UMUTWE 8: GUKUNDA IGIHUGU
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi
ziwukubiyemo.
- Gusoma no kwandika amajwi y’inyabumwe mu nyandiko nyejwi
na nyemvugo.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Sobanura ibikorwa ukora byerekana ko ukunda Igihugu cyawe, uvugeuburyo ubikora n’uburyo ubigaragaza ko ukunda Igihugu.
VIII.1. Umwandiko: Twitabire umuganda
Umuganda ni igikorwa gifitiye Igihugu akamaro kitabirwa n’abaturage
bose, bagahuriza hamwe imbaraga kugira ngo bagere ku iterambere. Mu
byo umuganda ugamije harimo guteza imbere ibikorwa by’amajyambere
mu rwego rwo kunganira ingengo y’imari y’Igihugu no gutuma abantu
bashobora gusabana. Uretse muri iki gihe, no mu Rwanda rwo hambere
umuganda warakorwaga.
Kera uwabaga agiye kubaka yasabaga abandi amaboko. Buri wese mu
baturanyi be akamuzanira igiti cyo gushinga, kikitwa umuganda ari
yo nkunga ihawe uwubaka. Inzu yashingwaga imiganda, bagaparata
n’imbariro nyuma inzu bakayihanika n’imishoro. Imvugo yo gutanga
umuganda isobanura gufasha uwubaka, ni aha byavuye. Abantu
baba bakoreye hamwe igikorwa runaka bikitwa gutanga umuganda.
Umuganda si ukuganda, kumenya icyo gukora muri iki gikorwa ni
ipfundo ry’imena mu kubaka urwatubyaye.
Muri iki gihe, Umunyarwanda wese ufite ingufu ahamagarirwa kwitabira
ibikorwa by’umuganda. Urubyiruko rufite imyaka cumi n’umunani
y’amavuko kandi n’umuntu wese utarengeje imyaka mirongo itandatu
n’itanu afite inshingano zo gukora umuganda. Abanyamahanga bose na bo
batuye ku butaka bw’u Rwanda basabwa kwitabira umuganda. Umuntu
wese ufite impamvu imubuza kwitabira umuganda abisobanurira abo
bireba mbere y’uko umuganda uba. Biragayitse rero kuba hari abantu
bafata umunsi w’umuganda nk’ikiruhuko, bakirirwa mu ngo zabo
baryamye cyangwa bakora imirimo yo mu ngo zabo aho gufatanya
n’abandi mu kubaka Igihugu.
Burya ngo: “Abashyize hamwe ntakibananira”. Umuganda ukorwa
n’abaturage bagamije inyungu rusange. Nyuma y’igikorwa runaka
cy’umuganda, abawitabiriye bakora inama bagasobanurirwa
ibyavuyemo. Baganira kandi ku bibazo binyuranye, ibyo baboneye
umuti bigakemukira aho, ibinaniranye bikaba byafatirwa umwanzuro
wo kubishyikiriza inzego zibifitiye ubushobozi kurushaho.
Umuganda ufite gahunda ihamye. Mu Rwanda ubu hari komite
zishinzwe gutegura umuganda kuva ku rwego rw’Igihugu kugera ku
rwego rw’umudugudu. Izo komite zifite inshingano z’ingenzi ari zo
gukora iteganyabikorwa ry’umuganda, gutegura no kuyobora igikorwa
cy’umuganda n’aho kizabera no gukora isuzumabikorwa ry’umuganda
no kubitangaho raporo. Habaho umuganda rusange ukorwa buri wa
Gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi guhera saa mbiri za mu gitondo
ukarangira saa tanu. Isaha yo gutangiriraho ishobora guhinduka bitewe
n’ubwumvikane bw’abakora umuganda na komite iwuyobora.
Muri iki gihe iyo gahunda yo gukora umuganda idakunze ku wa
Gatandatu, haba ku baturage cyangwa ku byiciro bimwe byabo kubera
impamvu zinyuranye, komite ibishinzwe ifatanyije n’abaturage
bagena ikindi gihe cyo kuwukora cyumvikanyweho n’abo bireba kandi
ikabikurikirana.
Bamwe mu baturarwanda batumva agaciro k’umuganda usanga bihina
mu mazu, abitwa ko bafite ubushobozi ku munsi w’umuganda bakinga
ibipangu, utubari tumwe tugakingirana abantu binywera, bakajijisha ko
nta muntu urimo. Abatitabira umuganda bagomba gukeburwa, abafite
ingendo bakazisubika bagateganya kuzijyamo umuganda urangiye.
Ukunda Igihugu ahora yifuza ko cyajya mbere. Abaturage bose
bashishikarire kwitabira umuganda kuko ibikorwa mu muganda byose
harimo no kungurana ibitekerezo cyangwa gukemura ibibazo bya bamweari inkingi ya mwamba mu gukunda no kubaka Igihugu.
