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• UMUTWE WA 1 KUBAKA UMUCO W’AMAHORO

  ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
  -- Gusesengura umwandiko ku kurwanya ihohotera no kugaragaza
  ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
  -- Gusesengura amagambo aturuka ku ikomora hagaragazwa
  

  uturemajambo twayo.

  Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
  Ushingiye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite, sobanura ihohoterwa, uko rivuka,
  

  ibiritera, ingaruka zaryo n’ingamba zo kurikumira hubakwa umuco w’amahoro

  I.1. Umwandiko: Umwana wahohotewe

  
  

  “Uriya mugore se ko mbona ari kwivugisha amagambo menshi yiyesura,
  byamugendekeye bite? Cyo re! Dore aricara agahita ahaguruka akajya
  kurunguruka mu idirishya akongera akicara. Uriya ni umurwayi pe! Noneho
  ndabona atangiye kwishima mu mutwe, ubanza uyu munsi yacanganyikiwe!
  Cyangwa uburwayi bwo mu mutwe abumaranye iminsi! Yewe, ubanza yataye
  umutwe, reka mwegere nankundira tukaganira ndareba icyo namufasha.” Nkimara
  kugisha umutima inama, nibaza uko ngiye kumwegera ngo muganirize. Mu gihe
  ntarahaguruka, atangira kuvugira hejuru mu ijwi riranguruye asakuza cyane agira
  ati: “Ubu koko turerere he? Mu ngo tubasigira abakozi bakabahohotera! Mu
  baturanyi na ho harimo inyangabirama zibahohotera! Ku mashuri na ho hari
  abarezi bamwe na bamwe babahohotera. Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye Leta igomba
  gukumira amazi atararenga inkombe”!
  
  Ibyo yabivugaga ubona ababaye ariko kubera ko nta muntu yavugishaga,
  abari aho dukomeza kumuhanga amaso gusa dukeka ko yaba afite ikibazo
  cyo mu mutwe. Yari yambaye ingutiya ndende n’agapira gusa. Nta nkweto
  yari yambaye ariko bigaragara ko yari umuntu usanzwe ari umusirimu. Ibirenge
  bye byari byuzuyeho uburimiro ndetse n’intoki zuzuye ibitaka boshye umuntu
  wahoze ahinga. Hashize akanya gato arongera atangira gusakuza. Ati: “Abana
  bacu tubahungishirize he? Mu ngo barahohoterwa, mu baturanyi ni uko, none
  n’abakabarinze barabahohotera! Ni ishyano! Ni ishyano nta we naribwira weee!
  

  Sinamutanga weee! Oya!”

  Uko yakomezaga gusakuza ni na ko yajyaga ahaguruka akongera agakubita ijisho
  mu idirishya ryari hejuru y’aho yari yicaye. Hashize akanya hasohoka umuganga
  wari wambaye itaburiya y’umweru tubona amuhereje imyenda yari asohokanye
  asa n’umwihanganisha, arongera arinjira naho wa mugore akomeza kwicara
  aho. Ngeze aho ndamwegera. Ku bibero bye yari ahafite imyenda muganga yari
  amaze kumuhereza, nitegereje mbona ni agakariso kabaye ubushwangi n’akajipo
  kakwira umwana w’imyaka itanu kacikaguritse kandi kahindutse amaraso. Mugeze
  iruhande, ndamusuhuza anyikirizanya ishavu n’agahinda. Yari yataye umutwe ku
  buryo ibyo namubazaga byose yansubizaga igisubizo kimwe gusa kidafitanye
  isano n’icyo mubaza: “Ni se”. Nti: “Byagenze bite”? Ati: “Se”. Nyuma yo kumara
  umwanya muvugisha akansubiza ibiterekeranye, mpitamo kumuhagurutsa aho
  yari yicaye ndamusindagiza mugeza aho batangira ubufasha ku bahungabanye.
  Mwinjiza mu nzu, tuhasanga umukobwa ubishinzwe amwereka aho yicara.
  
  Mu gihe atangiye kumuganiza nge ndasohoka. Nkigera hanze mpahurira
  n’abagore babiri bari bavuye gukingiza barimo baganira. Sininjiye mu kiganiro
  cyabo ariko nkomeza kugikurikira. Baganiraga bavuga umugabo wahohoteye
  umwana we wiga mu mashuri y’inshuke amusanze mu rugo wenyine nyina
  yagiye mu murima. Nkimara kubyumva nsanisha iyo nkuru n’uko wa mugore
  yansubizaga, nibuka ko yasaga nk’uvuye mu murima nkeka ko umwana bavuga
  ari uwe. Nsubira mu nzu aho nari namusize nsanga yacururutse aganira na
  wa mukobwa. Mpageze ashaka guceceka ariko wa mukobwa aramubwira ati:
  “ Komeza nta kibazo uyu ni we wakuzanye aha”. Arakomeza aramutekerereza.
  “Bahise bampamagara ndi guhinga ngo Karake, umugabo wange, yaje avuye mu
  kabari yasinze kanyanga amufata ku ngufu. Nahise mva mu murima aho nufiraga
  amasaka nsanga umwana aravirirana ni ko kumuzana kwa muganga. Nongeye
  kugarura ubwenge nisanga aha tuganirira”.
  
  -- None se Karake asanzwe anywa kanyanga?
  -- Yayinywaga ariko nta kindi gihe yigeze akora ishyano nk’iryo.
  Wa mukobwa asa n’uguye mu kantu, aceceka akanya gato maze bimwanga
  mu nda akomeza kumuganiriza.
  
  -- Buriya rero sinaba ngushinyaguriye nkubwiye ko ishyano ryaguye iwanyu
  nawe warigizemo uruhare. Iyo ubonye uwo ari we wese akoresha
  ibiyobyabwenge ntabwo uba ukwiye kumuhishira. Kwinumira ni nko kureka
  igitambambuga iruhande rw’umunyotwe. Kiwugeraho kikawusandaguza
  boshye ivu. Nyamara iyo uba warabigejeje ku bayobozi bari ku mugorora
  bakamugira inama akareka kanyanga. Ndakubwiza ukuri nta mubyeyi
  muzima wakorera umwana we ibya mfura mbi nka biriya. Ni ikibazo
  k’ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge. Ikindi kandi ni ngombwa kujya tuganiriza
  abana bacu tubigisha gutahura abantu bafite ingeso mbi, bashobora
  kubahohotera. Ibyo byatuma bamenya kuvumbura ufite umugambi mubisha
  wo kubahohotera bakamuhungira kure.
  
  Wa mugore yari yagaruye akenge yumva ibyo umukobwa amubwira atuje.
  Hashize akanya abaza wa mukobwa.
  
  -- None se ubwo Leta izamuhanisha iki? Si ukumufunga burundu ngahinduka
  umupfakazi?
  -- Leta nta nyungu iba ifite mu gufunga abantu burundu, icyo iba igamije ni
  ukugorora umuhemu uba wakoze icyaha. Iyo amaze kwigishwa imyitwarire
  ye ikagaragaza ko ibyatumye akora icyo cyaha atabisubira, baramufungura
  akagaruka gufatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu. Si byiza rero guhishira
  uwakoze ishyano nk’iryo kuko uba umutesheje amahirwe yo kugororwa
  ngo ahinduke muzima. Umuzima arafungurwa naho umutindi unangira
  ntagaragaze ko yicuza ibyo yakoze ni we ufungwa burundu.
  -- Urakoze kubera ibisobanuro umpaye n’inama ungiriye, ndumva nacururutse
  reka nge kureba uko umwana ameze ubu muganga yanshatse arambura.
  Akimara kumushimira, turasohokana twerekeza aho bakirira abarwayi baje ari
  indembe; hamwe nari namukuye yataye umutwe. Tuhageze umwe mu baganga
  bari bahari amubwira ko ategereza gato, ko umwana arimo gukurikiranwa
  n’abaganga kandi ko ibizamini byafashwe babijyanye muri raboratwari kureba
  

  niba nta bundi burwayi yaba yatewe n’ihohoterwa yakorewe.

  1.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  1. Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga
  
  Ikomoranshinga ni ihimba ry’inshinga nshya uhereye ku bicumbi by’andi
  magambo asanzwe mu rurimi cyangwa imizi y’inshinga. Hari amatsinda
  abiri y’ikomoranshinga: ikomoranshinga mvazina n’ikomoranshinga
  mvanshinga.
  
  2. Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga mvazina
  Ikomoranshinga mvazina ni ihimba ry’inshinga uhereye ku bicumbi by’amazina
  

  asanzwe ari mu rurimi.

  a) Gukomora inshinga ku izina
  Gukomora inshinga ku izina ni byo byitiriwe ikomoranshinga mvazina. Iri
  komoranshinga rikoresha ingereka zikurikira: -h-;-k-; -r-; -ah-ar-, -ik-,-ur-,
  

  Ingero:

  Ingero:
  

  
  

  b) Gukomora inshinga ku izina hadakoreshejwe ingereka
  Hari inshinga zikomoka ku mazina ariko hadakoreshejwe ingereka.
  

  Ingero:

  
  

  c) Uturemajambo tw’inshinga zo mu ikomoranshinga mvazina
  

  Inshinga zishingiye ku ikomoranshinga mvazina zifite uturemajambo dusa
  

  neza n’utw’inshinga isanzwe. Twabonye ko uturemajambo tw’inshinga ari:
  

  akano, indanganshinga, impakanyi, igenantego/indangagihe,
  

  inyibutsacyuzuzo, umuzi, ingereka n’umusozo.
  

  Inshinga yavutse kubera ikomoranshinga ishobora kugira utwo turemajambo
  

  twose cyangwa tumwe muri two.
  
  

  Ingero
  

  -- Inuma iraguguza cyane.
  

  -- Ukwezi n’izuba bimurikira abantu bose.
  

  -- Uyu mwana agomba kugirwa inama zimunezeza kuko amaze gusorekara.

  

  
  

  1.3.1 Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga mvanshinga
  Ikomoranshinga mvanshinga ni ihanga ry’inshinga nshya uhereye ku mizi
  y’inshinga zisanzwe mu rurimi. Iri komoranshinga rikoresha ingereka
  

  zitandukanye. Twabonye ko ingereka ari uturemajambo tujya hagati y’umuzi

  n’umusozo tukazanira inshinga ingingo nshya. Twabonye kandi ko iyo umuzi
  wiyunze n’ingereka bibyara igicumbi gishya kitwa intima.
  

  Ingero:

  
  

  I.3.2. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga zo mu ikomoranshinga mvanshinga
  Inshinga zishingiye ku ikomoranshinga mvanshinga na zo zifite uturemajambo
  dusa neza n’utw’inshinga isanzwe.
  Inshinga yavutse kubera ikomoranshinga mvanshinga ishobora kugira utwo
  turemajambo twose cyangwa tumwe muri two nko mu ikomoranshinga mvazina.
  Ingero
  a) Nibatazabimujanishiriza azabyibagirwa kuko azaba ari kwambarira
  urugamba.
  

  b) Murakomangwa n’umutima ngo muge gufasha uwahohotewe.

  
  

  1. Garagaza izindi nshinga zishobora gukomorwa ku mizi y’inshinga
  zikurikira:
  a) Guhemuka b) Kubaka c)Gufotora
  2. Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi by’inshinga
  zitsindagiye.
  a) Umwana, umugore n’undi muntu wese bazira guhohoterwa.
  b) Gukubitagura abantu ntibishimisha inyangamugayo ziharanira
  amahoro.
  c) Kumanuza ni ugusaba umuntu ibyo adashoboye.
  d) Kanyana aturanye n’abayobozi beza bita ku bo bayobora.
  e) Si byiza gutagaguza iby’abandi.
  
  I.4. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
  Ugendeye ku mabwiriza agenga ihangamwandiko, hanga umwandiko ufite
  hagati y’imirongo mirongo itatu na mirongo ine ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:
  “Gukumira ihohoterwa ni ishingiro ryo kubaka umuco w’amahoro arambye”.
  Mu magambo agize uwo mwandiko hagaragaremo inshinga zikomoka ku
  

  ikomoranshinga.

  

  I. 5. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere
  Umwandiko: Turwanye ihohoterwa
  Mu muco nyarwanda, kubaha ubuzima ni indangagaciro mpuzabantu kuko
  ubwo buzima umuntu abwifuriza abandi, akabuhabwa n’abandi, na we akabuha
  abandi. Kubaho mu mudendezo bishingira ku muco w’amahoro wubakwa mu
  muryango uwo ari wo wose kandi bikagerwaho umuntu yiyushye akuya kuko
  binyura mu nzira nyinshi harimo no kurwanya ihohoterwa. Guhohotera umuntu
  ni ukumwiyenzaho atakwakuye cyangwa se ataguteyeho amahane, kumuvutsa
  ibyo afiteho uburenganzira bitewe n’uko umurusha imbaraga cyangwa umufiteho
  ububasha.
  
  Buri muntu wese agira agaciro ahabwa na kamere avukana maze uburenganzira
  bwe ntibube umurage w’ababyeyi cyangwa undi muntu. Nta mpamvu n’imwe
  ishobora gutuma hagira uhohoterwa kabone n’ubwo amategeko y’umuryango
  runaka yaba abangamira ubwoko ubu n’ubu, abantu b’igitsina iki n’iki, idini,
  ururimi, abo badasangiye igihugu, umutungo, ikiciro cy’abaturage bavukamo,
  ibitekerezo byabo n’ibindi. Kurwanya ihohoterwa bishingira ku mahame amwe
  n’amwe y’uburenganzira bwa muntu nko kwishyira ukizana, kugira umutekano no
  kugira imibereho myiza. Uko byaba kose n’uko byagenda kose, agaciro ka muntu
  ntikagabanywa, ntikanasubizwa inyuma kandi gashimangirwa n’amategeko
  mpuzamahanga ibihugu biba byaremeye, bikanayashyiraho umukono. Nubwo
  bimeze bityo, si ko hose byubahirizwa.
  
