Topic outline

  • UNIT 1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ART THROUGH DIFFERENT ERAS

    PART ONE

    Key unit competence:
    To be able to describe the key points in the 

    evolution of Art through ages and carryout an appreciation of techniques 

    and works of renowned Artists in Africa and the world in general.

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    i) Modern Art
    Modern Art means works produced during the approximate period 1870-
    1970. Modern art is renowned for its avant-garde aesthetic and celebrated 
    for its forward-thinking artists. Developing over the course of roughly 100 
    years, it incorporates many major art movements and has inevitably seen a 
    diverse range of styles.
    In order to trace modern art’s remarkable evolution, one must recognize 
    and understand the many genres that compose it. To do this, however, it is 
    helpful to come up with a modern art definition.
    Works produced during this time showcase artists’ interest in re-imagining, 
    reinterpreting, and even rejecting traditional aesthetic values of preceding 

    styles.

    Modern artists and their works

    • Claude Monet is French painter who was a popular caricaturist. By the age 
    of 15, Monet had made something of a name for himself with his charcoal 

    caricatures.

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    • Paul Cézanne, in his paintings, often rejected realistic portrayals of space in 
    favor of more creative compositions. This is particularly evident in his still-life 
    depictions, which frequently feature fruit, bottles, and other everyday objects 

    balanced on tilted, topsy-turvy tabletops

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    ii) Abstract Art
    Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color and line to create 
    a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual 
    references in the world. Abstract art does not depict a person, place or thing 
    in the natural world. 
    The term ‘abstract art’ also called “non-objective art”, “non-figurative”, 
    “non-representational”, “geometric abstraction”, or “concrete art. The 
    Abstract Art movement is called Abstract Expressionism because, although 
    the art has no subject, it is still trying to convey some kind of emotion. The 
    Abstract Expressionism movement began in the 1940s in New York City 
    after World War II. However, the first real Abstract Art was painted earlier by 
    some Expressionists, especially Kandinsky in the early 1900s.
    The main characteristic of abstract art is that it has no recognizable subject. 
    Some Abstract Artists had theories on the emotions that were caused by 

    certain colors and shapes.

    Famous Abstract Artists

    • Willem de Kooning was a Dutch artist who became a part of the New York 
    City Abstract Expressionist movement. His most famous painting is Woman 

    III which sold for over $137 million

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    • Joan Mitchell is an American who was born (February 12, 1925 and died 
    October 30, 1992) Mitchell is one of artists of “second generation” abstract 
    expressionist painters and printmakers. She was a member of the American 
    abstract expressionist movement, even though much of her career took place 
    in France. Her paintings and edition prints can be seen in major museums and 

    collections across the United States and Europe.

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    • Piet Mondrian is one of 20 century Dutch painters and was the one who 
    developed an Abstract painting style that involved straight lines and colored 
    rectangles. He called this type of painting “The Style”. Some of his artwork is

    Composition, 1916.

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    • Georgia O’Keeffe is American who was born November 15, 1887 and 
    died March 6, 1986. Georgia O’Keeffe is artist of Modernism which is artistic 
    and cultural movement which peaked between the two World Wars. It was 
    marked by a deliberate departure from tradition and use of innovative forms 

    of expression. Her abstract Masterpiece: Forgotten sister (1926)

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    • Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957)

    Romanian abstract sculptor, active in Paris. One of the great early exponents 

    of non-objective art. Pioneer of direct carving; emphasized ‘shape’

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    1.2. World-renowned Artists

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    Long time ego, artists have been innovating and improving their art day to day 
    and some of their works have influence in the history of art as new general try 
    to imitate techniques used these artists we include: Michelangelo, Leonardo Da 
    Vinci, Van Gogh, Rembrandt, Raphael, Picasso and O’Keeffe
    i) Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, (6 March 1475 – 18 
    February 1564) 
    Known best as simply Michelangelo, he was an Italian sculptor, painter, 
    architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, 

    who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.

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    He sculpted two of his best-known works, “the Pietà” and “David”, before 
    the age of thirty. Despite holding a low opinion of painting, he also created 
    two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes 
    from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and “The Last 

    Judgment” on its altar wall

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    Michelangelo was the first Western artist whose biography was published 
    while he was alive.
    ii) Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 1452 May 1519),
    More commonly known as Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath of the 
    Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting, 
    sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, 
    anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, paleontology, and cartography. He is 
    widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time; despite perhaps 

    only 15 of his paintings have survived.