8.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Twitabire umuganda”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya.
Imyitozo
1. Huza ijambo riri mu rushya A n’igisobanuro cyaryo kiri muruhushya B
2. Simbuza amagambo ari mu dukubo ayo bihuje inyito ukuye mu
mwandiko.
a) Mu gikorwa cy’umuganda abaturage bose (bakorera hamwe) mu
bikorwa by’amajyambere.
b) Ibikorwa by’umuganda byunganira (amafaranga Igihugu kiba
cyateganyije gukoresha ku mwaka) mu buryo bugaragara.
8.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Twitabire umuganda” usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Ni nde ugomba kwitabira umuganda?
2. Tanga inyito y’ijambo “umuganda” mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
3. Nyuma y’umuganda hakorwa iki muri rusange?
4. Umuganda uzwi ku rwego rw’Igihugu? Sobanura wifashishijeingero ukuye mu mwandiko.
8.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Twitabire umuganda” usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko rusange umwandiko wubakiyeho?
2. Usibye igikorwa cy’umuganda cyavuzwe ni ibihe bikorwa bindi
bigaragaza gukunda Igihugu?
3. Abagikerensa gahunda yo kwitabira umuganda wabagira iyihe
nama?
4. Tanga ingingo nibura eshanu zigaragaza ko gukora umuganda
ari igikorwa cyo gukunda Igihugu.
8.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Igikorwa
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira.
Umuganda ufitiye akamaro Igihugu cyacu.
VIII.2. Iyigamajwi
Igikorwa
Soma inyuguti z’Ikinyarwanda zikurikira, usesengure uburyo
bw’imivugirwe yazo hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi usubize ibibazo
bizikurikira:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z
1. Tahura inshoza y’iyigamajwi maze usobanure icyo ijwi ari cyo
n’ubwoko bw’amajwi aboneka mu Kinyarwanda.
2. Ni gute bandika amajwi y’Ikinyarwanda mu nyandiko nyejwi?
3. Tahura inshoza n’uturango by’inyandiko nyejwi.
4. Ese inyuguti zose zivugwa kimwe kandi zikavugirwa hamwe?
5. Tahura uko inyajwi zandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi, uko zivugwa
n’aho zivugirwa maze unazikorere imbonerahamwe.
6. Tahura uko ingombajwi zandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi, uko zivugwa n’aho zivugirwa maze unazikorere imbonerahamwe.
Inshoza y’iyigamajwi
Iyigamajwi ni ubuhanga bwiga amajwi yose ashoboka mu rurimi runaka
ariko ntiyite ku mumaro w’ayo majwi. Ayo majwi ashyirwa mu matsinda
hakurikijwe umwanya n’uburyo avugirwamo. Inyandiko ikoreshwa mu
iyigamajwi yitwa inyandiko nyejwi. Iyigamajwi ryibanda ku bintu bitatu
by’ingenzi:
- Amajwi yose akoreshwa mu rurimi.
-Imihekanire y’ayo majwi.
-Ubutinde bw’inyajwi n’imiterere y’amasaku.
8.2.1. Inyandiko nyejwi
Inyandiko nyejwi ni inyandiko ya gihanga, aho usanga ikoreshwa
n’abize bagacengera iyigamajwi ari rwo rwego rw’iyigandimi (ubuhanga
buzobera mu gusesengura indimi) rusesengura amajwi yose aboneka mu
rurimi urwo ari rwo rwose.
Iyo bandika mu nyandiko nyejwi bita kuri ibi bikurikira:
- Kwandika amagambo yose afatanye kandi nta kugabanya
ibimenyetso.
- Gushyira ibyandikwa byose hagati y’udusodeko [ ].
- Kwandika amajwi yose yumvikana iyo bayavuze.
- Kwandika bashyiraho amasaku y’integuza ndetse n’amasaku yose
nyesi.
8.2.2. Inshoza y’ijwi: Amajwi y’inyabumwe
Ijwi ni urusaku ruturuka ku bintu bikomanyeho. Ariko aha amajwi
twibandaho ni ashingirwaho mu mvugo z’abantu. Abahanga bagerageje
uburyo bayageza ku bandi batabumva kubera ko batari kumwe cyangwa
mu nyandiko. Kugira ngo babigereho, buri jwi barigeneye ikimenyetso
kimwe cyangwa kirenze kimwe kirihagarariye ari cyo inyuguti. Buri
kimenyetso muri byo kitwa inyuguti. Amajwi ni menshi cyane ariko
bene ururimi bagiye bihitiramo ayo bakeneye kugira ngo bashyikirane
hagati yabo. Birumvikana ko aha ngaha ari ho hantu h’ibanze indimi
zitandukanira.