  Burya koko nta kabura imvano, ibitera ihohoterwa ni imyumvire mibi, imyifatire
  n’imyitwarire bitaboneye harimo ubusambanyi, kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, ubugizi
  bwa nabi n’ibindi byinshi. Ihohoterwa kandi rigaragarira mu mvugo isesereza,
  isebanya no mu bikorwa bitesha agaciro ikiremwa muntu nko gufata ku ngufu,
  gukoresha imirimo ivunanye, gutoteza, n’indi migirire igayitse igira ingaruka ku
  bato n’abakuru. Imvugo n’ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa bigira inkurikizi zitabarika ku
  babikorewe nko kwiheba, gutakaza ikizere, kwiheza mu bikorwa bitandukanye,
  kugira ipfunwe, kugira ihungabana n’izindi.
  
  Kugira ngo hirindwe izo ngaruka, buri wese akwiye kuba umusemburo
  w’amahoro, ayasakaza mu bandi mu migirire ye ya buri munsi. Bajya bavuga
  ngo: “Kwirinda biruta kwivuza.” Ni ngombwa gufata ingamba zikumira ihohoterwa
  bigizwemo uruhare n’inzego z’ubuyobozi ku bufatanye n’abaturage n’imiryango
  yigenga. Ibyo byagerwaho habayeho gushyiraho amategeko n’ibihano bikwiye
  ku bahohotera abandi, guhugura abantu b’ibyiciro binyuranye, gutegura
  amarushanwa yamagana ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose, gushyiraho amatsinda
  n’ibigo byihariye bishinzwe gukumira no kurwanya ihohoterwa n’ibindi.
  Bityo rero, umuco w’amahoro ugomba guhera ku muntu ubwe, akawusakaza
  mu bandi, ugakwira igihugu ndetse n’isi yose kuko “Ijya kurisha ihera ku rugo”.
  Buri wese ahamagariwe kuba ijisho rya mugenzi we, akagaragaza hakiri kare
  imyitwarire yatuma umuryango uhungabana ntugere ku iterambere rirambye.
  
  I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
  1. Uburenganzira bwa muntu bugaragazwa n’iki?
  2. Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora kuba ku muntu wahohotewe?
  3. Ni izihe ngamba zafatwa kugira ngo hakumirwe ihohoterwa?
  4. Tanga ingero byibura eshanu zigaragaza ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa.
  5. Wafasha ute uwahohotewe?
  6. Ni ba nde bakwiye kurwanya ihohoterwa?
  II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
  1. Simbuza ijambo (amagambo) ryanditse ritsindagiye, impuzanyito iri mu
  mwandiko.
  b) Uwahohotewe ntabaho mu mahoro.
  c) Mu muco nyarwanda birabujijwe kwambura umuntu uburenganzira bwe.
  d) Ufashwe ku ngufu ashobora gukurizamo kugira ikangarana rikomeye.
  e) Dutozwa kwirinda gukoresha imvugo ibabaza umuntu.
  2. Kora interuro ngufi ukoresheje amagambo akurikira:
  a) Umurage
  b) Kwishyira ukizana
  c) Ibiyobyabwenge
  d) Ipfunwe
  3. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo avuye mu mwandiko.
  a) Umuntu muzima arangwa n’…..mwiza wo guha …….buri muntu.
  b) U Rwanda rwashyizeho……. arengera ikiremwa muntu.
  c) ) Kurwanya….ni inshingano yacu twese.
  Iii. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
  1. Tanga ingero ebyiri z’inshinga zifite imizi yakomotse ku mazina.
  2. Garagaza uturemajambo tw’inshinga zitsindagiye ugaragaze n’amategeko
  y’igenamajwi.
  a) Twirinde gusesagura ubuzima budatangwa na muntu.
  b) Ibimenyetso byose birafotorwa.
  

  c) Gukazanura byaracitse mu muco nyarwanda.

  
  

  
  

• UMUTWE WA UBURINGANIRE N’UBWUZUZANYE 2

  

  II.1. Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu
  

  muryango

  
  

  Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu igize Umurenge wa Munanira,
  Baturage mutuye mu Murenge wa Munanira,
  Nongeye kubasuhuza, nimugire amahoro! Nyuma y’iki gikorwa cy’umuganda cyari
  cyaduteranyirije hano, ndagira ngo mbamenyeshe ko uyu munsi hateganyijwe
  kuganira ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango.
  Nkaba ngira ngo mbamenyeshe ko icyo kiganiro tugiye kukigezwaho
  n’Umunyarwandakazi wishimira ibyiza Leta y’u Rwanda yagejeje ku bakobwa
  n’abagore.
  
  Madamu Ushinzwe Imibereho Myiza y’Abaturage mu Murenge wa Munanira, uyu
  mwanya ni uwanyu kugira ngo mugeze ku baturage ikiganiro mwabateguriye.
  Murakoze!
  
  Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’Umurenge wa Munanira,
  Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu,
  
  Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira, nimugire amahoro!
  Nk’uko byari biteganyijwe, nyuma y’igikorwa cy’umuganda cyabaye uyu
  munsi, tugiye kuganira ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango. Sintwara
  umwanya munini, ngiye kubaganiriza iminota mike. Ndabanza nsobanure
  ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, mbabwire impamvu Leta y’u Rwanda
  yashyizeho ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, mbahe n’ingero zinyuranye
  zigaragara mu muryango nyarwanda, nsoreze ku ngamba zo gukomeza gukora
  ubukangurambaga kugira ngo iri hame rirusheho kumvikana neza.
  
  Bayobozi bo mu Murenge wa Munanira,
  Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira,
  Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bugaragara igihe abagore n’abagabo bafite
  uburenganzira bungana n’amahirwe angana mu byo bakora no mu byo
  bagenerwa n’amategeko. Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho gahunda yo kwimakaza
  ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye kugira ngo hashimangirwe uburenganzira
  bungana ku bagize umuryango nk’uko biteganywa n’itegeko no 51/2007 ryo ku
  wa 20/09/2007 rigena inshingano, imiterere n’imikorere by’urwego rushinzwe
  kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’abagabo n’abagore
  mu iterambere ry’Igihugu.
  
  Impamvu Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati
  y’abagore n’abagabo ni ukubera ko abagore bahezwaga mu iterambere
  ry’umuryango n’iry’Igihugu muri rusange. Hari ingero nyinshi zigaragaza ko
  abagore bahezwaga.
  
  Wasangaga nko mu muryango, umugore ataragiraga uburenganzira ku mitungo,
  ari aho yavutse ari n’aho yashatse. Ntiyari yemerewe gutanga igitekerezo
  cyangwa kugira uruhare ku myanzuro yafatwaga mu rugo. Bityo rero, umugabo
  ni we wari ishingiro ry’iterambere ry’umuryango. Iyo umugore yageragezaga
  gutanga igitekerezo gishobora gutuma umuryango utera imbere hacibwaga
  imigani inyuranye yo kumukandamiza ngo: “Uruvuze umugore ruvuga umuhoro,
  ingabo y’umugore iragushora ntigukura, nta nkokokazi ibika isake ihari, umugore
  arabyina ntasimbuka… ”. Ibi biragaragaza ko nta buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye
  bwariho icyo gihe.
  
  Mu mirimo yo mu rugo, wasangaga abahungu n’abakobwa badafatwa kimwe.
  Hari imirimo yaharirwaga abakobwa nko gukora isuku yo mu rugo, guteka,
  kurera abana, gusenya, gutera intabire, kwita ku matungo… Hari n’imirimo
  yaharirwaga abahungu nko kwasa inkwi, guhinga no kuragira... Ibyo bigaragaza
  ko mu muryango nyarwanda, nta hame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ryarimo.
  Aho amashuri aziye, umuryango ntiwahaga ibitsina byombi uburenganzira
  bungana. Wasangaga umubare munini w’abakobwa batarangiza amashuri kuko
  bagombaga gufasha ababyeyi imirimo yo mu rugo. N’aho wasangaga biga,
  wasangaga ari bake. Iyo mu rugo hatsindaga umuhungu n’umukobwa, ababyeyi
  boherezaga umuhungu gusa.
  
  Mu iterambere ry’Igihugu na ho, abagore ntibashyirwaga mu nzego zifata
  ibyemezo. Mu myanya ya poritiki, ubutabera n’umutekano, umubare w’abagore
  wari muto cyane. Mu burezi, wasangaga amashuri y’abakobwa ari make,
  n’ayabaga ahari, yashyirwagamo amashami abategurira gufata neza umugabo,
  kurera abana, kudoda, kuba abanyamabanga n’indi mirimo mbonezamubano.
  Uku kudahabwa uburenganzira bungana, byadindizaga iterambere ry’Igihugu.
  Imyaka yabaye myinshi abantu b’igitsina gore bibera mu buzima bw’ikandamizwa
  bigera aho biramenyerwa biba nk’ibisanzwe. Nyuma ya Jenoside Yakorewe
  Abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994, Leta y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yashyizeho
  itegeko ry’umuryango rigena imicungire y’umutungo w’abashakanye, impano
  n’izungura ryo mu 1999. Mu rwego rw’amategeko, ibi byatumye abagabo
  n’abagore bagira uburenganzira bungana ku mitungo no mu izungura. Nta
  busumbane buri hagati yabo mu byerekeye uruhare rwabo, amahirwe bahabwa
  no ku burenganzira muri rusange.
  
  Umugore agira uruhare mu igenamigambi ry’Igihugu, ibitekerezo bye bihabwa
  agaciro. Imvugo zikandamiza umugore, zatakaje agaciro, himakazwa imvugo
  zihesha agaciro umugore: “Umugore ni mutima w’urugo, umukobwa ni
  nyampinga, ukurusha umugore akurusha urugo …” Ubwo burenganzira abagore
  bahawe bwaguye ibitekerezo byabo. Ubu umugore afife ijambo n’uruhare mu
  iterambere ry’Igihugu.
  
  Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’Umurenge wa Munanira,
  Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu,
  Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira,
  Nababwiye ko ntari bwizimbe mu magambo. Nubwo tubona ko hari umusaruro
  ugaragara mu Rwanda kubera kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
  mu muryango, haracyari urugendo kuko ntiturabugeraho ijana ku ijana nkuko
  byifuzwa. Igisabwa rero ni ugukomeza ubukangurambaga bugakorwa n’inzego
  zitandukanye kuko hakiri abantu babifata uko bitari ku mpande zombi. Mu
  bigaragara, hari imiryango imwe n’imwe ikirangwamo amakimbirane ashingiye
  ku kudasobanukirwa ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Urugero ni nk’aho
  usanga umugore ajya mu kabari, agataha igicuku amena inzugi cyangwa akumva
  ko ikemezo ke ari ntavuguruzwa. Hari n’abagabo kandi usanga biyambura zimwe
  mu nshingano zabo bakazegeka ku bagore babo. Iyo usesenguye ibi, usanga
  abenshi babikora bitwaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Inama nagira
  abanyumva, ni ukumenya ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye atari ugusuzugurana
  no gupyinagazanya, ahubwo ni ukudatandukira ibiteganywa n’amategeko
  n’indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda.
  
  Murakoze, mbashimiye uburyo mwanteze amatwi nkaba nizera ko twese
  hamwe tugiye guharanira kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu
  muryango nyarwanda.
  

  Mugire amahoro!

  2.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko

  
  

  
  

  
  

  2.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
  

  
  

  2.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
  

  
  

  II.2. Imbwirwaruhame
  

  
  

  1. Inshoza y’imbwirwaruhame
  Imbwirwaruhame ni ijambo umuntu ategura neza akarigeza ku bantu
  benshi (mu ruhame) bakirinda kumurogoya, ahubwo bakamutega amatwi.
  Imbwirwaruhame ishobora kuba ndende cyangwa ngufi bitewe n’intego yayo.
  Uvuga imbwirwaruhame agomba kuyitegura agahuza ibitekerezo bye bwite
  n’insanganyamatsiko y’umunsi, kandi akiyubaha ubwe, akubaha n’abamuteze
  amatwi. Imbwirwaruhame zivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye: izibwiriza
  iby’idini, izivuga ibya poritiki, izo kwizihiza iminsi mikuru, izikangurira abantu
  igikorwa runaka... Ni yo mpamvu imbwirwaruhame zishobora kuvugirwa ahantu
  hanyuranye nko mu nsengero, mu mashuri, mu nzu mberabyombi n’ahandi.
  
  2. Imbata y’imbwirwaruhame
  Imbwirwaruhame iba igizwe n’ibice bine by’ingenzi: umutwe, intangiriro/interuro,
  igihimba n’umwanzuro/umusozo.
  
  a) Umutwe:
  Umutwe ni igice kibanza k’imbwirwaruhame kigaragaza insanganyamatsiko iyo
  mbwirwaruhame iri bwibandeho.
  
  b) Intangiriro / interuro
  Mu ntangiriro uvuga imbwirwaruhame abanza kuvuga abanyacyubahiro bari aho
  n’abo ubutumwa bugenewe ahereye ku w’imena muri bo akurikije ibyubahiro
  byabo, gusa akirinda kubavuga mu mazina yabo bwite. Uvuga imbwirwaruhame
  kandi ageza indamukanyo ku bo abwira.
  
  Urugero:
  Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’Umurenge wa Munanira,
  Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu,
  Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira,
  Nimugire amahoro!”
  
