UMUTWE WA 4 INGARUKA Z’IBIYOBYABWENGE
IV.1. Umwandiko: Twirinde ibiyobyabwenge
4.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
4.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IV.2 Inkuru ishushanyije
4.2.1. Inshoza y’inkuru ishushanyije
Inkuru ishushanyije ni inkuru iteye nk’ikiganiro aho abantu babiri cyangwa benshi
baganira bungurana ibitekerezo, bajya impaka zubaka cyangwa zisenya. Bene
izi nkuru zishushanyije zibangikanya amagambo n’amashusho y’abanyarubuga.
Amagambo avugwa ashyirwa mu tuziga dufite uturizo dufite ikerekezo cy’aho
umunyarubuga uyavuga aherereye.
Bigaragara neza ko inkuru ishushanyije idashyirwa mu bika ahubwo amashusho
y’abakinankuru n’amagambo bavuga bishyirwa mu tudirishya tugenda
dutondekwa bahereye ibumoso bajya iburyo. Inkuru ishushanyije itera amatsiko
ashingiye ku ibangikana ry’amagambo n’amashusho. Umukinankuru iyo
agaragaza imbamutima ze, amashusho arabigaragaza. Amagambo iteka abaafitanye isano ijyanye neza n’ikivugwa.
4.2.2. Uturango tw’inkuru ishushanyije
Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
-- Umurambararo: uruhererekane rutambitse rw’amashusho.
-- Igipande: urupapuro rwose rugizwe n’imirambararo.
-- Urukiramende: umwanya wanditsemo ibisobanuro bitangwa
n’umubarankuru. Ibyo bisobanuro byitwa imvugo ngobe.
-- Agatoki: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga gasongoye gahuza amagambo
n’uyavuga.
-- Akazu: ni umwanya w’ishusho utangiwe n’idirishya.
-- Idirishya: imbibi z’ishusho cyangwa z’akazu.
-- Uruvugiro: ni umwanya urimo ikiganiro cy’abanyarubuga.
-- Akarangandoto: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga kariho akarongo kagizwe
n’utudomo kerekera ku muntu kagaragaza ibyo arota cyangwa atekereza.
-- Imvugondoto: ni amagambo umuntu ashobora gusoma ku gipande
aranga icyo umunyarubuga atekereza cyangwa
se aranga umwivugisho w’umunyarubuga.
-- Agakino: ni uruhererekane rw’amashusho ari mu muteguro umwe. Ni
ukuvuga abanyarubuga bamwe hatagize usohokamo cyangwa undi
winjiramo.
-- Abanyarubuga:ni abantu, ibintu cyangwa inyamaswa bifite icyo bikoramu nkuru.
IV.3. Ikomora: Ikomorazina
Inshoza y’ikomora
Ikomora ni uburyo ijambo rishobora kuva ku bundi bwoko bw’ ijambo hakoreshejwe
inzira zinyuranye. Inshinga zishobora gukomokwaho n’ inshinga hifashishijwe
imigereka aribyo bita ikomoranshinga. Zishobora no gukomokwaho n’ amazina
cyangwa amazina agakomokwaho n’ andi mazina aribyo bita ikomorazina. Muri
iki gice turibanda ku ikomorazina.
Mu Kinyarwannda, habaho uburyo bubiri bw’ ikomorazina aribwo ikomorazina
mvazina n’ ikomorazina mvanshinga.
