referee to give a whistle signal;

    – Pass to all groups to make necessary corrections where needed.

    Activity 3.9

    Corner kick exercises

    – Organize students on football pitch.
    – Brainstorm when and where a corner kick is taken.
    – Form 4 groups of students and align each group members on side
    line near each corner of the pitch.
    – Each student from his/her respective group should take and set
    the ball by him/herself correctly.
    – Ask students to individually perform goal kick exercises.
    – Let students perform corner kick alternating groups after the
    teacher’s command.

    – Make necessary corrections where needed.

    Activity 3.10

    Free kick exercises

    – Organize students on football pitch.
    – Brainstorm when and where a corner kick is taken.
    – Form groups of students and align each group members behind a
    set ball.
    – Each student from his/her respective group should take and set
    the ball by him/herself correctly.
    – Ask students to individually perform goal kick exercises.
    – Let students perform corner kick alternating groups after the teacher’s command.

    – Make necessary corrections where needed.

    Cool down exercises
    – Let students practice cool down exercises and light stretching by
    focusing on used muscles.
    – Guide them how they can stretch their muscles accordingly.

    Closing discussions (RCA)

    Reflect

    – How did you proceed to succeed set pieces exercises in football?
    – What are the challenges did you face while performing set pieces
    exercises in football?

    Connect
    – How important are set pieces exercises in a football?
    Apply
    – How set pieces exercises in a football could help you to become best
    players in your society?

    Lesson 6: Defending set pieces

    a) Learning objective

    Perform defending set pieces.

    b) Teaching resources
    Balls, football playground, cones, whistle, watch and videos related to football tactical skills.

    c) Prerequisites/Revision/Introduction
    Students of senior five will develop better defending set pieces if they can
    perform basics physical exercises and play football by using technical skills learned in senior four.

    d) Learning activities

    Opening discussions

    – Ask questions about football technique as have been learned in senior
    four.
    – Through brainstorming, introduce defending set pieces balls in football
    game.
    – Invite students to start warm up exercises.

    Warm up exercises and stretching exercises
    – Let students perform general warm up exercises and specific warm up
    based on body’s parts to be used more while performing tactical skills
    and stretch their muscles properly.
    – Guide them while performing warm up and stretching exercises.
    – Help them/demonstrate/correct where is necessary.

    e) Lesson body
    Remind the students that defending a set piece is not difficult or complicated. 
    The most important thing is to ensure each attacking player is marked.
    The 
    defender must stay with their attacker and do so on the goal side,
    so that the 
    defender is always closer to the goal than the attacker.

    Activity 3.11
    Wall building for free kick
    – Organize students on field.
    – Brainstorm where to build a wall for defending a set ball.
    – Facilitate students to build a wall.
    – Let them perform wall building for free kick.

    – Correct where it avails necessary.

    Activity 3.12

    Man to man defense exercises
    – Organize students on field.
    – Brainstorm how to make man to man defense.
    – Facilitate students to practice man to man defense.
    – Let them perform the exercise.

    – Correct where it avails necessary.

    Activity 3.13

    Zonal marking defense exercises
    – Organize students on field.
    – Brainstorm how to make zonal marking defense.
    – Facilitate students to practice zonal marking defense.
    – Let them perform the exercise.

    – Correct where it avails necessary.

    Cool down exercises
    – Let students practice cool down exercises and light stretching by
    focusing on used muscles.
    – Guide them how they can stretch their muscles accordingly.

    Closing discussions (RCA)

    Reflect

    - How did you proceed to succeed defending set pieces in football?
    - What are the challenges did you face while performing defending set pieces in football?
    Connect
    – How important are defending set pieces in a football?
    Apply
    – How defending set pieces in a football could help you to become best
    players in your society?

    Lesson 7: General defending exercises

    a) Learning objective

    Apply general defending exercises.

    b) Teaching resources
    Balls, football playground, cones, whistle, watch and videos related to
    football 
    tactical skills.

    c) Prerequisites/Revision/Introduction
    Students of senior five will develop better general defending exercises
    if they 
    can perform basics physical exercises and play football by using
    technical skills 
    learned in senior four.

    d) Learning activities

    Opening discussions

    – Ask questions about football tactics as have been learned in senior four.
    – Through brainstorming, introduce general defending exercises in
    football game.
    – Invite students to start warm up exercises.

    Warm up exercises and stretching exercises
    – Let students perform general warm up exercises and specific warm up
    based on body’s parts to be used more while performing tactical skills
    and stretch their muscles properly.
    – Guide them while performing warm up and stretching exercises.
    – Help them/demonstrate/correct where is necessary.

    e) Lesson body
    Teacher as facilitator and guide helps students to perform:
    – Man to man marking defense;
    – Zonal marking defense;
    – Tackling the ball while defending;
    – Blocking the ball while defending;
    – Clearing the ball while defending;

    – Protecting the ball while defending.