Mu Kinyarwanda habaho ubwoko bubiri bw’amajwi: amajwi
y’inyabumwe n’amajwi y’ibihekane. Muri uyu mutwe turibanda ku
majwi y’inyabumwe. Amajwi y’inyabumwe y’Ikinyarwanda agabanyijemo
ibice bitatu ari byo: inyajwi, ingombajwi n’inyerera.
1. Inyajwi
Inyajwi ni amajwi asohoka mu myanya ntangamajwi hatagize ikiyatega
mu mivugirwe yayo.
Inyajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zishyirwa mu byiciro mu buryo bune.
Zishyirwamo dukurikije aho zivugirwa, uko zivugwa, imikorere y’iminwayombi n’ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku.
a) Aho zivugirwa
Dukurikije aho zivugirwa, inyajwi tuzisangamo ibice bitatu:
- Inyajwi z’imbere: zivugwa ururimi rwihese maze isonga yarwo
ikishinga imbere y’ishinya y’amenyo yo hepfo, naho umugongo
warwo ukegera urusenge rw’akanwa. Izo nyajwi ni [i] na [e].
- Inyajwi zo hagati: zivugwa ururimi rwirambuye gato mu kanwa
kandi inzasaya zirambuye neza maze igasohokera hagati mu kanwa.
Mu Kinyarwanda, inyajwi yo hagati ni [a].
- Inyajwi z’inyuma: zivugwa ururimi rwiteruye rukegera inyuma
y’ishinya n’amenyo yo hepfo, umugongo warwo ukiheta wegera mu
nkanka. Izo nyajwi ni: [o] na [u]
b) Uko zivugwa
Dukurikije uko zivugwa, dusanga inyajwi zigabanyijemo ibice bitatu:
- Imfunge cyangwa inyajwi zo mu rwego rwa mbere: zivugwa
akanwa kifunze buhoro.Izo nyajwi ni [i] na [u].
- Impinayatu cyangwa inyajwi zo mu rwego rwa kabiri: zivugwa
akanwa gafunguye buhoro.
Izo nyajwi ni [o] na [e]
- Inyatu cyangwa inyajwi yo mu rwego rwa gatatu: ivugwa
akanwa gafunguye birambuye.
Iyo nyajwi ni [a].
c) Imikoreshereze y’iminwa yombi
Dukurikije imikorere y’iminwa yombi mu mivugirwe y’inyajwi, dusanga zirimo ibice bibiri:
- Imbumbure: zivugwa iminwa yombi yikweze ikigira inyuma kandi
ntiyibumbe.
Izo nyajwi ni [i, e, a].
- Imbumbe: zivugwa iminwa yikweze ikigira imbere kandi ikirema
nk’uruziga.
Izo nyajwi ni [o] na [u].
d) Ubutinde bw’inyajwi
Abasesenguye neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda bemeza ko iyo hitawe ku
butinde bw’inyajwi mu mivugire yayo, amajwi yandikwa usanga ateye
ku buryo bukurikira:
- Inyajwi ibanguka yandikwa inshuro imwe.
[i]: [iri]
[u]: [uyu]
[e]: [emera]
[o]: [omora]
[a]: [amara]
- Inyajwi itinda yandikwa inshuro ebyiri.
[ii]: [yiiriwe]
[uu]: [yuurira]
[ee]: [yeegamiye]
[oo]: [yoomoye]
[aa]: [waawe]
Ikitonderwa
Iyo dukurikije ubutinde bw’inyajwi n’imiterere y’amasaku, Ikinyarwanda
usanga gifite inyajwi mirongo itatu. Dukurikije imiterere y’amasaku,
inyajwi ifite isaku nyesi igaragazwa na kano kamenyetso “ ` ” naho
inyajwi ifite isaku nyejuru ikagaragazwa na kano kamenyetso “ ´ ”
ariko hagakoreshwa “ ^ ”. Ni yo mpamvu inyajwi zandikwa ku buryobukurikira:
- Amasaku yoroheje
Isaku nyesi: [ì],[ù],[è],[ò],[à]: [ùmùrìrò], [àmèzè]
Isaku nyejuru: [î],[û],[ê],[ô],[â]: [îsî], [ùmûvû]
- Amasaku y’inyunge:
Nyesi ndende: [ìì],[ùù],[èè],[òò],[àà]: [ùmùrììzò]
Nyejuru ndende: [îî],[ûû],[êê],[ôô],[ââ]: [ùmûsââvê]
Urwunge nyejuru nyesi: [îì],[ûù],[êè],[ôò],[âà]: [ìmâànà]
Urwunge nyesi nyejuru: [ìî],[ ùû],[ èê],[ òô],[àâ]: [ùmùhìîrè]
d) Imbonerahamwe y’imivugirwe y’inyajwi
Iyi mbonerahamwe ikozwe hakurikijwe aho inyajwi zivugirwa, ukozivugwa n’ubutinde bwazo.