  Aka ni na ko karango ka mbere k’imbwirwaruhame. Mu ntangiriro kandi ni
  ho utanga ikiganiro agaragaza ibyo ari buze kuvugaho, akabivuga mu buryo
  bwihuse cyangwa butatuye, asa n’utera amatsiko abamuteze amatwi ndetse no
  kubumvisha akamaro k’icyo kiganiro agiye kubagezaho. Iki gice ntikigomba kuba
  kirekire.
  
  c) Igihimba
  Iki gice ni cyo gice fatizo k’imbwirwaruhame. Ni muri iki gice utanga ikiganiro
  avuga ingingo yateguye kuvugaho. Ni ngombwa ko izo ngingo azikurikiranya
  neza ashingiye ku buremere bwazo. Ibi bituma abamutega amatwi batarambirwa
  kuko aba yahereye ku ngingo zibafitiye akamaro cyane. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko
  hari ingero zitangwa, uvuga imbwirwaruhame akoresha ingero zijyanye n’abo
  abwira cyangwa aho avugira. Kubera ko iki gice gishobora kuba kirekire, utanga
  ikiganiro mbere yo kujya ku yindi ngingo ashobora kugenda akoresha amagambo
  yo gukangura abo abwira (urugero: bayobozi, babyeyi, nshuti, bavandimwe...)
  
  d) Umwanzuro/ Umusozo
  Muri iki gice uvuga imbwirwaruhame asoza yibutsa abamuteze amatwi ingingo
  z’ingenzi baganiriyeho kugira ngo basigarane ishusho y’ikiganiro. Ni muri iki
  gice kandi ashobora kugaragaza ibyifuzo, ingamba, inama... bitewe n’imiterere
  y’ikiganiro. Niba yashishikarizaga abantu kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge arasoza
  agaragaza ingamba zafatwa mu kubirwanya. Muri iki gice kandi utanga ikiganiro
  asoza ashimira abari bamuteze amatwi.
  
  3. Amabwiriza agenga imbwirwaruhame
  a) Uko imbwirwaruhame itegurwa n’uko isomwa
  Mbere yo gutanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame, ugitegura agomba kumenya ibi
  bikurikira:
  -- Ni ngombwa kumenya abo agiye kubwira imbwirwaruhame abo ari bo
  n’aho ababwirira.
  -- Ni iki bashobora kumva? Bari mu kihe kigero k’imyaka? Bakora iki? Ni iki
  bahuriyeho?
  -- Gutegura imbwirwaruhame.
  -- Kumva neza insanganyamatsiko y’imbwirwaruhame byaba ngombwa
  akanasoma ibitabo binyuranye bivuga kuri iyo nsanganyamatsiko.
  -- Gukusanya ibyo azavuga mu ngingo zinyuranye z’imbwirwaruhame
  ashingiye ku byo yasomye cyangwa yabajije abandi.
  

  -- Gushaka intego z’ikiganiro ke akanakora imbata y’ikiganiro ke.

  b) Imyifatire n’imyitwarire y’uvuga imbwirwaruhame
  Utanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame agomba kuba:
  -- Yambaye imyambaro idakojeje isoni.
  -- Kumenya guhagarara neza imbere y’abandi nta mususu.
  -- Kuvuga imbwirwaruhame ye adategwa.
  -- Kuraranganya amaso mu bo abwira, kirazira kubatera umugongo no kuba
  imbata y’urupapuro.
  -- Kurangurura ijwi kugira ngo imbwirwaruhame yumvikane.
  -- Kuvuga atarandaga cyane kugira ngo abamuteze amatwi batarambirwa
  kandi ntiyihute cyane mu mvugo kugira ngo ibyo avuze birusheho kumvikana.
  -- Kwirinda imvugo nyandagazi.
  -- Kugenda atanga ingero zihuye n’ikigero cy’abo abwira cyangwa se icyo
  bakora.
  
  Ikitonderwa:
  Utegura imbwirwaruhame ayitegura yandika, akazayivuga asoma ibyo yanditse,
  mu rwego rwo kwirinda kuvuga ibiterekeranye no kwisubiramo bya hato na hato.
  Hashobora kuvugwa imbwirwaruhame ihanitse cyangwa idahanitse, umuntu
  akayivuga atayiteguye. Ibyo ni iby’abafite iyo mpano si ibya buri wese kuko bigira
  abahanga babyo. Ibyo bigaragarira cyanecyane nko mu misango y’ubukwe, ku
  minsi mikuru, mu birori runaka...
  II.3. Iyiganteruro
  

  2.3.1. Inshoza n’ubwoko bw’interuro

  
  

  1. Inshoza y’interuro n’iyiganteruro
  a) Interuro
  Interuro ni ijambo cyangwa urukurikirane rw’amagambo umuntu avugamo
  cyangwa yandikamo igitekerezo cyuzuye. Interuro ni igice k’imvugo umuntu
  

  yatura akakirangiza aruhuka bihagije, kigatanga igitekerezo cyuzuye.

  b) Iyiganteruro
  Iyiganteruro ni ubumenyi bugamije gusesengura imiterere y’ibinyabumwe bigize
  interuro ari byo magambo. Ni ubuhanga bwiga isanisha ry’amagambo mu kurema
  interuro, amoko, imimaro n’imikurikiranire byayo mu nteruro. Iyiganteruro ryiga
  kandi inyangingo zigize interuro, amatsinda yazo n’imimaro yazo.
  Mu iyiganteruro, ijambo ni cyo kinyabumwe fatizo nk’uko mu iyigantego
  ikinyabumwe fatizo ari akaremejambo.
  
  2. Amoko y’interuro
  Hashingiwe ku mubare w’amagambo n’uw’inshinga zitondaguye bigize interuro,
  interuro z’Ikinyarwanda zirimo amoko atatu: interuro jambo, interuro yoroheje
  n’interuro y’urusobe.
  
  a) Interuro jambo
  Interuro jambo ni interuro igizwe n’ijambo rimwe. Interuro jambo zishobora
  gushingira ku magambo y’ubwoko hafi ya bwose. Interuro jambo ni interuro
  idasanzwe kuko iba ihagarariye interuro igizwe n’amagambo menshi.
  
  Ingero:
  Ibi mwabitundishije iki? Ikamyo. (Izina)
  Ni iki mwifuriza Abanyarwanda bose? Amahoro n’iterambere. (Amazina)
  Ibi bitabo mwabitundishije amakamyo angahe? Atatu. (Ikinyazina)
  Mwagenze urugendo rureshya rute? Rurerure. (Ntera)
  Murateganya iki muri iki gihembwe? Gutsinda. (Inshinga iri mu mbundo)
  Uraza? Ye! (Irangamutima)
  Mwageze ku ishuri ryari? Kare. (Umugereka)
  Ndagiye. (inshinga itondaguye)
  Taha. (inshinga itondaguye)
  
  b) Interuro yoroheje cyangwa interuro shingiro
  Interuro yoroheje, interuro shingiro cyangwa interuro fatizo ni interuro igizwe
  n’amagambo abiri cyangwa arenga ahuriye ku nshinga imwe itondaguye
  yumvikanisha ubutumwa bumwe, budasobekeranye. Ruhamwa ariko ishobora
  no kuba itagaragara mu nteruro tukayibwirwa n’indanganshinga. Iyo nteruro
  iba ifite ruhamwa imwe igizwe n’ijambo rimwe cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo
  ahuriye ku gikorwa, imico cyangwa imimerere bivugwa mu nshinga. Interuro
  yoroheje bayita kandi inyabumwe kuko ifite inshinga imwe itondaguye. Interuro
  yoroheje kandi ishobora kuba ifite icyuzuzo kigizwe n’ijambo rimwe cyangwa
  urujyano rw’amagambo ariko ishobora no kuba nta cyuzuzo ifite.
  Interuro yoroheje ishobora no kutagira inshinga ariko n’ubundi ikumvikanisha
  igitekerezo kimwe.
  Ingero:
  -- Igihe ni amafaranga.
  -- Ubwikorezi bwambukiranya ibihugu ndetse n’imigabane.
  c) Interuro y’urusobe
  Interuro y’urusobe cyangwa interuro y’inyunge iba igizwe n’inshinga zitondaguye
  zirenze imwe buri nshinga ikaba ari izingiro ry’inyangingo. Ni interuro igizwe
  n’inyangingo ebyiri cyangwa zirenzeho.
  Ingero:
  -- Iyo ubwikorezi bwihuta, abantu babona igihe gihagije cyo gukora ibindi
  bintu.
  -- Akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenya iyo bweze.
  Imyitozo
  1. Mu kiganiro gikurikira, tahuramo amoko atandukanye y’interuro.
  -- Yewe wa mugabo we! Ino hari ikibazo k’ibicanwa. Abantu batemye
  amashyamba
  -- Barayatsemba. None Leta ntikemerera abantu gupfa gutema amashyamba
  asigaye.
  -- Dukore iki?
  -- Ntitwakibura. Reka turebe uburyo twakwihangira umurimo dukemura
  ikibazo k’ibicanwa.
  -- Ni byiza cyane.
  -- Reka dutangire umushinga.
  -- Uwuhe?
  -- Uwo gukora imbabura za canamake.
  -- Zizagurwa n’abantu benshi kubera ko inkwi zihenda.
  

  2. Garagaza ibintu bine iyiganteruro ryibandaho.

  2.3.2 Isanisha

  
  

  1. Inshoza y’isanisha
  Isanisha ni uburyo bwo guhuza amagambo mu irema ry’interuro ku buryo ijambo
  ry’ibanze riha amagambo aryungirije akarango karyo.
  
  Urugero:
  Bano bana bato barashonje. Ijambo ry’ibanze ni abana.
  Isanisha rikunze kugaragaza amasano nyantego aba ari hagati y’amagambo
  agize interuro. Muri uru rugero isano ni inteko ya 2 ba.
  1. Amoko y’isanisha
  Mu Kinyarwanda hari amoko anyuranye y’isanisha.
  a) Isanisha nyantego
  Mu isanisha nyantego, ijambo ry’ibanze riha amagambo aryungirije intego ya
  kamwe mu turemajambo twaryo.
  
  Ingero:
  -- Iki gikamyo kinini gitwara imizigo myinshi.
  -- Icyambu kinini gifasha mu bwikorezi.
  
  b) Isanisha nyanyito
  Isanisha nyanyito rishingira ku kivugwa n’ijambo ry’ibanze. Rikoreshwa akenshi
  ku magambo adafite indomo n’indanganteko cyangwa afite indanganteko
  zumanye (zidatandukana) n’igicumbi (Mugabo, Bahizi, Rukundo, mukecuru…).
  Iyo ikivugwa ari umuntu umwe isanisha ribera mu nteko ya mbere; baba benshi
  kimwe no mu irondora rikabera mu nteko ya kabiri. Iyo ikivugwa ari inyamaswa
  cyangwa ikindi kintu isanisha rikorwa mu nteko ya 9 cyangwa iya cumi.
  
  Ingero:
  -- Mugabo akora ubwikorezi.
  -- Ba Kanyana bahahirana n’amahanga.
  -- Indege itwara imizigo myinshi.
  
  c) Isanisha nyurabwenge
  Isanisha nyurabwenge rikorwa iyo ibivugwa ari inshinga iri mu mbundo, uruvange
  rw’abantu n’ibintu cyangwa uruvange rw’abantu n’inyamaswa n’urw’amagambo
  adahuje inteko. Isanisha nyurabwenge rikorerwa mu nteko ya 8.
  Ingero:
  -- Umugabo, ihene n’igare byahuriranye.
  -- Gutwarana abantu n’ibintu birabujijwe.
  -- Kurya, kunywa no kubyina birashimisha.
  -- Bakame n’impyisi birazirana.
  
  d) Isanisha nyazina
  Isanisha nyazina ni isanisha rishingira ku ndanganteko yumanye n’igicumbi.
  Ingero:
  -- Rutegaminsi rwa Tegera yari inyangamugayo. (Nt 11, Nt 1)
  -- Bikungero bya Murema afite ibihangano byiza. (Nt 8, Nt 1)
  -- Nyakayonga ka Musare.
  e) Isanisha mpisho
  Isanisha mpisho rikorwa igihe ikivugwa kitazwi cyangwa kitagaragajwe.
  
  Ingero:
  -- Karabaye noneho.
  -- Umugore n’umugabo rwambikanye.
  -- Karahanyuze twarabyinnye biratinda.
  f) Uruvange rw’isanisha
  Uruvange rw’isanisha ni isanisha rigengwa n’inteko zitandukanye kandi rigengwa
  

  n’ijambo rimwe.

  Ingero:
  -- Igisonga cya Papa arahagurutse. (nt.7 na nt.1)
  

  -- Nyina w’iki kimasa irashaje. (nt.1, nt.9)

  

  II.4. Imyitozo y’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
  Tegura imbwirwaruhame ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo, uyibwire abanyeshuri
  

  bagenzi bawe.

  

  5. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
  Umwandiko: Bamumaze amatsiko
  Muneza ni umwana warererwaga kwa sekuru. Yigaga mu mashuri abanza.
  Yarangwaga no kugira amatsiko ndetse no kubaza ibibazo binyuranye ku byo
  adasobanukiwe.
  
  Umunsi umwe avuye ku ishuri asanga sekuru yicaye mu ruganiriro asoma
  ikinyamakuru. Muneza ahageze aramusuhuza yicara iruhande rwe maze batangira
  kureba tereviziyo. Harimo ikiganiro cy’umunyamakuru waganiraga n’abanyeshuri
  bo mu mwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye bavuga ku buringanire
  n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere ry’Igihugu.
  
  Nyuma yo kumva ibyavugwaga muri icyo kiganiro, Muneza araterura abaza
  sekuru ibibazo binyuranye ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye. Sekuru yamuhaye
  rugari maze bagirana ikiganiro gikurikira:
  Muneza: Ariko sogoku! Ko muri iki gihe ibiganiro byinshi bivuga ku buringanire
  n’ubwuzuzanye, kera ntibwabagaho?
  
  Sekuru: Kera uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye byahozeho ariko ntibyabuzaga ko
  bimwe mu biranga uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye muri iki gihe bikumirwa kubera
  umuco w’Abanyarwanda.
  Muneza: Ni nk’ibihe mwambwira se byagaragazaga uburinganire
  n’ubwuzuzanye?
  
