UMUTWE 1:KUBAKA UMUCO W’AMAHORO
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko ku kurwanya ihohotera no kugaragaza ingingo
z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- Gusesengura amagambo aturuka ku ikomora hagaragazwa uturemajambotwayo.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Ushingiye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite, sobanura ihohoterwa, uko rivuka,ibiritera, ingaruka zaryo n’ingamba zo kurikumira hubakwa umuco w’amahoro.
I.1. Umwandiko: Umwana wahohotewe
“Uriya mugore se ko mbona ari kwivugisha amagambo menshi yiyesura,
byamugendekeye bite? Cyo re! Dore aricara agahita ahaguruka akajya kurunguruka
mu idirishya akongera akicara. Uriya ni umurwayi pe! Noneho ndabona atangiye
kwishima mu mutwe, ubanza uyu munsi yacanganyikiwe! Cyangwa uburwayi bwo
mu mutwe abumaranye iminsi! Yewe, ubanza yataye umutwe, reka mwegere
nankundira tukaganira ndareba icyo namufasha.” Nkimara kugisha umutima inama,
nibaza uko ngiye kumwegera ngo muganirize. Mu gihe ntarahaguruka, atangira
kuvugira hejuru mu ijwi riranguruye asakuza cyane agira ati: “Ubu koko turerere
he? Mu ngo tubasigira abakozi bakabahohotera! Mu baturanyi na ho harimo
inyangabirama zibahohotera! Ku mashuri na ho hari abarezi bamwe na bamwe
babahohotera. Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye Leta igomba gukumira amazi atararenga
inkombe”!
Ibyo yabivugaga ubona ababaye ariko kubera ko nta muntu yavugishaga, abari aho
dukomeza kumuhanga amaso gusa dukeka ko yaba afite ikibazo cyo mu mutwe.
Yari yambaye ingutiya ndende n’agapira gusa. Nta nkweto yari yambaye ariko
bigaragara ko yari umuntu usanzwe ari umusirimu. Ibirenge bye byari byuzuyeho
uburimiro ndetse n’intoki zuzuye ibitaka boshye umuntu wahoze ahinga. Hashize
akanya gato arongera atangira gusakuza. Ati: “Abana bacu tubahungishirize he? Mu
ngo barahohoterwa, mu baturanyi ni uko, none n’abakabarinze barabahohotera! Ni
ishyano! Ni ishyano nta we naribwira weee! Sinamutanga weee! Oya!”
Uko yakomezaga gusakuza ni na ko yajyaga ahaguruka akongera agakubita ijishomu idirishya ryari hejuru y’aho yari yicaye. Hashize akanya hasohoka umuganga
wari wambaye itaburiya y’umweru tubona amuhereje imyenda yari asohokanye
asa n’umwihanganisha, arongera arinjira naho wa mugore akomeza kwicara
aho. Ngeze aho ndamwegera. Ku bibero bye yari ahafite imyenda muganga yari
amaze kumuhereza, nitegereje mbona ni agakariso kabaye ubushwangi n’akajipo
kakwira umwana w’imyaka itanu kacikaguritse kandi kahindutse amaraso. Mugeze
iruhande, ndamusuhuza anyikirizanya ishavu n’agahinda. Yari yataye umutwe ku
buryo ibyo namubazaga byose yansubizaga igisubizo kimwe gusa kidafitanye isano
n’icyo mubaza: “Ni se”. Nti: “Byagenze bite”? Ati: “Se”. Nyuma yo kumara umwanya
muvugisha akansubiza ibiterekeranye, mpitamo kumuhagurutsa aho yari yicaye
ndamusindagiza mugeza aho batangira ubufasha ku bahungabanye. Mwinjiza mu
nzu, tuhasanga umukobwa ubishinzwe amwereka aho yicara.
Mu gihe atangiye kumuganiza nge ndasohoka. Nkigera hanze mpahurira n’abagore
babiri bari bavuye gukingiza barimo baganira. Sininjiye mu kiganiro cyabo ariko
nkomeza kugikurikira. Baganiraga bavuga umugabo wahohoteye umwana we
wiga mu mashuri y’inshuke amusanze mu rugo wenyine nyina yagiye mu murima.
Nkimara kubyumva nsanisha iyo nkuru n’uko wa mugore yansubizaga, nibuka ko
yasaga nk’uvuye mu murima nkeka ko umwana bavuga ari uwe. Nsubira mu nzu
aho nari namusize nsanga yacururutse aganira na wa mukobwa.
