IGICE CYA I: INTANGIRIRO RUSANGE
1.Imiterere y’igitabo
Iki gitabo kigenewe umwarimu wigisha mu mwaka wa gatanu mu mashuri y’abasha
b’abaforomo. Iki gitabo ni imwe mu mfashanyigisho zigomba kumworohereza
kwigisha amasomo atandukanye y’Ikinyarwanda. Iki gitabo kijyanye n’igitabo
cy’umunyeshuri. Ni yo mpamvu umwarimu atagikoresha ukwacyo; ahubwo
cyuzuzanya n’icy’umunyeshuri cyanditswe gihereye ku nteganyanyigisho
y’Ikinyarwanda ishingiye ku bushobozi y’abafasha b’abaforomo.
Iki gitabo kigabanyijemo ibice bitatu: Igice cya mbere kigizwe n’intangiriro rusange,
igice cya kabiri kigizwe n’imiteguro y’amasomo atandukanye, igice cya gatatu
kigizwe n’imbonezamasomo z’amasomo ari muri buri mutwe.
Iki gitabo kigizwe n’imitwe irindwi. Buri mutwe ufite insanganyamatsiko wubakiyeho.
Insanganyamatsiko zubakiye ku myandiko inyuranye. Izo nsanganyamatsiko ni
izijyanye n’umuco nyarwanda, kubungabunga ubuzima, umuco wo kuzigama,
kubaka umuco w’amahoro, ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge, gukunda Igihugu
n’iterambere. Muri buri mutwe harimo kandi ubumenyi bw’ururimi umunyeshuri
akeneye mu gukoresha ururimi yubaka interuro ziboneye, avuga cyangwa yandika.
Buri mutwe ugiye ugabanyijemo amasomo anyuranye. Buri somo rigenerwa imitota
mirongo inani (80), uretse amasomo abiri yo mu mutwe wa gatatu n’abiri yo mu
mutwe wa karindwi afite iminota mirongo ine (40). Buri mutwe usozwa n’isuzuma
rizafasha umwarimu gusuzuma ubushobozi bw’abanyeshuri kugira ngo arebe ko
ari ngombwa guhita atangira undi mutwe cyangwa se ko agomba gusubira mu
masomo atarumvikanye neza.
Muri iki gitabo harimo imyitozo myinshi n’ibisubizo byayo. Nyuma ya buri somo
hateganyijwe imyitozo ndetse na nyuma ya buri suzuma hateganyijwe imyitozo
nzamurabushobozi na nyagurabushobozi. Iyo myitozo ikurikirwa n’imyitozo
y’inyongera. Icyakora imyitozo iri mu gitabo si kamara umwarimu yayiheraho
agashaka indi akurikije ikigero abanyeshuri bagezeho n’aho ishuri rye riherereye.
Muri iki gitabo kandi hateganyijwe amasomo ntangarugero afasha umwarimu
gutegura no gutanga amasomo ye uko bikwiye. Harimo kandi n’ubumenyi
bw’inyongera ku mitwe imwe n’imwe bitewe n’aho bukenewe.
Iki gitabo kirimo imbonezamasomo ihishurira umwarimu uburyo bwo kwigisha
amasomo anyuranye ku buryo abanyeshuri babasha kugera ku bushobozi
busabwa muri ayo masomo. Mu kwigisha rero, umwarimu asabwa gusuzuma ko
intego yihaye zagezweho nyuma ya buri somo ndetse ko n’ubushobozi bw’ingenzibugamijwe muri buri mutwe bwagezweho.
Muri buri mutwe habonekamo isomo cyangwa amasomo yo gusoma, kumva no
gusesengura umwandiko, isomo ry’ubuvanganzo cyangwa isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo
cyangwa isomo ry’ubumenyi bw’ururimi.Mu mitwe imwe n’imwe habonekamo kandi
isomo ryo kuvugira imbere y’abandi ibyo umunyeshuri yateguye ku giti ke cyangwaibyo abanyeshuri bateguriye mu matsinda.
