General
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UMUTWE WA KABIRI:UMUCO NYARWANDA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Kurondora ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
no gusesengura imyandiko ya zimwe muri zo agaragaza ingingo
z’ingenzi ziyikubiyemo.
- Guhanga yigana zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo
muri rubanda.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Iyo witegereje imibereho y’Abanyarwanda ba kera usanga ibyabayehokera baragendaga babyibukiranya bate?
II.1. Umwandiko: Kami ka muntu ni umutima we
Uyu mugani, bawuca iyo babonye umuntu yiyemeje kwihitiramo icyo
bamwe bamubuza; nibwo bagira, bati: “Kami ka muntu ni umutima we
nimumwihorere”. Wakomotse kuri Muhangu wo mu Mvejuru (Huye) ku
ngoma ya Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I ahasaga umwaka wa
1400.
Ku ngoma ya Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I hariho umugabo
wo mu bwoko bw’Abakobwa akitwa Muhangu, akaba umupfumu wa
Mibambwe Sekarongoro. Muri ubwo bupfumu bwe, yari akubitiyeho
n’ubutoni bunini kuri shebuja. Bukeye, umwe muri baka Mibambwe
asama inda, imaze gukura Mibambwe ategeka abapfumu be kugisha,
kugira ngo barebe aho umugore we akwiye kuzabyarira. Abapfumu
bajyana imbuto y’uwo mugore bararagura. Abenshi bemeza ko akwiye
kubyarira mu Cyambwe (ahahoze ari muri Gitarama); Muhangu wenyine
yemeza ko akwiye kubyarira mu Bitagata bya Muganza (na ho hahoze
ari muri Gitarama). Bavuye mu rugishiro (aho abapfumu bateranira
baragura), baza kuvuga uburyo imana zagenze. Bageze kuri Mibambwe,
bati: “Twese twemeje ko umugore wawe akwiye kuzabyarira mu
Cyambwe”; bati: “Keretse Muhangu wenyine ni we wereje ko akwiriye
kubyarira mu Bitagata bya Muganza”! Kubera ubutoni bwa Muhangu,
bituma Mibambwe yemera mu Bitagata bya Muganza.
Nuko muka Mibambwe bamwohereza mu Bitagata kwaramirayo.
Haciyeho iminsi, agiye ku nda arananirwa arapfa. Abapfumu bereje
ko yabyarira mu Cyambwe baba baboneyeho urwaho rwo kurega
Muhangu wabarushaga ubutoni; dore ko nta muhakwa ukunda undi.
Babwira Mibambwe, bati: “Nta kindi kishe umugore wawe; yishwe na
Muhangu watumye ajya kwaramira aho atereje”! Mibambwe bimujyamo
arabyemera, biramubabaza cyane!
Inkuru igera kuri Muhangu iwe mu Mvejuru. Abyumvise arahambira
n’abe n’ibye, afumyamo aracika ajya i Burundi. Agezeyo akeza umwami
waho, aramwakira, amushyira mu bapfumu be. Muhangu aratona cyane,
ndetse ngo kurusha uko yari ameze mu Rwanda. Ubwo yari afite abana
b’abadabagizi kuko bakuriye mu bukire, ariko bagakunda guhakwan’ibwami, ndetse ngo ntibiyibutse no gusezera ngo batahe.
Bukeye Muhangu arabyitegereza, asanga abana be nta cyo bazimarira,
nibwo abasezereye ubwe barataha. Bamaze gutaha, na we arabakurikira
abasanga iwe. Akigerayo, arabatumiza ngo baze kumwitaba. Bamaze
kuhagera, atumiza abatoni be n’abagaragu b’irimenanda; bose baraterana
baba uruvange. Ahamagara abana be, arababwira, ati: “Bana bange
kwikota ibwami si bibi; ibibi byanyu ni ukutagira icyo mubwira umwami
mukimusaba”! Ati: “Mubuze akandi kami kadahwanye n’umwami, ariko
kakaba ari ko gatuma umuntu abana n’umwami neza”!
Abahungu be n’abagaragu be birabayobera, bararebana gusa. Muhangu
abonye ko bajumariwe, ati: “Dore ako kami gato gashyikiriza umuntu
ku mwami, ni umutima we”. Bose batangarira iryo jambo Muhangu
abatunguje, birahorwa.
