Topic outline
UMUTWE WA 1: UBUREZI N’UBURERE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- Gutanga ibitekerezo mu bwubahane mu biganiro mpaka.
- Kwandika yubahiriza amabwiriza y’imyandikire.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite, sobanura mu magambo yawe bwite uburezi n’uburere ibyo ari byo, ugaragaze n’itandukaniro riri hagati yabyo.
I.1. Umwandiko: Kabayiza mu ihuriro
Mu mudugudu wa Gahinga hari ingimbi n’abangavu biga mu bigo by’amashuri binyuranye. Mu kiruhuko, mu masaha ya nimugoroba barahuraga bakungurana ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye. Kabayiza, umwe mu ngimbi zari zituye muri uwo mudugudu ntiyagiraga amahirwe yo kujya mu ihuriro nka bagenzi be kuko ababyeyi be bamubwiraga ko yaba agiye gucumba urugomo. Yahoraga abinginga ngo na we agende, bakamutsembera, ibyo bikamubabaza cyane. Igihe kimwe, yinginze ababyeyi ngo ajyane na bagenzi be mu ihuriro, baramwemerera ariko bamusaba ko navayo ababwira ibyo yungukiyemo. Nuko agenda yishimye. Ageze mu ihuriro, bamwakirana urugwiro. Ntibyatinze umusangiza w’amagambo yakira umusaza Kanyamibwa bari batumiye ngo abaganirize ku nsanganyamatsiko y’uwo munsi ari yo “Uburezi n’uburere mu Rwanda rwo hambere”. Yasabye buri wese gukurikira atuje kandi yandika ikibazo yifuza kuza kubaza nyuma y’ikiganiro. Kanyamibwa yatangiye ababwira ko mu Rwanda rwo hambere Abanyarwanda bari bafite irerero gakondo ari ryo torero. Ryatangirwagamo uburezi n’uburere ku ngimbi zaturutse hirya no hino mu gihugu. Bahuriraga ibwami no mu batware, bakabatoza ibintu byinshi binyuranye. Ibijyanye n’umuco nyarwanda batozwaga byabagiriraga akamaro ku giti cyabo ndetse no ku muryango nyarwanda muri rusange. Muri byo twavuga nk’indangagaciro na za kirazira zubakaga umunyarwanda mo ubumuntu n’ubunyarwanda. Kanyamibwa yakomeje ababwira bimwe na bimwe mu byigirwaga mu 3 itorero: Icya mbere bigiragamo ni ukwimakaza umuco w’imibanire myiza bakabana nk’abavandimwe badahemukirana. Yabasobanuriye ko intore yimakazaga umuco w’amahoro iharanira kubana neza n’abandi. Intore wasangaga ari inshuti zikomeye, zishyize hamwe ku buryo na nyuma y’ubuzima bwo mu itorero ubucuti bwakomezaga bitewe n’inyigisho bahabwaga zatumaga bumva ko ari abavandimwe. Mu itorero kandi nta vangura ryarangwagamo. Mu kubigisha iyi ndangagaciro y’imibanire myiza barashotoranaga mu biganiro kugira ngo barebe uko uwo bashotoye yifata. Iyo byamurakazaga baramusekaga kugeza igihe abicitseho. Iyi nyigisho yatumaga abitabiriye itorero hagati yabo ubwabo babana mu mahoro. Icya kabiri bigishwaga kiza ni ugukunda Igihugu. Batozwaga ibyivugo bigizwe n’ibigwi n’ibirindiro by’intwari za kera z’ibirangirire. Babifataga mu mutwe kugira ngo babashe guhimba ibyabo ndetse bizatume na bo bagira ubwo butwari. Ibyo byatumaga bavamo intwari z’Igihugu mu buryo butandukanye. Urugero ni nk’abatabazi n’abacengeri bemeraga gupfira Igihugu ku bushake kugira ngo kibone umutsindo. Ibi byagaragazaga urukundo rukomeye rwo kwitangira Igihugu. Ni na ho havuye umugani uvuga ngo “Wima amaraso Igihugu, imbwa zikayanywera ubusa”. Icya gatatu kandi intore zigiraga mu itorero ni amateka y’Igihugu n’Ikinyarwanda nk’ururimi n’umuco. Zigaga uko umuntu yifata n’uko avuga imbere y’abamuruta n’abo aruta ndetse n’imbere y’umwanzi kugira ngo amwime ikico. Intore zatozwaga uko zifata imbere y’abo ziyobora n’abaziyobora. Zatozwaga ubuvanganzo bunyuranye nk’ibyivugo maze mu nkera y’imihigo bakivuga ibigwi n’ibirindiro. Intore kandi zigaga kuvuga neza no kutizimba mu magambo. Icya kane, mu itorero abahungu batozwaga gukoresha intwaro zitandukanye n’ubuhanga bwo kurwana. Muri byo twavuga nko gufora umuheto, kumasha, gukinga ingabo, gutera icumu, gusimbuka, gukirana, kuzibukira n’ibindi. Ibi kwari ukugira ngo igihe baba basakiranye n’umubisha bazirwaneho, ntazabafate mpiri. Bigaga kandi amategeko y’intambara. Muri yo harimo ko kwica abagore n’abana no gufata ku ngufu abagore n’abakobwa byaziraga. Ikindi kandi bamenyaga ko umugabo wafatwaga mpiri arwana batagomba kumwica, na we yazaga mu minyago nk’abagore n’abana. Uretse n’abantu, n’inyamaswa yahungiraga mu nzu cyaraziraga kuyitanga, kabone n’ubwo yaba iribwa cyangwa iryana. Abakobwa bo ntibajyaga mu itorero ahubwo bajyaga mu rubohero ari byo twagereranya n’itorero kuri bo. Bahabwaga impanuro zirimo kwiyubaha, kubaha abandi, kuzavamo abagore babereye u Rwanda, kuzamenya kurera Igihugu no kujya inama zubaka imiryango yabo. Bahigiraga kandi imirimo itandukanye nko kuboha ibyibo, ibiseke n’imisambi, ndetse no gusenga inkangara n’ibindi. 4 Mu nshamake, Kanyamibwa yababwiye ko itorero ryari rifite akamaro ntagereranywa mu burezi n’uburere mu Rwanda rwo hambere. Abavaga mu itorero basakazaga umuco mwiza baryigiyemo aho batuye. Nta ntore yitwaraga nabi ivuye mu itorero ahubwo wasangaga intore n’utaratojwe batandukanye cyane. Intore zabaga zifite inshingano yo kwigisha rubanda batagiye mu itorero, zibagaragariza urugero rw’umuco mwiza, ndetse zimwe zigashinga ayandi matorero ku misozi. Kanyamibwa yashoje ikiganiro ingimbi n’abangavu bo mu mudugudu wa Gahinga bagifite amatsiko yo kumenya byinshi ku nyigisho zatangirwaga mu itorero. Ibyo byatumye bamubaza ibibazo byinshi. Kabayiza ni we wabimburiye abandi kubaza. Yabajije ibibazo byiza maze Kanyamibwa na we amusubiza abivuye imuzi. Kabayiza asobanukirwa neza ibijyanye n’uburezi n’uburere mu Rwanda rwo hambere. Kabayiza yageze mu rugo asobanurira ababyeyi be ibyo yungukiye mu ihuriro ku nsanganyamatsiko y’uburezi n’uburere bw’ingimbi n’abangavu mu Rwanda rwo hambere. Ababyeyi be banejejwe n’izo nyigisho nziza ingimbi n’abangavu bo mu mudugudu wa Gahinga bigira mu ihuriro. Kuva ubwo, ntibongera kumubuza kurijyamo ahubwo bakajya bamuhwitura ngo adakererwa.
1.1.1 Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Kabayiza mu ihuriro”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko.
Imyitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro.
a) Kuzibukira
b) Umutsindo
2. Ijambo “itorero” rifite inyito zinyuranye. Rikoreshe nibura mu nteruro eshatu uriha inyito zitandukanye.
3. Wubahiriza isanisha rikwiye, uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje aya magambo: abatabazi, gufata mpiri, gufora umuheto.
a) Abajura bagiye kwiba mu kigo cyacu……………………….
b) Kera abahigi ………………. barasa inyamaswa
c) ……………….. bari bafite ubwitange bukomeye mu Gihugu.
1.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Kabayiza mu ihuriro”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Ni hehe Abanyarwanda batangiraga uburezi n’uburere ku ngimbi n’abangavu?
2. Rodora bimwe mu byo abahungu n’abakobwa batozwaga mu itorero no mu rubohero byavuzwe mu mwandiko.
3. Ni iyihe mpamvu yatumaga ababyeyi ba Kabayiza bamubuza kujya mu ihuriro?
4. Ni akahe kamaro itorero ryari rifite mu burezi n’uburere mu Rwanda rwo hambere?
5. Sobanura nibura ibikorwa ndangamuco bitatu bigaragara mu mwandiko.
6. Kubera iki abo bahimbiraga ibyivugo babifataga mu mutwe?
1.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko“Kabayiza mu ihuriro”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize umwandiko “Kabayiza mu ihuriro”.
2. Kuba itorero rya kera ryarahezaga abana b’abakobwa byerekanaga iki? Kuri ubu bimeze bite?
3. Utekereza ko itorero ryagiraga uruhe ruhare mu kurema Umunyarwanda w’intwari, wuzuye indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda?