2.Imbonezamasomo
2.1 Imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi
Guhera mu mwaka wa 2015 mu mashuri y’inshuke, abanza n’ayisumbuye u Rwanda
rwasezereye imyigire n’imyigishirize yari ishingiye ahanini ku bumenyi, rwinjira mu
myigire n’imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi bukomatanya ubumenyi, ubumenyi
ngiro n’ubukesha. Bityo imyigire n’imyigishirize yahaga umwarimu umwanya munini
isimburwa n’imyigire n’imyigishirize iha abanyeshuri uruhare runini. Ni imyigire
iha umunyeshuri ubumenyi, ubumenyi ngiro n’ubukesha bimufasha gushyira mu
bikorwa ibyo yize no gutanga ibisubizo by’ibibazo ahura na byo mu buzima bwe
n’ubw’abandi.
Mu myigire ishingiye ku bushobozi, abanyeshuri ni bo bahabwa uruhare runini mu
myigire yabo. Umwarimu ahera ku byo abanyeshuri basanzwe bazi kandi bafitiye
ubushobozi, akabafasha kuvumbura ibindi bungurana ibitekerezo mu matsinda
yabo. Iyo abanyeshuri bakorera mu matsinda, umwarimu agenda abayobora atanga
ubufasha ku babukeneye. Iyo barangije kungurana ibitekerezo mu matsinda,
bamurika ibyo bagezeho, nyuma bagafatanya n’umwarimu kunonosora iby’ingenzi
basigarana. Abanyeshuri ntibagomba gufatwa nk’aho nta cyo bazi. Umwarimu
ntagomba kumva ko ari we ufite ubumenyi agomba kubapakiramo.
Ubushobozi nsanganyamasomo.
Iki gitabo cy’umwarimu cy’umwaka wa kabiri giteguye ku buryo hagaragaramo
ubushobozi nsanganyamasomo bukurikira: ubushishozi no gushakira ibibazo
ibisubizo, guhanga udushya, ubushakashatsi, gusabana mu Kinyarwanda,
ubufatanye, imibanire ikwiye n’abandi n’ubumenyi ngiro mu buzima bwa buri munsi,
kwiga no guhora yiyungura ubumenyi.
Ibibazo bimwe na bimwe byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko biba bisaba
umunyeshuri gutekereza byimbitse. Bimufasha gukemura ibibazo ahuye na byo
yifashishije ibyo yize. Mu bisubizo by’ibyo bibazo ni ho ubushobozi bwo gushakira
ibibazo ibisubizo bugaragarira. Ahandi ubwo bushobozi bugaragarira ni mu
myanzuro y’ibibazo byo kujya impaka no kungurana ibitekerezo. Ni mu gihe kandi
kuko biba ari ibibazo bituma abanyeshuri batekereza cyane uburyo bakemuraibibazo bashobora guhura na byo mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.
Muri iki gitabo kandi hakubiyemo imyitozo yo guhanga iha abanyeshuri urubuga
rwo guhanga imyandiko y’ingeri z’ubuvanganzo zinyuranye. Iyi myitozo ni yo ituma
abanyeshuri bimakaza umuco wo guhanga udushya.
Mu myitozo y’inyunguramagambo abanyeshuri basabwa gukoresha
inkoranyamagambo bashaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo badasobanukiwe, ni ho
ubushakashatsi bugaragarira. Iki gitabo kandi giteguye ku buryo umwarimu asaba
abanyeshuri kwitabira amasomero bagahabwa ibibazo bakwifashisha kugira ngo
basesengure ikibonezamvugo cyangwa ingeri y’ubuvanganzo runaka.
Abanyeshuri basabana kandi mu Kinyarwanda bajya impaka cyangwa bungurana
ibitekerezo na bagenzi babo. Umwarimu agomba kubatoza kuvugira mu ruhame no
kujora ibitekerezo bya bagenzi babo mu bwubahane.