  Sekuru: Nko mu buyobozi umwami yimanaga n’umugabekazi, birumvikana
  ko umwami atafataga ibyemezo wenyine ahubwo yabifataga agishije inama
  umugabekazi. Ikindi kandi hari n’abategarugori banyuranye bagaragaraga
  mu mirimo ikomeye y’ibwami. Urugero naguha ni abasizi b’abategarugori nka
  Nyirarumaga na Nyirakunge babaye abasizi bakomeye.
  Umurimo w’ubusizi, wari umwe mu mirimo ikomeye yagengwaga n’ibwami,
  kuba butarahezaga abategarugori, ni ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’uburinganire
  n’ubwuzuzanye.
  
  Muneza: Biragaragara ko mu muco nyarwanda ubuyobozi bwarangwagamo
  uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. None se ko mwambwiye ko hari bimwe mu
  biranga uburinganire muri iki gihe byakumirwaga kubera umwihariko w’umuco
  nyarwanda. Uwo mwihariko ni nk’uwuhe?
  
  Sekuru: Umuco nyarwanda hari imirimo imwe n’imwe wageneraga abagore
  hakaba n’indi mirimo wageneraga abagabo, ku buryo cyaziraga ko ukora imirimo
  itakugenewe. Nta mugore wagombaga kubaka, kujya ku itabaro, gukama inka,
  korora inzuki n’ibindi. Nta mugabo washoboraga koza ibikoresho byo mu rugo
  cyangwa se guheka umwana, guteka n’ibindi.
  
  Birumvikara ko hari umwihariko wa buri muntu mu mirimo yo mu rugo.
  Ikindi kandi aho amashuri aziye mu Rwanda, ababyeyi bahaga umwanya wa
  mbere abana b’abahungu ngo bage ku ishuri naho abakobwa bo, basigaraga
  mu rugo bafasha ba nyina imirimo yo mu rugo.
  Muneza: Sogoku! Ko twize ko Ndabaga yari umukobwa kandi ko yagiye gukura
  se ku rugerero hari icyo ubiziho?
  
  Sekuru: Ibyo byabayeho ariko uzabisome neza, kugira ngo abikore yabanje
  kwiyoberanya ku buryo yagiye ku rugerero yitwa ko ari umuhungu. Hejuru y’ibyo
  nkubwiye hari imwe mu migani ya Kinyarwanda igaragaza ko hari aho umuco
  nyarwanda wakumiraga umugore mu buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye.
  
  Bakiganira haza akana kiganaga na Muneza kamubwira ko igihe cyo gusubira
  ku ishuri kigeze. Muneza ashimira sekuru, ajyana na wa mwana ariko Muneza
  agenda agifite amatsiko menshi ku byo sekuru yari amaze kumubwira. Bageze
  ku ishuri mu karuhuko ka saa kenda, Muneza yegera umwarimu we, atangira
  kumubaza ku byo sekuru yari yamubwiye.
  
  Muneza: Sogokuru yambwiye ko hari imigani y’imigenurano yagaragazaga
  ko umuco nyarwanda wakumiraga bimwe mu bigaragaza uburinganire
  n’ubwuzuzanye muri iki gihe ni nk’iyihe?
  
  Umwarimu: Ibyo sogokuru wawe yakubwiye ni byo, umuco nyarwanda wo
  hambere wagaragazaga ko umugore nta cyo yakora ngo kige imbere nk’uko
  umugabo yagikoraga. Ni yo mpamvu bacaga umugani utajyanye n’igihe
  tugezemo bavuga ngo: “Umugore arabyina ntasimbuka”. Mu rugo, nta mugabo
  wagombaga kumva ibitekerezo by’umugore, urugo rwatekererezwaga n’umugabo
  gusa. Baravugaga ngo: “Uruvuze umugore ruvuga umuhoro” bakongera ngo:
  “Umugore abyara uwawe ntaba uwawe”, “Umugore ntajya kurarika, iyo araritse
  abuza n’uwari kuza.” Cyakora ubu muri iki gihe, si ko bimeze kuko umugore
  ahabwa ubushobozi nk’ubw’umugabo, akagira ijambo nk’iry’umugabo, akagira
  uruhare muri byose.
  
  Mu gihe umwarimu we yari akimusobanurira, inzogera yo kwinjira iravuga, Muneza
  aramushimira, asubira mu ishuri. Agenda atekereza ku bisobanuro yahawe
  na sekuru ndetse n’ibyo yahawe n’umwarimu we, yiyemeza kujya abiganiriza
  bagenzi be kugira ngo barusheho kwimakaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.
  Nyuma y’amasomo ataha mu rugo ari na ko agenda yibaza ku byo yakora kugira
  ngo aharanire kwimakaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Mu mutima aribwira
  ati: “Kuva ubu, nge ngiye guharanira uburenganzira bwa buri wese; sinzongera
  guharira mushiki wange imirimo imwe n’imwe ngo ni we igenewe, tuzajya
  dufatanya mu byo dukora byose.”
  
  I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
  1. Ni uwuhe munyarubuga mukuru muri uyu mwandiko? Kubera iki?
  2. Tanga ingero nibura ebyiri zigaragaza ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
  hari aho bwagaragaraga ku ngoma ya cyami.
  3. Ese umuco nyarwanda wimakazaga ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
  bw’ibitsina byombi? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
  4. Ni gute Ndabaga yabashije kujya gukura se ku rugerero? Sobanura
  igisubizo cyawe wifashishije ubundi bumenyi wasomye cyangwa
  wabwiwe.
  
  5. Mu ishuri mwigamo ni iki kerekana ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ndetse
  n’uburezi budaheza byubahirizwa ?
  6. Ni irihe somo uyu mwandiko ugusigiye?
  
  II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
  1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro:
  a) Gukumira
  b) Guterura ikiganiro
  c) Kwiyoberanya
  d) Gukura se
  2. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ayo mu mwandiko bihuje inyito:
  a) Umugore ntiyahabwaga agaciro kangana n’ak’umugabo mu muco
  nyarwanda.
  
  b) Mu Rwanda, nyina w’umwami yategekanaga n’umwami.
  III. Ibibazo ku mbwirwaruhame no ku rurimi n’ubwumvane
  1. Vuga ibyitabwaho mbere yo gutanga imbwirwaruhame.
  2. Sobanura uko umuntu yifata n’uko yitwara avuga imbwirwaruhame.
  3. Ishyire mu mwanya w’umunyeshuri uhagarariye abandi, maze utegure
  imbwirwaruhame ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye, uzavuga ku itariki ya 8
  

  Werurwe ku munsi w’abari n’abategarugori.

  IV. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
  Kora interuro zigaragaramo:
  a) Isanisha nyantego
  b) Isanisha nyanyito
  c) Isanisha nyurabwenge
  

  d) Isanisha nyazina

• UMUTWE WA 3 IMIYOBORERE MYIZA

  

  III.1. Umwandiko: Karame Rwanda

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  3.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
  

  
  

  
  

  3.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
  

  
  

  3.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
  

  3.2.1. Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  1. Inshoza y’ibaruwa y‘ubutegetsi
  
  Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ni ibaruwa ngufi kandi ivuga ibya ngombwa birasa ku ntego,
  ikirinda uburondogozi no kugaragaza amarangamutima. Igituma iba ngufi ni uko
  uwandika agomba gusa kwibanda ku mpamvu yatumye yandika. Bene iyi baruwa
  y’ubutegetsi iba igamije gusabwa gutanga serivisi ku bo igenewe, gusaba akazi,
  gusubiza uwasabye akazi, gusaba ibisobanuro mu kazi, gutanga ibisobanuro,
  gutanga amabwiriza n’ibindi. Tuvuge niba uwandika asaba akazi, iyo ni yo
  mpamvu agaragaza ku rupapuro kandi ni yo avugaho muri make agaragaza akazi
  ashaka ako ari ko, ubushobozi afite bwo kugakora n’uburyo azagakora, kandi
  byose bikagirwa mu kinyabupfura. Nta gutandukira ngo agaragaze ko yababaye,
  ko ubukene bumumereye nabi, ko arya rimwe mu cyumweru, ko yari afite akazi
  bakakamwirukanaho ku maherere n’ibindi. Uwo wandikira usaba akazi ntakeneye
  ko umurondogoraho cyangwa ko umutera imbabazi. Ibyo nta mwanya abifitiye,
  icyo akeneye ni icyo ugamije kumukorera, ubushobozi ugifitemo, ibyangombwa
  

  bibigaragaza. Bene iyi baruwa yandikwa ku rupapuro rw’umweru

  2. Uturango tw’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
  -- Mu ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi hari amagambo yabugenewe agomba gutangira
  no gusoza ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi. Ayo ni nka:
  Nyakubawa/ Bwana/Madamu/Madamazera,
  Mu gihe ngitegereje igisubizo cyanyu kiza, nyakubahwa, mbaye mbashimiye,
  Mu gihe ntegerezanyije ikizere, mbaye mbashimiye,
  Mbaye mbashimiye Nyakubahwa/ Bwana / Madamu/ Madamazera…
  -- Buri gika gitangirira mu cya kabiri cy’urupapuro mu mpagarike yarwo.
  -- Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igomba kugira impamvu yayo yihariye bitewe
  n’igitumye yandikwa bagaca akarongo ku ijambo “impamvu”.
  
  3. Imiterere y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
  Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igizwe n’ibice binyuranye ari byo:
  a) Aderesi:
  Aderesi ni igice k’ingenzi kigaragaza uwanditse ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi.
  Hagaragaramo amazina ye, aho atuye ndetse n’andi makuru yose yafasha uwo
  yandikiye kumenya aho yamubariza aramutse amushatse: ashobora kongeramo
  nimero za terefoni n’aderesi ye ya interineti. Iki gice gifata umwanya wo hejuru
  ibumoso ku rupapuro.
  
  b) Itariki
  Itariki ni ngombwa ko hagaragaramo ahantu ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi yandikiwe
  n’umunsi iyo baruwa yandikiweho. Iki gice cyo kijya hejuru iburyo ahateganye
  n’izina.
  
  c) Uwandikiwe
  Uwandikiwe ni igice kigaragara munsi y’itariki ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi yandikiweho.
  Kiba kigaragaza uwo ibaruwa igenewe. Si izina rye bwite rigaragaramo ahubwo
  ni izina rigaragaza umwanya afite mu kazi. Cyakora hashobora no kugaragazwa
  izina iyo ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igenewe umukozi runaka.
  
  d) Impamvu
  Mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi hagomba kugaragaramo impamvu yanditswe. Impamvu
  y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ishobora kuba: gusaba akazi, gusaba ibisobanuro,
  kohereza raporo... Ijambo”impamvu” buri gihe ricibwaho akarongo. Iki gice
  kiba kiri munsi ya aderesi kikabangikana n’umurongo wa nyuma wo mu gice
  kigaragaza uwo ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi yandikiwe.
  
  e) Igihimba
  Igihimba ni ibaruwa nyirizina. Igihimba k’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi kigirwa n’ibika
  bitatu:
  -- Intangiriro: Uwandika avuga muri make impamvu imuteye kwandika igirwa
  n’igika kimwe kandi ikagaragaza icyo uwandika agamije. Iyo ari nk’ibaruwa
  isaba akazi agaragazamo ko azi neza ko uwo mwanya uhari.
  -- Igihimba :Ni igice kigaragara nk’aho ari kirekire kurusha ibindi, kuko
  gishobora no kugira ibika birenze kimwe bitewe n’ingingo zigize ubutumwa.
  Ni cyo gice cyonyine gisobanura mu mugambo arambuye ibyavuzwe mu
  ntangiriro, kikabisesengura, kikanakurikiranya ibitekerezo. Icyo gihe buri
  gika kiharira ingingo yacyo, na none ukirinda gusubiramo ibyo wavuze.
  -- Umusozo: Uwandika ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi asoza ashimira uwo yandikiye.
  Ni cyo gice kirangiza ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi kandi kigirwa n’igika kimwe.
  Uwandika arangiza yerekana ikizere afitiye uwo yandikiye cyangwa se
  icyubahiro amugomba.
  
  

  f) Amazina n’umukono: Ni igice gisoza ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi kigizwe
  

  n’amazina ndetse n’umukono wa nyiri ukuyandika.
  

  Ikitonderwa: Bitewe n’imiterere yayo, ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ishobora kugira
  ibindi bice bikurikira:
  
  Binyujijwe: Ni igice kigaragara mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi munsi y’aderesi
  y’uwandikiwe. Gishyirwaho iyo hari abo iyo baruwa igomba gucaho mbere yo
  kohererezwa uwayandikiwe.
  Bimenyeshejwe: ni igice kijya mu mpera z’ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi ku
  ruhande w’ibumoso. Kijya mu ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi iba igomba kugira abandi
  bamenyeshwa ibyanditswe.
  

  4. Imbata y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi

  
  

  
  

  1. Ibirannga umuntu
  Amazina::MUBERUKA Gaston
  Data: KARIMANYI Joel
  Mama: KABERA Marigueritte
  Igihe navukiye: 2 Nzeri 1984
  Aho navukiye: Intara ya Kumuhigo, Akarere ka Kagano, Umurenge wa Cyabayaga
  Akagari ka Mwungu.
  Aho ntuye: Intara ya Kumuhigo, Akarereka Burehe, Umurenge wa Mataba,
  Akagari ka Gaseke.
  Irangamimerere: Ndubatse, mfite abana bane
  Terefoni: 0788881111
  E-mail: muberuka-gaston@yahoo.fr
  Akarere ka Burehe, Umurenge wa Mataba, Akagari ka Gaseke.
  