4. Gereranya itorero ryo mu gihe cyo hambere n’itorero ryo muri iki gihe.
1.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Igikorwa
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira.
a) Itorero ry’Igihugu ryaje gusubiza ibibazo urubyiruko rw’u Rwanda rwahuraga na byo mu bijyanye n’uburere bwarwo.
b) Uburezi budaheza ntibwubahirizwaga mu itorero ryo mu Rwanda rwo hambere. Sobanura.
I.2. Umwandiko: Ntibabyumva kimwe
Hari mu isomo ry’Ikinyarwanda, umwarimu Rumanzi abwira abanyeshuri be ati: “Uyu munsi mu isomo ryacu ry’Ikinyarwanda ndifuza ko tuganira ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti: ‘Ishuri ni umusingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere’. Ndifuza ko buri wese akigiramo uruhare. Nimwitoremo uyobora ikiganiro uzajya asangiza amagambo, umwanditsi utwandikira ingingo z’ingenzi z’ibyavuzwe mu kiganiro, uduhwitura kugira ngo dukoreshe igihe cyacu neza; babiri bashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko na babiri batayishyigikiye; abaza kugaragaza uruhande rwatanze ibitekerezo bihiga iby’abandi nta ruhande babogamiyeho ndetse n’abaza kurebera uko ikiganiro gikorwa na bo bakaba baza kuvuga uko babyumva nyuma y’ibitekerezo by’uruhande rushyigikiye n’urudashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko. Umwarimu Rumanzi akimara kuvuga igikorwa mu isomo ry’Ikinyarwanda, abanyeshuri be babyumvise vuba, bitoramo ibyiciro yavuze kugira ngo bose bagire uruhare mu kiganiro. Barangije, yabahaye igihe kingana n’isaha kugira ngo abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko n’abatayishyigikiye babone umwanya wo gukora ubushakashatsi buhagije begeranya ingingo bari bushingireho batanga ibitekerezo byabo. Igihe bahawe kirangiye umwarimu yaberetse uko bicara akurikije uruhare buri wese ari bugire mu kiganiro kugira ngo batangire abasaba ashimangira ko ikiganiro kigomba kuba mu mutuzo buri wese yumva kandi yubaha ibitekerezo bya mugenzi we. Yabibukije ko nibarangiza ikiganiro, umwanditsi aza kuvuga mu nshamake uko ikiganiro cyagenze.
7 Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro: “Tubahaye ikaze mu kiganiro cyacu ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti: ‘Ishuri ni umusingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere’. Umwe mu bashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko yabanza agatanga ibitekerezo bye
Uwa mbere ushyigikiye insanganyamatsiko: “Ishuri ni umusingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere”:
Murakoze kuduha uyu mwanya wo gutanga ibitekerezo byacu ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti: “Ishuri ni umusingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere”. Ibi ni ukuri koko. Ishuri ni irerero riganwa n’abantu b’ingeri zose. Umwana aravuka, ababyeyi bakamwitaho, bamugaburira, bamwambika ndetse bakamuvuza mu gihe yarwaye. Iyo amaze gukura bamutangiza ishuri, inshingano zabo nk’ababyeyi ni ukumuha ibikoresho byose bikenerwa no gukomeza kumwitaho mu mibereho. Uburezi n’uburere nyakuri abihabwa n’umwarimu mu gihe cyose amara ku ishuri. Nkaba nemeza rero ko ishuri ari ryo musingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere kubera ko utarigannye ngo abarimu bamurere bamutoza ikinyabupfura ndetse banamuhe ubumenyi nta terambere yageraho.
Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro: Ngira ngo murumva ibyo amaze kuvuga, mwe mudashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko murabivugaho iki?
Uwa mbere udashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko: “Ishuri ni umusingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere”:
Murakoze cyane ku ngingo yanyu mutanze, nge ariko si ko mbibona. Uburezi n’uburere nyabwo buhera mu muryango aho umwana avuka. Ababyeyi b’umwana cyangwa abamurera ni bo bafata iya mbere mu kumuha uburezi n’uburere kuko agiye mu ishuri nta burezi n’uburere by’ibanze yahawe n’ababyeyi cyangwa abamurera, mu ishuri umwarimu yagosorera mu rucaca. Mu yandi magambo umwarimu yubakira ku byo ababyeyi batoje abana babo. Bityo nkaba nemeza ko umuryango ari wo musingi w’uburezi n’uburere.
Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro: Undi mu bashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko nawe yagira icyo abivugaho.
Uwa kabiri ushyigikiye insanganyamatsiko: “Ishuri ni umusingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere”:
Murakoze cyane ku gitekerezo cyanyu mutanze ariko nge si ko mbyumva. Umuntu agana ishuri agatozwa ikinyabupfura, akamenya gusoma no kwandika, akahigira n’ubundi bumenyi bumufasha kuzavamo umuntu nyamuntu. Ndemeza ko umuntu utaragana cyangwa utaragannye ishuri nta burezi n’uburere bihamye yaba afite. Ibi bikaba ari byo nshingiraho mvuga ko ishuri ari wo musingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere.
Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro: Mwakomeje kumva ibyo abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko bagenda bavuga, mwe abo ku rundi ruhande nta kindi mwakongeraho?
Uwa kabiri udashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko: “Ishuri ni umusingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere”:
Murakoze cyane ku bw’icyo gitekerezo ariko nk’uko mu Kinyarwanda babivuga “uburere buruta ubuvuke”. Kimwe na mugenzi wange wambanjirije, sinshyigikiye ko ishuri ari ryo musingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere. Uburere n’ubumenyi dukura mu ishuri si byo byaba umusingi w’uburezi n’uburere byacu kuko uburere nyabwo tugomba kubuhabwa mbere yo kugana ishuri. Mu muryango ni ho h’ibanze umwana atorezwa hakiri kare indangagaciro z’umuco na kirazira bityo yajya mu ishuri abarimu bakabona aho bahera. Muri make, uburezi n’uburere umwana yahawe mu muryango ni wo musingi uburezi n’uburere byo mu ishuri byubakiraho. Abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko n’abatayishyigikiye barangije gutanga ibitekerezo byabo, umuyobozi w’ikiganiro yasabye abandi bantu bose bari aho gutanga ibitekerezo byabo. Ibitekerezo batangaga byagaragazaga ko ishuri atari ryo musingi w’uburezi n’uburere. Barangije asaba umwanditsi gusoma ingingo zatanzwe na buri ruhande ku nsanganyamatsiko. Nyuma umuyobozi w’ikiganiro aha umwanya umwe mu bari bafite inshingano zo kugaragaza itsinda ryahize irindi mu gutanga ingingo zifatika. Maze arahaguruka aravuga ati: “Ndashimira muri rusange buri wese witabiriye ikiganiro kuko mwaranzwe n’umutuzo. Ndashimira by’umwihariko kandi buri wese ku mpande zombi watanze ibitekerezo byiza by’uko yumva insanganyamatsiko bari bahawe bashize amanga kandi mu bwubahane. Ibitekerezo byatanzwe byose byumvikanaga ariko abahize abandi mu gutanga ingingo zumvikana ni abatari bashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko. Murakoze”. Nyuma y’ibyo, umuyobozi w’ikiganiro yashimiye abagize uruhare bose mu kiganiro, n’uburyo cyagenze neza mu mutuzo nta kubangamirana.
1.2.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ntibabyumva kimwe”, ushakemo amagambo akomeye hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya.
Umwitozo
Shaka amagambo ikenda ari muri iki kinyatuzu afitanye isano n’uburezi n‘uburere.
Urugero wahawe: Ikinyabupfura
1.2.2. Kumva no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko bari bagiye kuganiraho mu isomo ry’Ikinyarwanda?
2. Ni izihe mpande zunguranye ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko “Ishuri ni umusingi nyawo w’uburezi n’uburere”
3. Ni nde washoje ikiganiro?
1.2.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira
1. Mu magambo yawe bwite sobanura imvugo “Ntibabyumva kimwe”.
2. Ni iyihe nyito twaha ikiganiro cy’abantu barimo kuvuga ku nsanganyamatsiko imwe ariko ibitekerezo byabo bigaragaza ko batabyumva kimwe?
I.3. Ikiganiro mpaka
Igikorwa
Mu gusesengura umwandiko “Ntibabyumva kimwe” twabonye ko uyu mutwe w’umwandiko ufite inyito y’ikiganiro mpaka. Ese ikiganiro mpaka ni iki? Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ikiganiro mpaka, imbata yacyo, uko bagitegura n’uko gikorwa.
1.3.1. Inshoza y’ikiganiro mpaka
Ikiganiro mpaka ni urubuga rwo gukusanyamo ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka. Bene icyo kiganiro kiba kiyobowe kandi buri ruhande ruba ruhatanira guhiga urundi mu gutanga ibitekerezo neza. Ibyo bigatuma buri ruhande rutsimbarara ku murongo w’ibitekerezo rwahisemo. Ikiganiro mpaka kigira abantu bafite inshingano zinyuranye zituma kigenda neza kandi cyubahiriza igihe cyagenwe.
1.3.2. Uturango tw’ikiganiro mpaka
- Ikiganiro mpaka kirangwa no kuba hari insanganyamatsiko igibwaho impaka.
- Kibamo impande ebyiri zidahuje ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe.
- Abitabiriye icyo kiganiro bagira uburyo bicara cyangwa bahagarara buri tsinda ukwaryo.
- Ikiganiro mpaka kigira umuyobozi, umwanditsi, abashyigikiye n’abadashyigikiye insaganyamatsiko, abakemurampaka, umuhwituzi n’indorerezi.