Hakubiyemo kandi imyitozo isaba abanyeshuri gukorera mu matsinda anyuranye.
Iyi myitozo ituma abanyeshuri bagira ubufatanye, imibanire ikwiye n’abandi
n’ubumenyi ngiro mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
Mu gihe umunyeshuri yiga, ahabwa kandi imikoro inyuranye akorera ahandi hatari
ku ishuri nko mu rugo cyangwa mu isomero. Iyi myitozo ni yo imufasha kwiga no
guhora yiyungura ubumenyi.
Iyo umwarimu yigisha agomba kwita ku myitozo ikubiyemo ubu bushobozi
nsanganyamasomo kugira ngo intego zabwo zigerweho.
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zibanzweho muri iki gitabo ni umunani. Izo ngingo
nsanganyamasomo ni umuco w’amahoro, umuco wo kuzigama, umuco
w’ubuziranenge, ibidukikije, jenoside, ubuzima bw’imyororokere, uburezi budaheza,
uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Izi ngingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragarira mu
mashusho, mu myandiko, mu bikorwa by’umunyeshuri no mu myitozo itandukanye
kandi zigenda zigaragara mu mitwe itandukanye y’iki gitabo.4
2.2 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zibanzweho muri iki gitabo ni umunani. Izo ngingo
nsanganyamasomo ni umuco w’amahoro, umuco wo kuzigama, umuco
w’ubuziranenge, ibidukikije, jenoside, ubuzima bw’imyororokere, uburezi budaheza,
uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Izi ngingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragarira mu
mashusho, mu myandiko, mu bikorwa by’umunyeshuri no mu myitozo itandukanyekandi zigenda zigaragara mu mitwe itandukanye y’iki gitabo.
2.3 Kwita ku buryo bunyuranye bw’imyigire y’abanyeshuri
Mu myigire n’imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi bw’uwiga, umwarimu agomba
kuzirikana ko abanyeshuri yigisha barimo ingeri zitandukanye. Mu ishuri
abanyeshuri ntibanganya ubushobozi mu myigire yabo kandi n’uburyo bakoresha
mu myigire yabo buratandukanye. Buri wese agira uburyo bwihariye bwo kwiga
bumworohera kandi bumubangukira. Bamwe biga neza iyo bahawe ibisobanuro
birambuye intambwe ku ntambwe, mu magambo cyangwa mu nyandiko abandi
bakiga neza babonye ibisobanuro rusange cyangwa inshamake.
Hari abiga neza ari uko bakoze ubushakashatsi bakivumburira, abandi bakiga neza
bahereye ku mashusho, ibimenyetso no kureba uko ibintu bikorwa, mu gihe abandi
biga neza ari uko bahuje ibintu bakabona amasano bifitanye. Hari abakunda
guhanga udushya aho gusubira mu bintu bimwe naho abandi bakiga neza iyo bajya
impaka banasobanurirana n’abandi.
Umwarimu rero agomba kugira uburyo bwo kwigisha butandukanye bufasha abo
banyeshuri bose mu myigire yabo ariko yita buri gihe ku ihame ry’uko umunyeshuri
ari we pfundo ry’imyigire n’imyigishirize. Ibi kandi abikora ahereye ku miterere ya buri
somo, intego yaryo, imfashanyigisho zikoreshwa n’igihe rimara, uburyo bwihariye
buri munyeshuri akoresha mu myigire ye, ubushobozi bwe n’uko asobanukirwa
ibyo yiga.