  2. Amashuri nize
  -- 2003-2007: Amashuri makuru: Kaminuza nkuru y’ u Rwanda
  Impamyabushobozi y’ikiciro cya kabiri mu Ndimi n’Ubuvanganzo Nyafurika.
  -- 1989-1994: Amashuri yisumbuye muri Seminari ya Runaba
  Impamyabumenyi y’amashuri yisumbuye mu ishami ry’Ikiratini n’indimi
  zivugwa.
  -- 1981-1988: Amashuri abanza mu Ishuri Ribanza rya Mataba. Ikemezo
  k’ikigo cy’Amashuri Abanza cya Mataba.
  3. Uburambe mu kazi
  -- 2011-2017: Umwarimu w’indimi muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda ishami rya
  Huye.
  -- 2008-2010: Umwarimu w’ Igiswayiri n’Ikinyarwanda mu Iseminari Nto ya
  Runaba.
  -- 2003-2004: Umwarimu w’Igifaransa n’Ikinyarwanda mu ishuri ryigenga
  APEDER Mataba.
  -- 2000-2003: Umwarimu w’Igifaransa n’Ikinyarwanda mu ishuri ryisumbuye
  rya Gakurazo.
  
  4. Ubundi bumenyi
  -- Nzi mudasobwa porogaramu ya “Word, Excel, Power Point, Access na
  Publisher
  -- Mfite uruhushya rwo gutwara imodoka kategori ya B, nkaba nzi no kuyitwara.
  

  5. Indimi nzi kuvuga

  
  

  6. Ibyo nkunda
  Nyuma y’akazi nkunda gusoma ibitabo. Nkunda umukino wo koga no gukina
  umupira w’amaguru.
  
  7. Abantu banzi:
  -- UMUHIRE Jean: Umwarimu wange muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, Tel:
  0788..........
  -- Padiri KARAKE Samuel: Umukoresha wange igihe nigishaga muri Seninari
  Nto ya Rubare Tel: 076................................
  -- HAKIZIMANA Paul: Umuyobozi w’Ishami ry’Indimi muri Kaminuza y’u
  Rwanda aho nigisha ubu, Tel: 0789......................
  
  Ngewe MUBERUKA Gaston ndemeza neza ko ibyo maze kuvuga ari ukuri kandi
  ko bishobora kugenzurwa.
  Bikorewe i Kagano, ku wa 25 Nyakanga 2017
  

                                                                                                                  

                                                                                                                                                                    MUBERUKA Gaston

                                                                                                                                                                     

  1. Inshoza y’ umwirondoro
  Umwirondoro ni inyandiko yereka umukoresha ishusho y’umukozi akeneye. Mu
  buzima busanzwe ari na byo bimenyerewe cyane, umwirondoro ukunze gusabwa
  n’umuntu wese ushaka gutanga akazi. Bityo mu byangombwa yaka ushaka
  gupiganirwa uwo mwanya haba harimo n’umwirondoro we. Umwirondoro kandi
  ushobora kuba ngombwa iyo umuntu asaba ishuri runaka ngo akomerezemo
  amasomo ye.
  
  2. Ibiranga umwirondoro
  Umwirondoro unoze ugomba kuba:
  -- Wanditse ku rupapuro rwiza nta n’amakosa y’ururimi arimo.
  -- Wuzuye kuko uwusaba akeneye amakuru yuzuye kugira ngo arusheho
  kumenya nyiri umwirondoro niba hari ikiburamo ntibizamutere igihe
  agishakisha.
  -- Usomeka neza wanditswe mu nteruro ngufi.
  -- Uvuga ukuri. Ukora umwirondoro ntagomba kugira icyo yibagirwa cyangwa
  ngo ashyiremo ibidasobanutse cyangwa ibihimbano.
  -- Ugomba kuba ugenewe koko abo wandikiwe niba ari aho nyirawo asaba
  akazi ugomba kuba ujyanye n’aho asaba akazi.
  
  3. Ibice bigize umwirondoro
  Umwirondoro ntukorwa uko nyirawo yiboneye ugomba kuba ufite uburyo
  buboneye ukorwamo, uko ibice biwugize bikurikirana kuko umwanya wabyo uba
  ufite icyo usobanura kuri uwo mwirondoro.
  Ibyo bice ni:
  -- Umutwe
  -- Ibiranga umuntu
  -- Amashuri
  -- Uburambe
  -- Ubundi bumenyi
  -- Indimi avuga
  -- Ibyo akunda
  -- Abantu bamuzi
  -- Kwemeza ko ari ukuri no gushyiraho umukono we.
  a) Umutwe
  Umutwe w’umwirondoro wandikwa hejuru ukitwa umwirondoro
  
  b) Ibiranga umuntu
  Irangamimerere ni igice gitangira umwirondoro, kikaba kigamije kugaragaza muri
  make uwo ari we. Kigomba kuba cyumvikana kandi kirasa ku ntego.
  Si ngombwa gushyiramo ibintu byinshi nubwo bwose waba ubona umwirondoro
  ari muto. Mu irangamimerere umuntu avugamo amazina ye. Ni byiza kwandika
  izina ry’umuryango mu nyuguti nkuru z’icyapa maze iry’idini rikajya mu nyuguti
  nto, ariko ritangiwe n’ inyuguti nkuru.
  Nyuma y’amazina hagaragazwa aho umuntu aherereye, ni ukuvuga aho atuye
  (aha iyo afite agasanduku k’iposita ni byiza kugashyiraho). Aho umuntu atuye
  hiyongeraho n’uburyo uwamushaka yamubonamo; umurongo wa terefoni na
  aderesi ya interineti ku buryo uwabishaka yahita amwandikira. Ikindi kigomba
  kujya mu irangamimerere ni imyaka umuntu afite. Aha ariko ntawandika umubare
  ibyiza ni ugushyiraho umwaka yavukiye. Iyo yanditse amatariki, ukwezi ukwandika
  mu izina ryako.
  
  c) Amashuri
  Iki gice kigaragaza aho nyiri umwirondoro ahagaze mu rwego rw’ubumenyi ni yo
  mpamvu uwandika agomba guhera ku mpamyabumenyi nini afite. Mu kwandika
  umwirondoro, amashuri ntatandukana n’impamyabumenyi. Ugaragaza amashuri
  yize avuga umwaka, aho yigaga, ibyo yigaga n’impamyabumenyi yahakuye. Hari
  igihe amashuri ajyana n’ibitabo umuntu aba yaranditse. Icyo gihe si ngombwa
  kubishyiraho keretse iyo bigira icyo byongera ku kizere umuntu ashobora
  kugirirwa n’abo ashyikiriza umwirondoro.
  d) Uburambe
  Uburambe mu kazi ni igice cyo kwitonderwa. Aha ni ho uwandika umwirondoro
  aba agomba kwereka uwo yandikiye icyo azi gukora n’igihe amaze agikora.
  Iyo yakoze mu myanya myinshi, ayishyiraho ahereye ku wa nyuma aherukaho
  agenda agaragaza igihe yagiye ayimaraho. Hari igihe umuntu aba yarakoze
  iyimenyerezamwuga ni ngombwa ko abishyiraho cyanecyane iyo ataramara
  igihe kinini akora cyangwa se ari bwo bwa mbere yatse akazi. Ibyo bishobora
  kumwongerera amahirwe imbere y’uwo aha umwirondoro.
  
  e) Ubundi bumenyi
  Kumenya ibintu byinshi nta cyo bitwaye kuko ibyo umuntu azi byose bishobora
  kumugirira akamaro mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi. Iyo rero umuntu azi ubundi
  bumenyi ntashidikanya kubigaragaza ku mwirondoro we cyanecyane iyo bifitanye
  isano n’akazi asaba.
  Urugero: Kuba azi mudasobwa, kuba afite uruhushya rwo gutwara ikinyabiziga...
  
  f) Indimi
  Hari igihe umwanya umuntu ashaka uba usaba kumenya indimi z’amahanga. Ni
  ngombwa rero ko uwandika umwirondoro ashyiramo indimi zose azi.
  Mu kazi ako ari ko kose kumenya indimi z’amahanga byongerera amahirwe
  ugasaba. Ukora umwirondoro agaragaza urwego aziho urwo rurimi atabeshya
  (nduzi neza cyane, nduzi neza, nduzi bihagije, biciriritse) kuko kubeshya
  byamugiraho ingaruka mu gihe k’ikizamini k’ibiganiro.
  
  g) Ibyo akunda
  Umuntu ntabaho akora akazi ashinzwe gusa. Na nyuma y’akazi ubuzima
  burakomeza. Ibyo umuntu akunda rero biza nyuma y’akazi. Bigizwe n’ibyo umuntu
  akora kandi bimushimisha. Ariko na none ukora umwirondoro ntiyiyibagize ko
  ibimushimisha bishobora kumubera imbogamizi yo kutabona umwanya yifuza.
  Nk’urugero niba ari umuntu ukunda kumva indirimbo kuri radiyo, bikaba byerekana
  ko ari umuntu ukunze kuba ari wenyine ko kubana n’abandi byamugora, mu gihe
  umuntu ukunda gukina umupira aba agaragaza ko abana n’abandi neza ko no
  mu kazi byagenda bityo.
  
  h) Abantu bamuzi cyangwa abahamya
  Iyi ngingo y’abantu bazi nyiri umwirondoro si ngombwa buri gihe. Ariko hari
  ababisaba mu mwirondoro bikaba ngombwa ko ijyamo. Abantu bakunze
  gukenerwa si abaturanyi bawe cyangwa se bene wanyu bakomeye. Abazi
  umuntu baba bakenewe ni abarimu bamwigishije cyangwa abakoresha
  bamukoresheje kuko ukeneye umwirondoro wawe aba ashobora kubabaza ku
  bijyanye n’ubumenyi ufite cyangwa se ubushobozi n’imyitwarire byawe mu kazi.
  
  i) Kwemeza ko ibyo uvuze ari ukuri no gushyiraho umukono
  Iki ni cyo gice gisoza umwirondoro. Nyiri ukuwandika agomba gusoza yemeza
  ko amakuru yatanze ari ukuri ko anashobora kugenzurwa. Hanyuma agashyiraho
  itariki n’umukono we.
  
  Ibi ni byo by’ingenzi biba bikubiye mu mwirondoro. Cyakora ntibibujijwe ko hari
  andi makuru yakongerwamo igihe nyiri ukwandika abona ko hari amahirwe
  

  yamwongerera kugira ngo abone akazi yasabaga.

  

  III.3. Amatangazo
  

  
  

  Itangazo
  Mu rwego rwo kunoza imiyoborere myiza mu Murenge wa Gitaha, ubuyobozi
  bw’Umurenge wa Gitaha bunejejwe no kumenyesha abayobozi b’imidugudu
  bose bo mu Murenge wa Gitaha ko batumiwe mu nama nyunguranabitekerezo
  yo kurebera hamwe ikigero abaturage bagezeho mu gutanga ubwisungane mu
  kwivuza (mituweri) izaba ku Cyumweru tariki ya 25/01/2015, saa tatu za mu
  gitondo (09h00). Kuza kwanyu ni inkunga ikomeye mu kwita ku buzima bw’abo
  muyobora.
  
  Bikorewe i Gitaha ku wa 20/01/2015
  Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gitaha.
  
  1. Inshoza y’itangazo
  Itangazo ni inzira cyangwa uburyo ukoresha igihe cyose ufite icyo ushaka
  kugeza ku bandi ukibamenyesha ugicishije mu itangazo.Urugero nk’ iyo banki
  zambuwe cyangwa se ibindi bigo biciriritse by’imari bihemukiwe na ba bihemu
  bakambura inguzanyo hatangazwa amatangazo, aba ba bihemu bagashyikirizwa
  inkiko batsindwa ibyabo bigatezwa cyamunara. Iyo hari imitungo izagurishwa
  abahesha b’inkiko b’umwuga batanga amatangazo bahamagarira abaturage
  kuzaza kwigurira. Bibaho kandi ko iyo umuryango watakaje umuntu atambutsa
  itangazo mu bitangazamakuru cyangwa kuri radiyo bahamagarira abantu
  gutabara umuryango wagize ibyago.
  
  Itangazo rero ni inyandiko irimo ubutumwa bamanika ahantu, buca mu
  kinyamakuru cyangwa kuri radiyo kugira ngo bumenyekane hagamijwe
  kwamamaza, kurangisha cyangwa kumenyesha.
  
  2. Uturango tw’itangazo
  Mu itangazo hagomba kubonekamo ibi bikurikira:
  -- Umutwe w’itangazo.
  -- Utanze itangazo.
  -- Uwo rigenewe.
  -- Ahantu igikorwa rimenyesha kiri, cyabereye cyangwa kizabera.
  -- Itariki igikorwa rimenyesha cyabereyeho cyangwa kizabera.
  
  3. Ubwoko bw’amatangazo
  Amatangazo arimo amoko anyuranye: amatangazo yo kubika, amatangazo
  yo kumenyesha, amatagazo yo kwamamaza, amatangazo yo kurangisha
  n’ubutumire.
  
  a) Amatangazo yo kubika
  Amatangazo yo kubika ni amatangazo atabaza agamije kumenyesha abantu ko
  hari umuntu witabye Imana akanavuga igihe azashyingurirwa.
  
  Urugero:
  Itangazo ryo kubika
  
  Umuryango wa Mporanyi Claudien ubarizwa mu Murenge wa Gashwi
  uramenyesha inshuti n’ abavandimwe ko umubyeyi wabo Kanamugire Roger wari
  urwariye mu bitaro bikuru bya Kinihira yitabye Imana none Ku wa gatatu tariki
  ya 23/5/2017. Bimenyeshejwe inshuti n’ abavandimwe batuye mu murenge wa
  Gishamvu, abakirisitu basengana na nyakwigendera muri paruwasi ya Mukingo n’
  abo bakoranaga ku bitaro bya Munini. Itariki yo gushyingura ni Ku wa gatandatu
  tariki ya 26/5/2017. Inshuti n’ abavandimwe bihutire gutabara
  Bikorewe Gashwi ku wa 23/05/2017
  
  b) Amatagmngazo yo kumenyesha
  Amatagmngazo yo kumenyesha ni amatangazo amenyesha abayumva amakuru
  atandukanye nk’inama, akazi, isoko ry’ibintu, cyamunara...
  