1.3.3. Abagize ikiganiro mpaka
Umuyobozi, umwanditsi, abashyigikiye n’abadashyigikiye insaganyamatsiko (abajya impaka), abakemurampaka, umuhwituzi n’indorerezi.
- Umuyobozi: Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro avuga insanganyamatiko iza kugibwaho impaka, agateganya igihe ikiganiro kiri bumare. Agena umubare w’abagomba kugira uruhare mu kiganiro kugira ngo bataba benshi, bityo ibitekerezo bikagora iyobora. Agenera kandi impande zijya impaka umwanya wo gukusanya ingingo bari butange zijyanye n’uruhande bahagazemo. Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro ashobora kuba umwe cyangwa bakaba babiri bitewe n’abajya impaka uko bangana n’imiterere y’insanganyamatsiko.
- Umwanditsi: Ni uwandika ibitekerezo bitangwa na buri ruhande.
- Abajya impaka: abajya impaka baba bari mu byiciro bibiri: abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko yatanzwe n’abadashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko yatanzwe. Mbere yo kwinjira mu kiganiro mpaka izi mpande zombi zibanza gukora ubushakashatsi buhagije ku nsanganyamatsiko.
- Abake murampaka: bahamya uruhande rwahize urundi.
- Umuhwituzi: agenera igihe abavuga.
- Indorerezi: zikurikira ikiganiro.
1.3.4. Uko bategura ikiganiro mpaka
Mbere yo kwinjira mu kiganiro mpaka, abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko n’abatayishyigikiye bamenyeshwa insanganyamatsiko, bagahabwa umwanya wo gukora ubushakashatsi buhagije begeranya ingingo bari bushingireho kugira ngo bahige abo bari buge impaka.
1.3.5. Uko abagize ikiganiro mpaka bicara
Nk’uko bigaragara ku ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Ntibabyumva kimwe”, abajya impaka bicara barebana, bamwe bari mu ruhande rw’iburyo abandi bari mu ruhande rw’ibumoso. Ibyo bituma ntawubangamirwa cyangwa ngo aterwe icyugazi na mugenzi we. Biba byiza iyo buri muntu mu bajya impaka ashyize urupapuro rwanditseho izina rye imbere ye kugira ngo bifashe abajya impaka kumenyana iyo bataziranye.
1.3.6. Imyitwarire y’abagize ikiganiro mpaka
Mu cyumba gikorerwamo ibiganiro mpaka hagomba kubamo umutuzo. Ni inshingano z’umuyobozi w’ikiganiro gutanga amabwiriza areba abajya impaka ndetse n’indorerezi. Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro mpaka nta ruhande abogamiraho, we atanga umurongo w’ikiganiro gusa.
Mu kiganiro mpaka, ntawiha ijambo; arihabwa n’umuyobozi w’ikiganiro. Mu gihe uhawe ijambo atubahirije igihe, umuhwituzi amenyekanisha ko igihe kirangiye, hanyuma umuyobozi w’ikiganiro akaka ijambo uvuga. Abari mu kiganiro ntibaba bagomba gutandukira insanganyamatsiko. Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro agarura mu murongo abashatse gutandukira bajya mu bindi. Mu gihe batanga ibitekerezo, uvuga aba agomba gushira amanga akagaragaza ko ingingo atanga azihagazeho ku buryo abamwumva babona ko yifitiye ikizere mu byo avuga. Uri mu kiganiro mpaka ntagira umususu, nta n’ubwo atungurwa igihe abajijwe n’uwo ku rundi ruhande. Ahora yiteguye kandi ntiyerekane ko ikibazo abajijwe kimunaniye. Bityo igihe avuga, agomba guhanga amaso abo abwira n’abandi bose bari aho, akarangurura ijwi kugira ngo yumvikanishe igitekerezo ke.
Nubwo abajya impaka baba bagomba gusenyana mu bitekerezo, ufashe ijambo ashaka gusenya igitekerezo cy’undi agomba kubikora mu kinyabupfura no mu bwubahane batajya impaka za ngo turwane. Umwanditsi agomba kwandika muri make ingingo zose zitangwa n’impande zombi akirinda gushyiramo ibitekerezo bye. Indorerezi zigomba kugaragaza umutuzo, zikirinda urusaku, gukomera no gukomera amashyi abatanze ibitekerezo byabo.
1.3.7. Imbata y’ikiganiro mpaka
Ikiganiro mpaka kigira umutwe, intangiriro, igihimba n’umwanzuro (umusozo).
a)Umutwe
Umutwe uba ugizwe n’insanganyamatsiko iri bugibweho impaka.
b)Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro, umuyobozi w’ikiganiro mpaka atangiza ibiganiro atanga amabwiriza ku bitabiriye ikiganiro mpaka. Nyuma y’ayo mabwiriza, umuyobozi avuga insanganyamatsiko iri bugibweho impaka, maze agaha umwanya abagiye kujya impaka bagatangira gutanga ibitekerezo byabo.
c) Igihimba
Mu gihimba, abajya impaka barisanzura, itsinda rikajya risimburana n’irindi mu gutanga ibitekerezo. Mu gihimba ni ho hagaragara ikiganiro mpaka nyiri izina, uko impande ebyiri zijya impaka, abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko n’abatayishyigikiye.
Ufashe ijambo bwa mbere asobanura uko yumva insanganyamatsiko akabona gutanga ibitekerezo bye. Iyo arangije kuvuga, umuyobozi w’ikiganiro aha ijambo uwo mu rundi ruhande udashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko. Uyu na we abanza gusobanura insanganyamatsiko, agasenya ibitekerezo by’uwamubanjirije, akabona gutanga ibitekerezo bijyanye n’umurongo itsinda rye ryihaye.
Nyuma y’aba babiri babanza kuri buri tsinda, umuyobozi w’ikiganiro agenda aha ijambo umuntu umwe uvugira buri tsinda bakagenda basimburana kugeza igihe umwanya bagenewe urangiye. Aba na bo ugiye kuvuga abanza gusenya igitekerezo cya mugenzi we. Mu gusenya ingingo z’uwakubanjirije, mu gihe mutari ku ruhande rumwe, uzisenyesha ibitekerezo bifite ingufu kurusha ibyatanzwe. Iyo umaze kubisenya uvuga uko wowe ubyumva. Uko umwe mu bajya impaka atanze ibitekerezo ni ko umwanditsi agenda abyandika. Mu gihe batanga ibitekerezo, umuhwituzi agenda agenzura ko igihe cyo kuvuga cyubahirizwa, ugiye kukirenza akamuhagarika.
Iyo umwanya w’abajyaga impaka urangiye indorerezi na zo zihabwa ijambo zikavuga uko zumva insanganyamatsiko.
d)Umwanzuro w’impaka
Mu gusoza ikiganiro mpaka, umwanditsi asoma ingingo zatanzwe na buri ruhande ku nsanganyamatsiko. Abakemurampaka na bo bamaze kubona itsinda ryatanze ingingo zifatika kurusha irindi, bagaragaza abatsinze abandi. Nyuma y’ibyo, umuyobozi ashimira abagize uruhare bose mu kiganiro mpaka akaboneraho kuvuga igitekerezo cyari kigamijwe hatangwa iyo nsanganyamatsiko akaba yakongeraho ibitekerezo bitavuzwe.
Umwitozo
Muhitemo imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira muyikoreho ikiganiro mpaka.
a) Mu burezi n’uburere abana bagomba gutozwa ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hakiri kare.
b) Uburezi n’uburere muri iki gihe bugaragaza ko “Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito”.
I.4. Amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda
1.4.1 Imyandikire y’inyajwi, inyerera, ingombajwi n’ibihekane
Igikorwa
Mwitegereze interuro zikurikira, mugire icyo muzivugaho kandi muzikosore aho biri ngombwa.
- Nta nthole yitwaraga nabi ivuye mu itorero.
- Mu ncamake, Kanyamibwa yabwiye abitabiriye ikiganiro ko itorero lyali lifite akamaro ntagereranywa mu burezi n’uburere mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
- Abangavu bigaga imirimo itandukanye nko kwuboha ibisecye, imisambi n’inkangara n’ibindi.
- Ikindi intore zigishwaga kandi cyiza ni ugukunda Igihugu.
Umaze gukosora izo nteruro, kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’imyandikire y’ururimi, ugaragaze imyandikire y’inyajwi, inyerera, ingombajwi n’ibihekane by’ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda.
Inshoza y’imyandikire y’ururimi
Imyandikire inoze y’ururimi ni urusobe rw’amategeko ashyirwaho mu rwego rwo kugena ibimenyetso bishushanya amajwi y’ururimi runaka. Mu rwego rwo kunoza imyandikire hakaba hifashishwa amahame y’iyigandimi nk’ubumenyi bugamije kwiga indimi zivugwa. Ni yo mpamvu imishinga yose igena imyandikire inoze y’ururimi ikorwa hitabajwe impuguke muri ubwo bumenyi bw’iyigandimi. Amategeko agenga imyandikire y’inyuguti n’ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda ni aya akurikira:
1. Imyandikire y’inyajwi
Haseguriwe imyandikire y’ubutinde n’amasaku, inyajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zandikishwa inyuguti zikurikira: a, e, i, o, u.
Gukurikiranya inyajwi mu myandikire isanzwe mu Kinyarwanda birabujijwe, uretse mu nyandiko ya gihanga yubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku, mu ijambo (i)saa ry’iritirano, mu marangamutima, mu migereka n’inyigana birimo isesekaza, nabwo handikwa inyajwi zitarenze eshatu.