2.4 Kwita ku bafite ibibazo byihariye
Mu ishuri, umwarimu asabwa kwita ku bafite ibibazo byihariye kugira ngo bashobore
kujyana n’abandi. Umwarimu akora ku buryo yandika ku kibaho imyitozo ikorwa
kugira ngo abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bayisome. Iyo umwarimu asoma,
arangurura ijwi kugira ngo afashe abatumva neza ndetse n’abafite ubumuga
bwo kutabona. Abatumva neza umwarimu abicaza hafi, akabasaba kumureba
avuga, agakoresha ibishushanyo aho bishoboka hose, agakoresha ibimenyetso
n’amarenga uko abishoboye.5
Abatabona neza abicaza akurikije imiterere y’ubumuga bwo kutabona bafite byaba
ari imbonahafi cyangwa imbonakure. Bityo abafite imbonahafi abicaza hafi naho
abafite imbonakure akabicaza ahitaruye. Abafite ubumuga bw’ingingo z’umubiri,
umwarimu abashakira umwanya bicaramo ubafasha mu myigire yabo.
Abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe umwarimu atangira abafasha mu byo bakora ariko
gahorogahoro akagenda agabanya ubufasha abagenera. Umwarimu arabareka
bagakorana n’abandi banyeshuri kandi akabatera umwete mu byo bagenda
bageraho n’imbaraga bakoresha.
Abagenda buhoro mu myigire yabo bagomba gushyirwa mu matsinda y’ababyumva
kurusha abandi kugira ngo babazamure, kandi umwarimu akabibandaho ababaza
n’iyo baba batateye urutoki kugira ngo basubize. Bahabwa kandi imyitozo yihariyeituma bazamura ubushobozi bwabo.
2.5 Uburyo isuzuma rikorwa
Umwarimu agomba kugenzura imyigire n’imyigishirize akusanya amakuru ajyanye
n’uburyo buri munyeshuri yiga ndetse no gufata umwanzuro ku byo umunyeshuri
yagezeho hashingiwe ku bipimo byagenwe mbere yo gukora isuzuma. Isuzuma
rero ni igice k’ingenzi mu myigire n’imyigishirize. Muri iki gitabo cy’umwarimu,
amasuzuma na yo yateguwe ashingiye ku bushobozi. Hakubiyemo ibibazo
binyuranye bijyanye n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi bituma umunyeshuri ashyira mu
bikorwa ibyo yize.
Amasuzuma ari muri iki gitabo ari ukubiri: imyitozo y’isuzuma umwarimu agomba
guha abanyeshuri nyuma y’isomo asuzuma ko intego z’isomo zagezweho. Hari
kandi n’imyitozo y’isuzuma risoza umutwe ituma umwarimu afata umwanzuro wo
gutangira undi mutwe. Kuri buri suzuma hategurwa kandi imyitozo nzamurabushobozi
ikorwa n’abanyeshuri bagaragaje ubushobozi buke mu isuzuma ryakozwe, hakaba
n’indi myitozo nyagurabushobozi igenerwa abanyeshuri bagaragaje ubushobozi
bwo kumva ibyo bize kurusha abandi ku buryo budasanzwe. Ibyo bifasha buri
munyeshuri gukomeza gutera intambwe ashingiye ku bushobozi amaze kugeraho.
Nyuma yo gukora isuzuma, umwarimu agabanya abanyeshuri mu byiciro bibiri.
Abatashoboye gutsinda isuzuma ryatanzwe akabaha imyitozo nzamurabushobozi
ibafasha gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo bize. Mu gihe barimo kuyikora, abagaragaje
ubushobozi bwo kumva ibyo biga kurusha abandi bo baba bakora imyitozo
nyagurabushobozi.
Isuzuma ritegurwa hashingiwe ku ntego zihariye z’isomo cyangwa ku bigenderwaho
mu isuzuma rya buri mutwe. Isuzuma riteguye ku buryo risaba umunyeshuri gushyira
mu bikorwa ibyo yize. Cyakora hagenda hagaragaramo n’ibibazo bike bimusaba
kugaragaza ubumenyi bw’ibyo yize. Mu itegurwa ry’iri suzuma ibibazo bikurikirana
hashingiwe ku nzego z’intego z’imyigire n’imyigishirize zagenwe n’umuhanga mu
iyigandero Bulumu (Bloom). Ni ukuvuga ko ibibazo biri ku ntera zo hejuru ku rwego
rw’intego ari byo bihabwa umwanya ugaragara muri iki gitabo kurusha ibibazo
bishingiye ku ntera zo hasi zijyanye n’ubumenyi.
