UNIT 11 COMMUNICATION AND COUNSELING
Key Unit Competence
Provide an appropriate counseling for individual, groups, and familyIntroductory activity 11
1. What do you see on pictures above?
2. What are differences between pictures A, B and picture C?
3. On your point of view, how do you interpret the picture C?
11.1. Definition and Communication processLearning activity 11.1
Observe the picture aside and answer
following questions:
1. What do you see on pictures
above?
2. What are doing persons on the
picture?
3. On your point of view, what couldbe the topic of conversation?
11.1.1 Definition of communication
Communication can broadly be defined as exchange of ideas, messages and
information between two or more persons, through a medium, in a manner
that the sender and the receiver understand the message in the common
sense, that is, they develop common understanding of the message.
Berelson and Steiner define communication as the transmission of information,
ideas, and emotions, skills through the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures,
and graph
11.1.2 Communication process
The communication process has several components that enable the transmission
of a message. Here are the various parts
a. Sender: This is the person that is delivering a message to a recipient.
b. Message: This refers to the information that the sender is relaying to the
receiver.
c. Channel of communication: This is the transmission or method of delivering
the message.
d. Decoding: This is the interpretation of the message. Decoding is performed
by the receiver.
e. Receiver: The receiver is the person who is getting or receiving the message.
f. Feedback: In some instances, the receiver might have feedback or aresponse for the sender. This starts an interaction.
The Communication Process:
DIAGRAM
Counselling
How does the communication process work?
In order to successfully communicate, it’s important to understand how the process
works.
Here are the seven steps in the communication process:
1. The sender develops an idea to be sent.
2. The sender encodes the message.
3. The sender selects the channel of communication that will be used.
4. The message travels over the channel of communication.
5. The message is received by the receiver.
6. The receiver decodes the message.7. The receiver provides feedback, if applicable.
Self-assessment 11.1
1. Explain what communication meant?
2. What is the importance of communication?3. Give seven steps in the communication process.
11.2. Types and techniques of communication
Learning activity 11.2
Observe the pictures above and answer following questions:
1. How can you interpret pictures A, B, C and D?
2. On your point of view, what is a difference between picture C and D
Type: a type means people, places or things that share traits which allow them to
belong to the same group
Technique: a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or
performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure
11.2.1. Types of Communications:
11.2.1.1. Verbal Communication
The most common form of communication is the spoken word. It can be used
to convey information, ask questions or request a response from others. Verbal
communication includes all forms of speech, such as talking, shouting, whispering,
and singing, chanting, and reading aloud.
11.2.1. 2. Non-verbal Communication
There are many other ways that people communicate with each other without using
words. Non-verbal communication includes nodding, shaking hands, pointing, eye
contact, smiling, frowning, touching, leaning forward, standing up straight, sitting
down, crossing arms, etc. These gestures help us understand what another person
means when they speak.
We also use non-verbal cues to express ourselves to others. For example, if
someone smiles at me while I’m speaking to him, he might be expressing interest
in what I have to say. Or if he leans back in his chair, it tells me that he doesn’t want
to hear what I am saying.
11.2.1.3. Written Communication
The written word has been an important means of communication since ancient
times. Written communication includes letters, e-mails, faxes, memos, reports, and
other written messages. Written messages include text on paper and computer
screens. Writing allows us to store large amounts of information quickly and easily.
11.2.1.4. Visual Communication
Another way that we communicate with each other is through pictures or images.
Visual communication includes photographs, paintings, diagrams, charts, maps,
graphs, drawings, sketches, animations, and videos.
11.2.2. Techniques of communication
Communicating effectively will benefit you in every aspect of your life. Good
communication skills impact your relationship with every person you interact with.
Following 5 techniques are used in communication
• Pay attention: Give the speaker your undivided attention.
• Show that you’re listening: It is important that you are ‘seen’ to be
• Give feedback: Our life experiences and beliefs can distort
• Keep an open mind: a willingness to listen to or accept different ideas or
opinions.• Respond appropriately: Active listening encourages respect
Self-assessment 11.2
1. Differentiate type and technique of communication
2. Explain different types of communication3. Give five techniques used in communication
11.3 Factors and characteristics of communication
Learning activity 11.3
After observing the pictures above, answer the following questions
1) What do you see on picture A?
2) What does every one from picture A means to you ?
3) Is the person sitting in picture B safe ? if no what do you think could bethe cause?