  Urugero:
  Itangazo ryo kumenyesha
  Mu rwego rwo kwizihiza icyumweru cyahariwe ubuzima kizatangira ku wa
  12 kugeza ku wa 15/8 ,Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gasenyi bunejejwe no
  kumenyesha abaturage bose bo mu Murenge wa Gasenyi ko batumiwe mu
  gikorwa cyo kwipimisha ku bushake indwara ya Sida kizabera mu busitani bw’
  uwo umurenge. Iki gikorwa cyateguwe ku bufatanye bwa Minisiteri y’ ubuzima
  n’ umuryango utabara imbabare Croix-rouge. Muri ki cyumweru cyahariwe
  ubuzima, iki gikorwa kizajya gitangira saa mbiri z’ igitondo gisoze saa kumi
  n’ imwe z’umugoroba. Abaturage basabwe kwitabira kuko burya amagara
  araseseka ntayorwa.
  Bikorewe i Gitaha ku wa 6/08/2015
  Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gasenyi.
  
  c) Amatangazo yo kwamamaza
  Amatangazo yo kwamamaza ni amatangazo atangwa agamije kwamamaza
  ibikorwa by’umuntu ku giti ke, by’ishyirahamwe, by’inganda, amashuri, kugira
  ngo bimenyekane bibone ababigana mu buryo bwo kubiteza imbere.
  
  Urugero:
  Itangazo ryo kwamamaza
  Uruganda rukora amasabune ruherereye mu cyanya k’ inganda i Masoro
  ruramenyesha abantu bose ko rubafitiye amasabune ya “Urakeye” y’ ubwoko
  bwose: ay’ amazi, ay’ ifu n’ ay’ imiti ku ngano yose wakwifuza. Ayo masabune
  murayasanga mu masoko hose , mu maduka no ku ruganda . Ushaka kurangura
  cyangwa utwara byinshi turagutwaza tukakugeza iwawe.
  Gana uruganda rw’ amasabune“Urakeye” uce ukubiri n’ umwanda.
  
  d) Amatangazo yo kurangisha
  Amatangazo yo kurangisha ni amatangazo atangwa igihe umuntu yatakaje
  ikintu, yabuze umuntu kugira ngo ababimuboneye babimuhe cyangwa yatoye
  ibintu kugira ngo nyirabyo abashe kubibona.
  
  

  Urugero:
  Itangazo ryo kurangisha
  Nzirorera Jemus utuye mu murenge wa Kinyoni ararangisha ibyangombwa bye
  yabuze ku wa mbere tariki ya 01/11/2015, saa tatu za mu gitondo (09h00).
  Ibyo byangobwa byaburiye mu mu muhanda Kigali- Butare. Bikaba ari ikarita
  ndangamuntu, uruhushya rwo gutwara imoboka n’uruhushya rwo kujya mu
  mahanga. Uwabibona yabimugereza ku buyobozi bw’ umurenge wa Kinyoni
  cyangwa agahamagara kuri izi numero za telefoni 078.......akazahabwa ibihembo
  bishimishije.
  Bikorewe Kinyoni ku wa 2/11/2015
  
  e) Amatangazo atumira/ubutumire
  Ubutumire ni inyandiko ngufi itumira umuntu cyangwa abantu kwitabira umunsi
  mukuru runaka. Bene izi nyandiko twazigereranya n’amabaruwa y’ubucuti nubwo
  zo zidakurikiza imiterere y’ayo mabaruwa. Ubutumire bukoreshwa mu minsi
  mikuru inyuranye nko gushyingirwa, kubatirisha, kwizihiza isabukuru runaka,
  gutaha igikorwa runaka, gusangira ku meza, kwishimira kugera ku gikorwa
  runaka nko gufata impamyabumenyi...
  Ubutumire burangwa n’imiterere yabwo yo kuba hagaragaramo ibintu by’ingenzi
  bikurikira:
  -- Umutwe w’ubutumire
  -- Amazina y’utumira,
  -- Utumirwa,
  -- Igikorwa umutumiramo,
  -- Aho igikorwa kizabera.
  -- Umunsi n’isaha kizaberaho
  

  Urugero

  

  

  

  

  Umwandiko: Ikiganiro ku miyoborere myiza
  Ba nyakubahwa bayobozi b’imirenge muteraniye hano mugire amahoro!
  Mbere na mbere mbanje kubashimira ubwitabire bwanyu muri iyi nama. Tudatinze
  rero, nk’uko mwabisomye mu butumire mwahawe, uyu munsi turagirana ikiganiro
  n’umuyobozi waturutse muri Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, ushinzwe
  imiyoborere myiza. Hashize igihe havugwa ko muri aka Karere hari abayobozi
  batakira neza abo bashinzwe kuyobora ni yo mpamvu twatumiye uyu muyobozi
  ngo abagezeho ikiganiro ku miyoborere myiza. Ntabatindiye rero reka muhe
  umwanya atuganirize.Nyakubahwa Muyobozi umwanya ni uwanyu.
  Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’Akarere ka Runoni,
  Ba nyakubahwa bayobozi b’imirenge inyuranye,
  Nimugire amahoro!
  
  Nasabwe kubagezaho ikiganiro ku miyoborere myiza. Ariko iyo tuvuze imiyoborere
  myiza twumva ibintu byinshi. Uyu munsi turaganira ku miyoborere myiza muri
  rusange twibande ku buryo bwo kwakira neza abatugana, kugira ngo twitwe ba
  Rugwirorusa mu mikorere yacu ya buri munsi.
  
  Imiyoborere myiza ni iteme abayoborwa n’abayobozi bahuriraho bagafatana
  urunana bagakemurira hamwe ibibazo bihari. Bibaye na ngombwa kuri iryo teme
  bahashinga intebe bakiga kuri gahunda ziteza imbere Igihugu n’isi muri rusange.
  Imiyoborere myiza ni uburyo buboneye bwo guhuza abayobozi n’abayoborwa, buri
  wese akagira kandi akamenya uburenganzira bwe n’inshingano ze. Imiyoborere
  myiza ni iyimakaza ubuyobozi bwiza, ukuzuzanya mu bitekerezo kw’abayobora
  n’abayoborwa hagamije iterambere ry’Igihugu.
  
  Igihe cyose umuturage atazaba afite uburenganzira bwo kwishyiriraho abayobozi
  binyuze mu matora no kugira uruhare mu kubakuraho igihe batujuje inshingano
  zabo, nta miyoborere myiza izaba irangwa mu Gihugu cyangwa mu gace
  runaka kacyo. Imiyoborere myiza igira amahame igenderaho. Ingero ni nyinshi.
  Muri rusange, guha abaturage uruhare mu buyobozi, gukorera mu mucyo,
  kumenyekanisha no kwisobanura ku byo ushinzwe gukora, kugira ubuyobozi
  buri wese yibonamo, kubaha igitekerezo cy’undi, guharanira ubwigenge
  mu bwuzuzanye hagati y’inzego z’ubuyobozi, kumenya kugira abandi inama
  kimwe no kutabogama, ukita ku nyungu rusange byinjira mu mahame y’ingenzi
  y’imiyoborere myiza.
  
  Mu miyoborere myiza hagomba kubonekamo gutanga ikaze. Ntibikwiye ko
  umuturage uje abagana aza yikandagira atazi niba muri bumwakire. Iyo bigenze
  bityo buri gihe ahora abunza imitima yumva ko abayobozi bose ari bamwe.
  Umuyobozi ubwira nabi abamushyize ku ntebe yaba ameze nka wa wundi utema
  ishami ry’igiti yicayeho. Umuyobozi mwiza yakira abaje bamugana bagahuza
  ibitekerezo, ahakenewe gukoreshwa amategeko agakoreshwa, uhanwa
  agahanwa, ukeneye kungwa mu bahanganye bigakorwa nta ruhande ubuyobozi
  bubogamiyemo.
  
  Ibiranga imiyoborere myiza ni byinshi. Imiyoborere myiza igomba gushingira ku
  mahame ya demukarasi. Abahanga basobanura ko demukarasi ari ubutegetsi
  bwa rubanda, butangwa n’abaturage, bukorera abaturage kandi bugakurwaho
  n’abaturage. Ibi bisobanura ko ubuyobozi mufite ari indagizo mugomba gufata
  neza, mugahora mwiteguye, igihe icyo ari cyo cyose, kuyimurikira rubanda
  rwayibaragije imeze neza, ishimishije. Ni yo mpamvu abayobozi batashoboye
  kurangiza neza inshingano baragijwe, rubanda rubakuraho ikizere bagasimbuzwa
  abandi babishoboye.
  
  Igihe abaturage bazaba bafite uburenganzira bwo kubashyiraho kugira ngo
  mubahagararire mu nzego zinyuranye z’ubuyobozi babinyujije mu matora, bafite
  uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana imikorere yanyu, ndetse bafite uburenganzira
  bwo kubagira inama no gushobora kubakuraho cyangwa kubasimbura igihe
  bigaragaye ko mutashoboye kuzuza inshingano zanyu. Umuyobozi agomba
  kwakira neza abaturage, akabatega amatwi yicishije bugufi, agakemura ibibazo
  atabogamye agakurikiza amategeko. Iyo umuyobozi abigenje atyo usanga
  yubahwa kandi agace aherereyemo kagatera imbere. Igihugu gifite abayobozi
  

  nk’abo gitera imbere.

  
  Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’akarere,
  Ba nyakubahwa bayobozi muteraniye hano, kirazira ko umuyobozi yicara mu biro
  ngo avugire kuri terefone ibijyanye n’inyungu ze bwite abaturage bamutegereje
  ku muryango. Ntibikwiye ko muca ku baturage baje babagana mutababajije
  ikibagenza ngo mubakemurire ibibazo. Birashoboka ko yenda bamwe muri mwe
  musohoka mu biro mugaca ku baturage babategerereje hanze mutabasuhuje
  mukinjira mu modoka zanyu mukagenda. Umuyobozi nk’uwo ntazi kwakira
  abamugana. Niba muri mwe harimo umuyobozi nk’uwo ndamumenyesha ko
  yahinduka akareka kubangamira uwo muco w’amahoro, akareka kudusebya dore
  ko burya ngo umukobwa aba umwe agatukisha bose. Mu kwakira ababagana
  mugomba kurangwa n’amagambo nka “muraho, murakaza neza murisanga,
  tubafashe iki? N’ayandi nk’ayo.”
  Murakoze, murakarama.
  
  I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
  1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki? Ugamije iki?
  2. Garagaza uko uyoboye ikiganiro asobanura imiyoborere myiza muri
  rusange?
  3. Ni ibiki tubwirwa mu mwandiko biranga umuyobozi mwiza?
  4. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
  5. Rondora izini mvugo waba uzi zikoreshwa mu kwakira neza abakugana.
  6. Ni iki wungukiye muri iki kiganiro mbwirwaruhame?
  II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
  1. Tanga ibisobanuro by’ amagambo akurikira ari mu mwandiko:
  a) Ubwitabire:
  b) Ba Rugwirorusa:
  c) Aza yikandagira:
  d) Kubunza imitima:
  e) Abamushyize ku ntebe:
  2. Soma buri jambo rivuye mu mwandiko hanyuma urihuze n’ igisobanuro
  

  cyaryo ukoresheje akambi.

  

  III. Ibibazo ku ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi, ku mwirondoro no ku
  matangazo
  
  1. Ushingiye ku ishami wize, andike ibaruwa isaba akazi kajyanye n’ibyo
  wize. Ku mugereka w’ibaruwa wanditse, ushyireho umwirondoro wawe.
  2. Ishyire mu mwanya w’umubyeyi, maze wandikire inshuti yawe uyitumira
  mu bukwe bw’ umwana wawe ugiye gushyingirwa.
  3. Andika itangazo rirangisha ibyangombwa byawe byabuze harimo
  irangamuntu, uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga n’ ubwishingizi
  bw’ubuzima. Urikore ku buryo bizakugeraho neza wubahiriza uturango
  twose tw’itangazo.
  
  

  

• UMUTWE WA 4 INGARUKA Z’IBIYOBYABWENGE

  

  IV.1. Umwandiko: Twirinde ibiyobyabwenge

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  4.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
  

  
  

  4.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
  

  
  

  
  

  IV.2 Inkuru ishushanyije
  

  
  

  4.2.1. Inshoza y’inkuru ishushanyije
  Inkuru ishushanyije ni inkuru iteye nk’ikiganiro aho abantu babiri cyangwa benshi
  baganira bungurana ibitekerezo, bajya impaka zubaka cyangwa zisenya. Bene
  izi nkuru zishushanyije zibangikanya amagambo n’amashusho y’abanyarubuga.
  Amagambo avugwa ashyirwa mu tuziga dufite uturizo dufite ikerekezo cy’aho
  umunyarubuga uyavuga aherereye.
  
  Bigaragara neza ko inkuru ishushanyije idashyirwa mu bika ahubwo amashusho
  y’abakinankuru n’amagambo bavuga bishyirwa mu tudirishya tugenda
  dutondekwa bahereye ibumoso bajya iburyo. Inkuru ishushanyije itera amatsiko
  ashingiye ku ibangikana ry’amagambo n’amashusho. Umukinankuru iyo
  agaragaza imbamutima ze, amashusho arabigaragaza. Amagambo iteka aba
  

  afitanye isano ijyanye neza n’ikivugwa.

