UMUTWE WA 3 UMUCO WO KUZIGAMA
3.1 Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
– Gusesengura inkuru ngufi hagaragazwa ingingo z’ingenzi ziyikubiyemo
n’uturango twayo.
– Guhanga inkuru ngufi yubahiriza uturango twayo.
3.2 Ibyo umunyeshuri asanzwe azi
– Gusesengura imyandiko ntekerezo
– Guhanga umwandiko ntekerezo
3.3 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
3.4 Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Umwarimu aha abanyeshuri igikorwa kibinjiza mu nsanganyamatsiko y’umutwe.
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite tanga inshoza y’inkuru, iy’inkuru ngufi kandi ugaragaze
n’ibiranga inkuru ngufi.
Abanyeshuri barasubiza kandi umwarimu akagendaabayobora mu kunoza ibisubizouko imyigire igenda itera imbere.
3.5 Amasomo ari mu mutwe wa gatanu n’igihe yagenewe
3. 5.1 Isomo rya mbere: Gusoma no gusengura umwandiko: “
Ubwenge burarahurwa”
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Ubwengeburarahurwa” bagiye gusoma akayibabazaho ibibazo.
a) Mwitegereje iyi shusho murabonaho iki?
Abantu bicaye mu ruganiriro imbere ya tereviziyo.
b) Muratekereza ko ari bande, bari gukora iki?Ni umushyitsi na ba nyiri urugo. Baraganira.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandika amagambo
badasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
Umuryango uvugwa mu mwandiko ni uwande?
Umuryango uvugwa mu mwandiko ni uwa Bugingo na Nyiramucyo.
Uyu mushyitsi asura Bugingo na Nyiramucyo, yari agamije iki?
Yashakaga kumenya inzira banyuzemo kugira ngo bagere ku bukire.
Umushyitsi yasanze ari ki irihe banga nyamukuru ryabatumye Bugingo na
Nyiramucyo biteza imbere ku buryo bugaragara?
Ibanga ni ugukorana n’ibigo by’imari.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandi
wita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda. Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa 3.1 kiri
mu gitabo cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ubwenge burarahurwa”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko,
usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe
rimurike ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza bisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Gusobanura amagambo
Umwarimu agenzura ko abanyeshuri bakora neza ibyo bahawe gukora hanyuma
akabafasha kubinoza.
Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni izihe gahunda zitandukanye Leta yashyizeho mu rwego rwo guteza
imbere abaturage?
2. Ni iki umubarankuru yigiye ku muryango wa Bugingo na Nyiramucyo?
3. Gukorana n’amabanki bimarira iki umuntu?
4. Sobanura bimwe mu bigize iterambere bigaragara mu mwandiko.
5. Vuga ingamba umuntu yafata kugira ngo abashe kuzigama.
6. Ni bande bagerwaho n’ibyiza byo kwihangira umurimo?
d) Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora babiribabiri umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo uri mubitabo byabo. Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Huza amagambo yo mu ruhushya A n’ayo mu ruhushya B ku buryo abyara
interuro mbonezamvugo.
Tanga nk’umukoro ikibazo cya kabiri “ Ese gahunda yo kuzigama abanyeshuri na
bo irabareba? Sobanura.” Iki kibazo kizakosorwe mu ntangiriro y’isomo rikurikiraho.
3.5.2 Isomo rya kabiri: Inkuru ngufi
1. Intangiriro
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuri
babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Umukoro n’urugero rw’ibisubizo:
Ese gahunda yo kuzigama abanyeshuri na bo irabareba? Sobanura..
Iyi gahunda ireba buri muntu wese kuko uko umuntu akura ni ko akuza umuco
n’ingeso afite. Umwana rero utojwe gahunda yo kuzigama no kwiteza imbere,
arabikurana maze akazavamo umushoramari ukomeye.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 3.2 kiri mu bitabo byabo.
Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’inkuru andi ku turango twayo. Bahe igihe cyo
gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe
ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Iteregereze imiterere y’umwandiko “ubwenge burarahurwa”, ukore ubushakashatsi
maze utahure inshoza y’inkuru n’uturango twayo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
a) Inshoza y’inkuru ngufi
Inkuru ni igihangano kigufi cyanditse mu buryo bw’umudandure, gifite abanyarubuga
bashushanya cyangwa bigana abantu babaho mu buzima busanzwe, bakorera
ibikorwa byabo ahantu runaka, kikagaragaza imyifarire yabo, icyo bagamijen’ingorane bahura na zo mu buzima.