Mpageze ashaka guceceka ariko wa mukobwa aramubwira ati: “ Komeza nta kibazo
uyu ni we wakuzanye aha”. Arakomeza aramutekerereza. “Bahise bampamagara
ndi guhinga ngo Karake, umugabo wange, yaje avuye mu kabari yasinze kanyanga
amufata ku ngufu. Nahise mva mu murima aho nufiraga amasaka nsanga umwana
aravirirana ni ko kumuzana kwa muganga. Nongeye kugarura ubwenge nisanga aha
tuganirira”.
- None se Karake asanzwe anywa kanyanga?
- Yayinywaga ariko nta kindi gihe yigeze akora ishyano nk’iryo.
- Wa mukobwa asa n’uguye mu kantu, aceceka akanya gato maze bimwanga
mu nda akomeza kumuganiriza.
- Buriya rero sinaba ngushinyaguriye nkubwiye ko ishyano ryaguye iwanyu nawe
warigizemo uruhare. Iyo ubonye uwo ari we wese akoresha ibiyobyabwenge
ntabwo uba ukwiye kumuhishira. Kwinumira ni nko kureka igitambambuga
iruhande rw’umunyotwe. Kiwugeraho kikawusandaguza boshye ivu. Nyamara
iyo uba warabigejeje ku bayobozi bari ku mugorora bakamugira inama akareka
kanyanga. Ndakubwiza ukuri nta mubyeyi muzima wakorera umwana we ibya
mfura mbi nka biriya. Ni ikibazo k’ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge. Ikindi kandi
ni ngombwa kujya tuganiriza abana bacu tubigisha gutahura abantu bafite
ingeso mbi, bashobora kubahohotera. Ibyo byatuma bamenya kuvumbura
ufite umugambi mubisha wo kubahohotera bakamuhungira kure.
Wa mugore yari yagaruye akenge yumva ibyo umukobwa amubwira atuje. Hashize
akanya abaza wa mukobwa.
- None se ubwo Leta izamuhanisha iki? Si ukumufunga burundu ngahinduka
umupfakazi?
- Leta nta nyungu iba ifite mu gufunga abantu burundu, icyo iba igamije ni
ukugorora umuhemu uba wakoze icyaha. Iyo amaze kwigishwa imyitwarire
ye ikagaragaza ko ibyatumye akora icyo cyaha atabisubira, baramufungura
akagaruka gufatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu. Si byiza rero guhishira uwakoze
ishyano nk’iryo kuko uba umutesheje amahirwe yo kugororwa ngo ahinduke
muzima. Umuzima arafungurwa naho umutindi unangira ntagaragaze ko
yicuza ibyo yakoze ni we ufungwa burundu.
- Urakoze kubera ibisobanuro umpaye n’inama ungiriye, ndumva nacururutse
reka nge kureba uko umwana ameze ubu muganga yanshatse arambura.
Akimara kumushimira, turasohokana twerekeza aho bakirira abarwayi baje ari
indembe; hamwe nari namukuye yataye umutwe. Tuhageze umwe mu baganga bari
bahari amubwira ko ategereza gato, ko umwana arimo gukurikiranwa n’abaganga
kandi ko ibizamini byafashwe babijyanye muri raboratwari kureba niba nta bundiburwayi yaba yatewe n’ihohoterwa yakorewe.
I.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Ongera usome umwandiko “Umwana wahohotewe”, maze usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Umugore uvugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’umwandiko yari he? Kubera iki?
2. Ni ibiki bigaragaza ko umugore uvugwa mu mwandiko yasaga
nk’uwataye umutwe?
3. Ni irihe hohoterwa rivugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Ni nde wahohoteye
undi? Yabitewe n’iki?
4. Ni he havugwa mu mwandiko hashobora gukorerwa ihohoterwa?
5. Ese mbere yo kuganira n’uriya mukobwa, uwo mugore yari afite
umugambi wo gutanga umugabo we? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
6. Muri uyu mwandiko baratanga inama y’uko twarwanya ihohoterwa.Izo nama ni izihe?
Ongera usome umwandiko “Umwana wahohotewe” maze usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zivugwa mu mwandiko?
3. Garagaza ubundi bwoko bw’ihohoterwa ritavuzwe mu mwandiko.4. Ni izihe ngaruka uwahohotewe ashobora guhura na zo?
Wifashishije umwandiko “Umwana wahohotewe” n’ubumenyi rusange,
ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:“Ingamba zafatwa kugira ngo hakumirwe ihohoterwa.”