Nuko haciyeho iminsi Muhangu arapfa, abana be basigara muri bwa
butoni yabacumbiye. Bukeye, mukuru wabo akubaganya umugore
w’umwami w’i Burundi baramufata; bimushyira mu makuba arabohwa
aranyagwa, byototera na barumuna be; bose baranyagwa. Abagaragu
ba Muhangu bamaze kubibona, bibuka rya jambo yasize avuze, bati:
“Muhangu yabivuze ukuri koko ‘Kami ka muntu ni umutima we’! Yavuze
ko umutima w’umuntu ari akami gato, umwami akabangikana na ko;
ariko kakaba ariko gatuma akunda nyirako”!
Nuko rubanda babisamira hejuru ubwo, babona uwiyemeje icyo abandi
bamuhinyuriraga, bati: “Nimumureke burya kami ka muntu ni umutima
we”! Aho ni na ho kandi haturutse “kwigira kami gato” bivuga kwigiraikigenge. “Kami ka muntu” bivuga umutima nama.
2. 1.1.Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Kami ka muntu ni umutima we”ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe neza hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
1. Uzuza kandi ukosore aho bishoboka izi nteruro ukoresheje
amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko: kunyaga,
gufumyamo, kwarama, gukeza, urwaho, ubyara.
a) Baravuga ngo: “Nta……. abami babiri.”
b) Umujura aguciye……. yakwiba.
c) Kera uwitwaraga nabi ibwami bashoboraga…….
d) Ubu ababyeyi bajya ……. kwa muganga.
e) Kariza yikanze abajura bamukurikiye maze ……. ariruka.
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ku buryo agira indi
nyito adafite mu mwandiko.
a) Kwera
b) Kugisha
II. 1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Kami ka muntu ni umutima we”, usubize
ibibazo byabajijwe.
1. Iyi nkuru yabaye ku ngoma ya nde? Mu kihe kinyejana? Aho yabereye
ubu ni mu kahe Karere k’u Rwanda? Mu yihe Ntara?
2. Muhangu yari muntu ki? Byamugendekeye bite kugira ngo ave mu
Rwanda?
3. Abana ba Muhangu bazize ubusa. Ni byo cyangwa si byo? Sobanura.
4. Murumva Muhangu yarashakaga kuvuga iki abwira abana be ko
“kami ka muntu ari umutima we?”
2. 1.3.Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Kami ka muntu ni umutima we”, usubize
ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Garagaza ingingo z’amateka n’ingingo ndangamuco ziri muri uyu
mwandiko.
2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko.
3. Gereranya ibivugwa mu mwandiko “Kami ka muntu ni umutima
we”n’ubuzima bw’aho utuye.
2.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Igikorwa
Mwungurane ibitekerezo kuri iyi ngingo: Akamaro ko kwiga
ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda muri iki gihe.
II.2. UBUVANGANZO NYARWANDA
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira maze usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Abanyarwanda bimaraga ubute bari mu mirimo
Abanyarwanda bakoraga imirimo itandukanye bakizihirwa. Abahinga
ubudehe bakidogera isuka, bakaririmba imparamba; abahigi mu kibira
bakaririmba amahigi, baba bamashije umuhigo bakaroha ibyirahiro.
Buri mwuga wari ufite umwihariko, abasare mu mazi bakamenya
amasare yabo, abavumvu bakavuga amavumvu yabo bahamagara inzuki
cyangwa baziyama ngo zitabadwinga.
Mu gitaramo abagabo bashoboraga kwivuga, mu gihe cy’umuhuro
umukobwa agiye kubaka urwe bakamuhoza, abana bakarushanwa
kuvuga vuba utezwe mu mvugo bakamuseka n’ibindi.
Abanyarwanda bari bazi kwirwanaho bimara ubute, batarama cyangwa
bakora akazi runaka.
Ibibazo
a) Amasare, amavumvu, ibihozo n’amagorane ni ubuvanganzo bwari
bugenewe ba nde?
b) Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza, amoko n’ingeri
by’ubuvanganzo.
2.2.1 Intangiriro
Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda ni igice cy’ururimi kiga uruhurirane
rw’abahanzi nyarwanda, ibihangano byabo ndetse n’uburyo bwabo bwo
guhanga. Bukubiyemo ibyiciro bibiri bikuru: ubuvangazo nyarwanda
nyemvugo n’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyandiko.
Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bugabanyijemo ibice bibiri ari
byo: ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda n’ubuvangazo
nyarwanda nyabami (bw’ubutegetsi). Muri iki gitabo turibanda ku
buvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
2.2.2 Inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Ni ibyahimbwe n’abantu ba kera batazwi neza bakaba barahimbaga
batandika, bakabifata mu mutwe. Ibyo bahimbaga babishyikirizaga
ab’igihe cyabo bikabizihira mu bitaramo, bakagenda babiraga abo basize,
bityobityo bakagenda babihererekanya mu mvugo. Ubu buvanganzo
bwo muri rubanda bukubiyemo ibintu byinshi byari byarasakaye muri
rubanda. Nta muntu bwitirirwaga ko yabuhimbye.