11.3.1. Factors, Barriers and Benefits of effective
communication
a. Factors that enhance effective communication
• Active listening
• Simplicity
• Straight forwardness
• Feedback
• Speaking clearly/articulation
• Knowledge of the receiver / audience
• Speed and sequence of speech
• Relationship between the sender and the receiver
• Command of subject (mastery of subjects matter)• Commanding attention
b. Barriers to effective communication
• Poor listening habits
• Inadequate knowledge of the subject
• Biases and stereotypes
• Lack of interest on the subject
• Personal opinions
• Interruptions
• Religious and cultural difference
• Language barrier
• Poor timing
• Guilt
• Status
c. Benefits of effective communication
• Right information is shared
• Minimizes conflicts
• Resources such as time and money are saved
• Helps in establishing rapport
• Intended results are achieved
• Sender is able to provide intended feedback
• Enhances harmonious co-existence and conflicts are resolved amicably
11.3.2.Collaborative professional communicationLearning activity 11.3.2
Observe the illustration aside and
answer the following questions :
1. In which domain can you classify
the people on the picture ?
2. Are they from the same area of
work ?
3. In which department would you
classify each of them ?
4. Advise them in one sentence
what they can do to achieve their
goals .
Collaboration
Collaboration is defined as a joint effort of multiple individuals or work groups to
accomplish a task or project
Collaborative Practice in health
The collaborative practice in health care can be defined as the provision of
services based on comprehensiveness, developed by health professionals
from different areas. It aims to achieve the highest quality of care in the service
network, involving patients, families, caregivers, and communities. Such practice
can be included in clinical and non-clinical work, such as diagnosis, treatment,
surveillance or communication in health, administration, and sanitary engineering.
Inter-professional collaboration, on the other hand, is characterized by the sharing
of health information, that is, communication between professionals in order to
favor the care of the singularities for those who are inserted in a service in search
for health care
Types of collaboration
• creative – where two or more people create something to achieve a specific
goal,
• connective – bringing together information from disparate sources, and
• compounding – where a team builds on previous achievements to reach
further.
Six Elements of Successful Collaboration
• Motivation. After the thrilling netball final at the recent Commonwealth
Games, the captain of the losing Australian team questioned whether the
lower-ranked English were hungrier for the win. They chased down every ball
relentlessly, making every goal matter. Their effort paid off. Motivating a team
to be first to market, or to create the best possible customer experience, is a
key element.
• Communication. It is important to recognise the difference between
communication – a one-way process where a single person is responsible
– and collaboration – where a group takes responsibility and agrees on how
to achieve the same thing. I like to say that you can communicate without
collaboration, but you can’t collaborate without communication. From setting
out specific objectives and roles, to keeping a team informed of progress and
challenges, strong communication is vital to team achievement.
• Diversity. Just as a soccer team would fail if it consisted of eleven centreforwards,
a business team will flounder if it consists of identical personality
types or roles. A variety of personalities and demographics brings a farbroader range of perspectives.
• Sharing. Making sure that everyone is recognised, and that findings are
shared across the team, leads to stronger bonding and deeper understanding.
Other shared information, such as calendars and scheduling, can also lead
to team efficiency. Apps like Calendar.help, based on Cortana Analytics,
can recognise the nature of an appointment by language from the initiating
email, check everyone’s availability, and suggest suitable times. When a
team member no longer spends time chasing dates, they can devote more
attention to the core objectives of a project.
• Support. When everybody supports each other, without finger-pointing, the
team dynamic is infinitely more powerful. Those able to express ideas in a
supportive environment are more likely to make breakthroughs, whereas
teams with a blame culture repress innovation. Mistakes can be some of the
most powerful learning opportunities in a supportive group.
• Problem-Solving. Any collaboration is about solving problems, so a group
that can’t solve problems can’t work. This often links back to team diversity –
including some problem-solving personalities in the group is essential. This
can mean looking beyond the obvious – sometimes it may be an engineer
who solves a marketing problem, and a customer service clerk who identifies
the flaw in a new app design. Diversity and problem-solving often go handin-
hand.