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    He was a Dutch post-impressionist painter who is among the most famous 
    and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade 
    he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most 
    of which date from the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, 
    still lives, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterized by bold colors 
    and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the 
    foundations of modern art. He was not commercially successful, and his 
    suicide at 37 came after years of mental illness and poverty.
    He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the public imagination as 
    the quintessential misunderstood genius, the artist “where discourses on 
    madness and creativity converge “Sunflowers, 1889” and “Wheatfield 

    with crows, 1890” are some of his artworks

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    Known for his self-portraits and biblical scenes, Dutch artist Rembrandt is 
    considered to be one of the greatest painters in European history.
    v) Pablo Picasso
    Pablo Picasso was born in Spain in 1881, and was raised there before 
    going on to spend most of his adult life working as an artist in France. 
    Throughout the long course of his career, he created more than 20,000 

    paintings, drawings, sculptures, ceramics and other items such as costumes

    and theater sets. He is universally renowned as one of the most influential 
    and celebrated artists of the twentieth century.
    Guernica is a large 1937 oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo 
    Picasso. One of Picasso’s best known works, Guernica is regarded by many 
    art critics as one of the most moving and powerful anti-war paintings in 

    history. It is exhibited in the Museo Reina Sofia in Madrid.

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    1.3. Great artworks in the world

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    The frescoes on the side walls of the chapel were painted from 1481 to 1483. 
    On the north wall are six frescoes depicting events from the life of Christ as 
    painted by Perugino, Pinturicchio, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, 

    and Cosimo Rosselli.

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    The most important artworks in the chapel are the frescoes by Michelangeloon 
    the ceiling and on the west wall behind the altar. The frescoes on the ceiling, 
    collectively known as the Sistine Ceiling, were commissioned by Pope Julius 
    II in 1508 and were painted by Michelangelo in the years from 1508 to 
    1512. They depict incidents and personages from the Old Testament. The 
    Last Judgment fresco on the west wall was painted by Michelangelo for 

    Pope Paul III in the period from 1534 to 1541.

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    • The Rape of Proserpina (Italian: Ratto di Proserpina) is a large Baroque
    marble sculptural group by Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini, executed 
    between 1621 and 1622. Bernini was only 23 years old at its completion. It 
    depicts theAbduction of Proserpina, who is seized and taken to the underworld 

    by the god Pluto.

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    Figure 1.3.4: The rape of Proserpina (1621-1622) by Gian Lorenzo Berinini

    • FERTILITY GODDESS
    This is representation of a fertility Goddes. It is inspired by the idealization 
    of female fertility, drawn from the Venus of Wilendorf, believed to have been 

    carved 24,000-22,000B.C. today is in Vienna, Austria

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    AFRICAN ART
    • Ancient Egyptian art refers to paintings, sculptures, architecture, and 
    other arts produced in ancient Egypt between the 31st century BC and the 
    4th century AD. It is very conservative; Egyptian styles changed remarkably 
    little over time. Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments, 
    which have given more insight on the Egyptians’ belief of the afterlife. This 
    has caused a greater focus on preserving the knowledge of the past. Wall art 
    was not produced for people to look at but it had a purpose in the afterlife and 

    in rituals. Egyptian art considered as a mother of art in whole world civilization

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     Nok art is art made by people from Nok empire in our days this region is made 
    by West Africa countries. Art of this society referred to making the sculpture 
    of huge human, animal and other figures made out of terracotta pottery, made 
    by the Nok culture and found throughout Nigeria. The terracotta’s represent 

    the earliest sculptural art in West Africa and were made between 900 BCE

    and 0 CE, co-occurring with the earliest evidence of iron smelting in Africa 
    south of the Sahara desert.
    • Nok Terracottas

    The famous terracotta figurines are made of local clays with coarse tempers. 
    Although very few of the sculptures have been found intact, it is clear that they 
    were nearly life-sized. Most are known from broken fragments, representing 
    human heads and other body parts wearing a profusion of beads, anklets, 
    and bracelets. Artistic conventions recognized as Nok art by scholars include 
    geometric indications of eyes and eyebrows with perforations for pupils, and 

    detailed treatment of heads, noses, nostrils, and mouths.

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    A possible precursor to the art are figurines depicting cattle found throughout 
    the Sahara-Sahel region of North Africa beginning in the 2nd millennium 

    BCE; later connections include the Benin brasses and other Yoruba art.

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    It is renowned for prehistoric parietal cave art featuring charcoal drawings 
    and polychrome paintings of contemporary local fauna and human hands. The 
    earliest paintings were applied during the Upper Paleolithic, around 36,000 
    years ago. The site was only discovered in 1868 by Modesto Cubillas. 
    Altamira is located in the Franco-Cantabrian region and declared a World 
    Heritage Site by UNESCO as a key location of the Cave of Altamira and 

    Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain. 