  4.2.2. Uturango tw’inkuru ishushanyije
  Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
  -- Umurambararo: uruhererekane rutambitse rw’amashusho.
  -- Igipande: urupapuro rwose rugizwe n’imirambararo.
  -- Urukiramende: umwanya wanditsemo ibisobanuro bitangwa
  n’umubarankuru. Ibyo bisobanuro byitwa imvugo ngobe.
  -- Agatoki: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga gasongoye gahuza amagambo
  n’uyavuga.
  -- Akazu: ni umwanya w’ishusho utangiwe n’idirishya.
  -- Idirishya: imbibi z’ishusho cyangwa z’akazu.
  -- Uruvugiro: ni umwanya urimo ikiganiro cy’abanyarubuga.
  -- Akarangandoto: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga kariho akarongo kagizwe
  n’utudomo kerekera ku muntu kagaragaza ibyo arota cyangwa atekereza.
  -- Imvugondoto: ni amagambo umuntu ashobora gusoma ku gipande
  aranga icyo umunyarubuga atekereza cyangwa
  se aranga umwivugisho w’umunyarubuga.
  -- Agakino: ni uruhererekane rw’amashusho ari mu muteguro umwe. Ni
  ukuvuga abanyarubuga bamwe hatagize usohokamo cyangwa undi
  winjiramo.
  -- Abanyarubuga:ni abantu, ibintu cyangwa inyamaswa bifite icyo bikora
  

  mu nkuru.

  

  IV.3. Ikomora: Ikomorazina

  
  

  Inshoza y’ikomora
  Ikomora ni uburyo ijambo rishobora kuva ku bundi bwoko bw’ ijambo hakoreshejwe
  inzira zinyuranye. Inshinga zishobora gukomokwaho n’ inshinga hifashishijwe
  imigereka aribyo bita ikomoranshinga. Zishobora no gukomokwaho n’ amazina
  cyangwa amazina agakomokwaho n’ andi mazina aribyo bita ikomorazina. Muri
  iki gice turibanda ku ikomorazina.
  Mu Kinyarwannda, habaho uburyo bubiri bw’ ikomorazina aribwo ikomorazina
  mvazina n’ ikomorazina mvanshinga.
  
  1. Ikomorazina mvazina
  Ikomorazina ni uburyo bwo gukomora amazina ku yandi mazina, gukomora
  amazina ku nshinga cyangwa ku bundi bwoko bw’amagambo. Ikomorazina
  mvazina ni uburyo bwo kurema amazina mashya uhereye ku yandi mazina.
  

  Ingero

  
  

  
  

  -- Habaho inzira zitandukanye zo gukomora amazina ku yandi. Iyo izina
  ryakomotse ku rindi bigira icyo bihindura ku nyito yaryo ugereranyije
  n’iy’izina ryaribyaye; cyokora izo nyito zombi zikomeza kugirana isano. Dore
  

  zimwe mu nzira z’ikomorazina mvazina zikunze kugaragara:

  a) Isubiramo ry’igicumbi k’izina

  Ingero

  
  

  b) Ihindura ry’inteko y’ijambo

  Ingero

  
  

  c) Iyongera ry’akabimbura”nya na nyira” mu izina ryari risanzwe

  Ingero

  
  

  d) Ihindura ry’izina rusange mo izina bwite

  Ingero

  
  

  
  

  e) Izina ryitirira cyangwa rigaragaza isano hagati y’ibintu bibiri

  Ingero

  
  

  f) Ikoreshwa ry’umusuma ku izina risanzwe

  Ingero

  
  

  -- Amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mvazina agira intego nk’iy’izina mbonera
  cyangwa se izina ry’urusobe bitewe n’imiremere yayo.
  

  Ingero

  
  

  2. Ikomorazina mvanshinga
  Ikomorazina mvanshinga ni ihimba ry’amazina mashya afatiye ku mizi y’inshinga
  zisanzwe mu rurimi. Amazina menshi y’Ikinyarwanda akomoka ku nshinga. Hari
  ndetse amazina amwe n’amwe umuntu agira ngo ni umwimerere kandi akomoka
  ku nshinga.
  
  

  Ingero

  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  Ikitonderwa: Iyi misozo y’ikomorazina mvanshinga ishobora no gukorana
  n’inshinga zifite ingereka.
  
  

  Ingero

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  Inshoza y’ikeshamvugo
  Ikeshamvugo ni ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu kuvuga no guhanga mu
  Kinyarwanda . Iyo akaba ari imvugo inoze, yuje ikinyabupfura, ifite inganzo kandi
  ivugitse ku buryo bunoze. Ikeshamvugo ahanini, ni imvugo ikoreshwa mu guha
  agaciro umuntu uyu n’uyu cyangwa ikintu iki n’iki bitewe n’akamaro gifite mu
  muco w’Abanyarwanda, bityo hakirindwa gukoreshwa izina ryacyo mu buryo
  
  bukocamye. Mu ikeshamvugo ni ho hakoreshwa ijambo “Ntibavuga, bavuga”.
  Umuntu akaba yabasha gutandukanya imvugo ikoreshwa ku mwami, ku ngoma,
  ku nka, ku mata ku gisabo ku isekuru n’ibindi.
  
  

  4.4.1. Ikeshamvugo ku nka

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  4.4.3. Ikeshamvugo ku ngoma
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  4.5.1. Inshoza n’uturango by’inshoberamahanga
  Dukurikije inyito yazo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo umuntu utarakenetse
  ururimi adahita yumva igisobanuro cyazo, iyo bazivuze. Bavuga ko ikintu
  cyashobeye umuntu iyo cyamunaniye akabura uko abigenza ndetse n’uko
  agisobanura. Akenshi na kenshi abumva bene izo mvugo ntibazisobanukirwe ni
  abanyamahanga kuko baba batazi umuco cyangwa amateka y’u Rwanda kandi
  inshoberamahanga ari byo zishingiyeho. Aho ni na ho haturutse kwita bene izo
  mvugo “inshoberamahanga”.
  
  Ingero:
  Gufatwa mpiri.
  Kuvoma hafi.
  Kurambika inda ku muyaga.
  Guta inyuma ya Huye.
  Inshoberamahanga irangwa no kuba igizwe n’inshinga n’icyuzuzo cyayo. Ikaba
  kandi ikoresha imvugo shusho itandukanye n’ibisobanuro by’amagambo ayigize.
  
  4.5.2 Gusobanura inshoberamahanga
  Dukurikije imiterere yayo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo ifite igisobanuro kidahuye
  n’igisobanuro k’ijambo cyangwa amagambo ayigize. Mu kuyisobanura bisaba ko
  umuntu aba amenyereye umuco n’ururimi by’Ikinyarwanda.
  
  Ingero
  -- Gutora agatotsi: gusinzira
  -- Gusuka amarira: kurira
  -- Guca inshuro: gukorera ibyo kurya
  -- Gushira amanga: kutagira ubwoba/kutagira umususu.
  -- Kuvoma hafi: kurakazwa n’ubusa/kurizwa n’ubusa.
  -- Gutera isekuru: kugenda ucumbagira
  -- Gufatwa mpiri: gufatwa uri muzima
  -- Kurambika inda ku muyaga: Kwiruka cyane.
  -- Guta inyuma ya Huye: kuvugira ubusa uwo ubwira adashyira mu bikorwa
  

  ibyo umubwira.

  

  

  IV.6. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
  Uhereye ku biranga inkuru ishushanyije, hanga inkuru ishushanyije ku
  nsanganyatsiko wihitiyemo maze ukoreshemo inshoberamahanga nibura eshanu
  

  ndetse n’amagambo yabugenewe ku nyamanswa cyangwa ibintu bitandukanye.

  

  

  IV.7. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
  Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
  Umwandiko: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko
  Muvara ni umwana w’umuhungu uri mu kigero k’imyaka cumi n’itandatu. Amaso
  yaratukuye, iyo agenda mu nzira agenda yivugisha ahekenya amenyo. Umunsi
  umwe twahuriye mu gatsibanzira kitaruye ikigo k’ishuri cya Mabimba atumagura
  itabi rizinze mu ikoma ryumye. Yari yambaye impuzankano bigaragara ko ari
  umunyeshuri. Ndamwegera, ndamusuhuza maze turatangira turaganira.
  Uraho yewe mwa?
  
  Ndi aha nyine ntundeba se! Ee! Bite meri wange? Ubu nge mba ndi mu maswingi
  wana ntabwo nshaka amagambo menshi!
  Akimara kunsubiza atyo mpita menya ko ari umwana wokamwe n’ibiyobyabwenge
  ndamwegera ntangira kumuganiriza ntuje. Ambwira ko ari umunyeshuri wiga mu
  mwaka wa mbere. Ikigero ke nticyatumaga wakeka ko yiga mu mwaka wa mbere
  ahubwo wamukekeraga kuba yararangije amashuri yisumbuye. Ndakomeza
  ndamuganiriza nihanganira imvugo nyandagazi yakoreshaga kuko nabonaga na
  we atari we ahubwo abiterwa no kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge.
  
  Ageze aho atangira gucururuka maze aranyemerera duhuza urugwiro. Icya
  mbere nifuzaga kumenya, ni ibiyobyabwenge urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri
  bakoresha ibyo ari byo, igihe babifatira, aho babikura n’igituma babifata. Nyuma
  y’ikiganiro kirekire nagiranye na we nsanga ibiyobyabwenge bikunze gukoreshwa
  n’urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri ari urumogi, kanyanga n’indi nzoga ntamenye neza
  yitaga siriduwire. Ansobanurira ko babifata mu kiruhuko cyabo bari ku ishuri.
  Ikindi kandi yambwiye ni uko ngo akenshi babifata iyo bari mu biruhuko bisoza
  igihembwe cyangwa ibisoza umwaka; babeshya ababyeyi babo babafata ku
  maso ko bagiye gusobanurirana amasomo ubundi bakigira mu biyobyabwenge.
  
  Akimara kumbwira ibyo byanteye amatsiko yo kumenya aho babikura n’uko
  babibona kandi nta mafaranga baba bakorera dore ko bigurwa n’amafaranga
  menshi. Ansobanurira ko bayiba iwabo cyangwa bagakoresha amafaranga
  baba bahawe nyuma yo kubeshya ababyeyi ko batumwe n’ishuri ibikoresho
  runaka. Ansobanurira kandi ko aho babikura ari henshi ko hari bagenzi babo
  biga bataha baba babicuruza babizana mu dukapu twabo. Hari n’abaturanyi
  baba babicuruza bakabigura na bo mu gihe k’ikiruhuko cya saa yine cyangwa
  saa sita bakabibagurishiriza ku ruzitiro rw’ishuri inyuma y’amashuri ahategereye
  ubuyobozi bw’ishuri.
  
  Ku giti ke, mubaza icyamuteye kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ansobanurira ko bagenzi
  be bamubwiraga ko bituma atinyuka, agasubiza mu ishuri ashize amanga kandi
  ko ngo binatera akanyabugabo. Nkimara kumva ibisobanuro yampaga nsanga
  ngomba kumuba hafi nkamufasha kureka ibiyobyabwenge.
  
  Muganiriza ntuje mwumvisha uburyo kuba akiri mu wa mbere kandi abandi
  bangana bararangije amashuri yisumbuye ari ukubera kunywa ibiyobyabwenge
  bigatuma asiba kenshi ishuri, yakora ibizamini agatsindwa agahora asibira.
  Musobanurira ko bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw’ubikoresha nko gutukura amaso,
  kudatekereza neza, kutagira ikinyabupfura, kudasinzira iyo atabikoresheje…
  Ikindi kandi musobanurira uburyo ibiyobyabwenge bigira ingaruka ku iterambere
  ry’igihugu mugaragariza uburyo ubikoresha adakora kubera kubura imbaraga
  kandi ko n’amafaranga abigura aba akwiye kumuteza imbere cyangwa agateza
  imbere igihugu. Ariyumvira hashize umwanya aransubiza ati: “None se nakora
  iki?” Mubwira ko yabireka kandi akagaragaza n’abandi bagenzi be babifata ku
  ishuri ndetse akanavuga uburyo babibona n’aho babikura. Hashira umwanya
  munini yiyumvira ageze aho arambwira ati: “Nge ngiye kubireka kandi n’amaniga
  yange ndayagira inama abireke. Ni byo bituma ntatsinda mu ishuri kandi
  bigatuma mpora mbeshya ababyeyi, mbiba amafaranga! Ahubwo urakoze kuba
  ungiriye iyi nama. None se ko nabitangiye bambwira ko nzashira ubwoba nkajya
  nsubiza neza mu ishuri none nkaba maze imyaka ine mu wa mbere bimariye
  iki? Ndabiretse! Ahubwo n’utu tubure nari nsigaranye reka ntujugunye ndetse
  n’aka ka siriduwire reka nkajugunye. Ubu nange mfashe umugambi wo kugira
  inama nk’iyi ungiriye urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri bangenzi bange ndetse n’urundi
  rubyiruko duturanye rutiga, na bo bareke ibiyobyabwenge twiyubakire Igihugu.”
  Akimbwira atyo mukora mu ntoki ndamushimira mubwira ko nzajya nza kumusura
  kenshi nkamuganiriza. Aranyemerera ansezeraho arataha.
  
  Nyuma y’icyo kiganiro na we, binyereka ko abaturanyi n’ababyeyi ari ngombwa
  cyane ko bakurikirana imyigire y’abana babo ku ishuri. Bakamenya igituma
  batiga neza kandi bakagenzura niba amafaranga yose abana babo babasaba
  bavuga ko bayatumwe ku ishuri biba ari byo koko. Buri mubyeyi ahuze urugwiro
  n’umwana. Bakurikirane imyigire y’abanyeshuri biga bataha iwabo, abarimu
  bagenzure ibyo bashobora kuzana ku ishuri, babaze ababyeyi impamvu abana
  babo bataboneka buri munsi ku ishuri iyo hari abo babonaho iyo ngeso yo gusiba
  kenshi. Abayobozi b’ishuri bagomba gushishikariza buri munyeshuri kugaragaza
  bagenzi be bakoresha ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa se abakekwaho kubikoresha
  kugira ngo bagirwe inama. Ni ngombwa gufatanya n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta
  bakagenzura abacuruza ibiyobyabwenge babiha abanyeshuri bakabashyikiriza
  

  inzego zibishinzwe.