    Activity 3.14

    Blocking the ball

    • Explain to the students that block is when a player obstructs a shot
    initialized by an opposing player.
    • Remind the students that it is not allowed to block the ball in the
    following ways:
    – With their hand or arm (up to the shoulder).
    – With excessive force or excessive contact with the opposition
    player.
    – From a free-kick if they are standing within 10 yards or 9.15 meters
    of the taker.
    – From goal kicks inside the penalty box.

    – From penalty kicks, unless they are the goalkeeper.

    Activity 3.15

    Clearing the ball

    Remind the students that clearing is the process of getting the ball out of
    the defensive third of the field into the neutral and offensive third. When
    on defense, your players should be working to get the ball out as quickly as possible.
    They do not want to waste time with footwork or back passing in 
    a
    pressure-level situation.

    Activity 3.16

    Protecting the ball
    – Guided by the teacher, students pair up with one ball between
    them in limited area.
    – One student starts with ball with other behind him/her.
    – The student player tries to keep ball away from other student
    player by shielding it with their body.

    – Student tries to keep ball for 20 seconds, and then students switch.

    Cool down exercises
    – Let students practice cool down exercises and light stretching by
    focusing on used muscles.
    – Guide them how they can stretch their muscles accordingly.

    Closing discussions (RCA)

    Reflect

    – How did you proceed to succeed general defending exercises in
    football?
    – What are the challenges did you face while performing general
    defending exercises in football?

    Connect
    – How important are general defending exercises in a football?
    Apply
    – How could general defending exercises in a football help you to
    become best players in your society?

    Lesson 8: Goalkeeping exercises

    a) Learning objective

    Apply goalkeeping exercises

    b) Teaching resources
    Balls, football playground, cones, whistle, watch and videos related to
    football 
    tactical skills.

    c) Prerequisites/Revision/Introduction
    Students of senior five will develop goalkeeping exercises if they can
    perform 
    basics physical exercises and play football by using technical
    skills learned in 
    senior four.

    d) Learning activities

    Opening discussions

    – Ask questions about football technique as have been learned in senior
    four.
    – Through brainstorming, introduce goalkeeping exercises in football
    game.
    – Invite students to start warm up exercises.

    Warm up exercises and stretching exercises
    – Let students perform general warm up exercises and specific warm up
    based on body’s parts to be used more while performing goalkeeping
    exercises and stretch their muscles properly.
    – Guide them while performing warm up and stretching exercises.
    – Help them/demonstrate/correct where is necessary.

    e) Lesson body

    The teacher should remind the students that the goalkeeper needs the following qualities:
    – Be physically and mentally fit;
    – Pay close attention to the game;
    – Communicate with his /her teammates;
    – Be aggressive and anticipate players coming down the field;
    – Attack every ball that comes at him/her;
    – Save shots on goal using hands and feet.

    Activity 3.17

    Goalkeepers exercises

    • The teacher organizes the students in the field prepared
    • He/she helps students performing individually the following various
    goalkeeping exercises:
    – How to deal with high balls;
    – How to defend 1 against 1 situation;
    – How to save long shots;
    – How to clear back passes along with the ground;
    – How to deal with recovery saves;

    – How to get down to the ground.

    Cool down exercises
    – Let students practice cool down exercises and light stretching by
    focusing on used muscles.
    – Guide them how they can stretch their muscles accordingly.

    Closing discussions (RCA)

    Reflect

    – How did you proceed to succeed goalkeeping exercises in football?
    – What are the challenges did you face while performing goalkeeping
    exercises in football?

    Connect
    – How important are goalkeeping exercises in a football?
    Apply
    – How could goalkeeping exercises in a football help you to become best
    goalkeeper in your society?

    3.5 Additional information to the teacher

    Football positions

    As for the 11 players on the pitch, they can be broadly divided into four positions: 
    goalkeeper, defenders, midfielders and forwards.
    The latter three: defenders, midfielders and forwards, can be further divided 
    into multiple positions.

    While the one goalkeeper per team is a constant, the number of defenders, 
    midfielders and forwards and their starting positions on the football pitch
    can 
    vary according to the team’s formation or tactics.

    Here’s a breakdown of all football positions and their roles.

    Goalkeeper

    A goalkeeper (GK) is essentially a team’s last line of defense. Generally seen
    in 
    a different colored jersey than the rest of the team, a goalkeeper usually
    stays 
    in his own team’s penalty area, usually under the goalpost, to protect the goal. 
    Goalkeepers are the only player on the football team who can use their hands to 
    catch or control the ball, but only if they are in their own penalty box.

    Goalkeepers are allowed to leave their respective penalty box but once they do, 
    they will need to abide by the rules applicable to regular outfield players,
    i.e. no 
    using of hands.