11.3.3. Caracteristics of goood communicator
Excellent communication skills can benefit most professionals. Being an effective
communicator can improve your work relationships, productivity and mutual
understanding. If you would like to strengthen your communication skills, it may
be helpful to consider the common characteristics of great communicators. In
this article, we list good communication traits to adopt and explain how these
characteristics improve communication.
a. Good listener: Communication usually requires two or more parties to be
active in the conversation. Listening to others can help build relationships
and ensure understanding. Actively listening when others are speaking or
otherwise communicating with you can show that you respect them and allow
you to learn more about the speaker or the subject of the conversation.
b. Concise: Being direct and clear with your communication can ensure that you
properly convey your intentions. For example, if you’re explaining a process
to a new employee, offering clear, straightforward steps can help them learn
quickly. It’s also important to consider your team member’s and client’s time
when conversing with them. If they appear busy, being concise shows you
respect their schedule.
c. Empathetic: Empathizing with others can help you build trust and relationships
in the workplace. Try to be understanding when a coworker or employee ishaving trouble and express your sympathy.
d. Confident: Being confident in your communication can grow your credibility
as a professional. It also can help you properly communicate your needs.
Consider expanding your vocabulary and pausing whenever you are unsure
of what to say. This can help you remember your thoughts and speak clearly.
e. Friendly: Speaking and writing in a friendly tone can encourage others to
communicate with you more often. Consider greeting people when you speak
to them both in verbal conversation and in messages such as emails. Use the
person’s name if you know it, and be positive and friendly when interacting
with others in person or on the phone.
f. Observant: Observing nonverbal communication, such as body language,
is a very important aspect of communication. Recognizing your coworkers’
and customers’ body language can give you insight into how they are feeling.
It can also help you determine how they feel about your own demeanor. For
example, if you’re having a casual conversation with someone who seems
relaxed, your demeanor is probably also relaxed. Being purposeful in your
own body language can help others understand your needs and intentions
as well.
g. Appreciative: Letting others know when you are thankful for their actions can
help motivate your team and improve their skills. Providing verbal positive
reinforcement also can help ensure that the person you are praising or
thanking continues their good practices.
h. Polite: Being polite in your written, verbal and nonverbal communication can
ensure that your intentions are clear. Consider kindly greeting others when
starting conversations, actively listen and use good manners when interacting
with others.
i. Organized: Try to organize your speaking points, emails and other forms of
communication so others understand your intended purpose of the interaction.
j. Sincere: Being genuine when you communicate with others can build a sense
of trust and respect. Speaking with sincerity involves sharing your feelings
and opinions, which can encourage clear and meaningful interactions with
others.
k. Good judgment: Being able to decide the appropriate method and time to
communicate with others can ensure peaceful and effective interactions..
l. Respectful: Showing respect during your communications involves being
polite and attentive. In order to convey your respect for someone you are
speaking with, allow them to finish speaking before replying.
m. Consistent: Consistent communicators interact with others on a regular basis.
Establishing a predictable and reliable channel of communication can help
keep others well informed and maintain work relationships. Consider creating
a time frame and method in which you respond to others or are available for
conversation.
n. Retentive: Being retentive means you can remember details of previous
conversations and interactions with others very well.
o. Inquisitive: Asking detailed and thoughtful questions can lead you to learn
new things and help clarify instructions. Skilled communicators often ask
questions to strengthen their understanding of other’s expectations, intentions
and feelings.
p. Honest: Great communicators are often dedicated to being honest. This
practice can earn you a positive reputation and ensure that all workplace
communication is accurate.
I. Reliable: Being a reliable communicator means that your coworkers and
employees can trust you to start a conversation when needed and respond
effectively to others. Try to craft timely responses when others contact you.
Consider reaching out to others quickly when you need help or clarification.
s. Proactive: Skill communicator address conflicts in a timely manner and starts
a conversation when needed.
t. Reflective: Self-reflection is an important aspect of communication. It allows
you to think thoroughly before speaking, which ensures that you are clearly
and intentionally communicating. Being reflective can also encourage you toconsider how your words and body language might make others feel
Self-assessment 11.3
1. Enumerate five factors that can enhance effective
2. Give seven barriers of effective communication.
3. What are 5 benefits of effective communication?
4. Give six elements of successful collaboration.
5. Define Collaborative professional communication6. What are 5 caracteristics of good communicator?
11.4. Principles and guidance of counsellingLearning activity 11.4
Picture A: Mr x and health care provider in medical specialized
conversation
Mr. x consulted hospital seeking for health care for alleviates distress related
to the death of his wife. Arriving at the hospital the customer care agent orients
him to one health care provider who uses a broad range of culturally –sensitive
practices to help people improve their well-being, prevent and alleviate distress
and maladjustment, resolve crises and increase their ability to function better in
their lives.