1. Ikomorazina mvazina
Ikomorazina ni uburyo bwo gukomora amazina ku yandi mazina, gukomora
amazina ku nshinga cyangwa ku bundi bwoko bw’amagambo. Ikomorazina
mvazina ni uburyo bwo kurema amazina mashya uhereye ku yandi mazina.Ingero
-- Habaho inzira zitandukanye zo gukomora amazina ku yandi. Iyo izina
ryakomotse ku rindi bigira icyo bihindura ku nyito yaryo ugereranyije
n’iy’izina ryaribyaye; cyokora izo nyito zombi zikomeza kugirana isano. Dorezimwe mu nzira z’ikomorazina mvazina zikunze kugaragara:
a) Isubiramo ry’igicumbi k’izina
Ingero
b) Ihindura ry’inteko y’ijambo
Ingero
c) Iyongera ry’akabimbura”nya na nyira” mu izina ryari risanzwe
Ingero
d) Ihindura ry’izina rusange mo izina bwite
Ingero
e) Izina ryitirira cyangwa rigaragaza isano hagati y’ibintu bibiri
Ingero
-- Amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mvazina agira intego nk’iy’izina mboneraf) Ikoreshwa ry’umusuma ku izina risanzwe
Ingero
cyangwa se izina ry’urusobe bitewe n’imiremere yayo.Ingero
2. Ikomorazina mvanshinga
Ikomorazina mvanshinga ni ihimba ry’amazina mashya afatiye ku mizi y’inshinga
zisanzwe mu rurimi. Amazina menshi y’Ikinyarwanda akomoka ku nshinga. Hari
ndetse amazina amwe n’amwe umuntu agira ngo ni umwimerere kandi akomoka
ku nshinga.Ingero
Ikitonderwa: Iyi misozo y’ikomorazina mvanshinga ishobora no gukorana
n’inshinga zifite ingereka.Ingero
Inshoza y’ikeshamvugo
Ikeshamvugo ni ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu kuvuga no guhanga mu
Kinyarwanda . Iyo akaba ari imvugo inoze, yuje ikinyabupfura, ifite inganzo kandi
ivugitse ku buryo bunoze. Ikeshamvugo ahanini, ni imvugo ikoreshwa mu guha
agaciro umuntu uyu n’uyu cyangwa ikintu iki n’iki bitewe n’akamaro gifite mu
muco w’Abanyarwanda, bityo hakirindwa gukoreshwa izina ryacyo mu buryo
bukocamye. Mu ikeshamvugo ni ho hakoreshwa ijambo “Ntibavuga, bavuga”.
Umuntu akaba yabasha gutandukanya imvugo ikoreshwa ku mwami, ku ngoma,
ku nka, ku mata ku gisabo ku isekuru n’ibindi.4.4.1. Ikeshamvugo ku nka
4.4.3. Ikeshamvugo ku ngoma
4.5.1. Inshoza n’uturango by’inshoberamahanga
Dukurikije inyito yazo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo umuntu utarakenetse
ururimi adahita yumva igisobanuro cyazo, iyo bazivuze. Bavuga ko ikintu
cyashobeye umuntu iyo cyamunaniye akabura uko abigenza ndetse n’uko
agisobanura. Akenshi na kenshi abumva bene izo mvugo ntibazisobanukirwe ni
abanyamahanga kuko baba batazi umuco cyangwa amateka y’u Rwanda kandi
inshoberamahanga ari byo zishingiyeho. Aho ni na ho haturutse kwita bene izo
mvugo “inshoberamahanga”.
Ingero:
Gufatwa mpiri.
Kuvoma hafi.
Kurambika inda ku muyaga.
Guta inyuma ya Huye.
Inshoberamahanga irangwa no kuba igizwe n’inshinga n’icyuzuzo cyayo. Ikaba
kandi ikoresha imvugo shusho itandukanye n’ibisobanuro by’amagambo ayigize.
4.5.2 Gusobanura inshoberamahanga
Dukurikije imiterere yayo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo ifite igisobanuro kidahuye
n’igisobanuro k’ijambo cyangwa amagambo ayigize. Mu kuyisobanura bisaba ko
umuntu aba amenyereye umuco n’ururimi by’Ikinyarwanda.
Ingero
-- Gutora agatotsi: gusinzira
-- Gusuka amarira: kurira
-- Guca inshuro: gukorera ibyo kurya
-- Gushira amanga: kutagira ubwoba/kutagira umususu.
-- Kuvoma hafi: kurakazwa n’ubusa/kurizwa n’ubusa.
-- Gutera isekuru: kugenda ucumbagira
-- Gufatwa mpiri: gufatwa uri muzima
-- Kurambika inda ku muyaga: Kwiruka cyane.
-- Guta inyuma ya Huye: kuvugira ubusa uwo ubwira adashyira mu bikorwaibyo umubwira.