Ingero:
- Saa kenda ndaba ngeze iwawe.
- Irangamutima “yooo”!
- Umugereka: Ndagukunda “cyaneee”!
- Inyigana “pooo”! ; “mbaaa”!
2. Imyandikire y’inyerera
Inyerera ni ijwi ritari inyajwi ntiribe n’ingombajwi, ariko rifite uturango rihuriraho n’inyajwi n’utundi rihuriraho n’ingombajwi. Ayo majwi ajya kuvugika nk’inyajwi, nyamara kandi ugasanga yitabaza inyajwi nk’ingombajwi kugira ngo avugike neza. Iki ni cyo gituma yitwa inyerera. Inyerera z’Ikinyarwanda zandikishwa inyuguti w na y.
Ingero
- Uwiga aruta uwanga.
- Iyange yatakaye.
3. Imyandikire y’ingombajwi
Ingombajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zandikishwa inyuguti imwe. Ni izi zikurikira: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, m, n, p, r, l, s, t, v, z.
Ikitonderwa
- Inyuguti “l” ikoreshwa gusa mu izina bwite “Kigali”, umurwa mukuru wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda, mu ijambo “Repubulika”, mu ijambo “Leta”no mu mazina bwite y’amanyamahanga y’abantu n’ay’ahantu, urugero nka Angola, Londoni, Lome, Lusaka, Buruseli, Aluberi... - Inyuguti “1” izaguma gukoreshwa mu mazina bwite y’amanyarwanda y’abantu n’ahantu yari isanzwe ikoreshwamo kandi bayiswe mbere y’aya mabwiriza.
4. Imyandikire y’ibihekane
Ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda byandikishwa ibimenyetso bikurikira:
Ikitonderwa
a) Usibye “bg” mu ijambo “Kabgayi” ingombajwi z’ibihekane zitari muri
uru rutonde zirabujijwe.
b) Ibihekane “kw”,“
“u”ntibyandikwa; mu mwanya wabyo handikwa “(n)ko”,“
go”, “Ingero:
- Kwanga koga ni bibi.
- Kubaka ni ukugereka ibuye ku rindi.
- Pariki ya Nyungwe ibamo inguge nyinshi.
- Ngwije na Ngoboka bava inda imwe.
- Korora inkwavu n’inkoko bifite akamaro.
- Iyo ngiye kwinjira mu nzu nkuramo inkweto.
- Mariya ahwituye Hoho kugira ngo yihute.
- Mahwane aragesa amahundo.c) Ibihekane “
“u”. Imbere y’inyajwi “i” cyangwa “e”handikwa “
ki”,“
Ingero:
- Umugi ntuyemo ufite isuku.
- Gewe / ngewe ntuye mu magepfo y’u Rwanda.
- Njyanira ibitabo mu ishuri, gewe ngiye gukina.
- Njyana kwa masenge.
- Iki ni ikibabi k’igiti.
- Ikibo cyuzuye ibishyimbo.
d) Ibihekane bigizwe n’ingombajwi “ts”,“pf” na “c”zibanjirijwe n’inyamazuru
byandikwa mu buryo bukurikira: “ns”, “mf”, “nsh”.
Ingero:
- Iyi nsinzi turayishimiye.
- Imfizi y’inshuti yange.
Umwitozo
a) Mu nyandiko isanzwe inyajwi z’Ikinyarwanda ni zingahe?
Zigaragaze.
b) Ni ryari inyajwi zishobora kwandikwa zikurikiranye mu
nyandiko isanzwe? Tanga ingero.
c) Ni iyihe ngombajwi ifite umwihariko mu mikoreshereze yayo?
Ikoreshwa he?
1.4.2. Ikata n’itakara ry’inyajwi, amagambo afatana n’adafatana
Igikorwa
Mwitegereze interuro zikurikira kandi muzikosore aho biri ngombwa.
a) Abahungu nabakobwa batozwaga uburezi nuburere.
b) Mwitorero bigishwaga indangagaciro cyane cyane kubaha buri
wese.
c) Nyir’ubwenge aruta nyir’uburyo.
Umaze gukosora izo nteruro, kora ubushakashatsi maze ugaragaze
imyandikire y’amagambo afite inyajwi zitakara n’inyajwi z’ikatwa
n’imyandikire y’amagambo afatana n’adafatana.
1. Ikata n’itakara ry’inyajwi
a) Ikata ry’inyajwi zisoza ibinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo “na” na “nka”:
Inyajwi zisoza ikinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo “na” na “nka” zirakatwa iyo
zikurikiwe n’ijambo ritangiwe n’inyajwi ariko inyajwi isoza ikinyazina
ngenera gikurikiwe n’umubare wanditse mu mibarwa ntikatwa.
Ingero:
- Wakomerekejwe n’iki?
- Ntakibyara nk’intare n’ingwe.
- Umubare w’amashuri y’imyuga uriyongera.
- Nyereka uko batsa tereviziyo n’uko bayizimya.
- Umwaka w’ibihumbi bibiri na cumi n’ibiri
- Umwaka wa 2012.
b) Inyajwi zisoza amagambo ntizikatwa.
Urugero:
Kabya inzozi
c) Inyajwi “i” isoza akabimbura “nyiri”, n’inshinga mburabuzi “ni” na
“si” ntizikatwa.
Ingero:
- Nyiri ubwenge aruta nyiri uburyo
- Amasunzu si amasaka
- Icyatumye ejo ntaza iwawe ni uko natashye ndwaye.
d) Ijambo “nyiri” iyo riri mu mazina amwe n’amwe y’icyubahiro rifatana
n’ijambo ririkurikiye.
Urugero:
Nyiricyubahiro Musenyeri.
e) “Nyira” ivuga “nyina wa” ikoreshwa mu mazina, ifatana n’ijambo
ibanjirije.
Urugero:
Nyirabukwe aramukunda.
f) Inyajwi itangira amazina bwite n’amazina rusange akurikiye
indangahantu “mu”na“ku” iratakara, keretse mu izina ritangirwa
n’inyajwi “i” ikora nk’indanganteko.
Ingero:
- Mu Mutara higanje imisozi migufi.
- Mu Kagera habamo ingona.
- Amatungo yanyuze mu murima.
- Kwita ku nka bigira akamaro.
- Abana bavuye ku iriba bajya mu ishuri.
- Banyuze mu ishyamba.
g) Inyajwi zisoza indangahantu “ku”na “mu”ntizikatwa kandi zandikwa
iteka zitandukanye n’izina rikurikira.
Ingero:
- Amatungo yanyuze mu murima.
- Kwita ku nka bigira akamaro.
2. Amagambo afatana n’adafatana
a) Amazina y’inyunge harimo n’amazina bwite y’inyunge yandikwa
afatanye.
Ingero:
- Umwihanduzacumu
- Rugwizangoga
- Umukangurambaga
- Umuhuzabikorwa
- Amayirabiri
b) Mu bisingizo, mu byivugo no mu migani, amazina nteruro agizwe
n’amagambo arenze ane (4) yandikwa atandukanyijwe kandi agashyirwa
mu twuguruzo n’utwugarizo.
Urugero:
Ubwo “Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya Rugema ahica” aba arahashinze.
c) Amagambo mfutuzi yandikwa atandukanyijwe n’amagambo afuturwa.
Ingero:
- Inama njyanama
- Umuco nyarwanda
- Umutima nama
- Umutima muhanano
- Inyandiko mvugo.
d) Ibyungo “na” na “nka” bikurikiwe n’ibinyazina ngenga bivuga
nyakuvuga na nyakubwirwa (ngenga ya 1 n’iya 2) byandikwa mu
ijambo rimwe ariko bikandikwa bitandukanye n’ibinyazina ngenga
muri ngenga ya 3.
Ingero:
- Ndumva nawe umeze nkange.
- Ndabona natwe tumeze nkamwe.
- Ndumva na we ameze nka bo.
- Ndabona na ko kameze nka bwo.
e) Iyo ikinyazina ngenera gikurikiwe n’ikinyazina ngenga byandikwa
mu ijambo rimwe.
Ingero:
- Umwana wange
- Umurima wacu
- Ishati yawe
- Amafaranga yabo
f) Impakanyi “nta” yandikwa ifatanye n’inshinga itondaguye iyikurikiye
ariko iyo ikurikiwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’ijambo biratandukana.
Ingero:
- Iwacu ntawurwaye
- Muri iri shuri ntabatsinzwe
- Ya nka ntayagarutse
- Ugereyo nta gukerererwa kubaye.
- Nta we mbona
- Nta cyo ndwaye
g) Ibinyazina ngenga ndangahantu “ho”,“yo”,“mo (mwo)” n’akajambo
“ko” bifatana n’inshinga bikurikiye, keretse iyo iyo nshinga ari “ni”
cyangwa “si”.
Ingero:
- Wa mugabo nimusangayo turagenderako ntitugaruka.
- Ya nama yayivuyemo.
- Kuki yamwihomyeho ?
- Ni ho mvuye.
- Si ho ngiye.
h) Akajambo “ko” kunga inyangingo ebyiri kandikwa gatandukanye
n’amagambo agakikije.
Ingero:
- Umwarimu avuze ko dukora imyitozo.
- Ndatekereza ko baduhembye.
i) Urujyano rurimo ijambo “ngo” kimwe n’ibinyazina:“wa wundi”,
“bya bindi”,“aho ngaho”,“uwo nguwo”, n’ibindi biremetse nka byo
byandikwa mu magambo abiri.