Picture B: Miss M and health care provider
Miss M was reading newspapers and found out an announcement about job
application of becoming a head of internal medicine in a hospital. Miss M passed
an exam and was selected for a job position. Now she is having a conversation
with the head of hospital.
Based on the scenario above, answer the following questions:
1) What is the relationship between Mr. X and health care provider?
2) Why Mr. X has been specifically oriented to that health care provider?
3) Can this medical process happen out of health care facility?
4) Based on the picture B and its interpretation what is the conversation
about?
5) Is it really necessary to have this type of conversation on picture B? If yes
why?
11.4.1 Definition of words:
a. Counseling
Counseling is the psychotherapeutic relationship in which an individual receives
direct help from an adviser or finds an opportunity to release negative feelings and
thus clear the way for positive growth in personality.”
b. Guidance
Guidance is a piece of active advice offered to individuals from a superior in the
respective field or a professional. It is the procedure of guiding, managing or leading
a person for a particular course of action.
11.4.2 Counseling process:
Counselors and clients attempt to define, address, and resolve problems of theclient in face-to-face interview
Role of a counselor
Counseling psychologists help people with physical, emotional and mental health
issues improve their sense by helping them see their situation and feelings from a
different viewpoint. A helping approach that highlights the emotional and intellectual
experience of a client is one of the ways that counseling works with clients from
childhood through to old age.
4 types of counseling
• Individual counseling. Individual counseling is a way to help people work
through difficulties in their lives.
• Couples counseling.
• Group counseling.
• Family counseling
Principles of Counseling:
a. Principle of acceptance
Accept the patient with his physical, psychological,
social, economic and cultural
conditions.
b. Principle of communication
Communication should be verbal as well as non-verbal and should be skillful.
c. Principle of empathy
Instead of showing sympathy put yourself in patient’s shoes and then give reflections
accordingly (Empathy is ability to identify with a person.)
d. Principle of non-judge
Mental attitude-do not criticizes or comments negatively regarding patient’s
complaints.
e. Principle of confidentiality
Always keep the patient’s name, and the problems strictly secrete and assure the
patient about the same.
f. Principle of individuality
Treat each and every patient as unique and respect his problem as well.
g. Principles of non-emotional involvement
Not getting emotionally involved
with the patient and avoid getting carried awaywith his feelings.
Self-assessment 11.4
1. Differentiate Counseling and guidance
2. State 5 types of counseling3. Explain at least 4 principles of counselling
11.5. Counseling skills and qualities of good counselor
Learning activity 11.5
Observe the pictures above and answer to the following questions:
1. What do you see on both picture A and picture B?
2. Why one of each picture is writing?
3. If they are in a health care facility, they are in which unit?
4. Discuss the behaviors of the people on the pictures above?
Qualities of a Good Counselor
There are six personal characteristics that are critical for good counselors and
should be improved upon continually.
These include having good interpersonal skills and being trustworthy, flexible,
hopeful/optimistic, culturally sensitive, and self-aware.
a. Interpersonal skills
Counselors must be able to express themselves clearly and effectively. It is important
not only to be able to educate clients about therapeutic topics, but also to gauge the
client’s understanding at any given time.
Being able to sense what clients are thinking and feeling and relate to them by
showing warmth, acceptance, and empathy are cornerstones of effective therapy.
You can learn about and improve interpersonal skills and empathy by downloading
our Emotional Intelligence Exercises.
b. Trust
According to Hill and Knox (2001), most people determine whether they can trust
someone within 50 milliseconds of meeting them. Counselors must be able to
communicate verbally and nonverbally that they are trustworthy.
Clients need to feel comfortable sharing private, confidential information and parts
of themselves that are often entirely unknown by others. Having faith in the quality
of the relationship and the confidentiality of what is disclosed leads to a deeper
connection with the therapist.
c. Flexibility
A good counselor will create a meaningful treatment plan that is individualized for
each client. This means the counselor shouldn’t follow a rigid schedule of treatment
or have a “one size fits all” approach.
Prochaska and Norcross (2001) found that some treatments are better than
others for specific types of disorders. Matching the treatment to the client’s stage
of readiness is the most effective way to implement therapeutic techniques.
Additionally, counselors need to be able to adapt and change course if treatment is
not working for the client.
d. Hope and optimism
Hope is a wonderful motivator. Effective counselors can find a balance between
realism and hope.
A good counselor will set realistic goals that engage the client and inspire a more
optimistic outlook.