Itegereze amagambo atsindagiye ari muri izi interuro zikurikira, ugire icyo
uyavugaho uhereye ku miterere n’inkomoko yayo. Uhereye ku miterere
n’inkomoko yayo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ikomoranshinga,
ugaragaze uko inshinga zivuka ziturutse ku mazina n’uturemajambo twazo.
1. Uko uwo mugore yakomezaga gusakuza ni ko yahagurukaga akareba
mu idirishya ryari hejuru y’aho yari yicaye.
2. Abayobozi bakunda kujanisha kugira ngo bamenye umubare
w’abahohoterwa muri rusange.
3. Iyo bwije, kumurika mu nzu bigabanya ubwoba.
4. Umuntu muzima arangwa no gutagatifuza ibikorwa bye.
I.2.1.1. Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga
Ikomoranshinga ni ihimba ry’inshinga nshya uhereye ku bicumbi by’andi magambo
asanzwe mu rurimi cyangwa imizi y’inshinga. Hari amatsinda abiri y’ikomoranshinga:
ikomoranshinga mvazina n’ikomoranshinga mvanshinga.
I.2.1.2. Inshoza y’ikomonshinga mvazina
Ikomoranshinga mvazina ni ihimba ry’inshinga uhereye ku bicumbi by’amazina
asanzwe ari mu rurimi.
a) Gukomora inshinga ku izina
Gukomora inshinga ku izina ni byo byitiriwe ikomoranshinga mvazina. Irikomoranshinga rikoresha ingereka zikurikira: -h-;-k-; -r-; -ah-ar-, -ik-,-ur-,
b) Uturemajambo tw’inshinga zo mu ikomoranshinga mvazina
Inshinga zishingiye ku ikomoranshinga mvazina zifite uturemajambo dusa
neza n’utw’inshinga isanzwe. Twabonye ko uturemajambo tw’inshinga ari:
akano, indanganshinga, impakanyi, igenantego/indangagihe,
inyibutsacyuzuzo, umuzi, ingereka n’umusozo.
Inshinga yavutse kubera ikomoranshinga ishobora kugira utwo turemajambo twose
cyangwa tumwe muri two.
Ingero
a) Inuma iraguguza cyane.
b) Tumufashe areke gutindahazwa no kubura icyo akora.
c) Uyu mwana agomba kugirwa inama zimunezeza kuko amaze gusorekara.d) Kudumbura abandi mu mazi si igikorwa cyo gutagatifuzwa.
Bagenahirwe munyumve
Bagenategeko mumvune
Munyumvire iyi mvamutima
Navogerewe imvugiro
Muramvane mu makuba.
Navangiwe mu mvugo
N’abakagombye kunyumva
Bakamvana mu mahoro
Bakanjyana mu makuba
Kandi rwose ari bakuru.
Ngenda mpura n’amahano
Ngahohoterwa bahari
Ubwo ndatinya ngaceceka
Ngahora mpangayitse
Ngira ngo mwese muri bamwe!
Nahuye na muranduranzuzi
Aranzuyaza ngo aranduzi
Aranzenguruka ndazimira
Cyaruzi ubwo aranzonga
Yizimanira akayuzi kange.
Runyogozi, muhishwambuto
Atambuka apfutse ingohe
Ngo maze angushe mu mutego
Intege zange akirigita
Bindigisiriza ubuzima.
Ruzingabato yarateye
Ngo atahe itoto ryange
Yiteruzwa udutako
Nako udufaranga
Ngo antahire agahugu!
Agahugu kange ni gato
Abazingambuto baragateye
Baragatunduza mfite intimba
Murambe hafi birangoye
Ubuzima burizinga.
Intara zose yarazikwiye
Ntarumanga arazivuyanga
Atitaye ko zidakomeye
Akazisenya nta soni
12
Agera ikambere n’ibikari,
Bya bimamyi by’ibimama
Biguha imari y’amahano
Bikakunyunya nk’uwanyazwe
Bikakunyonga ubutanyurwa
Bikunyuza inyenga y’amarira.
Ba bisukari isiga ingese
Ntibasiba baraserutse
Kuko basanganywe isoni nke
Baragusekera bakagusoroma
Bakagusenya ugasiga isi.
Abanyumvise mubimenye
Ba bihehe mubamenye
Bakunyuza mu rihumye
Maze ukagenda utabimenye
Ugafumbira umunaba.
Banyamishinga mudufashe
Murashishoze dushobore
Ibyo kujisha shugadadi
Tujwigirize shugamami
Ishaba y’abato ishishe.
UmuhanziNSENGIMANA Cyriaque
Ongera usome umwandiko “Muhishwambuto”, maze usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Ni irihe hohoterwa rivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni ba nde umuhanzi asaba ko bamwumva muri iki kibazo k’ihohoterwa?