Ingero:
- Kugira ngo wa wundi adasanga wagiye, ukwiye kuba ugumye
aho ngaho.
- Bwira uwo nguwo yinjire.
- Fata aka ngaka, ibyo ngibyo bireke.
j) Ijambo “ni” rikurikiwe n’inshinga ifite inshoza yo “gutegeka” cyangwa
iyo “guteganya” ryandikwa rifatanye na yo.
Ingero:
- Nimugende mudasanga imodoka yabasize.
- Nimugerayo muzamundamukirize.
k) Amagambo yerekana ibihe yandikwa mu ijambo rimwe: “nimunsi”,
“nijoro (ninjoro)”, “nimugoroba”, “ejobundi”.
Ingero:
- Aragera ino nijoro.
- Araza nimugoroba.
- Yatashye ejobundi.
l) Ijambo “munsi”ryerekana ahantu na ryo ryandikwa mu ijambo rimwe.
Urugero:
Imbeba yihishe munsi y’akabati.
m) Amagambo “ku” na “mu” yandikwa atandukanye n’ikinyazina ngenera
ndetse no mu magambo “ku wa” na “mu wa” abanziriza itariki cyangwa
umubare mu izina ry’umunsi.
Ingero:
- Sindiho ku bwabo.
- Navutse ku wa 12 Ugushyingo.
- Azaza ku wa Mbere.
- Yiga mu wa kane.
n) Ijambo “(i)saa”, rikurikiwe n’umubare byerekana isaha byandikwa mu magambo atandukanye.
Ingero:
- Abashyitsi barahagera saa tatu.
- I saa kenda nizigera ntaraza wigendere
o) Imigereka ndangahantu iremewe ku ndangahantu “i” (imuhira, iheru,
iburyo,ibumoso, ivure, ikambere, imbere, ibwami, inyuma...)
n’amagambo akomoka kuri “i” y’indangahantu ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina
ngenera “wa”, n’ikinyazina ngenga yandikwa mu ijambo rimwe.
Ingero:
- Nujya iburyo ndajya ibumoso.
- Mbwirira abari ikambere bazimanire abashyitsi.
- Nuza iwacu nzishima.
p) Indangahantu “i” ikurikiwe n’izina bwite ry’ahantu yandikwa
itandukanye n’iryo zina.
Ingero:
- I Kirinda haratuwe cyane.
- I Muyunzwe ni mu majyepfo.
q) Inshinga mburabuzi “-ri”iyo ikoreshejwe mu nyangingo ngaragira
yandikwa itandukanye n’ikinyazina kiyibanziriza n’ikiyikurikira.
Ingero:
- Itegeko rihana umuntu uwo ari we wese wangiza umutungo wa Leta.
- Ibyo ari byo byose sindara ntaje kukureba.
- Sinzi uwo uri we.
- Nimumbwire abo muri bo.
r) Amagambo afatiwe hamwe akarema inyumane y’umugereka,
inyumane y’icyungo, cyangwa iy’irangamutima akomoka ku binyazina
bitakibukirwa amazina bisimbura yandikwa afatanye. Nyamara iyo
ahuje ishusho n’izo nyumane kandi ibinyazina bikerekeza ku kintu kizwi
cyangwa kibukwa mu buryo bugaragara, byandikwa bitandukanye.
Ingero:
- Niko? Uraza?
- Uko arya ni ko angana.
- Urahinga nuko uteza.
- Uku kwezi ni uko guhinga.
- Amutumaho nuko araza.
- Ukuboko ashaka ni uko.
s) Amagambo ashingiye ku isubiramo yandikwa afatanye.
Ingero:
- Perezida yavuze ijambo arangije abari aho amashyi ngo: “ Kacikaci”!
- Babwire bage binjira umwumwe.
- Mugende babiribabiri.
Imyitozo
1. Amagambo aranga igihe yandikwa ate? Tanga ingero eshatu.
2. Kosora interuro zikurikira aho ari ngombwa:
a) Nibyiza ko abanyeshuri basoma umwandiko umwe umwe.
b) Tugiye kumva twumva amashyi ngo kaci kaci!
c) Urarya ni uko utabyibuha.
d) Ugukora kwe ni uko.
e) Iga ibyongibyo kugirango uzatsinde neza.
1.4.3. Imyandikire y’amazina bwite, imikoreshereze y’utwatuzo n’inyuguti nkuru
Igikorwa
Mwitegereze interuro zikurikira mugire icyo muzivugaho kandi muzikosore aho ari ngombwa.
a) Twagiye kwa MUHOZA dusanga barimukiye i muhanga.
b) Yaravuze ati: sinshobora kurara ntariye inkoko ayoyari amirariro,
keretse narwaye.
c) Mu minsi ishize banki nkuru y’igihugu yasohoye inoti y’amafaranga
magana atanu.
Umaze gukosora izo nteruro, kora ubushakashatsi maze usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
- Imyandikire y’amazina bwite iteye ite?
- Vuga kandi usobanure utwatuzo twose n’imikoreshereze yatwo.
- Inyuguti nkuru zikoreshwa ryari?
1. Amazina bwite
a) Amazina bwite y’ahantu afite indomo
Amazina bwite y’ibihugu n’ay’uturere afite indomo yandikwa atandukanye n’iyo ndomo; iyo ndomo ikandikwa mu nyuguti nto, keretse iyo itangira interuro.
Ingero:
- A Marangara n’i Gisaka ni tumwe mu turere twa kera tuvugwa mu
mateka y’u Rwanda.
- U Rwanda rurigenga.
- U Mutara wera ibigori, ibitoki n’ibishyimbo.
- U Bubirigi buri mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bw’u Bufaransa.
b)Amazina bwite y’abantu arenze rimwe
Amazina bwite y’abantu arenze rimwe akurikirana muri ubu buryo:
habanza izina yahawe akivuka, hagakurikiraho andi mazina y’inyongera.
Ingero:
- UWASE Ikuzo Laurette
- VUBI Pierre
- KARIMA Biraboneye
- MUNEZERO Salima
c) Amazina bwite y’abantu n’ahantu y’amavamahanga
Amazina bwite y’abantu n’ahantu y’amavamahanga atari ay’idini
n’amazina bwite y’ibihugu n’ay’uturere y’amahanga yandikwa uko avugwa mu Kinyarwanda, nyuma bagashyira mu dukubo uko asanzwe yandikwa mu rurimi akomokamo.
Ingero:
- Enshiteni (Einstein)
- Kameruni (Cameroun / Cameroon)
- Shumakeri (Schumacher)
- Wagadugu (Ouagadougou)
- Ferepo (Fraipont)
- Ositaraliya (Australie / Australia)
- Cadi (Tchad)
d)Amazina y’idini
Amazina y’idini yandikwa nk’uko yanditswe mu gitabo k’irangamimerere akaza akurikira izina umuntu yahawe akivuka cyangwa izina rindi rifatwa nka ryo. Izina rya mbere ryandikwa mu nyuguti nkuru naho izina ry’idini rikandikwa mu nyuguti ntoya, ritangijwe inyuguti nkuru.
Ingero:
- KARERA John
- KEZA Jane
- KAMARIZA Jeanne
- RUTERANA Abdul
- MFIZI Yohana
e) Amazina bwite yari asanzweho
Amazina bwite yatanzwe kandi yakoreshejwe mbere y’aya mabwiriza
akomeza kwandikwa uko yari asanzwe yandikwa.
Ingero:
- Intara y’Amajyepfo
- Umujyi wa Kigali
- Akarere ka Rulindo
- Akagari ka Cyimana
- Umurenge wa Cyeru
8. Imikoreshereze y’utwatuzo
a) Akabago/akadomo (.)
Akabago cyangwa akadomo gasoza interuro ihamya n’interuro iri mu
ntegeko.
Ingero:
- Umwana mwiza yumvira ababyeyi.
- Utazi ubwenge ashima ubwe.
- Mpereza icyo gitabo.
b)Akabazo (?)
Akabazo gasoza interuro ibaza.
Ingero:
- Uzajya i Kigali ryari ngo tuzajyane?
- Wabonye amanota angahe?
c) Agatangaro (!)
Agatangaro gasoza interuro itangara, kagashyirwa n’inyuma
y’amarangamutima.
Ingero:
- Mbega ukuntu kino kiyaga ari kinini!
- Ntoye isaro ryiza mama weee!
- Yooo! Ni uku wabaye?
d) Akitso (,)
Akitso gakoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo bahumeke akanya gato.
Ingero:
- Umunyeshuri ushaka kujijuka, yirinda gusiba, ntakubagane mu
ishuri kandi agakurikiza inama z’ umwarimu.
- Abagiye inama, Imana irabasanga.
e) Uturegeka (...)
Uturegeka dukoreshwa iyo berekana irondora ritarangiye, interuro
barogoye cyangwa iyo mu nteruro hari ijambo bacikije.
Ingero:
- Mu rugo rwa Kinyarwanda habaga ibikoresho byinshi: ibibindi,
ibyansi, ishoka, ibitebo, isekuru...
- Baragenda ngo bagere ku Ruyenzi bahahurira na mwene... simuvuze nzamuvumba!
f) Utubago tubiri (
Utubago tubiri dukoreshwa mu nteruro iyo hari ibigiye kurondorwa, gusobanurwa cyangwa iyo bagiye gusubira mu magambo y’undi. Dukoreshwa kandi inyuma y’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya”, “-tyo”
n’ijambo “ngo”.
Ingero:
- Burya habaho imirimo myinshi: guhinga, kubaka, kubaza n’ibindi.