2.6 Imyigishirize y’amasomo
2.6.1 Imbonezamasomo yo kwigisha gusoma, kumva no
gusesengura umwandiko
Muri iki gice hakubiyemo amasomo ajyanye no gusoma, gusobanura amagambo,
kumva no gusesengura umwandiko.
1. Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro, umwarimu abaza abanyeshuri ibibazo by’ivumburamatsiko biganisha
ku mwandiko bagiye gusoma. Ibyo bibazo bishobora gushingira ku mashusho
ari mu gitabo cyangwa ku buzima busanzwe. Ibibazo bishingiye ku mashushoabanyeshuri babisubiza babanje kwitegereza amashusho yo ku mwandiko bagiye
gusoma.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Iyo basoma umwandiko babanza kuwusoma bucece nyuma bakaza kuwusoma
baranguruye. Gusoma bucece bikorwa buri gihe iyo abanyeshuri bagiye gusoma
bwa mbere umwandiko mushya. Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko
bucece akagenda agenzura uko bikorwa. Umwarimu abatoza gusoma bucece
badahwihwisa.
Mu gihe basoma bucece umwarimu abasaba kugenda bandika amagambo batumva
neza kugira ngo baze kuyasobanura nyuma. Ubu buryo bwo gusoma ni ingenzi
ku munyeshuri kuko bumutegura kuza gusoma neza aranguruye adategwa. Iyo
barangije gusoma bucece umwarimu ababaza ibibazo basubiza bavuga. Ni ibibazo
byoroheje bidasaba kwinjira mu mwandiko cyane.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Iyo abanyeshuri barangije gusoma umwandiko bucece, umwarimu abasomera
by’intangarugero agaragaza isesekaza. Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gusoma
batajijinganya. Abanyeshuri basoma basimburana kugeza umwandiko urangiye.
Umwarimu agomba kugenda akosora abanyeshuri aho basoma nabi anagenzura
ubukesha bwabo mu kwitabira gusoma.7
Iyo basoma baranguruye, umwarimu akora ku buryo yita ku banyeshuri bafite
ibibazo byihariye. Buri wese amufasha bitewe n’ikibazo afite. Nk’iyo mu ishuri harimo
umunyeshuri ufite ikibazo cyo kutumva neza, umwarimu asaba umunyeshuri ugiye
gusoma kurangurura ijwi ku buryo na we yumva.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri kujya mu matsinda. Iyo bakora amatsinda bakora
ku buryo agenda anyuranya. Babiribabiri, batatubatatu cyangwa banebane. Si
byiza gukora amatsinda arengeje abanyeshuri batanu. Amatsinda kandi agomba
kuba arimo ibitsina byombi aho bishoboka kandi avanga abanyeshuri bumva vuba
kurusha abandi n’abagenda buhoro mu myigire yabo. Abagize buri tsinda bitoramo
umuyobozi w’itsinda ugenda yandika ibyo bumvikanyeho akaza kubimurika igihe
kigeze.
Iyo bamaze gukora amatsinda, umwarimu abasaba gusobanura amagambo
badasobanukiwe babonye igihe basoma hanyuma bagasubiza ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko biri mu bitabo byabo. Iyo ibibazo byatanzwe ari byinshi, umwarimu
arabibagabanya; amatsinda amwe agakora bimwe andi agakora ibindi. Umwarimuabaha igihe cyo kubikora.