    Defenders
    Defenders are usually the players in the playing XI, whose primary task is to defend
    their goal from opposition attacks. In modern football, though,
    even 
    defenders tend to participate heavily in their team’s build-up play
    to initiate 
    offensive moves.

    Teams mostly play three to five players as defenders in a match. However,
    four 
    at the back is the most commonly used tactic in modern football.
    Defenders can 
    be further divided into the following categories according to their roles.

    Centre backs: Centre backs (CB) or central defenders are centrally placed
    defenders just in front of the team’s goal. In a four-defender formation,
    teams 
    generally utilize two centre backs while in a three or five-player
    backline 
    involves three centre backs.

    Centre backs are usually tall and physically imposing players with good aerial ability.

    Full backs: The defenders who operate from either side of their centre backs 
    are termed as full backs or side backs. Depending on which flank they operate in,
    they are further distinguished as a
    left back (LB) or a right back (RB). 
    Besides defense, full backs often contribute offensively by charging up the pitch 
    with overlapping runs to stretch the opposition defense.

    If a team plays three centre backs and has two highly offensive full backs
    operating in the formation, they are also referred to as wing backs. Full backs are
    mostly quick with good positional sense.

    Midfielders

    As the name suggests, midfielders occupy the middle area of the football pitch 
    and their role is to act as the link between defense and attack. Midfielders also 
    have specialized roles and their position varies according to formations.

    Central midfielders: Midfielders located centrally on the pitch are called
    central midfielders (CM). The number of central midfielders mostly depends on
    the team’s strategy.

    If a central midfielder is tasked to primarily defend by staying in front of
    their backline, they are called central defensive midfielders (CDM).
    Players 
    specializing as CDMs mostly have a high work rate and are good at
    tackling and 
    interceptions.

    More attack-minded central midfielders who prioritize supporting the forwards 
    in attack rather than defense are called central attacking midfielders (CAM). 
    CAMs generally possess the ability to play killer final passes and can shoot well from distance.

    Central midfielders can also be neutral and try to contribute both defensively and offensively.

    Wingers: Midfielders who operate from the flanks just ahead of the full backs
    are called wingers. They are called left wingers (LW) or right wingers (RW) 
    according to their position on the pitch. While they do help their full backs defensively,
    a winger’s primary task is to attack and take on opposition 
    defenders.

    Traditionally wingers stay out wide and send in crosses into the opposition box 
    for their forwards to finish.

    In modern-day football, however, the concept of inverted wingers also exists. 
    Inverted wingers are players who tend to cut in from wide and shoot at goal or 
    assist a team-mate from a more central position. A left-footed player playing on 
    the right wing or vice versa is considered ideal for inverted wingers.

    Wingers are generally pacey, have good dribbling ability, can cross the ball well 
    and are good shooters of the ball.

    Forwards

    Forwards or strikers are the team’s most advanced players on the pitch, whose 
    job is exclusively to score goals. Hence, all forwards are great at finishing and 
    often possess very good positional sense to find space for themselves in the 
    opposition box. They can also be skillful, physically imposing or both,
    according 
    to their style of play.

    A forward who plays more centrally just in front of the opposition goal is called 
    a centre forward (CF). More often than not, centre forwards are physically imposing
    and can both head and shoot the ball well. They are also good a 
    holding the ball up
    by evading pressure from opposition defenders to allow 
    their team-mates to
    run up and support in attack.

    Sometimes centre forwards are instructed to drop deep to receive the ball and 
    create goal-scoring chances for their team-mates instead of operating near the 
    opposition box. In such cases, the centre forwards are also referred to as False 9s.

    Some teams often deploy forwards in the lane between the wingers and the centre forwards.
    These strikers are referred to as right forwards (RF) or left 
    forward (LF) according to
    which side they are playing from. Generally fleetfooted, 
    right forwards and left forwards
    can drift out wide or cut back in to 
    trouble the opposition backline.

    End unit assessment 3.6
    Setting exercises and games aimed to observe whether students are able to perform
     
    football tactical skills: players positioning, system formation adaptation, 
    ball possession and movement, counter attacks, defending set pieces, defending 
    in general and goalkeeping

    3.7 Additional activities

    3.7.1 Remedial activities

    Regular performance of: players positioning, system formation adaptation,
    ball 
    possession and movement, counter attacks, defending set pieces,
    defending in 
    general and goalkeeping

    3.7.2 Consolidation activities
    Increase performance of: players positioning, system formation adaptation,
    ball 
    possession and movement, counter attacks, defending set pieces,
    defending in 
    general and goalkeeping.

    3.7.3 Extended activities
    Participate in different football competitions organized by the school, at sector 
    or district level and national sports school competitions.

    UNIT 2: ATHLETICSUNIT 4: VOLLEY BALL