Inkuru ziri mu buvanganzo nyandiko. Inkuru ni inkuru iba ari ngufi, yandikwa ku
mpapuro nke, ibarwa mu gihe gito igahita irangira, nta gatebe gatoki nyinshi ziba
zirimo, iba igiye umujyo umwe. Inkuru ngufi ishobora kuvuga ibyabayeho cyangwa
ikaba ari inkuru mpimbano ariko ariko bigaragara nk’ibishobora kubaho.
b) Uturango tw’ inkuru ngufi
Inkuru ngufi irangwa n’imiterere yayo, abanyarubuga, akabuga nkuru, ibarankuru,
imvugo y’ibiganiro ndetse ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa.
– Imiterere y’inkuru ngufi
Inkuru igira intango, ihindagurika, umwanzuro n’iherezo.
Intango: mu ntango ibintu biba ari ibisanze, ubuzima bumenyerewe, bwaba bwiza
cyangwa bubi.
Ihindagurika: ritangirana na kidobya iza guhindura ibyari bimenyerewe hanyuma
hakaza inkubiri y’ibikorwa, aho umunyarubuga mukuru atangira guhangana na
kidobya, agashyigikirwa cyangwa akabangamirwa, akagera ku ntego cyanga
ntayigereho.
Umwanzuro: ni igisubizo kiboneka ku kibazo cyari gihari.
Iherezo: ni uburyo ibintu bikomeza nyuma y’umwanzuro. Bishobora gusubira uko
byahoze mbere cyangwa bigahindura isura ubuzima bugakomeza.
– Abanyarubuga
Inkuru ngufi irangwa no kuba ifite abanyarubuga bake, bashobora kuba abantu
cyangwa inyamaswa. Mu banyarubuga haba harimo umunyarubuga mukuru umwe,
akaba ari we pfundo n’ihuriro ry’ibikorwa. Ni we intego y’inkuru n’insanganyamatsiko
rusange biba bishingiyeho.
Mu nkuru ngufi kandi habamo abanyarubuga bungirije. Ni bo bafasha umunyarubuga
mukuru kugera ku ntego cyangwa bakamubera imbogamizi. Aba banyarubuga
ni na bo insanganyamatsiko zungirije ziba zishingiyeho. Umunyarubuga mukuru
n’abanyarubuga bungirije bashinzwe kuyobora imigendekere y’ibikorwa byo mu
nkuru kugeza ku mpera yayo.
Mu nkuru ngufi kandi ushobora gusangamo abanyarubuga ntagombwa cyangwa
b’indorerezi, ku buryo kuba mu nkuru kwabo cyangwa kutayibamo nta cyo
byahindura ku kivugwa mu nkuru kuko nta nsanganyamatsiko iba ibashingiyeho.
– Akabuga nkuru
Akabuga nkuru ni ahantu inkuru ibera cyangwa ibarirwa. Hashobora kuba hazwi
neza cyangwa se hatazwi. Ni ukuvuga ko mu nkuru umuhanzi ashobora gukoreshaakabuga nkuru k’ahantu habayeho cyangwa akabuga nkuru gahimbano.
– Imvugo y’ibiganiro
Inkuru ngufi irangwa na none n’imvugo y’ibiganiro aho usanga hakoreshwa cyane
ibinyazina ngenga bigaragaza uvuga n’ubwirwa (ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri mu
bumwe cyangwa mu byinshi) amagambo agaragaza igihe n’ahantu: hano, none,
ejo, mu minsi ibiri iri imbere, mu mwaka utaha, … amagambo agaragaza ibitekerezoby’uvuga n’uruhande abogamiyemo, n’ibindi.