- Mariya ati: “ Ibyo uvuze bingirirweho”
- Mu Kinyarwanda baravuga ngo: “Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge”.
g) Akabago n’akitso (;)
Akabago n’akitso dukoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo batandukanye
inyangingo ebyiri ziremye kimwe kandi zuzuzanya.
Urugero:
Gusoma neza si ugusukiranya amagambo; gusoma neza ni no kumva
ibyo usoma.
h) Utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo (“ ”)
Utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo dukikiza amagambo y’undi asubirwamo,
imvugo itandukanye n’imvugo isanzwe, cyangwa ingingo igomba
kwitabwaho. Dukikiza amagambo ateruwe n’ingirwanshinga “-ti”,
“-tya”, “-tyo” n’ijambo“ngo”. Dukoreshwa nanone iyo hari inyito
ikemangwa cyangwa kugira ngo bakikize amazina nteruro n’amazina
y’inyunge agizwe n’amagambo arenze ane.Dukoreshwa kandi mu
magambo y’amatirano atamenyerewe mu Kinyarwanda.
Ingero:
- Igikeri kirarikocora kiti: “Kuba mu bibuba si ko guhunika ibigega”.
- Nuko ya “nyamaswa” iravumbuka maze havamo umusore mwiza.
- Ubwo “Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya rugema ahica” aba arahashinze.
- Ibyo nabisomye kuri “internet”.
i) Akuguruzo n’akugarizo kamwekamwe (‘’)
Akuguruzo n’akugarizo kamwekamwe dukoreshwa iyo utwuguruzo
n’utwugarizo twinjira mu tundi mu nteruro.
Urugero:
Umugaba w’ingabo ati: “Ndashaka ko ‘Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya
rugema ahica’ aza hano”.
j) Udukubo
Udukubo dukikiza amagambo cyangwa ibimenyetso bifite icyo
bisobanura cyangwa icyo byuzuza mu nteruro. Banadukoresha iyo
bashaka kwerekana uko amazina bwite y’amanyamahanga yanditswe
mu Kinyarwanda bayandika mu ndimi akomokamo. Dukikiza kandi
umubare wanditse mu mibarwa mu nteruro iyo uwo mubare wabanje
kwandikwa mu nyuguti. Twerekana n’ibihekane cyangwa inyuguti
bidakunze gukoreshwa.
Ingero:
- Umuyobozi w’Akarere yabwiye abaturage ko kugira ngo barwanye
inzara, bagomba gushoka ibishanga (impeshyi yari yabaye ndende)
kandi kwirirwa banywa bakabifasha hasi.
- Bisimariki (Bismarck)
- Koreya (Korea)
- Kamboje (Cambodge)
- Igihembo twumvikanyeho ni amafaranga y’amanyarwanda ibihumbi
magana atanu (500 000 Frw).
- (1) cyangwa (vy)
k) Akanyerezo (-)
Akanyerezo (-) gakoreshwa mu kiganiro kugira ngo berekane
ihererekanywa cyangwa iyakuranwa ry’amagambo.
Urugero:
- Wari waragiye he?
- Kwa Migabo.
Gakoreshwa kandi bakata ijambo ritarangiranye n’impera y’umurongo,
bikurikije imiterere y’umugemo.
Urugero:
- Semarinyota yansabye ko tuzajya-na i Rukoma, ariko
sinzamwemerera.
Kanakoreshwa imbere n’inyuma y’interuro ihagitse.
Urugero:
- Ejo nzajya mu misa
- sinzi niba wari uzi ko nsigaye njyayo -
ntuzantegereze mbere ya saa sita.
L) Udusodeko ([ ])
Udusodeko dukikiza intekerezo cyangwa insobanuro bongeye mu mvugo isubira mu magambo y’undi.
Urugero:
Yaravuze ati: “Sinshobora kurara ntariye inkoko [ayo yari amirariro],
keretse narwaye”.
Dukoreshwa kandi berekana ibyo banenga mu magambo y’undi.
Urugero:
- Yaranditse ati: “Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi ruvugwa n’abatu [ikosa]
benshi muri Afurika yo hagati”.
Tunakoreshwa mu magambo y’undi mu kugaragaraza ko hari ayavanywemo cyangwa yasimbutswe.
Urugero:
- Aravuga ati: “Nimureke abana bansange [...] ntimubabuze”.
m) Agakoni kaberamye (/)
Agakoni kaberamye gakoreshwa mu kwandika amatariki, inomero
z’amategeko no mu guhitamo.
Ingero:
- Kigali, ku wa 15/10/2012.
- Itegeko N° 01/2010 ryo ku wa 29/01/2010.
- Koresha yego/ oya mu gusubiza ibibazo bikurikira.
9. Imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru
Inyuguti nkuru ikoreshwa aha hakurikira:
a) Mu ntangiriro y’interuro.
Urugero:
Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge.
b) Nyuma y’akabago, akabazo n’agatangaro.
Ingero:
- Twese duhagurukire kujijuka. Wabigeraho ute utazi gusoma? Ntibishoboka.
- Ntoye isaro ryiza shenge wee! Reka nge kuryereka nyogokuru.
c) Nyuma y’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya”, “-tyo” n’ijambo “ngo” bikurikiwe
n’utubago tubiri n’utwuguruzo. Ariko inyuguti nkuru ntitangira
amagambo asubirwamo iyo uwandika yayatangiriye hagati mu nteruro
yakuwemo.
Ingero:
- Mariya arasubiza ati: “Ibyo uvuze bingirirweho”.
- Igihe Mariya yavugaga ati: “bingirirweho”, yari yaramaze gusabwa na Yozefu.
d) Ku nyuguti itangira imibare iranga iminsi, amazina y’amezi n’ay’ibihe
by’umwaka.
Ingero:
- Ku wa Gatanu, ku wa Gatandatu.
- Ugushyingo gushyira Ukuboza
- Mu Rwanda haba ibihe bine by’ingenzi: Urugaryi, Itumba, Iki
(Impeshyi) n’Umuhindo.
e) Ku nyuguti itangira amazina bwite y’abantu, ay’inzuzi n’ay’ahantu,
kabone nubwo indomo itangira izina ry’ahantu yaba yatakaye.
Ingero:
- Rutayisire atuye i Huye hafi ya Cyarwa.
- Mu Mutara hera ibigori.
- I Washingitoni (Washington) ni ho hari ikicaro cya Banki y’Isi.
- Uwitwa Enshiteni (Einstein) yari umuhanga cyane.
f) Ku nyuguti itangira amazina y’imirimo, ay’inzego z’imirimo
n’ay’amashyirahamwe.
Ingero:
- Bwana Muyobozi w’Akarere,
- Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi
- Umuryango w’Abibumbye
- Koperative Dufatanye
g) Ku nyuguti itangira amazina y’impamyabushobozi, ay’icyubahiro, ay’inzego z’ubutegetsi, ay’ubwenegihugu n’amoko, ay’indimi, ku mazina y’ibikorwa byamamaye mu mateka no ku nyuguti itangira ijambo “Igihugu” iyo rivuga u Rwanda.
Ingero :
- Dogiteri Karimanzira
- Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika
- Umurenge wa Nyarugenge
- Abanyarwanda barimo Abasinga n’Abagesera
- Dukwiye guteza imbere Ikinyarwanda.
- Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose hapfuye abantu benshi.
- Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu yakoze inoti nshya ya magana atanu.
h) Ku nyuguti itangira umutwe w’inyandiko, igitabo cyangwa ikinyamakuru.
Ingero:
- Nujya mu mugi ungurire Imvaho Nshya.
- Musenyeri Kagame Alegisi ni we wanditse Indyoheshabirayi.
i) Izina bwite umuntu yahawe akivuka cyangwa irindi rifatwa nka ryo riri ku ntangiriro no ku mpera y’inyandiko (nk’ibaruwa, nk’itegeko, nk’umwandiko uwo ari wo wose,...) no mu rutonde rw’amazina y’abantu ryandikwa ryose mu nyuguti nkuru. Nyamara rikandikwa mu nyuguti nto uretse inyuguti iritangira yandikishwa inyuguti nkuru mu mwandiko hagati.
Ingero:
- GAHIRE Rose
- UMURISA Keza
- BUTERA Simoni
- Nagiye kwa Gahire Rose anyakira neza.
Imyitozo1. Amazina bwite y’ahantu afite indomo yandikwa ate? Tanga ingero eshatu,
2. Shyira utwatuzo dukwiye mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Yagiye ku isoko agura amashu ibirayi ibishyimbo n’ibitoki,
b) Twatanze amafaranga igihumbi na magana abiri 1200,
3. Kosora interuro zikurikira:
a) Yababwiye ati, nzarya duke ndyame kare,
b) Yageze muri Cameroni ahurirayo na nyira rume,
c) umubarankuru yavaga inda imwe nabahungu batatu,
d) nyir’urugo umutimanama we wamubwirije gusaba imbabazi umuryango we.
e) Abana babahungu nabo bari barakurikije se ntibafashe mushiki wa bo.
f) Mbega ukuntu cyuzuzo yahiye agakongoka.
4. Ni ryari izina umuntu yahawe akivuka ryandikwa n’inyuguti nto uretse inyuguti iritangira? Tanga urugero.
I.5. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
a) Mushake insanganyamatsiko ivuga ku burezi n’uburere muyumvikaneho muyitegureho ikiganiro mpaka, hanyuma muzage impaka mu ishuri kuri iyo nsanganyamatsiko.
b) Kwiga amategeko y’imyandikire byagufashije iki? Bisobanure mu magambo make wifashishije ingero zifatika.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusobanurira abandi uko uburezi n’uburere byitabwagaho mu Rwanda rwa kera n’uko bwitabwaho mu bihe bya none.
