UMUTWE WA UBURINGANIRE N’UBWUZUZANYE 2►

UMUTWE WA 1 KUBAKA UMUCO W’AMAHORO

  • UMUTWE WA 1 KUBAKA UMUCO W’AMAHORO

    ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
    -- Gusesengura umwandiko ku kurwanya ihohotera no kugaragaza
    ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
    -- Gusesengura amagambo aturuka ku ikomora hagaragazwa

    uturemajambo twayo.

    Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
    Ushingiye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite, sobanura ihohoterwa, uko rivuka,

    ibiritera, ingaruka zaryo n’ingamba zo kurikumira hubakwa umuco w’amahoro

    I.1. Umwandiko: Umwana wahohotewe


    “Uriya mugore se ko mbona ari kwivugisha amagambo menshi yiyesura,
    byamugendekeye bite? Cyo re! Dore aricara agahita ahaguruka akajya
    kurunguruka mu idirishya akongera akicara. Uriya ni umurwayi pe! Noneho
    ndabona atangiye kwishima mu mutwe, ubanza uyu munsi yacanganyikiwe!
    Cyangwa uburwayi bwo mu mutwe abumaranye iminsi! Yewe, ubanza yataye
    umutwe, reka mwegere nankundira tukaganira ndareba icyo namufasha.” Nkimara
    kugisha umutima inama, nibaza uko ngiye kumwegera ngo muganirize. Mu gihe
    ntarahaguruka, atangira kuvugira hejuru mu ijwi riranguruye asakuza cyane agira
    ati: “Ubu koko turerere he? Mu ngo tubasigira abakozi bakabahohotera! Mu
    baturanyi na ho harimo inyangabirama zibahohotera! Ku mashuri na ho hari
    abarezi bamwe na bamwe babahohotera. Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye Leta igomba
    gukumira amazi atararenga inkombe”!

    Ibyo yabivugaga ubona ababaye ariko kubera ko nta muntu yavugishaga,
    abari aho dukomeza kumuhanga amaso gusa dukeka ko yaba afite ikibazo
    cyo mu mutwe. Yari yambaye ingutiya ndende n’agapira gusa. Nta nkweto
    yari yambaye ariko bigaragara ko yari umuntu usanzwe ari umusirimu. Ibirenge
    bye byari byuzuyeho uburimiro ndetse n’intoki zuzuye ibitaka boshye umuntu
    wahoze ahinga. Hashize akanya gato arongera atangira gusakuza. Ati: “Abana
    bacu tubahungishirize he? Mu ngo barahohoterwa, mu baturanyi ni uko, none
    n’abakabarinze barabahohotera! Ni ishyano! Ni ishyano nta we naribwira weee!

    Sinamutanga weee! Oya!”

    Uko yakomezaga gusakuza ni na ko yajyaga ahaguruka akongera agakubita ijisho
    mu idirishya ryari hejuru y’aho yari yicaye. Hashize akanya hasohoka umuganga
    wari wambaye itaburiya y’umweru tubona amuhereje imyenda yari asohokanye
    asa n’umwihanganisha, arongera arinjira naho wa mugore akomeza kwicara
    aho. Ngeze aho ndamwegera. Ku bibero bye yari ahafite imyenda muganga yari
    amaze kumuhereza, nitegereje mbona ni agakariso kabaye ubushwangi n’akajipo
    kakwira umwana w’imyaka itanu kacikaguritse kandi kahindutse amaraso. Mugeze
    iruhande, ndamusuhuza anyikirizanya ishavu n’agahinda. Yari yataye umutwe ku
    buryo ibyo namubazaga byose yansubizaga igisubizo kimwe gusa kidafitanye
    isano n’icyo mubaza: “Ni se”. Nti: “Byagenze bite”? Ati: “Se”. Nyuma yo kumara
    umwanya muvugisha akansubiza ibiterekeranye, mpitamo kumuhagurutsa aho
    yari yicaye ndamusindagiza mugeza aho batangira ubufasha ku bahungabanye.
    Mwinjiza mu nzu, tuhasanga umukobwa ubishinzwe amwereka aho yicara.