    • Lascaux Cave is a Paleolithic cave situated in southwestern France, near 
    the village of Montana in the Dordogne region, which houses some of the 
    most famous examples of prehistoric cave paintings. 
    Close to 600 paintings mostly of animals - dot the interior walls of the 
    cave in impressive compositions. Horses are the most numerous, but deer, 
    aurochs, ibex, bison, and even some felines can also be found. Besides these 
    paintings, which represent most of the major images, there are also around 
    1400 engravings of a similar order
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    The museum was founded by Mary Leakey and is now under the jurisdiction 
    of the Tanzanian Government’s Department of Cultural Antiquities. It is a 
    museum dedicated to the appreciation and understanding of the Olduvai 

    Gorge and Laetoli fossil sites

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  • UNIT 2 DIGITAL DRAWING AND PAINTING STILL LIFE AND NATURE

    Key unit competence: To be able to make digital painting of still life and 

    nature studies by applying different techniques, media and tools.

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    Drawing tools refer to applications with built-in tools that allow users to create 
    artwork from scratch. With the help simple tools such as a mouse and key board, 
    users can draw virtually anything depending on the available features. Users can 
    create, edit, and delete their drawings. They can also save their work and load 
    existing projects in different formats such as JPEG, GIF and PDF among others.
    A variety of digital devices like computers, laptops, tablet, and Smart phones 
    ...can be used for Drawing and painting with window program or downloadable 
    software programs or online drawing tools. The best drawing tools on the market 
    today can run on various platforms including windows Mac Os, Linux and Android. 
    Your choice will depend on the device you are using the features you are looking 
    for, and what you want to achieve.
    Software like paint, Microsoft office publisher, adobe Photoshop, and adobe 
    illustrator and in design is most popular to be used for drawing and painting
    Basic and Advanced Toolsets:
    All drawing tools have a basic toolset with the necessary drawing tools such as a 
    drawing area , pencil ,markers ,paintbrushes, text tools, ink tools, rubbers etc Most 
    drawing tools also come with a color palette that is easy to customize depending 
    on the user’s needs. The most advanced features found on some modern drawing 
    tools includes 3D effects, 3D brushes ,animation and clone tools.
    Built-in Effects: 
    Usually, drawing tools come with all kinds of effects to enhance your drawing 
    with a single click.
    For example, you can choose the appropriate texture/gradient, blur your drawing, 
    use filters, and add shadows to your drawing. You can also change parameters 
    such as brightness and contrast levels.
    Integration tools
    Drawing tools my integrate with the tools you use every day such as design tools, 
    Photo editing application, MS word, and M S Power PowerPoint. Some application 
    allow users to integrate external devices such as electronic sketchpads that 

    translate images onto the screen to make their work

    DRAWING AND PAINTING SOFTWARE

    i) Adobe Photoshop

    When it comes to creative software, Adobe has dominated the scene for 
    decades, and Photoshop CC (CC stands for Creative Cloud) is loved by 
    artists and designers across the world. It provides creative types with a 
    plethora of cloud-based tools to create and enhance photos, illustrations 
    and 3D visuals.
    This software isn’t just about editing photos. If you’re a professional designer, 
    you can use it to create packaging, banners, websites, logos and icons. Not 
    only can you come up with your own creations, but you’re also able to make 
    use of intuitive templates if you’re more of a beginner, or you’re working to 
    a tight deadline.
    You can design your own illustrations and turn images into paintings as well, 
    with the option of switching between animate and print-style options. When 
    you’ve created a piece, you can enhance it with a range of built-in effects
    ii) Adobe Illustrator

    It can sometimes be thought of as being the little brother to the more 
    powerful Photoshop, but don’t overlook its possibilities. While Photoshop 
    was originally built for photo editing, Adobe Illustrator has always been 
    designed around illustration and drawing. You don’t need to choose between 
    one or the other, however, as if you subscribe to even the basic level Adobe 
    creative apps plan, you can have both Photoshop and Illustrator together.
    iii) Microsoft Paint

    This is a basic art package that comes with every Windows install, and has 
    done so since at least Windows 3.x. The release of Windows 10 has seen 
    3D editing tools added to it, but let’s be fair-it’s still a simple program that 
    isn’t going to rival anything else on this list. However, because of the easy 
    availability of MS Paint it’s worth mentioning - if nothing else because it 
    does have a basic toolkit that is expanded on by other software.
    AS an artist, designer or illustrator, it is important to use drawing tools with 
    features that will help you achieve the desired results. whether you want 
    to draw sketches, illustrations, flowcharts, Network diagram, or shapes, the 
    ability to achieve good results will not only depend on your artistic skills, but 

    also the kind of drawing tool you choose

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    b) Adobe illustrator or photoshop
    Welcome to the Get Started with Illustrator series of tutorials that teaches you 
    the basic tools and techniques of Adobe Illustrator. This first tutorial introduces 
    you to the Illustrator workspace and shows you how to open and save your 
    images.
    Illustrator workspace