2. Ingombajwi
Ingombajwi ni amajwi yitabaza inyajwi kugira ngo avugike neza.
Bamwe mu bahanga mu by’indimi basesenguye neza ingombajwi bagiye
bifashisha ingingo zikurikira: imikorere y’akanwa, imikorere y’imvumba
z’amajwi, aho zivugirwa ndetse n’uko zivugwa.
a) Imikorere y’akanwa
Dukurikije imikorere y’akanwa, ingombajwi zigabanyijemo amoko abiri:
inyamazuru n’inyakanwa
- Inyamazuru
Iyo zivugwa umwuka uva mu bihaha uca mu kanwa nomu mazuru. Izo
ngombajwi ni [m], [n], [ɲ], [ŋ].
Ikitonderwa:
Iyi nyamazuru [ŋ] iboneka gusa mu bihekane ng: [ŋg], mw: [mŋ],
nw:[nŋw], nyw: [ŋw] cyangwa [ɲ ŋw] no muri nk [ŋk].
- Inyakanwa
Iyo zivugwa umwuka uva mu bihaha uca mu kanwa gusa. Ingombajwi
z’inyakanwa ni [p], [β], [t], [d],[k], [g], [f], [v], [s], [z], [∫<], [∫], [ ʒ], , [r].
b) Imikorere y’imvumba z’amajwi
Dukurikije imyirangirire y’imvumba z’amajwi, ingombajwi zigabanyijemo
amoko abiri: inkatuzi n’indagi.
- Inkatuzi/indangira
Iyo zivugwa umwuka uca mu ngoto ukanyeganyeza imvumba z’amajwi
ku buryo imyirangirire yazo yumvikana. Ni yo mpamvu bamwe banazita
indangira. Izo [β], [d], [g],[v], [ ʒ], [z], [r]
- Indagi
Iyo zivugwa umwuka ntuhita neza mu ngoto, bityo ntunyeganyeza cyane
imvumba z’amajwi ku buryo imyirangirire yazo itumvikana bihagije. Ni
yo mpamvu izo ngombajwi banazita intâraangîira. Ni izi zikurikira: [p],
[t], [s], [∫<], [∫], [k], [f], .
c) Uko zivugwa
Dukurikije uko zivugwa, hari amoko atatu y’ingombajwi: impatu, inkubyi
n’inkomeza bamwe bita intakomwa.
- Impatu/inturike
Iyo zivugwa babanza bafunga intangamajwi (imyanya bakoresha bavuga)
maze umwuka ugasohoka ubanje kunigwa ku buryo ijwi risohoka risa
n’irituritse. Ni izi zikurikira:
Inyamazuru zose: [n], [m], [ɲ], [ŋ].
Inyakanwa: [p], [β], [t], [d], [k], [g].
- Inkubyi
Iyo zivugwa begeranya intangamajwi ariko ntibayifunge, bityo umwuka
ugasohoka utabanje kunigwa ariko ugasa n’uwikuba ku ntangamajwi.
Ni izi: [f], [v], [s], [z], [ ʒ]
- Inkomeza (intakomwa)
Iyo zivugwa umwuka usohoka mu ntangamajwi utagize ikiwukoma mu
nzira. Ni izi: [r], , [∫<], [∫].
d) Aho zivugirwa
Dukurikije aho zivugirwa, ingombajwi zigabanyijemo amoko ane:
inyamunwa, inyesongashinya (inyamenyo), inyarusenge n’inyamaraka.
- Inyamunwa
Iyo zivugwa iminwa igira uruhare runini mu misohokere yazo.
Inyamunwa zigabanyijemo amatsinda abiri:
Inkomanyaminwa: iyo zivugwa iminwa yombi ikomanaho.
Inkomanyaminwa ni izi zikurikira: [p], [β], [m].
Inyamwinyo: Iyo zivugwa umunwa wo hepfo ukoma ku menyo yo
haruguru. Ni izi zikurikira: [f], [v].
- Inyesongashinya
Iyo zivugwa isonga y’ururimi ikora ku menyo n’ishinya byo haruguru.Ni
izi: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [r].
- Inyarusenge
Iyo zivugwa zisohokera mu rusenge rw’akanwa. Inyarusenge
zigabanyijemo amatsinda atatu:
Inyarusenge z’imbere: iyo zivugwa isonga y’ururimi ikora ku gice
k’imbere cy’urusenge rw’akanwa, inyuma y’ishinya y’amenyo yo
haruguru. Ni izi: [∫<], [ɲ ].