2.2.3 Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Muri ubu buvanganzo hakubiyemo ingeri nyinshi. Zimwe wasangaga
zihariwe n’itsinda runaka rikora umurimo umwe; muri zo twavuga:
amasare, amahigi, amavumvu… Izindi wasangaga zihuriweho
n’Abanyarwanda benshi ku buryo na n’ubu zigifite agaciro. Izo ngeri ni
nk’insigamigani, imigani migufi, imigani miremire, ibisakuzo, urwenya
na byendagusetsa, indirimbo, imbyino, ibihozo, amagorane n’ibindi.
Umwitozo
Uhereye ku mwandiko “Abanyarwanda bimaraga ubute bari mu
mirimo”, sobanura ingeri z’ubuvanganzo zikurikira: Amasare,
amavumvu, amahigi, imparamba
2.2.3.1. Insigamigani
Igikorwa
Ongera usubire mu mwandiko wasomye “Kami ka muntu ni umutima
we” witegereza imiterere yawo, uko utangira, uko usoza, ibivugwamo
maze utahure inshoza n’uturango by’ingeri y’insigamugani.
a)Inshoza y’insigamigani
Insigamigani ni ibitekerezo bifatiye ku muntu wakoze ikintu iki n’iki
cyangwa se ikintu cyabaye mu gihe runaka bigahinduka iciro ry’umugani
n’ubu ugikoreshwa. Ishobora kuba kandi iyo mvugo ubwayo, uwo
yakomotseho cyangwa icyo yakomotseho.
b)Uturango tw’insigamigani
Insigamigani itangira bavuga inkomoko y’uwo mugani, ikavuga
ibyabayeho ku bantu bazwi kandi mu gihe kizwi, inyamaswa cyangwa
ikintu byitiriwe. Insigamigani ivuga igitekerezo gifatika ku kintu
cyakozwe cyangwa cyavuzwe n’umuntu bigahinduka iciro ry’umugani.
Insigamigani kandi isozwa basobanura uwo mugani.
Insigamigani zirimo ingeri ebyiri: insigamigani nyirizina n’insigamigani
nyitiriro.
Insigamigani nyiri zina: ni iz’abantu bazwi neza amavu
n’amajyo ku buryo abantu bemeye kwigana imigirire yabo
mu mvugo ya buri gihe; bigahinduka inyigisho y’ihame.
Insigamigani nyitiriro: Ni ibindi rubanda baba baragenuriyeho
bakabigira iciro ry’imigani ariko atari byo byabivuze cyangwa se byabikoze.
Aha dusangamo nk’inyamaswa, inyoni…
Ingero:
- Impyisi iti: “Kuvuga ni ugutaruka”.
- Inyombya iti: “Mbateye akari aha”.
Umwitozo
Jya mu isomero, ryaba iryo ku ishuri cyangwa iry’ahandi cyangwa
ukoreshe ikoranabuhanga maze usome umwandiko w’insigamigani
utahuremo uturango twayo maze ubwire bagenzi bawe iyo nsigamigani
mu nshamake kandi ubasobanurire uturango twayo.
2.2.3.2. Imigani migufi cyangwa imigani y’imigenurano
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Soma ibika bibiri bya nyuma by’umwandiko “Kami ka muntu ni
umutima we” maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
- Imvugo “Kami ka muntu ni umutima we” ishaka kuvuga iki
ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandiko?
- Uhereye ku miterere n’ibisobanuro by’iyi mvugo, tahura inshoza
y’imigani y’imigenurano n’uturango twayo.
a) Inshoza y’umugani mugufi (Umugenurano)
Mu Kinyarwanda umugani mugufi ni interuro ngufi gacamigani yakubiyemo
ihame ridutoza gukora iki cyangwa se kudakora kiriya. Iyo nteruro iba
yumvikana mu mvugo y’amarenga, ishushanya kandi igenura kuko iba
ibumbatiye inyigisho yumvwa hakoreshejwe inyurabwenge.
Imigani y’imigenurano ikubiyemo insanganyamatsiko zinyuranye
z’uturango tw’umuco nyarwanda nk’uburezi n’uburere, imibanire,
ubucuti, imyemerere, ubwisungane cyangwa ubufatanye n’ibindi.
Ingero:
- Uburere buruta ubuvuke.
- Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito.
- Akebo kajya iwa mugarura.
- Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge.
- Imana iraguha ntimugura iyo muguze iraguhenda.
- Inkingi imwe ntigera inzu.
b) Uturango tw’imigani migufi
- Ni utubango tugufi dufite imvugo idanangiye kandi twuzuyemo
(tubumbatiye) ubutumwa.
- Umugani mugufi uwusobanukirwa bitewe n’icyo barenguriyeho.
- Intego yawo ni ukwigisha abantu kugira ngo bahindure ingeso mbi
zabo cyangwa bakomeze imico myiza bari basanganywe.
- Imigani migufi ni ibihangano nyabugeni kuko usanga yifitemo
ikeshamvugo nk’igihangano nyabugeni icyo ari cyo cyose.
- Urangwa kandi no kuba ugizwe n’ibice bibiri by’interuro byuzuzanya
cyangwa bivuguruzanya.
Ingero:
- Utaganiriye na se ntamenya icyo sekuru yasize avuze.
- Ubuto bubeshya umuntu agaseka.
- Irya mukuru urishima uribonye.
- Irya mukuru riratinda ntirihera.
Umugani w’umugenurano wumvikana ku buryo bubiri ari na ho
hakuwe imvugo ko ugenura: Uburyo bwa kamere yawo n’uburyo
bw’amarenga.
Umugani wumvikana mu buryo bwa kamere yawo iyo umuntu awuciye,
uwumvise awumva mu mvugo iboneye, mbese itamugora kuyumva.
Urugero:
Arimo gishigisha ntavura: birumvikana ko amata atavura ugenda
uyakozamo umutozo uyavuruga buri kanya (gushigisha ni ugukaraga
umwuko mu gikoma kiri ku ziko ngo ifu yivange n’amazi itaza gufata
mu ndiba bigashirira), iryo ni ihame. Urumva koko ari byo, nta kindi
gisobanuro ugomba kugira ngo wumve uwo mugani.
Umugani wumvikana mu buryo bw’amarenga. Uwumvise agomba
gutekereza agashishoza kugira ngo amenye icyo uwo mugani
bawurenguriraho, mbese ingingo ishushanya. Uyu mugani urerekana
ingorane umuntu aterwa n’abamusesereza mu bikorwa bye bagira ngo
berekane ko ibye bidashobora gutungana kandi bifite kidobya. Uko
kumutobera urogoya imigambi ye, ni byo bagereranya no gushigisha
amata kuko amata ubusanzwe aba ikivuguto ari uko wayateretse
ukayarekera hamwe agatuza, akabona gufatana, ari byo bita “kuvura”.
Imigani y’imigenurano ikubiyemo uturango twinshi tw’umuco wacu
nk’uburezi n’uburere, imibanire, uko twumva isi n’ibiyiriho cyangwa
ibitubaho n’ibindi.
Umugezi w’isuri urisiba”. Wumvise uyu mugani ko iyo umugezi
usakuma ibintu byinshi: ibiti, ibyatsi, ibitaka…ugera aho biwufunga
ugasibama, wumva ko ari byo kandi byumvikana.
Uburyo bwa kabiri ni uburyo bw’amarenga.Uciriwe uwo mugani
cyangwa undi wese uwumvise agomba gutekereza, agashishoza akumva
neza icyo bamubwirira muri uwo mugani. Mbese ibyo uwo mugani
umushushanyiriza, umubwira mu marenga. Akumva ko agereranywa
n’uwo mugezi, ko imico mibi yakora yibwira ko akorera abandi bigera
aho akaba ari we bigiraho ingaruka.
Imigani migufi rero ni ubuvanganzo bwigisha, bukosora kandi bukanengaimigirire idahwitse.
Imyitozo
1. Ni uwuhe mugani wacira abantu bavugwa mu nteruro
zikurikira:
a) Kagabo na Nyiraneza barashakanye kandi bahora mu makimbirane
adashira bitewe n’uko iyo umwe atereye hejuru n’undi ahita
amusubiza bityo bikarangira barwanye.
b) Gatari akunda gusuzugura iby’abandi basubije mu ishuri
akumva ko ibye ari byo bizima ko nta wundi wagira icyo asubiza.
Bikarangira nyuma yo gukosorwa ari we ubonye amanota make.