    Menu bar (at the very top) shows the File, Edit, and other menus that give you 
    access to a variety of commands, adjustments, settings, and panels.
    Tools panel (on the left) contains tools for creating and editing artwork. Similar 
    tools are grouped together. You can access them by clicking and holding a tool 
    in the Tools panel.
    Panels (on the right) include Properties, Layers, and other panels that contain 
    a variety of controls for working with artwork. You can find a full list of panels 
    under the Window menu.
    Document window (in the middle) displays the file you’re currently working on. 
    Multiple open documents appear as tabs in the Document window.
    Zoom and Pan

    The Zoom tool, located in the Tools panel, can be used to show you more detail 
    of a document. To change from Zoom In to Zoom Out, press Alt (Windows) or 
    Option (macOS).
    The Hand tool, found by clicking and holding the Zoom tool in the Tools panel, 
    allows you to pan across a document.
    Create a new document

    The Start screen appears when there are no documents currently open in 
    Illustrator. It lists your recent files, Learn content, and presets. You can also 
    access various resources and search Adobe Stock from here.
    Choose File > New. In the New Document dialog box, start by choosing a 
    preset. For example, the Print preset shows various sizes and document options 
    you can set for a new document. The New Document dialog box is where you 
    can access free and paid Adobe Stock templates, which are a great starting 
    point for your designs.
    The basics of creating new artwork with the Pen tool
    The Pen tool, found in the Toolbar, is one of the most powerful drawing tools in 

    Illustrator. With it, you can create and edit anchor points and paths

    Set stroke and fill before drawing
    To start with the Pen tool, select the Pen tool in the Toolbar and, in the Properties 
    panel, set the stroke weight to 1 pt, the color to black, and the fill to none.
    Create straight lines
    To create straight lines with the Pen tool, click and release to create an anchor 
    point. Move the pointer, and you’ll see a preview of the path you are creating. 
    Click and release to create another anchor point. You can continue clicking 
    and releasing in different areas to create more anchor points for the path.
    To close a path, move the pointer over the original anchor point and, when a 
    circle shows next to the pointer, press the Shift key and click the end point. To 
    stop drawing a path without closing it, press the Escape key.
    Create curves
    To draw a curve when creating an anchor point, drag to create direction 
    handles, and then release. The more you drag when creating or editing anchor 
    point handles, the more curve the path has.
    Create corner points (change path direction)
    To change the direction of a path while drawing, drag to create a smooth 
    point (a curve). Release the mouse button. Move the pointer over the end of a 
    direction handle, press the Option key (macOS) or Alt key (Windows), and drag 
    the end of the handle to split them.
    Remove direction handles
    To remove a direction handle as you draw with the Pen tool, so that you can 
    go from a curve to a straight line, click back on the last anchor point created to 

    remove the handle. Then continue drawing

    Process of drawing using adobe illustrator

    Nature drawing done with illustrator software

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    Quiz: 1Files: 2
  • UNIT 4 GRAPHIC DESIGN

    Key Unit competence: To be able to create various designs with 

    illustrations and different letters styles using digital devices

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    i) Lines
    Lines are used as roadmaps to direct the viewer’s eye movements. They 
    can exist on their own or be employed to create texture and movement to 
    connect information, to demarcate space or even to create a desired mood. 
    Lines can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, circular, patterned, free form or 
    solid/bold
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    iii)Texture
    Texture is a powerful graphic design tool used to enhance design with details 
    necessary for creating visual impact. It delivers a sense of feel, especially 
    with two-dimensional images. In graphic design, texture can take the form 
    of layers or gradation of text, lines or shapes.
    iv)Space
    In design expression; white space is called negative space. It can be used 
    to connect, separate or maximize the relationship between the elements 
    making up the design. Negative space creates groupings, enhances 
    expressions and emphasizes hierarchies. Space can also be used to give 

    the illusion of depth or multi-dimension

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    vi)Value

    This refers to how dark or light (in terms of color) something is. In a 
    monochromatic image, value is used to define the shape and texture of a 
    design element. Value comes in handy when you want to convey the illusion 
    of movement or bring one element into sharp focus while another recedes 

    into the background.

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    vii) Color
    People process color subconsciously. To establish mood, create appeal, 
    generate interest and get a message across, color is the most potent tool in 

    your graphic design arsenal

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    Aspects/qualities of design
    Layout in graphic design deals with the arrangement of visual elements so as to 
    achieve specific communication objectives.
    When designing, the graphic designers should rely on the required information 
    to present the layout properly, such as rotating and resizing the images, which 
    requires time and efforts. In order to be able to design quickly, it is necessary 
    to plan the layout in advance to save time and create a consistent look for your 
    design.
    Legibility: the artist should choose the kind of lettering that will be easy to read 
    at a glance. It should not be too congested or condensed. The words should have 
    proper spacing, a good background color and illustrations should be seen clearly.
    Placement: don’t overlap your images over your font, but make sure they are 
    next to any wording that helps explain them. You shouldn’t be using these just to 
    fill a giant empty space. All of your images should have purpose.
    Illustration: are those images or pictures that accompany the text to explain 
    it, illustrations help the viewer to understand well and quickly the message. On a 
    poster it is better when the illustration takes a big place at least 60% of the whole 

    place.