Inyarusenge zo hagati: iyo zivugwa ururimi ruritera rukegera igice
cyo hagati cy’urusenge rw’akanwa maze ingombajwi zikaba ari ho
zisohokera (hejuru y’umugongo w’ururimi). Ni izi: [∫], [ʒ].
Inyarusenge z’inyuma/Inyankanka: Iyo zivugwa ururimi
ruriteramaze igice cyarwo k’inyuma kigakora ku gice k’inyuma
cy’urusenge rw’akanwa(inkanka). Ni izi: [k], [g].
- Inyamaraka
Iyo ivugwa isohokera mumaraka: ntivugirwa mu kanwa ahubwo isa
n’isohokera mu mvumba z’amajwi rwagati. Inyamaraka ni imwe: .Imbonerahamwe y’imivugirwe y’ingombajwi
3.Inyerera
Inyerera ni amajwi usanga imivugirwe yayo iri hagati y’iy’inyajwi
z’imfunge n’iy’inyajwi zitwa inkubyi. Inyerera ni ebyiri: [y] na [w]
a) Aho zivugirwa
Dukurikije aho zivugirwa usanga ziteye ku buryo bukurikira:
- Tuzifashe nk’aho ari inyajwi:
[y]: ivugirwa imbere nka [i] bityo ikitwa inyerera y’imbere.
[w]: ivugirwa inyuma nka [u] bityo ikitwa inyerera y’inyuma.
- Tuzifashe nk’aho ari ingombajwi:
[y]: ivugirwa mu rusenge rw’akanwa bityo ikitwa inyerera
y’inyarusenge.
[w]: ivugirwa mu nkanka bityo ikitwa inyerera y’inyankanka.
Ikitonderwa
Aho zivugirwa honyine harahagije kugira ngo umuntu ashobore
gutandukanya inyerera. Inyerera [y] ishobora kwandikwa [j] dukurikije
itonde nyamajwi mpuzamahanga cyangwa ikandikishwa [y] dukurikije
itonde nyamajwi nyafurika.
8.2.3 Inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko isazwe
a) Inyandiko isanzwe
Inyandiko isanzwe ni inyandiko umuntu ubonetse wese wigishijwe itonde
ry’inyuguti z’Ikinyarwanda n’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda ashobora
gushyikiranamo n’undi akoresheje inyandiko, nta majwi yandi avanzeuretse ayo abenerurimi bumvikanyeho.
b) Inyandiko nyejwi:
Inyandiko nyejwi ni inyandiko ya gihanga, aho usanga ikoreshwa n’abize
bagacengera iyigamajwi ari rwo rwego rw’iyigandimi (buhanga buzobera
mu gusesengura indimi) rusesengura amajwi yose aboneka mu rurimi
urwo ari rwo rwose.
Ikitonderwa:
Inyandiko nyejwi y’ingombajwi zikurikira igomba kwitonderwa: [p], [t],
[k], [g], iyo zivugwa wumva zihekanye n’ingombajwi y’inkomeza .
Kubera iyo mpamvu inyandiko nyejwi yazo igomba kuba iteye itya: [ph],
[th]. [kh], [gh].Ingero:
itabi= [ìthàâβì], ipera= [ìphèêrà].
- [k]: Iyo ikurikiwe n’inyajwi [a] wumva buri gihe ihekanye n’inkomeza
.Kubera iyo mpamvu inyandiko nyejwi yayo igomba kuba iteye
itya: [kh].
Ingero:
ikara= [îkhârà], ikama = [îkhâmà].
- [k], [g]: Iyo zikurikiwe n’inyajwi [i] na [e] wumva buri gihe zihekanye
n’inyerera [y] ([j]). Inyandiko nyejwi yazo igomba kuba iteye itya:
[ky], [gy].
Ingero:
ikigega= [ìkyìgyègà], kera= [kyèêrà].
- [k], [g], : Iyo zikurikiwe n’inyajwi [u] na [o] wumva buri gihe
zihekanye n’inyerera [w]. Inyandiko nyejwi yazo igomba kuba iteye
itya: [kw], [gw], [hw].
Ingero:
kogosha =[kwôògwò∫à], kugura =[kwùgwùrà]
c) Imbonerahamwe y’ingombajwi n’inyerera mu nyadikoisanzwe n’inyandiko nyejwi.
Ikitonderwa
- Biragaragara ko hari ijwi c ritagaragara muri iyi mbonerahamwe.
Iri jwi rifatwa nk’ijwi ry’igihekane ryandikwa mu majwi abiri, bityo
rikandikwa ritya: [t∫].
Ingero: umucaca= [ùmùt∫àât∫à], umucucu= [ùmùt∫ùùt∫ù].