3. Ijambo “ Abazingambuto” risobanura iki?
4. Abazingambuto bahohoteye bate uvugwa mu mwandiko?
5. Ese hari aho bavuga ko muhishwambuto yakwiriye ahantu hose?
Byerekanishe amagambo yo mu mwandiko.
6. Hari abantu bavugwa ko bakwiye kwamaganwa bashukana bitwajeimari. Abo ni ba nde?
Ongera usome umwandiko “Muhishwambuto”, maze usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Umwandiko «Muhishwambuto » uri mu buhe bwoko bw’umwandiko?
Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko?
3. Ni ba nde bashobora guhohotera umwana?4. Ni izihe ngaruka uwahohotewe ashobora guhura na zo?
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze inshinga zitsindagiye hanyuma ugaragaze
intego yazo. Hera ku ntego y’izo nshinga maze usobanure uko inshinga zivuka
ku zindi kandi ugaragaze uturemajambo two mu ikomoranshinga mvanshinga.
a) Abantu bakunda kurwanya ihohotera barangwa n’umutima mwiza
b) Kugendererwa n’abashyitsi ni umugisha.
c) Uwahohotewe asabwa kuvugisha ukuri kugira ngo yitabweho.
d) Kunezerwa birakwiye ku bantu bose.
I.4.1. Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga mvanshinga
Ikomoranshinga mvanshinga ni ihanga ry’inshinga nshya uhereye ku mizi y’inshinga
zisanzwe mu rurimi. Iri komoranshinga rikoresha ingereka zitandukanye. Twabonye
ko ingereka ari uturemajambo tujya hagati y’umuzi n’umusozo tukazanira inshinga
ingingo nshya. Twabonye kandi ko iyo umuzi wiyunze n’ingereka bibyara igicumbigishya kitwa intima.
I.4.2. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga zo mu ikomoranshinga
mvanshinga
Inshinga zishingiye ku ikomoranshinga mvanshinga na zo zifite uturemajambo dusa
neza n’utw’inshinga isanzwe.
Inshinga yavutse kubera ikomoranshinga mvanshinga ishobora kugira utwo
turemajambo twose cyangwa tumwe muri two nko mu ikomoranshinga mvazina.
Ingero
a) Nibatazabimujanishiriza azabyibagirwa kuko azaba ari kwambarira urugamba.b) Murakomangwa n’umutima ngo muge gufasha uwahohotewe.
I.5. Imyitozo y’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ugendeye ku mabwiriza agenga ihangamwandiko, hanga umwandiko ufite
hagati y’imirongo mirongo itatu na mirongo ine ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:
“Gukumira ihohoterwa ni ishingiro ryo kubaka umuco w’amahoro arambye”.
Mu magambo agize uwo mwandiko hagaragaremo inshinga zikomoka ku
ikomoranshinga.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusoma neza nubahiriza utwatuzo n’isesekaza.
- Gukoresha mu nteruro amagambo nungutse.
- Gusesengura umwandiko ngaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Gusobanura intandaro y’ihohoterwa n’uburyo bwo kurikumira
- Gusesengura amagambo ashingiye ku ikomoranshinga ngaragaza
uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
Ubu ndangwa no:
- Kurwanya ihohoterwa aho nahura na ryo hose.
- Kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro.
I. 6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere
Umwandiko: Turwanye ihohoterwa
Mu muco nyarwanda, kubaha ubuzima ni indangagaciro mpuzabantu kuko ubwo
buzima umuntu abwifuriza abandi, akabuhabwa n’abandi, na we akabuha abandi.
Kubaho mu mudendezo bishingira ku muco w’amahoro wubakwa mu muryango
uwo ari wo wose kandi bikagerwaho umuntu yiyushye akuya kuko binyura mu nzira
nyinshi harimo no kurwanya ihohoterwa. Guhohotera umuntu ni ukumwiyenzaho
atakwakuye cyangwa se ataguteyeho amahane, kumuvutsa ibyo afiteho
uburenganzira bitewe n’uko umurusha imbaraga cyangwa umufiteho ububasha.