IV.6. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Uhereye ku biranga inkuru ishushanyije, hanga inkuru ishushanyije ku
nsanganyatsiko wihitiyemo maze ukoreshemo inshoberamahanga nibura eshanundetse n’amagambo yabugenewe ku nyamanswa cyangwa ibintu bitandukanye.
IV.7. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko
Muvara ni umwana w’umuhungu uri mu kigero k’imyaka cumi n’itandatu. Amaso
yaratukuye, iyo agenda mu nzira agenda yivugisha ahekenya amenyo. Umunsi
umwe twahuriye mu gatsibanzira kitaruye ikigo k’ishuri cya Mabimba atumagura
itabi rizinze mu ikoma ryumye. Yari yambaye impuzankano bigaragara ko ari
umunyeshuri. Ndamwegera, ndamusuhuza maze turatangira turaganira.
Uraho yewe mwa?
Ndi aha nyine ntundeba se! Ee! Bite meri wange? Ubu nge mba ndi mu maswingi
wana ntabwo nshaka amagambo menshi!
Akimara kunsubiza atyo mpita menya ko ari umwana wokamwe n’ibiyobyabwenge
ndamwegera ntangira kumuganiriza ntuje. Ambwira ko ari umunyeshuri wiga mu
mwaka wa mbere. Ikigero ke nticyatumaga wakeka ko yiga mu mwaka wa mbere
ahubwo wamukekeraga kuba yararangije amashuri yisumbuye. Ndakomeza
ndamuganiriza nihanganira imvugo nyandagazi yakoreshaga kuko nabonaga na
we atari we ahubwo abiterwa no kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge.
Ageze aho atangira gucururuka maze aranyemerera duhuza urugwiro. Icya
mbere nifuzaga kumenya, ni ibiyobyabwenge urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri
bakoresha ibyo ari byo, igihe babifatira, aho babikura n’igituma babifata. Nyuma
y’ikiganiro kirekire nagiranye na we nsanga ibiyobyabwenge bikunze gukoreshwa
n’urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri ari urumogi, kanyanga n’indi nzoga ntamenye neza
yitaga siriduwire. Ansobanurira ko babifata mu kiruhuko cyabo bari ku ishuri.
Ikindi kandi yambwiye ni uko ngo akenshi babifata iyo bari mu biruhuko bisoza
igihembwe cyangwa ibisoza umwaka; babeshya ababyeyi babo babafata ku
maso ko bagiye gusobanurirana amasomo ubundi bakigira mu biyobyabwenge.
Akimara kumbwira ibyo byanteye amatsiko yo kumenya aho babikura n’uko
babibona kandi nta mafaranga baba bakorera dore ko bigurwa n’amafaranga
menshi. Ansobanurira ko bayiba iwabo cyangwa bagakoresha amafaranga
baba bahawe nyuma yo kubeshya ababyeyi ko batumwe n’ishuri ibikoresho
runaka. Ansobanurira kandi ko aho babikura ari henshi ko hari bagenzi babo
biga bataha baba babicuruza babizana mu dukapu twabo. Hari n’abaturanyi
baba babicuruza bakabigura na bo mu gihe k’ikiruhuko cya saa yine cyangwa
saa sita bakabibagurishiriza ku ruzitiro rw’ishuri inyuma y’amashuri ahategereye
ubuyobozi bw’ishuri.
Ku giti ke, mubaza icyamuteye kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ansobanurira ko bagenzi
be bamubwiraga ko bituma atinyuka, agasubiza mu ishuri ashize amanga kandi
ko ngo binatera akanyabugabo. Nkimara kumva ibisobanuro yampaga nsanga
ngomba kumuba hafi nkamufasha kureka ibiyobyabwenge.
Muganiriza ntuje mwumvisha uburyo kuba akiri mu wa mbere kandi abandi
bangana bararangije amashuri yisumbuye ari ukubera kunywa ibiyobyabwenge
bigatuma asiba kenshi ishuri, yakora ibizamini agatsindwa agahora asibira.