- Ijwi [b] rikoreshwa mu bihekane gusa naho ahandi hagakoreshwa [β].
Ingero
Ibaba: [ìβâβâ]Imbeba: [ìmbèβà]
Umwitozo
1. Inyajwi ni iki?
2. Tandukanya inyuguti n’ijwi.
3. Dukurikije umwanya zivugirwaho n’uburyo zivugwa, inyajwi
zikurikira zitandukaniye he? [ì],[ù],[è],[ò],[à].
4. Dukurikije ubutinde bw’inyajwi n’imiterere y’amasaku,
Ikinyarwanda usanga gifite inyajwi zingahe?
5. Kora imbonerahamwe igaragaza uburyo bw’imivugirwe n’aho
ingombajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zivugirwa.
6. Andika aya magambo mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Ibidukikije
b) Umushyo
c) Ubudehe
d) Inyanya
e) Ishati
7. Ingombajwi [k] na [g] zihuriye ku ki? Zitaniye ku ki?
8. Gereranya Itonde Nyamajwi Nyafurika n’Itonde NyamajwiMpuzamahanga.
VIII.3 Iyigamvugo
Igikorwa
Soma amagambo ari mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira yanditswe mu
mpushya ebyiri hanyuma witegereze amajwi yanditse mu ibara
ritsindagiye ukore ubushakashatsi ku mumaro wayo maze utahure
inshoza y’iyigamvugo, iy’inyandiko nyemvugo n’aho inyandiko nyemvugo itandukaniye n’inyandiko nyejwi.
Inshoza y’iyigamvugo
Iyigamvugo ni urwego rw’iyigandimi rusesengura imitandukanire
y’amajwi. Iyo mitandukanire ishingiye ku bufasha bwayo bwo
gutandukanya amagambo y’ururimi, ubwo bufasha ayo majwi afite
butuma yitwa “amajwi shingiro”. Inyandiko ikoreshwa mu iyigamvugo
yitwa inyandiko nyemvugo.
8.3.1 Inyandiko nyemvugo
Inyandiko nyemvugo ni inyandiko ifata amajwi yose y’ururimi
ikayagabanya igamije kugera ku majwi make afite umumaro wo
gutandukanya amagambo muri urwo rurimi. Bene ayo majwi aboneka
yitwa “amajwi shingiro”. Iryo gabanya ry’amajwi y’ururimi bakaryita
igeruramajwi. Muri iryo geruramajwi, mu gushaka gutahura ko ijwi
runaka rifite umumaro mu rurimi barisimbuza irindi jwi mu ijambo
rimwe bagoragoza. Iyo iryo simburana ry’amajwi ribyaye ingingo nshya
ayo majwi yombi ni yo yitwa amajwi shingiro. Ni ukuvuga ko ariya
majwi atsindagiye mu magambo yagaragajwe mu mbonerahamwe iri
haruguru ari amajwi shingiro mu Kinyarwanda.
Urwego rw’iyigamvugo rero rwita ku gushaka amategeko yakurikizwa
mu kugabanya ibimenyetso byandika ibihekane mu rwego rw’iyigamajwi
(mu nyandiko nyejwi) kandi ibimenyetso bisigaye bikaba byihagije ku
buryo nta kwitiranya amagambo no kujijinganya ku gisobanuro cyayo.
Ni yo mpamvu iyigamvugo ryitwa iyigamajwi nyamumaro kukorigabanya ibimenyetso rigasigaza iby’ingenzi.
8.3.2 Uko bandika mu nyandiko nyemvugo
Iyo bandika mu nyandiko nyemvugo hari ibikurikizwa:
a) Mu nyandiko nyemvugo bandika bagabanya ibimenyetso kandi
ibyanditswe bigashyirwa hagati y’udukoni tubiri tuberamye / /.
b) Mu nyandiko nyemvugo amasaku nyesi n’ay’integuza
ntiyandikwa.
c) Mu nyandiko nyemvugo inyerera [j] na [w] ziragerurwa kuri
[k] na [g] iyo zashyizwe mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma.
Ni ukuvuga ko iyo [k] na [g] zikurikiwe na [i] na [e] ni ho ziba
zashyizwe mu rusenge rw’imbere. Naho zigashyirwa mu rusenge
rw’inyuma iyo zikurikiwe na [u] na [o].Urugero:
8.3.3 Gutandukanya inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko nyemvugo
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza itandukaniro riri hagati y’inyandiko nyemvugo
n’inyandiko isanzwe.
2. Andika amagambo akurikira mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu
nyandiko nyemvugo.
a) Umugati
b) Abana
c) Inyama
d) Ishuri
e) Ubushyuhe
3.Ukoresheje ingero erekana ko /i/ na /a/, / t/ na /k/ ari amajwi
shingiro.