– Ibarankuru
Ibarankuru ni kimwe mu biranga inkuru. Ibarankuru mu nkuru ngufi rigenda umujyo
umwe, umuhanzi ntavangavanga ingingo, ibikorwa byose bikurikirana neza munjyabihe. Ibarankuru rishobora gukorwa ku buryo bune:
a) Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru na we ubwe akinamo. Ni muri urwo
rwego usanga akoresha ngenga ya kabiri cyangwa iya mbere.
b) Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ari hanze yayo. Aha usanga akoresha
ngenga ya gatatu asa n’uvuga ibintu yareberaga iruhande mu gihe byabaga.
c) Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ye ubwe. Ni muri urwo rwego usanga
akoresha ngenga ya mbere kuko ibyo avuga aba abivuga kuri we.
d) Umubarankuru ubona byose nk’Imana. Usanga azi byinshi kurusha
abanyarubuga, amenya ibyo abanyarubuga batekereza, uko biyumva, aba
azi ibyabaye n’ibizaba, ndetse akamenya n’ibiri kubera ahantu hatandukanye.
Ikitonderwa: Umubarankuru atandukanye n’umwanditsi w’inkuru. Umwanditsi
w’inkuru ni umuhanzi wanditse inkuru ibarwa mu gitabo ke. Muri uko kwandika
inkuru ye agena uburyo ibarwa. Muri ubwo buryo ibarwamo haba hari umuntu
ugenda uyibara, uwo akaba ari we mubarankuru. Cyakora hari igihe umwanditsi
ashobora kuba ari na we mubarankuru igihe abara inkuru y’ubuzima bwe.
– Ishushanyabikorwa mu nkuru ngufi
Inkuru iyo ari yo yose irangwa no kuba ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa
rishingira ku bintu bikurikira:
a) Nyiri ubwite/ruhamwa: ni we munyarubuga mukuru inkuru iba ishingiyeho,
aba afite intego agamije kugeraho muri iyo nkuru. Aba ashobora kuyigeraho
cyangwa ntayigereho.
b) Ikigamijwe/intego: ni icyo umunyarubuga mukuru aba agamije kugeraho mu
nkuru.
c) Ugenera/nyakugaba: ni igituma umunyarubuga mukuru agera ku ntego ye.
Ashobora kuba undi munyarubuga cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora gutumaagera ku ntego.
d) Ugenerwa/nyiri inyungu: ni uwo ari we wese mu nkuru wagira icyo yunguka
mu gihe umunyarubuga mukuru ageze ku cyo yari agamije.
e) Abafasha/inyunganizi: ni abanyarubuga cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora
gutuma umunyarubuga mukuru agera ku cyo yari agamije, cyangwa
ikigerageza kumushyigikira mu rugendo rwe rwose, kabone n’iyo atagera ku
ntego ye.
f) Imbogamizi: ni abanyarubuga cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora, gutuma
umunyarubuga mukuru atagera ku cyo yari agamije, cyangwa ikigerageza
kumubangamira mu rugendo rwe rwose, kimubuza amahirwe kabone
nubwo yagera ku cyo yari agamije mu irangira ry’inkuru, ariko kikabacyamubangamiraga.
Dore uko ishushanyabikorwa ry’abakinankuru riteye ku gishushanyo
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Jya mu isomero ry’ikigo, usome inkuru ngufi wihitiyemo hanyuma uyisengure
ugaragaza imiterere yayo, imyubakire yayo n’ishushanyabikorwa ryayo.
Umwarimu arafasha abanyeshuri kubnoza ibisubizo batanga bitewe n’inkurubasomye.
3.5.3 Isomo rya gatatu: Ihangamwandiko
1. Intangiriro
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo by’isubiramo ku isomo riheruka kugira ngo bibafashekwinjira mu isomo rishya.
Ni irihe somo duherka kwiga?
Isomo duheruka kwiga ni inkuru ngufi.
Ni iki kiranga inkuru ngufi?
Inkuru ngufi irangwa n’imiterere yayo, abanyarubuga, akabuga nkuru, ibarankuru,
imvugo y’ibiganiro ndetse ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa.
2. Uko isomo ritangwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 3.3 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi maze utahure inshoza y’ihangamwandiko, imbata yawo kandi
ugaragaze intambwe zo gukora umwandiko uboneye.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
a) Inshoza y’ihangamwandiko
Guhanga umwandiko ni uburyo bwo kubaka ibitekerezo bishingiye ku nsangamatsiko
runaka, ukayirambura ku buryo bw’umudandure ugenda ukurikiranya ibitekerezo
byubakiye ku gitekerezo k’ingenzi mu buryo bw’ inyurabwenge.