Musobanurira ko bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw’ubikoresha nko gutukura amaso,
kudatekereza neza, kutagira ikinyabupfura, kudasinzira iyo atabikoresheje…
Ikindi kandi musobanurira uburyo ibiyobyabwenge bigira ingaruka ku iterambere
ry’igihugu mugaragariza uburyo ubikoresha adakora kubera kubura imbaraga
kandi ko n’amafaranga abigura aba akwiye kumuteza imbere cyangwa agateza
imbere igihugu. Ariyumvira hashize umwanya aransubiza ati: “None se nakora
iki?” Mubwira ko yabireka kandi akagaragaza n’abandi bagenzi be babifata ku
ishuri ndetse akanavuga uburyo babibona n’aho babikura. Hashira umwanya
munini yiyumvira ageze aho arambwira ati: “Nge ngiye kubireka kandi n’amaniga
yange ndayagira inama abireke. Ni byo bituma ntatsinda mu ishuri kandi
bigatuma mpora mbeshya ababyeyi, mbiba amafaranga! Ahubwo urakoze kuba
ungiriye iyi nama. None se ko nabitangiye bambwira ko nzashira ubwoba nkajya
nsubiza neza mu ishuri none nkaba maze imyaka ine mu wa mbere bimariye
iki? Ndabiretse! Ahubwo n’utu tubure nari nsigaranye reka ntujugunye ndetse
n’aka ka siriduwire reka nkajugunye. Ubu nange mfashe umugambi wo kugira
inama nk’iyi ungiriye urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri bangenzi bange ndetse n’urundi
rubyiruko duturanye rutiga, na bo bareke ibiyobyabwenge twiyubakire Igihugu.”
Akimbwira atyo mukora mu ntoki ndamushimira mubwira ko nzajya nza kumusura
kenshi nkamuganiriza. Aranyemerera ansezeraho arataha.
Nyuma y’icyo kiganiro na we, binyereka ko abaturanyi n’ababyeyi ari ngombwa
cyane ko bakurikirana imyigire y’abana babo ku ishuri. Bakamenya igituma
batiga neza kandi bakagenzura niba amafaranga yose abana babo babasaba
bavuga ko bayatumwe ku ishuri biba ari byo koko. Buri mubyeyi ahuze urugwiro
n’umwana. Bakurikirane imyigire y’abanyeshuri biga bataha iwabo, abarimu
bagenzure ibyo bashobora kuzana ku ishuri, babaze ababyeyi impamvu abana
babo bataboneka buri munsi ku ishuri iyo hari abo babonaho iyo ngeso yo gusiba
kenshi. Abayobozi b’ishuri bagomba gushishikariza buri munyeshuri kugaragaza
bagenzi be bakoresha ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa se abakekwaho kubikoresha
kugira ngo bagirwe inama. Ni ngombwa gufatanya n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta
bakagenzura abacuruza ibiyobyabwenge babiha abanyeshuri bakabashyikirizainzego zibishinzwe.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni nde uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Aravugwaho iki? Iyo umurebye
ubona arangwa n’iki? Kubera iki?
2. Vuga ububi bwo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ushingiye kuri uyu mwandiko.
3. Ni izihe ngamba zivugwa mu mwandiko zo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge mu
rubyiruko no mu mashuri by’umwihariko?
4. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko umaze gusoma.
5. Gereranya ubuzima ubamo n’ibivugwa mu mwandiko, ugeza ku bandi
inyigisho wakuye mu mwandiko.
6. Vuga ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu muryango nyarwanda.
II. Ikibazo k’inyunguramagambo
Ubaka interuro zawe bwite ukoresheje amagambo akurikira dusanga mu
mwandiko.
a) Impuzankano
b) Kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge
c) Imvugo nyandagazi
d) Gucururuka
e) Guhuza urugwiro
III. Ibibazo ku kibonezamvugo
1. Tahura amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mu nteruro zikurikira maze
ugaragaze inzira z’ikomorazina zifashishijwe kugira ngo haboneke ayo
mazina.
a) Imitobotobo ikunda kuba ku mirombero y’inzira.
b) Umuvuzi w’amatungo yahamagajwe n’akarere.
c) Muvara yari yarabaye imbata y’itabi.
2. Sesengura amazina y’umukara tsiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira, ugaragaza
intego yayo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Mu gihe k’ikiruhuko cya saa yine, abanyeshuri babaswe n’ibiyoyabwenge
nibwo bajya kubigura.
b) Nyiramana ni umunyamwuga.
c) Amahenehene agira intungamubiri nyinshi.