As attainable goals are reached, clients will develop a sense of resilience and
confidence that can help in all areas of life. These traits are why positive psychology
is such an effective method of improving emotional health.
e. Multicultural sensitivity
The American Psychological Association recommends that therapists adapt
treatment to a client’s cultural values and show respect for differences, beliefs, and
attitudes.
When working with clients, it is important to be educated and sensitive to issues of
race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, and cultural background.
f. Self-awareness
An effective counselor can separate personal issues from those of the client.
Countertransference is a phenomenon described by Freud where issues expressed
by a client lead to an emotional reaction of the therapist
g. Counseling skills
Counseling skills are soft (interpersonal) and hard (technical) attributes that a
counselor puts to use in order to best help their clients work through personal
issues and overcome obstacles that are currently preventing them from living a full
and happy life.
h. Examples of counseling skills
There are a variety of skills that are beneficial to a counselor’s understanding of
their client, and to the client’s overall comfort and willingness to be vulnerable about
their personal hardships. Here is a list of useful skills that counselors should have:
i. Active listening
Active listening is an important skill for a counselor to have. It can be defined as the
use of eye contact, facial expressions and gestures to imply that you are engaged
and focused on the information the other person is saying. It can help a client feel
like they’ve been heard and validated in the information they chose to share.
j. Questioning
There are two types of questioning styles that a counselor should be able to utilize—
open questioning and closed questioning. Being skilled in questioning techniques
can help a counselor to better interpret what a client is saying and it can help them
think more deeply into their personal situation as well.
Open questioning includes all questioning that is directed toward gathering more
detailed and complex information. Closed questioning is directed toward more
short-ended questions with specific answers.
k. Note-taking
Counselors should be skilled in organized note-taking techniques in order to record
important points that were discussed during the session and information the client
provided. This can be used for further analysis later on.
l. Interpretation
Counselors should be able to interpret vague information that a client shares and
place it within the context of what they are going through. Phrases like “I’m just so
tired,” or “I’m on edge all the time,” constitute further information, and it is up to the
counselor to interpret this information.
m. Nonverbal communication competency
Similar to information interpretation, counselors should be able to identify current
attitudes or feelings based upon the body language that a client uses during the
session.
n. Self-awareness
Counselors need to be aware of how their body language, gestures and tone of
voice can affect their client and their willingness to talk about the situation. Having
good self-awareness can keep a counselor from accidentally exhibiting signs of
boredom, frustration or judgment.
o. Trustworthiness
An important skill for a counselor is to be able to build and maintain trust with their
clients. This can affect a client’s willingness to share information.
p. Empathy
A counselor needs to be able to see a client’s situation from their perspective in
order to best help them overcome their obstacles.
r. Emotional compartmentalization
Another skill that can be specific to counselors is the ability to emotionally
compartmentalize themselves from their clients and maintain professional
boundaries in order to continue healthy client relationships.
s. Information recall
Counselors should be able to remember information that was shared with them
earlier in the session or from a previous session in order to help guide their
questioning toward a particular client.
t. Confidentiality
Confidentiality can be seen as a valued skill for a counselor to have as they must
respect their clients and the information, they share with them.
u. Record keeping
Counselors should be able to keep detailed records of their clients, relevant
paperwork and session notes to make sure everything stays up-to-date.
Description of counseling process
The process begins with exploring the challenges a client faces. Helping clients with
physical, emotional, and mental health issues, the counselor helps them resolve
crises, reduce feelings of distress, and improve their sense of wellbeing. Treatment
can change how a client thinks, feels, and behaves in an upsetting situation.
Positive psychology includes strengths, values, and self-compassion, and these
science-based exercises will give you the tools to enhance the wellbeing of your
clients, students, or employees. We informally give advice to family, friends, and
colleagues.
A professional counselor is a highly trained individual who is able to use a different
range of counseling approaches.Self-assessment 11.5
1. State different qualities of a good councilor?
2. Enumerate different counseling skills?
3. Describe the process of counseling?
11.6. Counseling process and barriers to effective
counsellingLearning activity 11.6
Based on the picture beside:
1) Are the two people in good mood?
2) Can they communicate well?
3) If they cannot communicate well, what
is the main reason?
4) What does the man need?
5) Which factor can help the two people toeffective counseling?
5 stages of the counseling process
• Relationship building is stage one of the process.
• Stage two is problem assessment.
• Goal setting is the third stage.