Uhanga umwandiko agomba kubanza kubaka ibitekerezo cyangwa kubishushanya
mu bwenge nyuma akabishyira mu nyandiko.
b) Imbata y’umwandiko
Imbata y’umwandiko igizwe n’ibice bine by’ingenzi ari byo umutwe, intangiriro,
igihimba n’umusozo (umwanzuro).
– Umutwe
Mbere yo kwandika uhitamo umutwe ushingiye ku nsanganyamatsiko ushaka
kwandikaho. Umutwe ugomba kuba mugufi kandi ujyanye n’insanganyamatsiko.
Ugomba kuba witaruye ibindi bice by’umwandiko kandi wanditse mu buryo
butandukanye na byo.
– Intangiriro
Muri iki gice, werekana ko wumva insanganyamatsiko wahawe, maze ugatera
amatsiko ku byo ugiye kwandika. Ni ukuvuga ko intangiriro igomba kuba iteye
amatsiko ku buryo uyisoma agira amatsiko yo gusoma ibikurikiyeho. Urondora muri
make ingingo ziri buvugwe utazisobanuye. Si byiza guhita ugaragaza ibitekerezo
byawe ukiri mu ntangiriro. Igice k’intangiriro kigomba kuba kigufi ugereranyije
n’ibindi bice by’umwandiko.
– Igihimba
Igihimba ni igice utangamo ibitekerezo bisobanuye cyangwa biherekejwe n’ingero.
Muri iki gice ni ho uvuga yisanzura agasobanura ibyo yamenyesheje mu ntangiriro.
Yirinda kuvangavanga ibitekerezo ashyiramo ibyo atavuze mu ntangiriro. Mu
gihimba utanga ibitekerezo gusa ukirinda kugaragaza umwanzuro. Mu gutanga
ibitekerezo muri rusange, ibyiza ni uguhera ku gitekerezo wowe ubwawe uha
agaciro gato ugasoreza ku gitekerezo kiremereye kurusha ibindi.
Mu gihimba, biba byiza buri ngingo igize igika kihariye kandi ikavugwaho mu
buryo butarondogoye. Iyo urangije kuvuga ku ngingo imwe, uvuga ku yindi. Mu
rwego rwo gukurikiranya ingingo mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge, hari amagambo
yabugenewe ugomba gukoresha wunga ibitekerezo cyangwa ibika. Twavuga
nka: byongeye kandi…, nakongeraho ko…, nta n’uwakwirengagiza ko…, ntan’uwakwibagirwa ko…, ikindi kandi… n’andi menshi.
– Umusozo
Umusozo ni igice kigaragaramo inshamake y’ibyavuzwe mu gihimba. Muri iki gice
ni ho utanga igisubizo k’ikibazo umusomyi aba yibajije mu ntangiriro cyangwa se
umumara amatsiko yari afite atangira gusoma. Mu gusoza, uwandika avuga muri
make ibyavuzwe mu gihimba agaragaza ko ari ko byagombaga kurangira cyangwa
se agatanga inama igihe ari ngombwa. Iyo ari umwandiko usaba kugaragaza aho
umwanditsi abogamiye, ni muri iki gice agaragarizamo umwanzuro we.
c) Uko umwandiko uhangwa
Kugira ngo umwandiko ukorwe neza, ni byiza gukurikiza itambwe zikurikira:
– Guhitamo insanganyamatsiko.
Mbere yo kwandika ubanza gutekereza ku nsanganyamatsiko ushaka kwandikaho.
– Guhitamo ubwoko bw’umwandiko
Mbere yo kwandika ugomba gihitamo ubwoko bw’umwandiko kugira ngo ugene
imisusire yawo kuko imyandiko itaba iteye kimwe.
– Gusesengura no kumva neza insanganyamatsiko.
Kuyisoma witonze, ukayisesengura, ushaka inyito z’amagambo ayigize. Impamvu
ni uko ijambo rimwe rishobora kugira inyito nyinshi. Gushakamo kandi ijambo
cyangwa amagambo fatizo yaguha inzira n’imbibi by’insanganyamatsiko. Iyi
ntambwe ni ingenzi kuko ntushobora kubona ibitekerezo utanga ku bintu nawe
ubwawe utumva neza.