Iyo igihe yabahaye kirangiye, umunyeshuri umwe muri buri tsinda wagiye yandika
ibyo bumvikanyeho ajya kubigaragaza imbere ya bagenzi be kandi abanyeshuri
bakajya basimburana muri icyo gikorwa. Mu gihe cyo kumurika ibyavuye mu
matsinda, amatsinda yose agenda asimburana mu kugaragaza bimwe mu byo
bagezeho, ibyo barangije kumvikanaho, abandi bakirinda kubisubiramo.
Bitewe n’igihe umwarimu afite, itsinda rimwe rimurika ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo
irindi rikamurika ibibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko. Ibisubizo bya buri tsinda
bigakorerwa ubugororangingo. Iyo ibibazo byatanzwe atari byinshi buri tsinda
ribisubiza byose ariko hakamurika itsinda rimwe ayandi agakora ubugororangingo,
bikandikwa.
3. Umwitozo
Iyo bamaze kumurika ibyavuye mu matsinda, umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gukora
umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Bashobora kuwukorera mu matsinda cyangwa buri
wese ku giti ke. Kuri buri mwitozo, ikibazo cya nyuma ni ikibazo gisaba abanyeshuri
gutanga ibitekerezo cyangwa kujya impaka. Icyo kibazo gishobora no gukomeza
nyuma y’isomo kigakorwa nk’umukoro.
2.6.2 Imbonezamasomo yo kwigisha isomo ry’ubuvanganzo
1. Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro umwarimu abaza abanyeshuri ibibazo bituma bibukiranya isomo
baheruka kwiga bikamufasha gushimangira ibyizwe mbere. Mu ntangiriro kandi
umwarimu ashobora gukosora umukoro niba hari uwo yahaye abanyeshuri.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Umwarimu yongera gusaba abanyeshuri kongera gusoma bitegereza imiterere
y’umwandiko w’ubuvanganzo. Akabasaba gutahura inshoza n’uturango byawo.
Umwarimu ahereye ku bisubizo by’abanyeshuri ababwira ubuvanganzo bagiye
kwiga ubwo ari bwo. Ahereye ku biri mu gikorwa cy’umwinjizo, umwarimu ashyira
abanyeshuri mu matsinda akabasaba gukora ubushakashatsi ku bibazo byatanzwe
ku nteruro cyangwa ku gika bivugwa mu mwinjizo. Kugira ngo ubushakashatsi
bwabo bugende neza, umwarimu arangira abanyeshuri ibitabo bakwifashisha
mu nzu y’isomero ndetse akanabaha ibindi bibazo bibayobora mu bushakashatsi
bwabo kugira ngo bashobore gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse. Umwarimu abaha
igihe cyo kubikora, cyarangira akabasaba kumurika ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi
bwabo.
3. Umwitozo1
Iyo bamaze kumurika ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi, umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri
gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Bashobora kuwukorera mu matsindacyangwa buri wese ku giti ke.
4. Umukoro
Inyuma y’umwitozo ku isomo ry’ubuvanganzo hakurikiraho umukoro abanyeshuri
bashobora gukora batashye cyangwa bakawukorera mu isomero mu masaha
atari ay’isomo. Uwo mukoro ubafasha gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo bize mu ihangery’ubuvanganzo.
2.6.3 Imbonezamasomo yo kwigisha isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo
1. Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro, umwarimu ashobora kubanza kugenzura uko abanyeshuri bakoze
umukoro mu gihe uhari. Iyo ibyo birangiye, abaza abanyeshuri isomo baheruka
kwiga. Umwarimu ashobora kandi gusaba abanyeshuri gusoma bitegereza interuro
cyangwa igika byavuye mu mwandiko baheruka kwiga birimo amagambo yanditse
aciyeho akarongo cyangwa atsindagiye yafasha gutahura ikibonezamvugo
bagiye kwiga. Umwarimu ashobora kubaza abanyeshuri ibibazo biganisha kukibonezamvugo kigiye kwigwa.11
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Iyi ntera itangirana n’igikorwa cy’umwinjizo. Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gukora
ibisabwa ku gikorwa cy’umwinjizo kiri mu bitabo byabo bari mu matsinda. Muri aya
matsinda, abanyeshuri bakora ubushakashatsi ku bibazo byatanzwe ku nteruro
cyangwa ku gika bivugwa mu mwinjizo. Kugira ngo ubushakashatsi bwabo bugende
neza, umwarimu arangira abanyeshuri ibitabo bakwifashisha mu nzu y’isomero
ndetse akanabaha ibindi bibazo bibayobora mu bushakashatsi bwabo kugira ngobashobore gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse.