VIII.4 Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
1. Hanga umwandiko usobanura mu buryo burambuye aho umugani
“Wima amaraso Igihugu imbwa zikayanywera ubusa” uhuriye
no gukunda Igihugu.
2. Tahura mu mwandiko wahanze amagambo atanu afite amajwi
y’inyabumwe gusa maze uyandike mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu
nyandiko nyemvugo.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusesengura imyandiko itandukanye ivuga ku
nsanganyamatsiko yo gukunda Igihugu.
- Gusobanura uko ibikorwa byo gukunda Igihugu ari
ingirakamaro mu iterambere.
- Kwandika mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu nyandiko nyemvugoamagambo arimo amajwi y’inyabumwe.
Ubu ndangwa no:
Kwitabira no gushishikariza abandi ibikorwa byo gukunda Igihugucyange mparanira kugiteza imbere.
VIII.5 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa munani
Umwandiko: Ubufatanye bwaduteje imbere
Mu minsi ishize, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge
wa Bwiza yasuye abaturage b’Akagari ka Rebero ngo arebe aho bageze
bashyira mu bikorwa gahunda za Leta zirimo umuganda n’ubudehe. Hari
mu gikorwa cy’umuganda, yifatanya na bo mu guhanga umuhanda uhuza
imidugudu ibiri yo muri ako kagari.
Ageze muri uwo muganda, yasanze abaturage barakataje mu bikorwa byo
kwiteza imbere. Yiboneye uburyo ibikorwa by’umuganda babigize ibyabo
bikaba bimaze gushinga imizi no kubageza ku bukungu n’imibereho myiza.
Imihanda y’imigenderano yakwiriye mu midugudu yose. Abaturage bagize
uruhare rufatika mu guhanga imihanda ibafasha kugenderana no kugeza
umusaruro wabo ku masoko nta nkomyi. Bacukuye kandi ibirometero
by’imiyoboro y’ibitembo bibagezaho amazi meza n’imiringoti yo kurwanya
isuri. Yasanze barateye n’amashyamba kandi bayafata neza. Bubatse
ibyumba bihagije by’amashuri y’uburezi bw’ibanze n’ibindi.
Umuganda urangiye, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge
wa Bwiza yakoranye inama n’abaturage. Yatangiye abashimira ibyo
bamaze kugeraho yiboneye imbona nkubone. Yababwiye ko yanejejwe
cyane no kubona uruyange rw’ibishyimbo bya mushingiriro, ibirayi
by’imishishe bihinze mu mirima migari kubera gahunda yo guhuza
ubutaka. Yanashimye kandi ibikorwa by’amakoperative y’ubworozi
bw’inka za kijyambere n’andi matungo ndetse n’ubuhinzi bw’imboga
n’imbuto zinyuranye, nk’amashu, karoti, inanasi, amapapayi n’izindi.
Mu kiganiro ke n’abaturage b’Akagari ka Rebero, Umunyamabanga
Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Bwiza, yagarutse ku gikorwa
cy’ubudehe, nka kimwe mu bikorwa bigaragaza gukunda Igihugu.
Yatangiye agira ati: “Nk’uko bizwi, ubudehe ni gahunda idashingiye ku
nkunga yo hanze. Ni imwe muri gahunda za Leta y’u Rwanda igamije
kurwanya ubukene bishingiye ku ihame ry’ibikorwa umuturage afitemo
uruhare. Ndabashimira rero ko nasanze iyo gahunda imaze kubageza ku
ntambwe ishimishije, kuko benshi muri mwe yabakuye mu bukene ku
buryo bugaragara.”
Abaturage bamugaragarije ko iyi gahunda yo gufashanya mu gukemura
ibibazo yahozeho no mu mateka y’u Rwanda. Mu muco nyarwanda, na
kera na kare, nk’iyo abaturanyi babonaga hari bamwe muri bo bagiye
kurara ihinga, bajyaga umugambi, uyu munsi bagahingira naka,
ejo bakajya kwa runaka, bagahetura ubuhinge. Bityo ntihagire uba
nyakamwe ngo yimarize, igihe kirinde kimurengana agikukuza wenyine.
Haba n’igihe yabengeraga bakaza kumuhingira ubudehe maze ubuhinge
bagatamanzura bityo ntarare ihinga akazereza rimwe n’abandi.
Baganira ku by’ubudehe muri iki gihe, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
yashimishimijwe n’uko abaturage bo mu Kagari ka Rebero basobanukiwe
neza ko ubudehe ari gahunda ya Leta igamije kuzamurira abaturage
icyarimwe mu nzego zose z’imibereho ntawusigaye inyuma. Abaturage
bahurira hamwe mu nama maze buri wese agahabwa umwanya wo
gutanga ibitekerezo ku ngamba zo guteza imbere umudugudu wabo. Ibi
kandi bikorwa mu bwubahane ntawurogoya undi cyangwa ngo hagire
uniganwa ijambo.