    Mu gihe atangiye kumuganiza nge ndasohoka. Nkigera hanze mpahurira
    n’abagore babiri bari bavuye gukingiza barimo baganira. Sininjiye mu kiganiro
    cyabo ariko nkomeza kugikurikira. Baganiraga bavuga umugabo wahohoteye
    umwana we wiga mu mashuri y’inshuke amusanze mu rugo wenyine nyina
    yagiye mu murima. Nkimara kubyumva nsanisha iyo nkuru n’uko wa mugore
    yansubizaga, nibuka ko yasaga nk’uvuye mu murima nkeka ko umwana bavuga
    ari uwe. Nsubira mu nzu aho nari namusize nsanga yacururutse aganira na
    wa mukobwa. Mpageze ashaka guceceka ariko wa mukobwa aramubwira ati:
    “ Komeza nta kibazo uyu ni we wakuzanye aha”. Arakomeza aramutekerereza.
    “Bahise bampamagara ndi guhinga ngo Karake, umugabo wange, yaje avuye mu
    kabari yasinze kanyanga amufata ku ngufu. Nahise mva mu murima aho nufiraga
    amasaka nsanga umwana aravirirana ni ko kumuzana kwa muganga. Nongeye
    kugarura ubwenge nisanga aha tuganirira”.

    -- None se Karake asanzwe anywa kanyanga?
    -- Yayinywaga ariko nta kindi gihe yigeze akora ishyano nk’iryo.
    Wa mukobwa asa n’uguye mu kantu, aceceka akanya gato maze bimwanga
    mu nda akomeza kumuganiriza.

    -- Buriya rero sinaba ngushinyaguriye nkubwiye ko ishyano ryaguye iwanyu
    nawe warigizemo uruhare. Iyo ubonye uwo ari we wese akoresha
    ibiyobyabwenge ntabwo uba ukwiye kumuhishira. Kwinumira ni nko kureka
    igitambambuga iruhande rw’umunyotwe. Kiwugeraho kikawusandaguza
    boshye ivu. Nyamara iyo uba warabigejeje ku bayobozi bari ku mugorora
    bakamugira inama akareka kanyanga. Ndakubwiza ukuri nta mubyeyi
    muzima wakorera umwana we ibya mfura mbi nka biriya. Ni ikibazo
    k’ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge. Ikindi kandi ni ngombwa kujya tuganiriza
    abana bacu tubigisha gutahura abantu bafite ingeso mbi, bashobora
    kubahohotera. Ibyo byatuma bamenya kuvumbura ufite umugambi mubisha
    wo kubahohotera bakamuhungira kure.

    Wa mugore yari yagaruye akenge yumva ibyo umukobwa amubwira atuje.
    Hashize akanya abaza wa mukobwa.

    -- None se ubwo Leta izamuhanisha iki? Si ukumufunga burundu ngahinduka
    umupfakazi?
    -- Leta nta nyungu iba ifite mu gufunga abantu burundu, icyo iba igamije ni
    ukugorora umuhemu uba wakoze icyaha. Iyo amaze kwigishwa imyitwarire
    ye ikagaragaza ko ibyatumye akora icyo cyaha atabisubira, baramufungura
    akagaruka gufatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu. Si byiza rero guhishira
    uwakoze ishyano nk’iryo kuko uba umutesheje amahirwe yo kugororwa
    ngo ahinduke muzima. Umuzima arafungurwa naho umutindi unangira
    ntagaragaze ko yicuza ibyo yakoze ni we ufungwa burundu.
    -- Urakoze kubera ibisobanuro umpaye n’inama ungiriye, ndumva nacururutse
    reka nge kureba uko umwana ameze ubu muganga yanshatse arambura.
    Akimara kumushimira, turasohokana twerekeza aho bakirira abarwayi baje ari
    indembe; hamwe nari namukuye yataye umutwe. Tuhageze umwe mu baganga
    bari bahari amubwira ko ategereza gato, ko umwana arimo gukurikiranwa
    n’abaganga kandi ko ibizamini byafashwe babijyanye muri raboratwari kureba

    niba nta bundi burwayi yaba yatewe n’ihohoterwa yakorewe.

    1.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko






    1. Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga

    Ikomoranshinga ni ihimba ry’inshinga nshya uhereye ku bicumbi by’andi
    magambo asanzwe mu rurimi cyangwa imizi y’inshinga. Hari amatsinda
    abiri y’ikomoranshinga: ikomoranshinga mvazina n’ikomoranshinga
    mvanshinga.

    2. Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga mvazina
    Ikomoranshinga mvazina ni ihimba ry’inshinga uhereye ku bicumbi by’amazina

    asanzwe ari mu rurimi.

    a) Gukomora inshinga ku izina
    Gukomora inshinga ku izina ni byo byitiriwe ikomoranshinga mvazina. Iri
    komoranshinga rikoresha ingereka zikurikira: -h-;-k-; -r-; -ah-ar-, -ik-,-ur-,

    Ingero:

    Ingero:


    b) Gukomora inshinga ku izina hadakoreshejwe ingereka
    Hari inshinga zikomoka ku mazina ariko hadakoreshejwe ingereka.