Buri muntu wese agira agaciro ahabwa na kamere avukana maze uburenganzira
bwe ntibube umurage w’ababyeyi cyangwa undi muntu. Nta mpamvu n’imwe
ishobora gutuma hagira uhohoterwa kabone n’ubwo amategeko y’umuryango
runaka yaba abangamira ubwoko ubu n’ubu, abantu b’igitsina iki n’iki, idini,
ururimi, abo badasangiye igihugu, umutungo, ikiciro cy’abaturage bavukamo,
ibitekerezo byabo n’ibindi. Kurwanya ihohoterwa bishingira ku mahame amwe
n’amwe y’uburenganzira bwa muntu nko kwishyira ukizana, kugira umutekano
no kugira imibereho myiza. Uko byaba kose n’uko byagenda kose, agaciro ka
muntu ntikagabanywa, ntikanasubizwa inyuma kandi gashimangirwa n’amategeko
mpuzamahanga ibihugu biba byaremeye, bikanayashyiraho umukono. Nubwo
bimeze bityo, si ko hose byubahirizwa.
Burya koko nta kabura imvano, ibitera ihohoterwa ni imyumvire mibi, imyifatire
n’imyitwarire bitaboneye harimo ubusambanyi, kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, ubugizi
bwa nabi n’ibindi byinshi. Ihohoterwa kandi rigaragarira mu mvugo isesereza,
isebanya no mu bikorwa bitesha agaciro ikiremwa muntu nko gufata ku ngufu,
gukoresha imirimo ivunanye, gutoteza, n’indi migirire igayitse igira ingaruka ku
bato n’abakuru. Imvugo n’ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa bigira inkurikizi zitabarika ku
babikorewe nko kwiheba, gutakaza ikizere, kwiheza mu bikorwa bitandukanye,
kugira ipfunwe, kugira ihungabana n’izindi.
Kugira ngo hirindwe izo ngaruka, buri wese akwiye kuba umusemburo w’amahoro,
ayasakaza mu bandi mu migirire ye ya buri munsi. Bajya bavuga ngo: “Kwirinda
biruta kwivuza.” Ni ngombwa gufata ingamba zikumira ihohoterwa bigizwemo
uruhare n’inzego z’ubuyobozi ku bufatanye n’abaturage n’imiryango yigenga. Ibyo
byagerwaho habayeho gushyiraho amategeko n’ibihano bikwiye ku bahohotera
abandi, guhugura abantu b’ibyiciro binyuranye, gutegura amarushanwa yamagana
ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose, gushyiraho amatsinda n’ibigo byihariye bishinzwe
gukumira no kurwanya ihohoterwa n’ibindi.
Bityo rero, umuco w’amahoro ugomba guhera ku muntu ubwe, akawusakaza mu
bandi, ugakwira igihugu ndetse n’isi yose kuko “Ijya kurisha ihera ku rugo”. Buri
wese ahamagariwe kuba ijisho rya mugenzi we, akagaragaza hakiri kare imyitwarire
yatuma umuryango uhungabana ntugere ku iterambere rirambye.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Uburenganzira bwa muntu bugaragazwa n’iki?
2. Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora kuba ku muntu wahohotewe?
3. Ni izihe ngamba zafatwa kugira ngo hakumirwe ihohoterwa?
4. Tanga ingero byibura eshanu zigaragaza ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa.
5. Wafasha ute uwahohotewe?
6. Ni ba nde bakwiye kurwanya ihohoterwa?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Simbuza ijambo (amagambo) ryanditse ritsindagiye, impuzanyito iri mu
mwandiko.
a) Uwahohotewe ntabaho mu mahoro.
b) Mu muco nyarwanda birabujijwe kwambura umuntu uburenganzira bwe.
c) Ufashwe ku ngufu ashobora gukurizamo kugira ikangarana rikomeye.
d) Dutozwa kwirinda gukoresha imvugo ibabaza umuntu.
5. 2. Kora interuro ngufi ukoresheje amagambo akurikira:
a) Umurage
b) Kwishyira ukizana
c) Ibiyobyabwenge
d) Ipfunwe
5. 3. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo avuye mu mwandiko.
a) Umuntu muzima arangwa n’…..mwiza wo guha …….buri muntu.
b) U Rwanda rwashyizeho……. arengera ikiremwa muntu.
c) Kurwanya….ni inshingano yacu twese.
III. Ikibonezamvugo
1. Tanga ingero ebyiri z’inshinga zifite imizi yakomotse ku bwoko bw’amagambo
bukurikira:
a) Ntera b) Inyigana c) Izina
2. Garagaza uturemajambo tw’inshinga zitsindagiye ugaragaze n’amategeko
y’igenamajwi.
a) Twirinde gusesagura ubuzima budatangwa na muntu.
b) Ibimenyetso byose birafotorwa.
c) Gukazanura byaracitse mu muco nyarwanda.
d) We anezwa no kwitabwaho.