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    • Serifs

    The serifs – small decorative strokes added at the end of the letterforms
    The different thickness in the strokes – not every stroke has the same 

    thickness.

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    Poster making using digital tools
    A poster is a large notice or picture that you stick on a wall or board, often in order 
    to advertise something. Synonyms: notice, bill, announcement and advertisement
    Steps for designing a professional poster
    • Determine you poster format
    • Brainstorm the content
    • Pick a suitable template
    • Use colours to grab attention
    • Choose graphics and typography
    • Clean up any clutter
    Example of a poster with machine software design
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    Figure 4.18: Applying colours in font style
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  • UNIT 5 MOSAIC WORK

    Key Unit competence: To be able to make mosaic piece of works by 

    using colouring small pieces of different mediums.

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    Mosaic is an artwork piece made by using only one medium. Piece of one type of 
    material are cut into small pieces and closely stuck together to produce a pattern 
    or design. It differs from collage in that while mosaic uses one type of medium, a 
    collage uses different kinds of media on the same picture.
    Color and Shape are very important elements in mosaic.
    The cut out pieces that are used to make the decorative designs in mosaic are 
    referred to as tesserae. The original tesserae used were of glass, and stone 
    embedded into motor. Other materials that can be cut into tesserae include dry 
    banana fibers, egg shells, colored paper, beads and seeds.
    Mosaic works can be used to decorate wall, pavements, floors and also kitchens 
    and bathrooms in modern building technology. Household items can be decorated 
    using this style of art. Wall hangings and pictures are also made.
    5.1.1. Materials, Tools and Equipment used in making mosaic.
    The materials used in making mosaic depend on the theme of the artwork. The 
    one thing to remember here is that only one type of material is needed to create 
    a mosaic work of art. Creative exploration of different materials could produce 
    interesting surprises in mosaic. Experimentations on types of papers, seeds, 
    pebbles, plastic pieces, egg shells, broken glass, tile and ceramic pieces can 
    produce interesting designs. An artist should be as free as possible in exploring 
    materials in the environment. When mosaic is done using stone or glass as 
    strong cardboard, wood, or plywood base should be used. Cement or plaster is 
    to be applied and then tesserae embedded onto it. For paper mosaic, one needs 
    firm paper or cardboard to withstand the wetness of the adhesive. This is to say 
    that, the base of any mosaic work depend is dependent on the type one type of 
    materials being used.
    In order to produce different color effects, paint could be used.
    Mosaic art requires few tools. They include, hammer, saw, for the wooden frame. 
    Glass cutters for the glass tesserae, knives and blades, scissors for the paper, 
    glues, cement and other soft materials.
    Containers and brushes are used for painting and vanishing.
    5.1.2. Process of making mosaic work
    1. Collect as many different kinds of materials as possible.
    2. Make sketch of the desired design and color scheme.
    3. Sort out the materials and put each type in a different container.
    4. Colour them if desired or sort them according to the color.
    5. Apply the available adhesive onto the surface.
    6. Stick the materials taking great care of the interstices.
    7. Vanish the mosaic work to finish it.
    8. Mount and display the work
    5.1.3. Process of making Stone and Glass mosaic.
    1. Make sketch of design to be produced showing the respective colors 
    (color scheme)
    2. Break the stones or glass using wood or plywood.
    3. Paint the tesserae if required.
    4. Make wood frame and fix the base using wood or plywood.
    5. Make the sand and cement mixture and pour it onto the base.
    6. Embed the teseserea onto the cement mixture and create the desired 
    design according to the sketch.
    7. Leave to dry and cure before moving the work to its display position.
    5.1.4. Decoration forms using mosaic art.
    Mosaic art can be used to make domestic forms beautiful. Artists use seeds to 
    beautify picture frames and wall hangings. Flower vases, handles and frames and 
    door frames are also made to look beautiful using mosaic art. Clay pots can be 
    covered with thin clay or cement, and then glass tesserae or beads embedded 
    into them. Traditional gourds and materials culture are covered with adhesive and 

    then different seeds and other materials stuck on them

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    Remember that mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assembling 
    of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It is often used in 
    decorative art or as interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat, 
    roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of especially floor mosaics, are made of 

    small rounded pieces of stone and called pebble mosaic

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  • UNIT 6 MODELLING SIMPLE CLAY FORMS AND FIGURES

    Key Unit competence: To be able to make clay object by using different 

    techniques of modeling.

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    Decorating clay figures is one of the most rewarding aspects of working in clay. It 
    is the time when you can add color and life to a bare clay surface that can show 
    your creative talents. Decorations can be made before or after firing the clay 
    figure. Firing can be done by putting the clay object in a kiln and fired so as to 
    harden it.
    There are different techniques you can use to decorate clay object like; incision, 

    impression, marking, grazing and varnishing, painting…

    • Painting

    Painting of surface is done using water color paints. Oil paint may be used on 

    object made in clay.