Bakomeje bavuga ko iyo bamaze gutahura ibikenewe, babitondeka
bakurikije uburemere bwabyo cyangwa se ibyihutirwa kurusha ibindi,
bakabisesengura maze bakabifataho umwanzuro. Iyo bigaragaye ko
hari abaturage bakennye kurusha abandi barabemeza, bakabaheraho
babagenera inkunga ibafasha kwivana mu bukene. Ku bindi bibazo
bibugarije muri rusange, na byo babitondeka bahereye ku biremereye
cyangwa se byihutirwa kurusha ibindi maze bakagena uburyo bagomba
kubikemura. Ibi bituma abaturage bose bashobora kwiteza imbere
ntawusigaye inyuma.
Nyuma yo kuganira n’abaturage b’Akagari ka Rebero, Umunyamabanga
Nshingwabikorwa yakoranye inama n’Abanyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
b’utugari n’Abakuru b’imidugudu bigize Umurenge wa Bwiza. Bari
bateguye ko inama igomba kubera mu cyumba k’inama cy’Akagari ka
Rebero. Amaze kureba ko umubare wa ngombwa uhari, Umunyamabanga
Nshingwabikorwa yifurije ikaze abitabiriye inama maze atangiza inama
abagezaho ingingo bari buganireho. Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
w’Akagari ka Rebero yayibereye umwanditsi kugira ngo azakore inyandiko
mvugo. Ingingo zose zari ku murongo w’ibyigwa zaganiriweho kandi
bagenda bafata umwanzuro kuri buri ngingo. Buri wese wasabye ijambo
yararihawe. Uwashakaga gutana baramukeburaga bakamugarura mu
murongo mu bwubahane. Ntawafataga ijambo atarihawe cyangwa ngo
hagire urogoya undi cyangwa se ngo yiharire umwanya w’ijambo.
Ingingo zose bamaze kuzihetura no kuzifataho imyanzuro, umuyobozi
w’inama yayishoje yongera gushimira abaturage b’Umurenge wa Bwiza
muri rusange n’ab’Akagari ka Rebero by’umwihariko, anashishikariza
Abanyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa gukangurira abaturage bayobora
gukomeza kwitabira gahunda y’umuganda n’ubudehe. Yashoje inama
agira ati: “Gahunda y’umuganda n’ubudehe bifite uruhare runini mu
guteza imbere Umunyarwanda. Ni ngombwa gukomeza kwitabira izo
gahunda nta kuzuyaza, nta kwiganda, kujandajanda cyangwa kwirozonga
kuko ari twe bifitiye akamaro.
Uru Rwanda ni urwacu twurwubake nta we dusiganya kuko “Ak’imuhana
kaza imvura ihise.”
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Tanga ingero ukuye mu mwandiko zerekana ko Abanyarwanda
bakora ibikorwa bigaragaza gukunda Igihugu.
2. Ni iki umuganda wamariye abaturage bo mu Kagari ka Rebero.
3. Sobanura mu nshamake uburyo igikorwa cy’ubudehe cyakorwaga
kera.
4. Erekana indangagaciro enye zigaragara mu mwandiko.
5. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko rusange umwandiko wubakiyeho?
6. Sobanura uburyo ibikorwa by’umuganda n’ubudehe bishobora
kugira uruhare mu kubungabunga ibidukikije.
7. Tanga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz‘ingereka zigaragara mu mwandiko
wasomye.
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Huza ijambo riri mu rushya A n’igisobanuro cyaryo kiri muruhushya B
2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara cyane ayo bihuje inyito ukuye
mu mwandiko.
a) Aho nanyuze hose nasanze ibishyimbo ari ururabo.
b) Ingano zo muri Rebero ziratoshye kubera ifumbire.
c) Abayobozi bishimiye ko abaturage bakomeje gutera imbere mu
kwihaza mu biribwa.
d) Ibikorwa byo gukorera hamwe mu mudugudu wacu byaduteje
imbere.
III. Ibibazo ku nyandiko nyejwi no ku nyandiko nyemvugo
1. Wifashishije ingero, tandukanya inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko
nyemvugo.
2. Garagarisha imbonerahamwe uko inyajwi zivugwa n’aho
zivugirwa.
3. Garagaza ibiranga ingombajwi zikurikira mu mivugirwe yazo:
[z], [β], [f], ,[k].
4. Wifashishije ingero, erekana ko amajwi /e/na/o/, /s/na/r/ ari
amajwi shingiro.
5. Wifashishije ingero ebyiri, erekana ukuntu amasaku ari amajwishingiro.