IV. Ibibazo ku nkuru ishushanyije, ku ikeshamvugo no ku
nshoberamahanga
1. Uzuza iyi mbonerahamwe
2. Tahura mu gika gikurikira inshoberamahanga, uzikoreshe mu nteruro
zawe bwite.
.....Mubyeyi, rwose urakoze. Ntabwo ugosoreye mu rucaca cyangwa ngo
ute inyuma ya Huye. Ubu nange mfashe umugambi wo kugira inama nk’iyi
ungiriye urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri bangenzi bange ndetse n’urundi rubyiruko
duturanye rutiga, na bo bareke ibiyobyabwenge. Abazanga kuva mu ngeso mbi
z’ibiyobyabwege, nzatungira agatoki inzego z’umutekano zibate muri yombi
kugira ngo bage kugororwa. ” Akimbwira atyo, mukora mu ntoki ndamushimira,
mubwira ko nzajya nza kumusura kenshi nkamuganiriza. Aranyemerera
ansezeraho arataha.
3. Akarangandoto gatandukaniye he n’agatoki?
4. Hanga inkuru ngufi ishushanyije ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo.
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Imbuga nkoranyambaga zifashishijwe
1. www.irembo.gov.rw2. www.imirasire.com
IMIGEREKA
Twiyungure amagambo
Ako ku mugongo w’ingona: urumogi cyangwa kanabisi.
Amaniga: Ni imvugo nyandagazi isobanura bagenzi bawe, urungano.
Amashyushyu: amatsiko.
Anyihunza: agenda amva iruhande, agenda yigirayo.
Bahezwaga: Nta mwanya bahabwaga.
Bakanirwe urubakwiye: bahabwe igihano kingana n’uburemere bw’ibibi
bakoze.
Bimwanga mu nda: ntiyashobora kubyihanganira.
Bimwanga mu nda: ntiyashobora kubyihanganira.
Gucanganyikirwa: gusara.
Gucanganyikirwa: gusara.
Guhanga umuntu amaso: kwitegereza umuntu cyane.
Guhanga umuntu amaso: kwitegereza umuntu cyane.
Guhiga: kwiyemeza ibintu uzakora mu gihe runaka.
Guhungabana: gukangarana bitewe n’ibyo wabonye cyangwa ibyagubayeho.
Gukorera umuntu ibya mfura mbi: kumuhohotera cyane ukamugirira nabi
bikabije.
Gukorera umuntu ibya mfura mbi: kumuhohotera cyane ukamugirira nabi
bikabije.
Gupyinagazanya: Gukandamizanya.
Gusaba: kuzura mu muntu by’ikintu kimutera ibyishimo cyangwa ububabare
cyangwa kumutaha by’indwara; gukwirakwira ahantu hose kw’amazi, umunuko
n’ibindi.
Gushinyagurira umuntu: kongerera ububabare uwari asanzwe abufite.
Gushinyagurira umuntu: kongerera ububabare uwari asanzwe abufite.
Gusubira ibwonko: Kwibaza.
Guta umutwe: kubura icyo ukora n’icyo ureka kubera ibibazo
Guta umutwe: kubura icyo ukora n’icyo ureka kubera ibibazo
Ibiyobyabwenge: ni ibintu byose umuntu ashobora kunywa, kurya, guhumeka
cyangwa kwitera mu mubiri bikaba byahindura imikorere y’umubiri we,
bikawangiza kandi bigatera indwara. Mu yandi magabo, ibiyobyabwenge, ni ibintu
byose iyo byinjijwe mu mubiri w’umuntu hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye,
bihindura imikorere y’ubwonko n’imyanya y’ibyiyumviro ntikore neza, bigatuma
umuntu ahindura imyifatire mu buryo budahwitse
Icyomanzi: izina baha umuntu w’urubyiruko ugenda araraguzwa cyangwa
wigize inzererezi kandi akaba afite imyitwarire ikemangwa.
Igenamigambi: Gahunda y’itegurwa ry’ibikorwa abantu biyemeza kuzageraho
mu gihe runaka. Uburyo bwo gutekereza cyangwa gutegura ikintu uzakora
mbere y’igihe.