- Gutegura ikiganiro mpaka no kujya impaka mu bwubahane na bagenzi bange ku nsangannyamatsiko nahawe cyangwa
nihitiyemo.
- Kwandika neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda nubahariza amabwiriza y’imyandikire yarwo.
Ubu ndangwa:
N’indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda: gukunda Igihugu, kugira ubutwari, kugira ikinyabupfura, kubana neza na bagenzi bange, kuvugisha ukuri, kutarakazwa n’ubusa…
I.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere
Umwandiko: Umunsi wo gucyura intore
Ingimbi zamaraga iminsi mu itorero zitozwa ibijyanye n’itorero birimo indirimbo, ibyivugo, imihamirizo, imihigo, kwiyereka icumu, kwiyereka umuheto, kwiyereka ingabo, kwinikiza, gutaraka no kwiyereka byahebuje, guhashurana ari byo gukinisha amacumu, kumasha, gutebanwa barasa kure cyangwa batera icumu no kwiruka basiganwa.
Umutware wazo yabona ko zimaze kubimenya, agasaba shebuja ko intore zimwiyerekera. Ubwo shebuja na we akararika ababyeyi bafite abana muri rya torero, cyane abigeze kuba mu matorero. Umunsi wo gucyura intore ubwa mbere wabaga ukomeye ku mutware wazo. Yabaga yitwararitse cyane ngo intore yigishije zitagira aho zikemwa, akagawa kwa shebuja no ku babyeyi b’abana. Ababyeyi b’abana na bo babaga bafite impungenge, bagira bati : “Umwana wacu none yaba yarananiwe byazavugwa hehe”! Abana na bo, biyerekaga neza ngo batagawa bakagayisha ababyeyi babo. Mbese uwo munsi wabaga uwo kwerekana icyo amatorero amariye igihugu. Ishyaka ry’intore ryaheshaga ababyeyi ishema, rigahesha abana ishimwe ibukuru, ku mutware no ku babyeyi babo. Uwashinzwe kurera ba bana we, bikamuhesha ingororano kwa shebuja no ku bo arerera.Intore zamaraga kwerekana imihamirizo, hagakurikiraho gutaramira umutware. Ubwo bakabyita ko umutware yavunyishije intore. Bateraniraga mu nzu imwe, bagahabwa inzoga. Iyo nzoga kandi yafatwaga n’umutware w’izo ntore nyine. Inzoga bahabwaga ubwo yitwaga inzoga y’imihigo. Ikaza umutware amaze kwicara. Bayiterekaga imbere y’aho yicaye, we n’abantubakuru batumiwe. Iyo nzoga yashyirwagamo umuheha umwe rukumbi. Imihigo igatangira babanje guhanika ikobe. Hagakurikiraho indirimbo irimo ikivugo cya buri ntore.
Icyo kivugo cyatangiriraga iteka mu izina ry’uwo mutware w’intore. Urugero: Niba izo ntore zitwa “indahangarwa”, uwivuze wese yagombaga gutangiza “indahangarwa” avuga ngo:“Ndi indahangarwa ikanika inshuro, ingabo nziza twibasiye ishyanga, ndi rusarikantambara”. Ukurikiye na we ati: “Ndi indahangarwa ya ruhararakuboneza, nyiri isuri idahangarwa n’intanage”. Bityobityo, uwivuze wese agahera kuri iyo nteruro rusange. Uwabaga arangije kwivuga, yateraga intambwe agana aho shebuja yicaye, akegera avuga imihigo. Yageraga bugufi bwa shebuja, akicarira utw’abakamyi akavuga ibigwi, asezerana kuba intwari idahunga ku rugamba, kuri shebuja no kuri bagenzi be. Mbese kutazahana igihugu. Akarata ubutwari bwa se n’ubw’inshuti ze. Akarata ubutwari bw’umutwe arimo. Akarangiza avuga ko ubwo butwari n’ubwo bwiza bitazamutezukaho.
Imihigo yararangiraga, abakuru batumiwe bakagorora intore. Aho bagaye, ari mu mihamirizo, ari mu gitaramo, bakahagorora. Aho bashimye bakahavuga. Ndetse habagaho n’ubwo umutware agororera bamwe mu b’ingenzi mu guhamiriza no mu gutarama. Inkera y’imihigo yarangiraga mu rukerera, bagataha bajya kuryama. Amatorero ntiyaberagaho gushimisha abareba imikino cyangwa kumva imvugo nziza y’intore gusa. Ahubwo byari ukurera urubyiruko ngo ruzavemo abantu b’abagabo. Abantu bakunda abandi, badahana abandi mu byago, abantu b’ishyaka bakunda igihugu, bakakirwanira bacyungura mu byiza byose, bakirengera kiramutse gitewe n’abanzi. Mbese amatorero yaberagaho cyane kurera abantu b’intwari, b’umurava, bapfira abandi, ari mu itabaro, ari mu kaga ako ari ko kose. Itorero ryari nk’urugerero rw’abasirikari.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Mu itorero intore zatozwaga iki?
2. Umunsi wo gucyura intore bwa mbere umutware wazo yitwaraga ate?
3. Umuhango wo kwiyereka wakorwaga ryari? Witabirwaga na bande? Wakorwaga ute?
4. Urasanga itorero ryari rifite ruhare ki mu muco nyarwanda ku bijyanye n’uburere bw’urubyiruko uhereye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko?
5. Tanga insanganyamatsiko nyamukuru ivugwa mu mwandiko ndetse ugaragaze n’ingingo z’ingenzi zibanzweho.
6. Muhereye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko musanga itorero ryagira akahe kamaro mu burere bw’urubyiruko rw’iki gihe? Ryakwitabirwa na bande?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira kandi uyakoreshe mu nteruro wihimbiye: kwiyereka icumu, kwinikiza, guhashurana, kuvunyisha
2. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje aya magambo yakuwe mu mwandiko: itabaro, kumasha, guhanika ikobe, kurara inkera
a) Mu Rwanda rwo hambere abagore n’abakobwa ntibajyaga ku ........................
b) Imyitozo yo....................itegura umuntu kuzajya ku rugamba.
c) Mu gitaramo abantu barizihirwaga bigatuma..............................
d) Intore...................................... mbere yo guhamiriza bishimisha abari aho.
III. Ibibazo ku myandikire y’Ikinyarwanda
Kosora umwandiko ukurikira, uwandike wubahiriza imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda. Aho utwatuzo dukoresheje nabi na ho ntiwibagirwe kuhakosora
Ni inshingano za buri wese
Umubyeyi KANAKUZE akimara gutangiza ishuri umwana we UWASE SHIMWA yibwiragako atazongera kuvunika aha uburezi n’uburere umwana we ahubwo ko bizajya bikorwa n’umwarimu kw’ishuri. Uwo mubyeyi yitaga cyane cyane ku gushaka aho akura amafaranga yo kugura ibikoresho n’imyambaro by’ishuri n’ayo kumwishyurira ishuri.
Umunsi umwe ari ni mugoroba yitabiriye inama y’ababyeyi kwishuri umwana we yiga ho ni uko Umuyobozi wikigo cy’ishuri ashimangirako uburezi nuburere bidatangirwa mwishuri gusa. Yaravuze ati ntamubyeyi ukwiye kwirengagiza inshingano afite ku mwana. Ababyeyi bafite inshingano zo gutoza abana ba bo imico itandukanye irimo kubaha abakuru n’abato, kugira isuku y’umubiri n’iyaho baba. Kanakuze akimara kumva impanuro bahawe yarumiwe maze ati mbega ukuntu narangaye. Uburezi n’uburere ni inshingano za buri wese pe.
Kuva ubu ngiye kujya nita ku burezi n’uburere bw’umwana wange kugirango nawe azavemo umwana ubereye igihugu.
IV. Ibibazo ku kiganiro mpaka
1. Isomo ry’ikiganiro mpaka wumva ryakugirira akahe kamaro?
2. Tegura insanganyamatsiko ijyanye n’uburezi n’uburere yagibwaho impaka.
UMUTWE WA 2: UMUCO NYARWANDA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Kurondora ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda no gusesengura imyandiko ya zimwe muri zo agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziyikubiyemo.
- Guhanga yigana zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
- Kwandika amagambo agaraza ubutinde n’amasaku.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Mutekereze kandi murondore ibikorwa Abanyarwanda bo hambere bakoraga mu gihe babaga bataramye, munavuge mu nshamake uburyo buri gikorwa cyakorwaga.
II.1. Umwandiko: Ruhinyuza
Kera habayeho umugabo akitwa Ruhinyuza Rwahinyuje Imana. Umunsi umwe yagiye kwiba asanga umugore nyiri urugo yabyaye aryamye asinziriye. Yinjiye mu nzu yumva Imana irimo gutuka umwana imubwira iti: “Mwana wange uravutse, ariko uzicwa n’ihembe ry’inzovu”. Ruhinyuza abyumvise arivugisha ati: “Imana irabeshya.” Ntiyaba akibye, aratambuka ajya aho uwo mugore aryamye, afata icyuma, agicisha mu mara ya wa mwana wavutse uwo munsi arangije arigendera.