• Stage four includes counseling intervention.
• Stage five includes evaluation, firing or referral.
• The client has some key steps.
Therapeutic communication skills during client-nurse relationship
Roger’s theory and practice supported the patient’s ability to foster self-knowledge
and control his impulses by empowering him to actively contribute to his own
healing.
Therapeutic Communication Skills are:
• Empathy
• Authenticity
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• Accepting others for who they are is the basis of therapeutic communication
and the foundation on which humanistic psychology lies.
a. Empathy
Sensing a client’s emotions and reacting to them as if they were your own
describes empathy within therapy. This concept of compassion reflects your
profound understanding of the client’s emotions and circumstances that exceeds
any calculated analysis of the client by the therapist. In his article on clientcentered
therapy, Rogers emphasizes the characteristics of successful therapeutic
communication by saying: “If the counselor can create a relationship permeated
by warmth, understanding, safety from any type of attack, no matter how trivial,
and basic acceptance of the person as he is, then the client will drop his natural
defensiveness and use the situation.
Sensing a client’s emotions and reacting to them as if they were your own
describes empathy within therapy. Feeling emotion with a patient can generate a
compassionate and therapeutic environment in which the patient can feel secure
and recognize that you’re listening to him rather than evaluating him.
b. Authenticity
Exhibiting genuine thoughts and emotions in the therapeutic approach and gaining
insight into your patient requires you to also be in touch with your own feelings.
Rogers called for the clinician to be “a real human being with real thoughts, real
feelings, and real problems.” In order for an effective therapeutic client-centered
relationship to form, you must be sensitive and honest in your communication.
Exhibiting genuine thoughts and emotions in the therapeutic approach and gaining
insight into your patient requires you to also be in touch with your own feelings.
Therapists must also posses an intuitive sense of self because it cultivates trust and
confirms that you aren’t projecting yourself as a superior force over your patient.
c. Unconditional Positive Regard
Displaying unconditional positive regard means that you show your patient that no
matter what he does, your respect for him remains the same. Yet, you continue
to reveal the desire for him to move towards healing. Rogers emphasized the
importance for the therapist to remove any concern for diagnostic tendencies
and be available to provide the patient with acceptance and consideration of the
emotions he’s exploring in the present.
English psychotherapist Greg Mulhauser of Mulhauser Consulting, Ltd., explains
that unconditional positive regard implies that you accept your client categorically
and without prejudice. This notion of therapy assures the client that he may examine
and express any of his thoughts or feelings without the threat of being criticized or
disregarded.
Displaying unconditional positive regard means that you show your patient that no
matter what he does, your respect for him remains the same.
This notion of therapy assures the client that he may examine and express any of
his thoughts or feelings without the threat of being criticized or disregarded.
Barriers to effective counseling
a. Counseling is too expensive.
Anyone who is considering counseling is making a choice about how to manage
the difficult circumstances in their life. By the time this choice is being made there’s
a good chance they’ve already tried any number of other alternatives that aren’t
working.
b. Counseling is too embarrassing.
It can be very difficult to find someone to trust. Almost everybody in your life has
a set of expectations for you, and your relationship with them usually depends on
how well you meet those expectations.
I’ve been to counseling and it didn’t work.
Counseling, like any other relationship, requires clear expectations, healthy
boundaries, and honesty. It is important that both the counselor and client are
able to admit when their personalities or perspectives don’t match. In some cases
a smooth ending to a counseling relationship, for whatever reason, may not be
possible.
I’m not the one who needs counseling.
All of us know somebody who needs therapy. After reading that you’re probably
thinking about them right now. To be honest, if you start asking around you’ll
probably find a few people who think that about you.
I don’t have time for counseling.
Anxiety is all around us. Technology has made everything easier to do, so instead
of relaxing we end up trying to do more than ever. The need to achieve can quicklyuse up our time, our energy, and our attention.
Self-assessment 11.6
1. What is counseling process?
2. What are the 5 types of counseling?3. Critically Differentiate Guidance and Counseling?
End unit 11 assessment
1. Referring on the communication process diagram, complete the chartbelow
2. Define the following words :
a. Communication
b. Collaboration
c. Counselling
d. Guidance
e. Empathy
3. What is the difference between verbal and non-verbal communication?
4. What are the Benefits of effective communication
5. Explain the role of a counsellor during a psychotherapy session
6. Give 5 stages of the counseling process?7. Enumerate barriers of counseling?