    Ingero:


    c) Uturemajambo tw’inshinga zo mu ikomoranshinga mvazina
    Inshinga zishingiye ku ikomoranshinga mvazina zifite uturemajambo dusa
    neza n’utw’inshinga isanzwe. Twabonye ko uturemajambo tw’inshinga ari:
    akano, indanganshinga, impakanyi, igenantego/indangagihe,
    inyibutsacyuzuzo, umuzi, ingereka n’umusozo.
    Inshinga yavutse kubera ikomoranshinga ishobora kugira utwo turemajambo
    twose cyangwa tumwe muri two.

    Ingero
    -- Inuma iraguguza cyane.
    -- Ukwezi n’izuba bimurikira abantu bose.

    -- Uyu mwana agomba kugirwa inama zimunezeza kuko amaze gusorekara.

    


    1.3.1 Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga mvanshinga
    Ikomoranshinga mvanshinga ni ihanga ry’inshinga nshya uhereye ku mizi
    y’inshinga zisanzwe mu rurimi. Iri komoranshinga rikoresha ingereka

    zitandukanye. Twabonye ko ingereka ari uturemajambo tujya hagati y’umuzi

    n’umusozo tukazanira inshinga ingingo nshya. Twabonye kandi ko iyo umuzi
    wiyunze n’ingereka bibyara igicumbi gishya kitwa intima.

    Ingero:


    I.3.2. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga zo mu ikomoranshinga mvanshinga
    Inshinga zishingiye ku ikomoranshinga mvanshinga na zo zifite uturemajambo
    dusa neza n’utw’inshinga isanzwe.
    Inshinga yavutse kubera ikomoranshinga mvanshinga ishobora kugira utwo
    turemajambo twose cyangwa tumwe muri two nko mu ikomoranshinga mvazina.
    Ingero
    a) Nibatazabimujanishiriza azabyibagirwa kuko azaba ari kwambarira
    urugamba.

    b) Murakomangwa n’umutima ngo muge gufasha uwahohotewe.


    1. Garagaza izindi nshinga zishobora gukomorwa ku mizi y’inshinga
    zikurikira:
    a) Guhemuka b) Kubaka c)Gufotora
    2. Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi by’inshinga
    zitsindagiye.
    a) Umwana, umugore n’undi muntu wese bazira guhohoterwa.
    b) Gukubitagura abantu ntibishimisha inyangamugayo ziharanira
    amahoro.
    c) Kumanuza ni ugusaba umuntu ibyo adashoboye.
    d) Kanyana aturanye n’abayobozi beza bita ku bo bayobora.
    e) Si byiza gutagaguza iby’abandi.

    I.4. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
    Ugendeye ku mabwiriza agenga ihangamwandiko, hanga umwandiko ufite
    hagati y’imirongo mirongo itatu na mirongo ine ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:
    “Gukumira ihohoterwa ni ishingiro ryo kubaka umuco w’amahoro arambye”.
    Mu magambo agize uwo mwandiko hagaragaremo inshinga zikomoka ku

    ikomoranshinga.

    I. 5. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere
    Umwandiko: Turwanye ihohoterwa
    Mu muco nyarwanda, kubaha ubuzima ni indangagaciro mpuzabantu kuko
    ubwo buzima umuntu abwifuriza abandi, akabuhabwa n’abandi, na we akabuha
    abandi. Kubaho mu mudendezo bishingira ku muco w’amahoro wubakwa mu
    muryango uwo ari wo wose kandi bikagerwaho umuntu yiyushye akuya kuko
    binyura mu nzira nyinshi harimo no kurwanya ihohoterwa. Guhohotera umuntu
    ni ukumwiyenzaho atakwakuye cyangwa se ataguteyeho amahane, kumuvutsa
    ibyo afiteho uburenganzira bitewe n’uko umurusha imbaraga cyangwa umufiteho
    ububasha.