2. Soma inkuru ikurikira hanyuma usubize ibibazo byayibajijweho.
Karekezi akora akazi k’ubuganga kandi abarwayi bamukundira uko
abitaho. Ku bitaro aho akorera haje umugabo uje kuhivuriza amubwira
ko areka akazi akaza bakajyana akamuha akazi ko kumuyoborera
ivuriro. Yamubwiye ko kugira ngo amujyane abanza kumuha
amafaranga ibihumbi ijana yo kumushakiramo ibyangombwa. Yahise
asezera akazi ajya gushaka uwo mugabo. Ajya mu mugi kumureba.
Agize ngo aramuhamagara kuri terefone asanga nimero ye ntiboneka.
Aramanjirirwa, agarutse ku kazi asanga bamaze kumusimbuza undi.
a) Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu umeze nka Karekezi wirukankira
ibihita byose akitesha amahirwe yari afite?
b) Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu umeze nka Karekezi umwereka
ko iyo wihutiye gukora ibintu utatekereje bikubyarira ingaruka
mbi?
c) Gira inama Karekezi mu mugani mugufi umubwira ko akwiye
kujya agisha inama abandi ko ibitekerezo bye wenyine byamuroha.
3. Soma izi nteruro zikurikira, ushake umugani w’umugenurano
wahuza n’ibivugwamo.
a) Iminsi uyiteganyiriza hakiri kare, ukibishoboye, ibintu wazigamye
bikazagutunga utakishoboye n’inshuti washatse zikazagufasha
umaze gusaza cyangwa wamugaye.
b) Ntawukwiye kwishimira ibyago by’undi naho yaba ari umwanzi
we kuko na we bishobora kumugeraho.
c) Ubwuzu n’ubuntu bw’ugukunda bumugaragaraho akikubona,
ntatindiganya kukwakira neza, aguhorana ku mutima n’iyo ufite
ibyago abigufashamo utabimusabye.
d) Umurimo udakora wibwira ko woroshye, ukagaya abawukora
ngo nta cyo bamaze kandi ubakomereye koko. Umuntu ananirwa
kugira icyo akurusha, ariko ntananirwa kujora icyo abandi bakoze.
e) Kwiharira ibyo utunze ntusangire n’inshuti utazi icyo iminsi
iguteze.
2.2.3.3. Ibisakuzo
Igikorwa
Itegereze interuro zikurikira, maze ukore ubishakashatsi utahure
inshoza, uturango n’akamaro by’ibisakuzo.
Sakwe sakwe…! Soma!
a) Ngesa bumera. Umusatsi.
b) Sakuza n’uwo muri kumwe. Ururimi.
c) Nyabugenge n’ubugenge bwayo. Inkoko icutsa itagira amabere,
inka icurika icebe ntimene amata, inzoka igenda itagira
amaguru.
a) Inshoza y’ibisakuzo
Ibisakuzo ni umukino wo mu magambo, ugendanye n’ibibazo n’ibisubizo
byabyo, bihimbaza abakuru n’abato, kandi birimo ubuhanga kuko
byigisha gutekereza.
Ibisakuzo ni ingeri yagenewe kwigisha no kwidagadura. Binyura mu
mukino ugizwe n’ibibazo by’ubufindo n’ibisubizo byabyo. Ubaza agira ati:
“Sakwesakwe”. Mugenzi we agasubiza ati: “Soma”. Ubwo undi akavuga
igisakuzo, mugenzi we atashobora kugisubiza undi ati: “Kimpe”. Mugenzi
we ati: “Ngicyo”, umukino ugakomeza utyo. Usanga mu bisakuzo harimo
ibya kera cyane, ariko hakabamo n’ibya vuba bigusha ku mateka ya hafi.
Ndetse no muri iki gihe abantu bashobora guhimba ibisakuzo byunganira
iriya nganzo yo hambere.
Ingero:
Sakwe sakwe…! Soma!
- Zenguruka duhure.
- Aho nagendaniye nawe wambwiye iki?
- Nkubise urushyi rurumira.
b) Uturango tw’ibisakuzo
- Ibisakuzo birangwa no gutangizwa n’amagambo: Sakwesakwe…!
Soma!
- Ibisakuzo kandi bigomba gukinwa n’abantu babiri bakuranwa.
- Birangwa no kuba hari ikibazo kijimije n’igisubizo gishobora kuba
cyo cyagwa ntikibe cyo.
- Mu gusakuza, unaniwe kwica igisakuzo, uwo basakuzanya
arakiyicira bityo akaba akimutsinze.
c) Akamaro k’ibisakuzo
Ibisakuzo bifasha abana ndetse n’abakuru gukora imyitozo
mfuturamvugo igamije kubamenyereza gutekereza, kuvuga badategwa,
kumenya gufindura imvugo zidanangiye , kandi bikabatoza umuco
ndetse bikanabamenyesha amateka.