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    Let the pot dry completely. Painting the pot while it is still wet will cause the 

    paint not to stick, so set it out to dry. If it’s a sunny day, put it outside to dry the pot 

    faster. The time it takes to dry may depend on the size of the pot. 

    Use foam brushes to paint the pot. Bristled brushes tend to leave streaks, 

    so using a foam brush will give you a more even coat. You may want a couple 

    brushes of different sizes, especially if you want to paint any kind of patterns on 

    the pot. 

    Tape off stripes or sections You can paint the pot one solid color, but for more 

    variety or for fun designs, painters tape is a great option. With this variation, you’ll 

    tape and paint over the tape for the first coat. Once the paint dries, you’ll take the 

    tape off and paint the areas that were under the tape before. 

    Paint the outside and 1-2 inches down the inside. You can use any paint 

    you want for the main coats. It’s cheapest to use leftover paint you already have 

    around. Exterior or interior paints are both fine, as well as acrylic craft paint. Spray 

    paint works well, too.

    a) Vanishing Process

    Varnish can provide a beautiful finish to clay projects and paintings. Before 

    applying varnish to clay, sand your piece and clean your workspace. Apply the 

    varnish in several thin layers, letting each one dry thoroughly before proceeding 

    to the next.

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    b) Incising process
    1. Make an object using clay.
    2. Before drying object, make design you need on it.
    3. Incise the design into the object.

    4. Let the object dry

    DR

    c) Impression Process
    There are times you can transfer a pattern from one source to another by 
    impression. Patterns from hard surface as biscuits, rocks, stones, tree bark, 
    coin, shoe sole, prepared clay with different patterns etch are needed to use 
    this method. 
    1. Make an object using clay
    2. Choice any source that you will use for impression
    3. Impress source on wet object before drying

    4. Let object dry

    E

    F

  • UNIT 7 WEAVING USING BASIC LOCAL MATERIALS

    Key Unit competence: To be able to decorate weaved items.

    R

    Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns 
    or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods 
    are knitting, crocheting, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads 
    are called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft or filling. (Weft is an old 
    English word meaning “that which is woven”; compare leave and left. The method 
    in which these threads are inter-woven affects the characteristics of the cloth. 
    Cloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place 
    while filling threads are woven through them. A fabric band which meets this 
    definition of cloth (warp threads with a weft thread winding between) can also be 
    made using other methods, including tablet weaving, back strap loom, or other 
    techniques without looms.
    The way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave. 
    The majority of woven products are created with one of three basic weaves: plain 
    weave, satin weave, or twill. Woven cloth can be plain (in one colour or a simple 

    pattern), or can be woven in decorative or artistic design.

    Process and terminology
    In general, weaving involves using a loom to interlace two sets of threads at right 
    angles to each other: the warp which runs longitudinally and the weft (older woof) 
    that crosses it. One warp thread is called an end and one weft thread is called 
    a pick. The warp threads are held taut and in parallel to each other, typically in a 
    loom. There are many types of looms.
    Weaving can be summarized as a repetition of these three actions, also called the 
    primary motions of the loom. 
    Shedding: where the warp threads ends are separated by raising or lowering 
    healed frames (heddles) to form a clear space where the pick can pass.
    Picking: where the weft or pick is propelled across the loom by hand, an air-jet, 
    a rapier or a shuttle.
    Beating-up or battening: where the weft is pushed up against the fell of the 

    cloth by the reed.

    K

    R

    E

    7.2. Various design patterns in decorating different weaved 

    items

    F

    R

    S

    E

    C

    E

    ER


  • UNIT 8 MOTIFS AND PATTERNS IN EMBROIDERY, BATIK AND TIE-DYE

    Key Unit competence: To be able to create different patterns on textiles 

    by using and manipulating various techniques, materials and tools.

    E

    2

    F

    By using a variety of tying methods, you can create interesting patterns with your 

    tie dye.

    The steps involved in mixing dyes for tie and dye are: 

    • Boiling water

    • Dissolving the dye powder with a small amount of hot water 

    • Add the mixture that you have got to a larger amount of hot water 

    • Add salt in the mixture to make colours more permanent on the fabric.

    The following images are the design and the finishing of tie dye technique made 

    of folding technique.

    E

    Figure 8.2.2: Apply the dye with your bottles.

    Let it dry: place project in a plastic bag and leave overnight (24hours).

    Wash and dry the fabric.

    L

    R

    B

    Batik is a method of producing designs on fabric by using a wax resist. Once the 

    fabric is painted with wax designs, it is placed in a dye bath where only the areas 

    with no wax are dyed.