Igitambambuga: umwana ukiri muto ukambakamba.
Ihame: Ukuri kudakuka, ikintu kemejwe burundu.
Ikimenyane: uburyo umuntu aha amahirwe abantu bamwe akirengagiza abandi
bitewe n’ impamvu runaka.
Ikirezi: ubwiza, uburanga, ihoho. Bishatse kuvuga nanone akazu keza kaba ku
dusimba tumwe na tumwe tuba mu nyanja abantu badukoramo imitako myiza
cyane.
Imbonezamubano: Ikintu kerekeranye n’imibanire myiza y’abaturage.
Impano: Ikintu kiza Imana iba yarateganyirije umuntu cyangwa umuntu aba
yarateguriye undi akazakimuha kikamubera urwibutso.
Inshuke: umwana muto umaze kuva ku ibere atacyonka
Inteko: abantu benshi bari hamwe.
Inyangabirama: umugizi wa nabi.
Inyangabirama: umugizi wa nabi.
Inzego bwite: Ni imirimo n’imikorere idasangiwe n’abantu abo ari bo bose
ishyirwaho ikanagenzurwa na leta by’umwihariko.
Iragushora: Irakuyobya.
Ishavu: agahinda gakomeye umuntu aterwa no kwibuka inabi yagiriwe cyangwa
ibibi yabonye.
Izungura: Gusimbura umuntu mu bye ukabyitungira, yaba abiguhaye, apfuye
nta we abiraze cyangwa ubimukuyemo.
Kufira: kurandura ibyatsi byameze mu myaka.
Kuganza: gutsinda, gutera ubwoba, gutinywa, kubahwa kubera isumbwe
urusha abandi.
Kugwa mu kantu: kumirwa ukabura icyo uvuga.
Kugwa mu kantu: kumirwa ukabura icyo uvuga.
Kuronka: kubona ikintu ushaka.
Kuvugira hejuru: gusakuza, kuvuga cyane.
Kwesa imihigo: kurangiza ibyo wiyemeje gukora mu gihe wihaye.
Kwinumira: kutagira icyo uvuga ukicececera.
Kwisungana: kwifatanya, kwegeranya imbaraga kugira ngo mubashe gukora
icyo umuntu umwe atakwishoboza.
Kwiyesura: kwiterera hejuru kubera agahinda ufite.
Kwizimba mu magambo: kumara umwanya munini uvuga ugatuma abantu
barambirwa.
Kwizimba: gutinda ahantu cyangwa mu bintu.
Mutima w’urugo: ijambo ry’icyubahiro rivuga umugore usobanukiwe neza
n’ibijyane no kubaka urugo.
Ntigukura: Ntikugarura, ntigukiza.
Raboratwari:inzu bapimiramo indwara z’abantu, iz’amatungo cyangwa
ikorerwamo ubushakashatsi bunyuranye hifashishijwe ibikoresho byabugenewe.
Ubukangurambaga: igikorwa cyo gushishikariza abantu benshi kwitabira
ikintu runaka.
Ubukangurambaga: Inyigisho ku kintu runaka zihabwa abantu benshi ku buryo
buhoraho.
Ubukombe: umugabo cyangwa imfizi bikuze kandi bihamye.
Uburoko: ahantu bafungira abantu, gereza, muri kasho.
Ubwehe: impamvu y’ibanze, intandaro y’ibyago, umutima wuje ubugwanabi,
icyago kirimbura ibintu.
Umunyamashyengo: Umuntu ukunda gusetsa cyane .
Umunyotwe: umuriro umeze nk’ivu.
Umunyotwe: umuriro umeze nk’ivu.
Umutware: umuyobozi cyangwa ukuriye abandi mu muryango cyangwa mu
buyobozi runaka.
Umuviye: ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rikomoka ku rurimi rw’igifaransa
risobanura umuntu ukuze, umusaza.
Wana: ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rifite inyito ya shahu.
Imyandiko y’inyongera
Igisigo : Naje kubara inkuru
Bifatiye ku byavuye mu gitabo k’Ikinyarwanda, umwaka wa Gatandatu, 2008urup.46-48