Umwitozo
Ica/findura ibisakuzo bikurikira:
a) Aho nagendaniye nawe wambwiye iki?
b) Idagadure naraguharuriye.
c) Twavamo umwe ntitwarya.
d) Nshinze umwe ndasakara.
2.2.3.4. Urwenya na byendagusetsa
Igikorwa
Soma inkuru zikurikira, ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshozan’uturango by’urwenya na byendagusetsa.
- Umugabo w’igisambo yumvise ashonje, anyarukira mu nzu
asangamo ibiryo by’umwana, arabiterura. Abuze aho abirira ajya
mu bwiherero, arya vubavuba, ibyago bye biza kumuniga araniha,
umugore yumvise umuniho arahurura ati: “byagenze bite? Undi
araceceka. Agize amahirwe biramanuka ntiyongera kuniha, umugore
arongera arakomanga ati: “Hari urimo?” Umugabo afata ya sahani
ayambara ku mutwe. Umugore arambiwe asunika urugi, umugabo
abuze icyo avuga akomanga kuri ya sahani ati: “mada, witonde ubu
nabaye umuporisi.”
- Rwakagorora yahuye n’umugenzi wigendera maze agira atya
amucinya urushyi. Ngo asange yamwibeshyeho (yari amwitiranyije
n’umuntu wari waramwambuye) niko kumusaba imbabazi, undi na
we ntiyabyemera ajya kumuregera abunzi. Rwakagorora acibwa
amande y’igihumbi. Uko yagatanze inoti y’ibihumbi bibiri, ayo
kugarura arabura ni uko acunga wa mugenzi ku jisho, aritunatuna
maze amwasa urushyi rwa kabiri ati: “Ntibikuvune ugarura, n’ayo
asigaye yahamane!”
a)Inshoza y’urwenya na byendagusetsa
Urwenya na byendagusetsa ni inkuru zisetsa cyane ku buryo umuntu
uzibariwe ababaye cyangwa arakaye aruhuka. Izi nkuru hari ushobora
kuzibarirwa zimuvuga nabi akarubira, akarya karungu, akaba
yakwadukira abantu akabahutaza. Urwenya na byendagusetsa ni
kimwe mu biranga umuntu warezwe, wabanye n’abandi. Ubwiwe izi
nkuru akagaragaraho ubunyamusozi aba abuze akarango k’intore.
Byendagusetsa ariko yo bavuga ko yenda gusetsa kuko mu by’ukuri
bavuze ngo irashekeje mbere y’uko ibarwa ntawaba agikeneye guseka
iby’iyo nkuru igiye kuvugwa.
b)Uturango tw’urwenya na byendagusetsa
Urwenya rurangwa no kuba ari amagambo cyangwa imyifatire y’umuntu
bisetsa abandi. Usanga mu mvugo umunyarwenya akoresha amagambo
aterekeranye, cyangwa akavugishwa kubera impamvu iyi n’iyi ku buryo
bisetsa abamwumva.
Byendagusetsa yo irangwa no kuba ari agakuru kagufi gasekeje, cyane
kubera ko ibivugwamo bidashoboka, cyangwa bidakwiranye n’aho
bivugiwe cyangwa n’ubivuze. Ari urwenya cyangwa byendagusetsa byose
biba bigamije gusetsa no gushimisha abantu.
Umwitozo
Hanga urwenya cyangwa byendagusetsa ku ngingo yo kwamaganaubusambo mu muco nyarwanda.
2.2.3.5. Ibyivugo by’amahomvu
IgikorwaSoma imyandiko ikurikira hanyuma usubize ibibazo byayibajijweho.
a) Nagiye ku rusenge ibitugu ndabitigisa, Imyambi ndayisukiranya,
abo twari kumwe ndabacyaha, nitwa Cyaradamaraye.
b) Nivugiye ku rusenge, umwana yivugira mu nda ya nyina nta ho
byabaye.
c) Ndi umuhungu ndi umuziraguhunga, mirindi y’abasore nanze
guhunga iwacu twaraye ubusa.
d) Ndi nyamuca mu gakangaga abakobwa bakagacira icyo bati:
“Micomyiza yanyuze aha”!
Ibibazo ku myandiko
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko usanga muri iyo myandiko umaze
gusoma?
2. Kuvuga ko umuntu ari Cyaradamaraye bishatse kuvuga iki?
Birakwiye ko babivugira ku muntu w’umugabo? Kubera iki?