    F

    G

    F

    E

    Y

     X

    Back Stitch
    Back stitch is similar to running stitch except it creates a solid line. Depending 
    on what kind of thread you use, it can make delicate or heavy lines. Back stitch is 
    commonly used for outlines and borders but it’s also great for embroidering text 

    or filling in small spaces.

    D

    Split Stitch
    Split stitch also creates a solid line, but with a bit of added texture. I use split stitch 
    when I want a to add something extra to my outlines. Trees, leaves, flower petals, 
    and anything else that could benefit from extra texture look great with split stitch. 
    Varying the stitch length will result in different looks. Small stitches give a nubby 

    texture while long stitches look more like a braid.

    FT

    T

    Stem Stitch
    Stem stitch is similar to split stitch except instead of coming up in the middle of 
    the stitch, you come up next to it. The result is a twisted stitch that turns corners 
    beautifully and makes excellent lettering. Stem stitch can also be worked in rows 
    or a continuous circular shape to create a really interesting filler.
    R
    65
    G
    Y
    N
    R
    REFERENCES
    1. Kenya Literature Bureau (2007). Distinction Creative Arts, For Primary 
    Teacher Education.
    2. Kenya Literature Bureau (2010). Distinction Creative Arts, For Primary 
    Teacher Education.
    3. Studio technology revision question and answers 2016.
    4. Arts, crafts &design a piratical guide for teachers’ key strategies 1&2 1997.
    5. Graphic art Baker Apollo 2010. 
    Online references: 
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira
    2. https://www.instructables.com/id/Digital-Painting-Lesson-1-The-basicsof-using-a-gr/https://www.designhill.com/design-blog/top-9-tips-forcreating-surface-pattern-designs-on-your-own/https://sewguide.com/
    fabric-stamping-techniques
    3. https://www.techradar.com/news/best-drawing-and-painting-software
    4. http://www.prochemical.com/directions/Folding.htm
    5. https://www.ritstudio.com/techniques/creative-techniques/how-to-tiedye-using-the-bucket-method/
    6. http://www.dharmatrading.com/gifts/the-spiral-tie-dye-basics.html
    7. http://www.prochemical.com/directions/Folding.htm
    8. http://www.skiptomylou.org/how-to-spiral-tie-dye/
    9. http://www.dharmatrading.com/gifts/the-spiral-tie-dye-basics.html
    10.http://www.prochemical.com/directions/Folding.htm
    11.http://www.prochemical.com/directions/Folding.htm



  • UNIT 1 COMPLEX TIME SIGNATURE

    PART TWO: MUSIC

    Key unit competence: Be able to sol-fa respecting complex time 

    signatures

    R

    The time signatures that do not fit the usual duple, triple or quadruple categories 
    are called complex, asymmetric, irregular, unusual, or odd. They are subdivided 
    into beat patterns that make them easier to count and they contain both simple 

    and compound beats. Hence, they are called “complex time signatures.

    R

    G

    Since a quavers is equal to one beat, the semiquavers is equal to half a beat, and 
    the beat will be subdivided accordingly.

    Practice five eight time

    ,K

    A

    E

    F

    DE

    D

    1.3. Seven-eight time signature

    G

     V

    R

    D

    1.4. Eight-eight time signature

    5

    V

    2) How does 4/4 differ from 8/8
    3) Draw the conducting pattern of the following time signatures
    a) Eight-eight meter
    b) Five-eight time
    c) Ten-eight meter
    d) Seven-eight-time signature
    4) Sing the following melodies respecting the time signature
    E
    RT
    T
    F
    FD



  • UNIT 2 CHORDS

     J
    A chord, in music, is any harmonic set of superposed notes sounding simultaneously. 
    The most frequently encountered chords are triads, so called because they consist 
    of three distinct notes: the root note, and intervals of a third and a fifth above the 
    root note. There are also the seventh chords that are rarely found in music, those 
    are made by adding another third above the fifth of the triad
    B
    The triads built on the tonic, subdominant, and dominant are often referred to as 
    the primary triads because of their strong relationship to each other. The tonic 
    stands in the center of the tonal system, with the dominant a perfect fifth above 
    and the subdominant a perfect fifth below.
    The roots of these triads begin on the first, fourth, and fifth degrees (respectively) 
    of the diatonic scale, otherwise symbolized: I, IV, and V (again, respectively). 
    Primary triads, “express function clearly and unambiguously. The other triads of 
    the diatonic key include the supertonic, mediant, sub-mediant, and leading-tone, 
    whose roots begin on the second, third, sixth, and seventh degrees (respectively) 
    of the diatonic scale, otherwise symbolized: ii, iii, vi, and viio (again, respectively). 
    They function as auxiliary or supportive triads to the primary triads
    M
    Apart from the primary triads, name the secondary triads
    2.1.1. Types of triads
    There are four types of triads in common use. They are identified by their quality 
    names: major, minor, diminished and augmented. They are named so basing on 
    the qualities of intervals that are between the three notes that make a triad. So, it 
    is based on the number of semi tones where a major third has four semi tones, a 
    minor has 3 semi tones, a perfect 5th has 7 semi tones and when a semi tone is 
    increased on them, it becomes augmented and when reduced by a semi tone it 
    becomes diminished.
    a) Major triad
    A major triad consists of a major third and a perfect fifth. M3 + P5 = Major 
    Triad M3
    H
    d) Augmented triad
    An augmented triad consists of a major third and an augmented fifth. M3 + A5 
    = Augmented Triad.
    BH
    2.1.2. Triad name
    You can construct a triad on any of the scale degrees. The triad has the same 
    function name as the individual pitch. Both the pitch C and the C major triad are 
    the Tonic, Supertonic, Mediant, Subdominant, Dominant Submediant, Leading 