Iyo igihe yabahaye kirangiye, umwarimu areba niba amatsinda yose yakoze
neza umurimo bahawe hanyuma agatoranya amatsinda make rimwe rikamurikira
abandi ibyo ryakoze ku gice runaka, irindi ku kindi, bityobityo. Iyo bamaze kunozaibyamuritswe, byandikwa ku kibaho abanyeshuri bakabyandika mu makayi yabo.
3. Umwitozo
Iyo bamaze kumurika ibyavuye mu matsinda, umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gukora
umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Bashobora kuwukorera mu matsinda cyangwa buriwese ku giti ke.
Ikitonderwa
Hari ubundi bumenyi bw’ururimi butavuzwe muri ibyo bice bufite imbonezamasomo
yihariye. Muri bwo twavuga guhanga no guhina umwandiko, kuririmba no gukinabigana n’ibindi.
Iyo ari uguhanga, umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gusoma ikibazo kijyanye no
guhanga kiri mu bitabo byabo kikandikwa ku kibaho no mu makayi yabo. Iki
kibazo akibaha nk’umukoro. Umukoro ushobora gukorerwa mu matsinda cyangwa
gukorwa n’umunyeshuri ku giti ke. Umwarimu abaha igihe cyo kubikora, cyarangira
bagakosorera hamwe igihangano mu matsinda, buri tsinda rikagaragaza uko
ribona igihangano ryasomye. Umwarimu agenda akosora agaragariza buri tsinda
cyangwa buri wese ibitagenda neza mu gihangano yakoze.
Iyo ari ugukina bigana, umwarimu abanza gusobanurira abanyeshuri imiterere
ya bamwe mu bakina nkuru basabwa kwigana, akabasaba gukina babigana.
Umwarimu agenda abakosora kugeza igihe bagereye ku byo basabwa kwerekana
imbere ya bagenzi babo.
IGICE CYA II: INGERO Z’IMITEGURO Y’AMASOMO
NTANGARUGERO
II.1. Isomo ryo gusoma, kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Izina ry’ishuri: ........................................Amazina y’umwarimu: ....................................
II.2 Isomo ry’ubuvanganzo
Izina ry’ishuri: .........................Amazina y’umwarimu: ...........................
II.3 Isomo ry’Ikibonezamvugo Izina ry’ishuri: ................................
Amazina ................................ y’umwarimu:.................................
1. Isomo ryo gusoma, kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Izina ry’ishuri: ................................Amazina y’umwarimu: ......................
2. Isomo ryo gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Izina ry’ishuri: ......................Amazina y’umwarimu: ................
3. Isomo ry’ubuvanganzo Izina ry’ishuri: ...............................
Amazina y’umwarimu: ...................
4. Isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo Izina ry’ishuri: ........................
Amazina y’umwarimu:................................
IGICE CYA II: INGERO Z’IMITEGURO Y’AMASOMO NTANGARUGERO
1. Isomo ryo gusoma no kumva umwandiko Izina ry’ishuri: ...............................
Amazina y’umwarimu: .........................
2. Isomo ryo gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Izina ry’ishuri: ...........................Amazina y’umwarimu: .................
3. Isomo ry’ubuvanganzo Izina ry’ishuri: ...................................
Amazina y’umwarimu: ...................
4. Isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo Izina ry’ishuri: .......................
Amazina y’umwarimu:............................................