3. Ni ibihe bikorwa by’indengakamere usanga muri iyo myandiko?
Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
4. Mumaze gusoma no gusesengura iyo myandiko, mwavuga ko ari
ubuhe bwoko bw’imyandiko?
5. Tanga inshoza n’uturango by’ubwo bwoko bw’imyandiko.
1. Inshoza y’ibyivugo by’amahomvu
Ibyivugo by’amahomvu cyangwa ibyivugo by’abana ni ibyivugo bigufi
abana bivugaga bagamije gusetsa no kwidagadura muri rusange. Ibi
byivugo byivugirwa mu bitaramo byo mu miryango, si mu bitaramo
by’ingabo. Impamvu babyita amahomvu ni uko mu by’ukuri ibyo birata
biba bitarabayeho.
2. Uturango tw’ibyivugo by’amahomvu
- Ni ibyivugo bigufi cyane
- Ni ibyivugo byivugwa n’abana
- Ibigwi biratamo biba bitarabaye
- Bigamije gusetsa no kwidagadura
- Uwivuga yigereranya n’ibintu, inyamaswa akaba ari byo ashingiraho
ubuhangange bwe.
- Aho kwirata ubutwari bwo ku rugamba, uwivuga yirata ubwiza,
ubuhangange mu kurya, mu gukundwa n’abagore n’abakobwa…
Imyitozo
Hanga urwenya cyangwa byendagusetsa ku ngingo yo kwamagana
ubusambo mu muco nyarwanda.
1. Ibyivugo by’amahomvu birangwa n’iki?
2. Hanga ikivugo cy’amahomvu ukurikije ibiranga bene ibyo byivugo
maze wivuge ikivugo cyawe imbere ya bagenzi bawe.
II. 3. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri nyuma
y’umutwe wa kabiri
Umaze kwiga ubuvanganzo nyemvugo, jya mu isomero maze uhitemo
imyandiko y’imwe mu ngeri z’ ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri
rubanda uyisome. Hera kuri iyo myandiko uhange igihangano cyawe
bwite cya bene iyo ngeri.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusesengura imyandiko itandukanye yo mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo
nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda ngaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi
n’iz’umuco zigaragaramo.
- Gutandukanya no guhanga imyandiko inyuranye yo mu ngeri
z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda.
- Kunoza imvugo yange nkoresha neza imigani migufi mu biganiro
bisanzwe, mu biganiro mpaka no mu nyandiko zitandukanye
nandika.
- Gukina umukino wo gusakuza n’abandi.
- Kwivuga mu ruhame ntategwa kandi nsesekaza.
Ubu ndangwa:
N’umuco nyarwanda n’indangagaciro z’umuco zawo.
II. 4. ISUZUMA RISOZA UMUTWE WA KABIRI
Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: N’imirumbire yaba iya ntenyo
Uyu mugani umuntu awuca iyo agobotswe n’amaburaburizo abandi
bahinyura, agashobora kugoragoza icyari kimubangamiye; nibwo agira
ati: «N’imirumbire yaba iya Ntenyo»! Wakomotse ku bashonji bo mu
Buganza ( Intara y’i Burasirazuba ) ahagana mu mwaka wa 1800.
Mu rwimo rwa Yuhi Gahindiro, mu Rwanda hateye inzara kirimbura;
bayita Rukungugu. Amapfa aracana, ibintu biradogera impande zose z’u
Rwanda: amapfa aracana mu Buganza, aracana mu Mutara, aracana mu
Rukiga rwa Byumba, arasesura mu Rukaryi n’u Bwanacyambwe; mbese
utwo turere turarimbuka. Ibintu bimaze kuyoberana, abagabo babiri
bo mu Buganza bacitse ku icumu, bumva bavuga ko i Bumbogo bwa
Mbirima na Matovu hagikanyakanya. Barikora n’abana n’abagore babo
baboneza basuhukiyeyo; bagezeyo basanga Abambogo na bo bahonda
inguri. Babikubise amaso barumirwa baribaza bati: «Tubikitse dute ko
tutabona icumbi kandi ntidufunguze tubaye abande»?
Bigeze aho baragenda biroha mu rugo rw’umukecuru w’umupfakazi wari
aho mu Bumbogo. Bagezeyo bamwaka icumbi, umukecuru arababwira
ati: «Nimurare, ariko nta funguro mubona; dore na twe turicira isazi mu
jisho». Baracumbika, ariko barara bagera ijoro. Babaza wa mukecuru
bati: «Mbese ntiwatumenyera u Rwanda rwaruta urundi»?Umukecuru ati: «Numvise ko hakurya aha ku Ndiza hapfuye
gukanyakanya, ariko geweho nabuze intege zangezayo». barita mu gutwi.