    Tone and Tonic.

    J

    L

    J

    GT

    F

    S

    N

    N

    B

    E

    FD

     V

    H

    T

    NM

    XD

  • UNIT 3 MUSICAL PERFORMANCE TECHNIQUES

    Key unit competence: Be able to sing respecting the performance 

    techniques

    S

    Tempo refers to the speed at which a piece of music is to be played. Tempo is 
    measured in beats per minute or BPM. So if we talk about a piece of music being 
    “at 120 BPM,” we mean that there are 120 beats (pulses) every minute. Some 
    types of musical patterns have a very clear underlying beat, while others have a 

    more subtle or implied one. To hear a steady beat, add notes on the Kick line at

    DF

    Tempo can also be indicated by using the Italian words to approximate the speed. 

    Some of them are shown in the following table:

    X

    C

    S

    SD

    C

    V

    V

    DS

    G

    BH

     G

    Z

    R

    S

    AS

    SX

    Z

    3.4.2. Alternate Endings (1st and 2nd ending)
    A bracket and number are used to show the performer that there are multiple 
    endings for a piece of music. You should play/sing though the first ending, and 
    then return to the beginning. Then play/sing through the piece again skipping the 
    first ending; play/sing the second ending until the end. Third and higher ending 
    are also possible.

    A

    D

    V

    DE

    D

    E

    X

    FD

  • UNIT4 PIANO PRACTICE

    Key unit competence: Be able to play triad chords on the piano

    1

    DF

    S

    H

    C

    F

    4.2.2. Playing the chord of D minor
    This triad is played by pressing the supertonic, the sub-dominant and the sub 
    mediant simultaneously. It is a minor triad because the interval between the tonic 
    and the mediant form a minor interval (minor third).

    On a staff, we get:

    R

    CD

    4.2.4. Playing the chord of F major

    This triad is played by pressing the sub-dominant, the sub-mediant and the tonic 

    simultaneously. It is a major triad because the interval between the sub-dominant 

    and the sub-mediant form a major interval (major third).

     V

    Z

    4.2.6. Playing the chord of A minor

    This triad is played by pressing the sub-mediant, the tonic and the mediant 

    simultaneously. It is a minor triad because the interval between the sub-mediant 

    and the tonic form a minor interval (minor third)

    S

    D

    F

    Q

    V

    D

    F

    Q

    F

    4.3.1. The scale of F major
    As it was done in C scale, the scale of F major is made of different chords. So it is 
    just to play them on the piano keyboard following their accompaniment as shown 

    in the following staff: 

    R

    S

    4.3.2. The scale of G major
    The scale of G major is made of different chords and they are shown on the 

    following staff with their accompaniment

    E

    E

    4.3.3. The scale of D major

    D major scale is played respecting different chords that are accompanied as 

    shown in the following staff

    C

    D

    4.3.4. The scale of A major

    The scale of A major is obtained by playing the following chords:

    Q

    DF

    X

    F

    ZX

    V

    D

    X

    V

    B

    F

    Additional songs with complex time signatures

    B

    F

    REFERENCE BOOKS

    1. Burton, Anthony (2002). A Performer’s Guide to the Music of the Classical 
    Period. London: Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. p. 3. 
    ISBN 978-1-86096-1939.
    2. Downs, Philip G. (1992). Classical Music: The Era of Haydn, Mozart, and 
    Beethoven, 4th vol of Norton Introduction to Music History. W.W. Norton & 
    Company. ISBN 0-393-95191-X (hardcover)
    3. Tim Emmons, Odd Meter Bass: Playing Odd Time Signatures Made 
    Easy(Van Nuys: Alfred Publishing, 2008): 4. ISBN 978-0-7390-4081-2.
    4. Stephen E. Hefling. “Dotted rhythms”. In Deane L. Root (ed.). Grove Music 
    Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press
    5. Taylor, Eric (2011). The AB Guide to Music Theory Part I. ABRSM. p. 18. 

    ISBN 978-1-85472-446-5