    Buri muntu wese agira agaciro ahabwa na kamere avukana maze uburenganzira
    bwe ntibube umurage w’ababyeyi cyangwa undi muntu. Nta mpamvu n’imwe
    ishobora gutuma hagira uhohoterwa kabone n’ubwo amategeko y’umuryango
    runaka yaba abangamira ubwoko ubu n’ubu, abantu b’igitsina iki n’iki, idini,
    ururimi, abo badasangiye igihugu, umutungo, ikiciro cy’abaturage bavukamo,
    ibitekerezo byabo n’ibindi. Kurwanya ihohoterwa bishingira ku mahame amwe
    n’amwe y’uburenganzira bwa muntu nko kwishyira ukizana, kugira umutekano no
    kugira imibereho myiza. Uko byaba kose n’uko byagenda kose, agaciro ka muntu
    ntikagabanywa, ntikanasubizwa inyuma kandi gashimangirwa n’amategeko
    mpuzamahanga ibihugu biba byaremeye, bikanayashyiraho umukono. Nubwo
    bimeze bityo, si ko hose byubahirizwa.

    Burya koko nta kabura imvano, ibitera ihohoterwa ni imyumvire mibi, imyifatire
    n’imyitwarire bitaboneye harimo ubusambanyi, kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, ubugizi
    bwa nabi n’ibindi byinshi. Ihohoterwa kandi rigaragarira mu mvugo isesereza,
    isebanya no mu bikorwa bitesha agaciro ikiremwa muntu nko gufata ku ngufu,
    gukoresha imirimo ivunanye, gutoteza, n’indi migirire igayitse igira ingaruka ku
    bato n’abakuru. Imvugo n’ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa bigira inkurikizi zitabarika ku
    babikorewe nko kwiheba, gutakaza ikizere, kwiheza mu bikorwa bitandukanye,
    kugira ipfunwe, kugira ihungabana n’izindi.

    Kugira ngo hirindwe izo ngaruka, buri wese akwiye kuba umusemburo
    w’amahoro, ayasakaza mu bandi mu migirire ye ya buri munsi. Bajya bavuga
    ngo: “Kwirinda biruta kwivuza.” Ni ngombwa gufata ingamba zikumira ihohoterwa
    bigizwemo uruhare n’inzego z’ubuyobozi ku bufatanye n’abaturage n’imiryango
    yigenga. Ibyo byagerwaho habayeho gushyiraho amategeko n’ibihano bikwiye
    ku bahohotera abandi, guhugura abantu b’ibyiciro binyuranye, gutegura
    amarushanwa yamagana ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose, gushyiraho amatsinda
    n’ibigo byihariye bishinzwe gukumira no kurwanya ihohoterwa n’ibindi.
    Bityo rero, umuco w’amahoro ugomba guhera ku muntu ubwe, akawusakaza
    mu bandi, ugakwira igihugu ndetse n’isi yose kuko “Ijya kurisha ihera ku rugo”.
    Buri wese ahamagariwe kuba ijisho rya mugenzi we, akagaragaza hakiri kare
    imyitwarire yatuma umuryango uhungabana ntugere ku iterambere rirambye.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
    1. Uburenganzira bwa muntu bugaragazwa n’iki?
    2. Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora kuba ku muntu wahohotewe?
    3. Ni izihe ngamba zafatwa kugira ngo hakumirwe ihohoterwa?
    4. Tanga ingero byibura eshanu zigaragaza ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa.
    5. Wafasha ute uwahohotewe?
    6. Ni ba nde bakwiye kurwanya ihohoterwa?
    II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
    1. Simbuza ijambo (amagambo) ryanditse ritsindagiye, impuzanyito iri mu
    mwandiko.
    b) Uwahohotewe ntabaho mu mahoro.
    c) Mu muco nyarwanda birabujijwe kwambura umuntu uburenganzira bwe.
    d) Ufashwe ku ngufu ashobora gukurizamo kugira ikangarana rikomeye.
    e) Dutozwa kwirinda gukoresha imvugo ibabaza umuntu.
    2. Kora interuro ngufi ukoresheje amagambo akurikira:
    a) Umurage
    b) Kwishyira ukizana
    c) Ibiyobyabwenge
    d) Ipfunwe
    3. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo avuye mu mwandiko.
    a) Umuntu muzima arangwa n’…..mwiza wo guha …….buri muntu.
    b) U Rwanda rwashyizeho……. arengera ikiremwa muntu.
    c) ) Kurwanya….ni inshingano yacu twese.
    Iii. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
    1. Tanga ingero ebyiri z’inshinga zifite imizi yakomotse ku mazina.
    2. Garagaza uturemajambo tw’inshinga zitsindagiye ugaragaze n’amategeko
    y’igenamajwi.
    a) Twirinde gusesagura ubuzima budatangwa na muntu.
    b) Ibimenyetso byose birafotorwa.

    c) Gukazanura byaracitse mu muco nyarwanda.



    UMUTWE WA UBURINGANIRE N’UBWUZUZANYE 2►