– Gukusanya ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko.
Iyo umaze kumva neza insanganyamatsiko, utangira kwandika ku rupapuro rwo
guteguriraho ibitekerezo. Ukusanya ingero, amagambo meza yavuzwe n’abandi,
ibyawe ubwawe waba uzi, n’ibindi. Biba byiza iyo insanganyamatsiko wandikaho
uyiziho byinshi, kandi ugashingira ku bintu bifatika.
– Guhitamo ibitekerezo by’ingenzi.
Iyi ntambwe igufasha guhitamo ibitekerezo by’ingenzi, ukegeranya ibihuye,
ukabikurikinya mu buryo bwuzuzanya kandi hitawe ku njyabihe y’ibikorwa.
– Gukora imbata y’umwandiko.
Iyi ntambwe igufasha kumenya uko ukurikiranya ibitekerezo byawe mu gihewandika.
– Kwandika
Mu kwandika uwandika yubahiriza insanganyamatsiko, imbata yateguye n’amategeko
y’imyandikire. Ni ukuvuga: imvugo ikwiye kandi iboneye, kutavangavanga indimi,
kudasubira mu magambo, isanisha ry’amagambo, kubahiriza ikibonezamvugo
n’ibindi. Yandika kandi akurikiranya ibitekerezo mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge kandi
yubahiriza indeshyo y’umwandiko.
Kwandika bishobora gukorwa ntibirangire ako kanya bitewe n’insanganyamatsiko
wandikaho, ubwoko bw’umwandiko wandika cyangwa uburebure bw’umwandiko
ushaka kwandika. Kwandika rero bishobora gufata igihe kirekire kugira ngo
ushobore kunoza umwandiko wawe. Ibyo bituma ubona umwanya uhagije wo
gusubira mu byo wanditse, ugakuramo ibitari ngombwa, ibyisubiramo, ndetse
ukongeramo ibyaba bibuzemo. Muri iki gice kandi, ni ho ushakisha amagambo
yabugenewe kandi aryoshye ndetse ukaba washyiramo ibitekerezo n’ingero
zishimishije, izisekeje, ariko byose bigusha ku ngingo ugambiriye kuvugaho.
Umukoro
Saba abanyeshuri, buri wese ku giti ke, kuzakora uyu mukoro uri mu gitabo cyabo
maze bazawumurike mu isomo rizakurikira.
Ikibazo cy’umukoro
Hanga inkuru mbarankuru kuri imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:
a) Ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda.b) Nasuye Pariki y’Akagera
3.5.4 Isuzuma rusoza umutwe wa gatatu
Ifashishe ibibazo biri mu gitabo cy’umunyeshuri hanyuma utegurire abanyeshuri
isuzuma. Saba abanyeshuri kwitegura gukora isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereburi wese ku giti ke.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesenguraumwandiko
1. Iterambere ryo mu muryango wa Kamana rikomoka ku ki?
2. Ni izihe ndangagaciro nyanyarwanda dusanga muri uyu mwandiko?3. Sobanura ibyiza byo kuzigama bivugwa mu mwandiko.
4. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
5. Ushingiye ku mwandiko, ni izihe ngamba wafata kugira ngo uzarusheho
kwiteza imbere?
6. Gereranya imyitwarire y’abanyarubuga n’ubuzima busanzwe bw’aho utuye.
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira ukurikije
inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Kwiyuha akuya
b) Ikigega
c) Kugarizwa n’inzara
d) Guca inkoni izamba
2. Huza ijambo riri mu ruhushya A n’igisobanuro cyaryo kiri mu ruhushya B.
III. Ibibazo ku nkuru ngufi
1. Sobanura imiterere y’inkuru ngufi.
2. Abanyarubuga mu nkuru bashobora gushyirwa mu matsina atatu. Yavuge.
3. Ibarankuru ry’umubarankuru ufite uruhare mu nkuru n’umubarankuru udafite
uruhare mu nkuru ritandukanira he?4. Garagaza igishushanyo cy’ishushanyabikorwa ry’inkuru.