Bukeye baradogagira bambuka Nyabarongo bafata ku Ndiza. Bagezeyo
basanga hari hanyuma y’ibibi byose. Nibwo bigiriye inama, bati: «Aho
gupfa uru nimuze dusindagire dusubire inyuma twirohe muri Nyabarongo!
» Abagore babo babyumvise, barababwira, bati: «Nimugende mwenyine
ntitwatinyuka kwirohera abana mu ruzi». Mu gihe bakibivuga, bumva
abandi badari bavuga, bati: «Tugiye ku Ntenyo ngo bejeje uburo! » Ba
bandi, bati: «Natwe nimuze tugeyo, tuhace inshuro none twazarokoka»!
Nuko bikoma abo badari bandi, baradogagirana bataha mu Marangara,
bukeye barasindagira bagera ku Ntenyo; batungukira ku murima
w’uburo w’umugabo Mirenge ya Kigogo, uyu wari ukize cyane mujya
mwumva, ku buryo na n’ubu umuntu ukize bigaragara bavuga ngo:
«Akize ibya Mirenge». Bakibukubita amaso, ntibirirwa babaza, biroha
mu murima n’abagore n’abana. Ubwo bawugezemo abarinzi babwo
bagannye imuhira, ariko kandi n’ubwo buro bukaba bwararumbye bweze
ibitarutaru. Bamaze kubugeramo, baratangira barahekenya. Igihe
binikije bashishibuza, abarinzi babatungukiraho barabafata. Bagiye
kubakubita, baratinya, bati: «Na hatoya batatugwaho, ahubwo nimuze
tubashyire Mirenge abitegekere»! Barabashorera no kwa Mirenge,
babagezayo ibyanga byabarenze. Mirenge abakubise amaso abaza
abarinzi, ati: «Aba bantu ibyanga byarenze none ntibamariyeho twa
turumbaguzwa tw’uburo»! Abandi, bati: «Ese wowe amaso ntaguha»?
Ba badari bumvise Mirenge yise bwa buro uturumbaguzwa, batera hejuru
bati: «N’imirumbire yaba iya Ntenyo»! Ubwo bashakaga kumwumvisha
ko nta handi mu Rwanda wabona uburo nk’ubwo bwo ku Ntenyo. Abantu
bari aho babyumvise babagirira impuhwe, na Mirenge arazibagirira,
ndetse abashyira iwe bacayo inshuro barakira.
Nguko rero uko Mirenge yakijije abashonji, inzara ica ibintu mu Gihugu.
Nubwo ubukire bwe icyo gihe bwari buke bwose, yari abusumbije abandi
bose mu Gihugu, kuko iwe ari ho honyine hari heze uburo. Ngubwo rero
ubukire bwa Mirenge ku Ntenyo mujya mwumva!
Nuko umugani utangira ubwo, umuntu yaba amaze gushoberwa
akagobokwa n’akantu k’amaburaburizo abandi bahinyura, agashobora
gukika icyari kimwugarije, noneho we akagira ati: «Nimurekere iyo,
n’imirumbire yaba iya Ntenyo kwa Mirenge»!
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki? Sobanura impamvu.
2. Uretse Rukungugu, vuga andi mazina y’inzara uzi zayogoje u
Rwanda. Uvugemo ebyiri n’icyaziteye.
3.Ikibazo k’inzara wagikemura ute mu buryo burambye? Tanga
ingingo nibura eshanu.
4.Mu Gihugu hose bari bashonje pe! Byerekane.
5.Garagaza ingingo z’umuco ziboneka mu mwandiko.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
Huza amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo n’ibisobanuro byayo.
2. Uzuza interuro zikurikira:
a) Umuntu wakize cyane bavuga ko…….
b) Umuntu warushye cyane bavuga ko......
c) Inzara yatewe n’amapfa y’izuba bayise…....
III. Ibibazo ku buvanganzo
1. Tahura imigenurano ifatiye kuri aya magambo usanga mu mwandiko
unayisobanure muri make: inzara, inshuro, amapfa, ijoro.
2. Tandukanya insigamigani n’umugani mugufi ugendeye ku turango twabyo.
3. Sobanura mu buryo bubiri uyu mugani mugufi “Umugezi w’isuri
urisiba” uwusobanure mu buryo bwa kamere yawo no mu buryo
bw’amarenga, .4. Hanga ikivugo cyawe wubahiriza uturango tw’ikivugo cy’amahomvu.