  I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
  1. Ni nde uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Aravugwaho iki? Iyo umurebye
  ubona arangwa n’iki? Kubera iki?
  2. Vuga ububi bwo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ushingiye kuri uyu mwandiko.
  3. Ni izihe ngamba zivugwa mu mwandiko zo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge mu
  rubyiruko no mu mashuri by’umwihariko?
  4. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko umaze gusoma.
  5. Gereranya ubuzima ubamo n’ibivugwa mu mwandiko, ugeza ku bandi
  inyigisho wakuye mu mwandiko.
  6. Vuga ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu muryango nyarwanda.
  
  II. Ikibazo k’inyunguramagambo
  Ubaka interuro zawe bwite ukoresheje amagambo akurikira dusanga mu
  mwandiko.
  a) Impuzankano
  b) Kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge
  c) Imvugo nyandagazi
  d) Gucururuka
  e) Guhuza urugwiro
  III. Ibibazo ku kibonezamvugo
  1. Tahura amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mu nteruro zikurikira maze
  ugaragaze inzira z’ikomorazina zifashishijwe kugira ngo haboneke ayo
  mazina.
  a) Imitobotobo ikunda kuba ku mirombero y’inzira.
  b) Umuvuzi w’amatungo yahamagajwe n’akarere.
  c) Muvara yari yarabaye imbata y’itabi.
  2. Sesengura amazina y’umukara tsiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira, ugaragaza
  intego yayo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
  a) Mu gihe k’ikiruhuko cya saa yine, abanyeshuri babaswe n’ibiyoyabwenge
  nibwo bajya kubigura.
  
  b) Nyiramana ni umunyamwuga.
  c) Amahenehene agira intungamubiri nyinshi.
  IV. Ibibazo ku nkuru ishushanyije, ku ikeshamvugo no ku
  nshoberamahanga
  1. Uzuza iyi mbonerahamwe
  
  
  2. Tahura mu gika gikurikira inshoberamahanga, uzikoreshe mu nteruro
  zawe bwite.
  .....Mubyeyi, rwose urakoze. Ntabwo ugosoreye mu rucaca cyangwa ngo
  ute inyuma ya Huye. Ubu nange mfashe umugambi wo kugira inama nk’iyi
  ungiriye urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri bangenzi bange ndetse n’urundi rubyiruko
  duturanye rutiga, na bo bareke ibiyobyabwenge. Abazanga kuva mu ngeso mbi
  z’ibiyobyabwege, nzatungira agatoki inzego z’umutekano zibate muri yombi
  kugira ngo bage kugororwa. ” Akimbwira atyo, mukora mu ntoki ndamushimira,
  mubwira ko nzajya nza kumusura kenshi nkamuganiriza. Aranyemerera
  ansezeraho arataha.
  3. Akarangandoto gatandukaniye he n’agatoki?
  4. Hanga inkuru ngufi ishushanyije ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo.
  IBITABO N’INYANDIKO BYIFASHISHIJWE
  1. IKIGÔ CY’ÛBUSHAAKASHAATSI MU BY’ÛBUHAÂNGA
  N’ÎIKÔRANABÛHAÂNGA (n.d), Inkoranya y’Îkinyarwaanda mu
  Kinyarwaanda, IRST Butare, Igitabo cya 1
  2. IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO NCDC
  (2008). Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa gatanu w’amashuri
  yisumbuye.
  3. IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO NCDC
  (2008), Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri
  yisumbuye.
  4. INTEKO NYARWANDA Y’URURIMI N’UMUCO (2014). Amabwiriza
  ya Minisitiri no 001/2014 yo ku wa 08/10/2014 agenga imyandikire
  yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda, Kigali.
  5. NSANZABERA, J.D. (2013) Ikeshamvugo mu Kinyarwanda: imvugo
  isukuye, ikeshamvugo ry’amagambo akwiye n’inshoberamahanga
  zisobanuye. Kigali
  6. JACOB I. (1983). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes, Tome
  premier, Kigali.
  7. JACOB I. (1985). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes, Tome
  troisième, I.N.R.S,Butare.
  8. Mgr BIGIRUMWAMI, A. (1984). Imihango n’Imigenzo n’Imiziririzo mu
  Rwanda, Nyundo, Troisième édition.
  9. MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2019),
  Ikinyarwanda, Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 4, Amashami yiga
  ikinyarwanda nk’isomo rusange.
  10. MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2019),
  Ikinyarwanda,Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 5, Amashami yiga
  ikinyarwanda nk’isomo rusange.
  11. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2015) Integanyanyigisho
  y’Ikinyarwanda mu mashuri nderabarezi (TTC) umwaka 1, amashami ya
  siyansi n’imbonezamubano.
  12. COUPEZ, A. 1980. Abrégé de Grammaire Rwanda, Tome 1,2. Butare :
  INRS.
  13. BIZIMANA, S., 1998, Imiteêrere y’Ikinyarwaanda I, IRST, Butare.
  14. BIZIMANA, S., 2002, Imiteêrere y’Ikinyarwaanda II, IRST, Butare.
  

  15. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE: Ikinyarwanda:
  umwaka wa munani Gashyantare 1988.
  16. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2019). Iteganyanyigisho
  y’Ikinyarwanda mu mashuri nderabarezi (TTC) uwamaka wa 1,2&3
  Ishami ry’indimi. Kigali, REB.
  17. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2017). Ikinyarwanda-Amashuri
  yisumbuye, umwaka wa 6, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
  18. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2017). Ikinyarwanda - Amashuri
  yisumbuye, umwaka wa gatatu, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
  19. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD, 2017. Ikinyarwanda - Amashuri
  yisumbuye, umwaka wa gatanu, Twumve Tuvuge Dusome, Igitabo
  cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
  20. MUTAKE, T., 1990, Ikibonezamvugo k’ Ikinyarwanda: Iyigamajwi
  n’iyigamvugo les Editions de la Regie de l’Imprimerie scolaire.
  21. RUGAMBA, C., 1985. Chansons Rwandaises ; INRS/BUTARE
  22. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD, 2018. Ikinyarwanda-Amashuri
  yisumbuye umwaka wa kane, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali- Rwanda.
  23. MBONIMANA G. Na NKEJABAHIZI J.C, 2011. Amateka
  y’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda, kuva mu kinyejana cya XVII kugeza
  magingo aya, Editions de l’Université Nationnale du Rwanda.
  24. . KAREGE F., 1982, Mwanankundi
  25. Leonille, M. (2017). Ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati
  y’umugabo n’umugore. http://www.yfcrwanda.com
  Imbuga nkoranyambaga zifashishijwe
  1. www.irembo.gov.rw
  

  2. www.imirasire.com

  IMIGEREKA
  Twiyungure amagambo
  Ako ku mugongo w’ingona: urumogi cyangwa kanabisi.
  Amaniga: Ni imvugo nyandagazi isobanura bagenzi bawe, urungano.
  Amashyushyu: amatsiko.
  Anyihunza: agenda amva iruhande, agenda yigirayo.
  Bahezwaga: Nta mwanya bahabwaga.
  Bakanirwe urubakwiye: bahabwe igihano kingana n’uburemere bw’ibibi
  bakoze.
  Bimwanga mu nda: ntiyashobora kubyihanganira.
  Bimwanga mu nda: ntiyashobora kubyihanganira.
  Gucanganyikirwa: gusara.
  Gucanganyikirwa: gusara.
  Guhanga umuntu amaso: kwitegereza umuntu cyane.
  Guhanga umuntu amaso: kwitegereza umuntu cyane.
  Guhiga: kwiyemeza ibintu uzakora mu gihe runaka.
  Guhungabana: gukangarana bitewe n’ibyo wabonye cyangwa ibyagubayeho.
  Gukorera umuntu ibya mfura mbi: kumuhohotera cyane ukamugirira nabi
  bikabije.
  Gukorera umuntu ibya mfura mbi: kumuhohotera cyane ukamugirira nabi
  bikabije.
  Gupyinagazanya: Gukandamizanya.
  Gusaba: kuzura mu muntu by’ikintu kimutera ibyishimo cyangwa ububabare
  cyangwa kumutaha by’indwara; gukwirakwira ahantu hose kw’amazi, umunuko
  n’ibindi.
  Gushinyagurira umuntu: kongerera ububabare uwari asanzwe abufite.
  Gushinyagurira umuntu: kongerera ububabare uwari asanzwe abufite.
  Gusubira ibwonko: Kwibaza.
  Guta umutwe: kubura icyo ukora n’icyo ureka kubera ibibazo
  Guta umutwe: kubura icyo ukora n’icyo ureka kubera ibibazo
  Ibiyobyabwenge: ni ibintu byose umuntu ashobora kunywa, kurya, guhumeka
  cyangwa kwitera mu mubiri bikaba byahindura imikorere y’umubiri we,
  bikawangiza kandi bigatera indwara. Mu yandi magabo, ibiyobyabwenge, ni ibintu
  byose iyo byinjijwe mu mubiri w’umuntu hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye,
  bihindura imikorere y’ubwonko n’imyanya y’ibyiyumviro ntikore neza, bigatuma
  umuntu ahindura imyifatire mu buryo budahwitse
  Icyomanzi: izina baha umuntu w’urubyiruko ugenda araraguzwa cyangwa
  wigize inzererezi kandi akaba afite imyitwarire ikemangwa.
  Igenamigambi: Gahunda y’itegurwa ry’ibikorwa abantu biyemeza kuzageraho
  mu gihe runaka. Uburyo bwo gutekereza cyangwa gutegura ikintu uzakora
  mbere y’igihe.
  Igitambambuga: umwana ukiri muto ukambakamba.
  Ihame: Ukuri kudakuka, ikintu kemejwe burundu.
  Ikimenyane: uburyo umuntu aha amahirwe abantu bamwe akirengagiza abandi
  bitewe n’ impamvu runaka.
  Ikirezi: ubwiza, uburanga, ihoho. Bishatse kuvuga nanone akazu keza kaba ku
  

  dusimba tumwe na tumwe tuba mu nyanja abantu badukoramo imitako myiza
  

  cyane.
  Imbonezamubano: Ikintu kerekeranye n’imibanire myiza y’abaturage.
  Impano: Ikintu kiza Imana iba yarateganyirije umuntu cyangwa umuntu aba
  yarateguriye undi akazakimuha kikamubera urwibutso.
  Inshuke: umwana muto umaze kuva ku ibere atacyonka
  Inteko: abantu benshi bari hamwe.
  Inyangabirama: umugizi wa nabi.
  Inyangabirama: umugizi wa nabi.
  Inzego bwite: Ni imirimo n’imikorere idasangiwe n’abantu abo ari bo bose
  ishyirwaho ikanagenzurwa na leta by’umwihariko.
  Iragushora: Irakuyobya.
  Ishavu: agahinda gakomeye umuntu aterwa no kwibuka inabi yagiriwe cyangwa
  ibibi yabonye.
  Izungura: Gusimbura umuntu mu bye ukabyitungira, yaba abiguhaye, apfuye
  nta we abiraze cyangwa ubimukuyemo.
  Kufira: kurandura ibyatsi byameze mu myaka.
  Kuganza: gutsinda, gutera ubwoba, gutinywa, kubahwa kubera isumbwe
  urusha abandi.
  Kugwa mu kantu: kumirwa ukabura icyo uvuga.
  Kugwa mu kantu: kumirwa ukabura icyo uvuga.
  Kuronka: kubona ikintu ushaka.
  Kuvugira hejuru: gusakuza, kuvuga cyane.
  Kwesa imihigo: kurangiza ibyo wiyemeje gukora mu gihe wihaye.
  Kwinumira: kutagira icyo uvuga ukicececera.
  Kwisungana: kwifatanya, kwegeranya imbaraga kugira ngo mubashe gukora
  icyo umuntu umwe atakwishoboza.
  Kwiyesura: kwiterera hejuru kubera agahinda ufite.
  

  Kwizimba mu magambo: kumara umwanya munini uvuga ugatuma abantu
  

  barambirwa.
  Kwizimba: gutinda ahantu cyangwa mu bintu.
  Mutima w’urugo: ijambo ry’icyubahiro rivuga umugore usobanukiwe neza
  n’ibijyane no kubaka urugo.
  Ntigukura: Ntikugarura, ntigukiza.
  Raboratwari:inzu bapimiramo indwara z’abantu, iz’amatungo cyangwa
  ikorerwamo ubushakashatsi bunyuranye hifashishijwe ibikoresho byabugenewe.
  Ubukangurambaga: igikorwa cyo gushishikariza abantu benshi kwitabira
  ikintu runaka.
  Ubukangurambaga: Inyigisho ku kintu runaka zihabwa abantu benshi ku buryo
  buhoraho.
  Ubukombe: umugabo cyangwa imfizi bikuze kandi bihamye.
  Uburoko: ahantu bafungira abantu, gereza, muri kasho.
  Ubwehe: impamvu y’ibanze, intandaro y’ibyago, umutima wuje ubugwanabi,
  icyago kirimbura ibintu.
  Umunyamashyengo: Umuntu ukunda gusetsa cyane .
  Umunyotwe: umuriro umeze nk’ivu.
  Umunyotwe: umuriro umeze nk’ivu.
  Umutware: umuyobozi cyangwa ukuriye abandi mu muryango cyangwa mu
  buyobozi runaka.
  Umuviye: ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rikomoka ku rurimi rw’igifaransa
  risobanura umuntu ukuze, umusaza.
  Wana: ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rifite inyito ya shahu.
  Imyandiko y’inyongera
  Igisigo : Naje kubara inkuru
  
  
  
  
  
  Bifatiye ku byavuye mu gitabo k’Ikinyarwanda, umwaka wa Gatandatu, 2008
  

  urup.46-48

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

  

  
  

• Topic 5
• Topic 6
• Topic 7
• Topic 8
• Topic 9