Bene urugo bakangutse, umubyeyi ngo arebe umwana, asanga amara ye ku buriri. Abwira umugabo ati: “Byuka umwana yapfuye”. Umugabo arabyuka aracana, amatara yari ataraza acana mu ziko. Baterura umwana, basanga ni intere. Bamushyira ku ziko, bazana ikiremo k’impuzu, bakubita muri ya mara babusubiza mu nda barahwanya. Bakajya basenga bagira bati: “Imana ntiyanga kugondozwa yanga guhemuzwa, twizeye ko uyu mwana azakira”. Bamurekera aho, umwana baramuvura arakira. Aba aho ngaho, arasohoka, agera aho kwicara, agera iyo akambakamba, agera iyo ahaguruka, wa mugabo kandi akajya aza kuneka kuko yumvise Imana ivuga ngo: “Mwana wange ndagututse uzicwa n’ihembe ry’inzovu”.
Umwana aba aho, amaze gupfundura amabere, wa mugabo yenga inzoga, aragenda ajya gusaba wa mukobwa. Baramumwemerera bati: “Tuzamugushyingira.” Umugabo arakwa, amaze gukwa, ati: “Ndashaka gushyingirwa”. Umugabo arashyingirwa. Amaze gushyingirwa abwira abagaragu be ati: “Umva rero bagaragu bange, nk’uko nshyingiwe uyu mwana w’umukobwa, uyu mwana w’umukobwa ntakigenze; uyu mwana w’umukobwa ntakagire ubwo ajya mu muryango w’inzu; ntakagire ubwo ajya mu rugo; azajya mu rugo mumuhetse; azajya mu gikari mumuhetse; kandi ntazahinga. Umugore yibera aho ngaho aratinya, aratinyuka; yasohoka agahekwa, yajya kwituma agahekwa, yasubira mu nzu agahekwa.
Umugore arabyara. Amaze kubyara bibera aho ngaho, bukeye abahigi barahiga. Ngo bamare guhiga nyamugore yumva umuhigo. Abwira abagaragu ati: “Ihiii, nimumpeke nge kureba.” Abagaragu bati: “Hama aho ngaho ntibishoboka, kujya kureba umuhigo ntibishoboka, hama aho ngaho, ntabwo bigushishikaje. Abagenda baraza kukubwira”. Umugore ati: “Oya nimumpeke munshyire mu gikari”. Burya koko nyamwanga kubwirwa ntiyanze kubona! Umugore baramuheka no mu gikari. Umugore areba umuhigo, abahigi bari bahetse impyisi. Umugore arabareba, bimwanga mu nda, umugore ashingura ukuguru mu ngobyi, agushinga ku rugo. Agushinze ku rugo, ashinga mu ihembe ry’inzovu. Umugore arongera ashingura ukuguru ati: “nimunjyane imuhira, sinzi ikintu kinyishe mu kirenge”. Bamusubiza mu nzu, umugore ariko ataka avuga ngo “Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze no kubona”. Guhera ubwo abyimba ikirenge, umugabo ngo aze barabimubwira. Umugabo ati: “Ese ye, byagenze bite? Uyu mugore mwamujyaniye iki mu gikari?” Abagaragu be baramusubiza bati: “Uyu mugore yari yatubwiye turamuhakanira aranga. None rero nta kundi twari kubigenza”.
Nuko bigeze igihe cya nijoro umugore arapfa, amaze gupfa baramuhamba. Bibera aho ngaho barabasura, kwa sebukwe bazana ibiyagano. Bavuye ku kirirarira cy’urupfu, nanone benga inzoga, uwo mukwe atumira kwa sebukwe, atumira bene wabo bo kwa sebukwe na ba nyirarume b’umugore. Bahageze, abatekerereza ukuntu yagiye kwiba, agasanga Imana irimo gutuka umwana wavutse, na we agakata uwo mwana mu nda, agasiga amara ari hasi; ukuntu Imana nanone yamusannye, kandi ko icyo yamututse ari ihembe ry’inzovu akaba ari cyo azize. Arabashima ati: “Nukonuko kandi nshimye Imana, abantu mwese mwemere Imana, Imana ni yo iriho kandi ni yo ishobora byose, iyakaremye ni yo ikamena”. Si ge wahera hahera Ruhinyuza.
2.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ruhinyuza”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ziboneye, ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Impuzu
b) Bimwanga mu nda
c) Gupfundura amabere
2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira ayo bibusanyije inyito.
a) Ruhinyuza yabwiye kwa sebukwe uburyo yagiye kubiba agasanga Imana irimo gutuka umwana.
b) Ruhinyuza yategetse abagaragu kutazemerera umugore we kuva mu rugo.
c) Umukwe wabo yajyanye n’umugore we iwabo.
2.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ruhinyuza” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Ni irihe zina ry’umujura uvugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Izina ry’umujura uvugwa mu mwandiko rihuriye he n’ibiwuvugwamo?
3. Ruhinyuza ageze mu rugo yari agiye kwibamo byamugendekeye gute?
4. Ni iyihe mpamvu ya mbere yatumye Ruhinyuza asaba uriya mukobwa?
5. Kuki Ruhinyuza yatanze itegeko ry’uko umugore we atazigera yigenza na rimwe mu buzima bwe?
6. Ese ibyo Imana yatutse umwana byabaye ukuri? Sobanura.
2.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ruhinyuza” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Tanga urugero rw’igikorwa umuntu ashobora gukora kibujijwe kikamugiraho ingaruka.
2. Muri iki gihe ni iyihe nama wagira umuntu ushaka guhiga inyamaswa ?
3. Ni iki wakora mu gihe nyuma y’igihe kirekire waba umenye umuntu wakugiriye nabi?
4. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize umwandiko “Ruhinyuza”
II.2. Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda: Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira maze usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Abanyarwanda bimaraga ubute
Abanyarwanda bakoraga imirimo itandukanye bakizihirwa. Abahinga ubudehe bakidogera isuka, bakaririmba imparamba; abahigi mu kibira bakaririmba amahigi, baba bamashije umuhigo bakaroha ibyirahiro.
Buri mwuga wari ufite umwihariko, abasare mu mazi bakamenya amasare yabo, abavumvu bakavuga amavumvu yabo bahamagara inzuki cyangwa baziyama ngo zitabadwinga.
Mu gitaramo abagabo bashoboraga kwivuga, mu gihe cy’umuhuro umukobwa agiye kubaka urwe bakamuhoza, abana bakarushanwa kuvuga vuba utezwe mu mvugo bakamuseka n’ibindi.
Abanyarwanda bari bazi kwirwanaho bimara ubute, batarama cyangwa bakora akazi runaka.
Ibibazo
1. Uhereye ku mwandiko umaze gusoma, wavuga ko amasare, amavumvu, ibihozo n’amagorane ari ubuvanganzo bwari bugenewe ba nde?
2. Ubuvanganzo ni iki? Burimo amoko angahe?
3. Kora ubushakashatsi ugire icyo uvuga ku nshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda n’ingeri zabwo.
1. Intangiriro
Ubuvanganzo ni uburyo bwo guhimba ibintu umuntu akoresheje amagambo aboneye, uburyo bugwiriyemo ikeshamvugo, haba mu mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko. Buva ku gitekerezo cy’uvuga cyangwa uwandika, bugatwara uwumva cyangwa usoma, kubera uburyohe bwabwo. Ubuvanganzo bugamije kuvuga ibyabaye, ibiriho cyangwa ibizaza, byaba ari ukuri cyangwa ibigenekerejwe. Burigisha, bugira abantu inama, burahana, burahanura, buraganira. Burata ubutegetsi, ibihugu n’uturere, buvuga Imana n’abayihaye, urukundo, ubwiza, ububi, amagorwa n’ibindi. Butuma kandi amagambo atamenyerewe akwira mu mvugo, amenyerewe bikayaha kuramba mu rurimi, ayaretswe bukayaha kutazimira n’icyo yavugaga. Ikintu cyose kigezweho gitya kitwa ubuvanganzo.
Igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo ushaka kugihimba ajya ahantu hiherereye hatari ibimurangaza, agakurikiranya ibitekerezo bye, ingingo ku yindi, yarangiza akazabwira abandi ibyo yagezeho. Aho hantu hitwa mu nganzo. Ijambo inganzo kandi rivuga uburyo bwo guhimba umuntu yihariye. Ni cyo gituma umuntu ashobora kuvuga ko kanaka afite inganzo ityaye kurusha kanaka. Iyo mihimbire y’umuntu ku giti ke iyo hagize uyikurikiza bavuga ko yafatiye ku nganzo ya kanaka wayibimburiye abandi.
Ubuvanganzo rero ni ijambo rigizwe n’uduce tubiri kamwe gakomoka ku nshinga kuva (guturuka) n’izina inganzo. Muri iri jambo ubuvanganzo izina inganzo riba rivuga urwiherero umuhanzi atunganyirizamo ibitekerezo byiza n’imvugo inoze mbere yo kubishyira ahagaragara. Ijambo inganzo kandi rishobora no kuvuga aho bakura ibumba.
Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda rero ni igice cy’ururimi kiga uruhurirane rw’abahanzi nyarwanda, ibihangano byabo ndetse n’uburyo bwabo bwo guhanga. Bukubiyemo ibyiciro bibiri bikuru: ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo n’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyandiko.
Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bugabanyijemo ibice bibiri ari byo: ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda n’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyabami (bw’ubutegetsi). Muri iki gitabo turibanda ku buvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
2. Inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda bugizwe n’ ibihangano byahimbwe n’abantu ba kera batazwi neza bakaba barahimbaga batandika, bakabifata mu mutwe. Ibyo bahimbaga babishyikirizaga ab’igihe cyabo bikabizihira mu bitaramo, bakagenda babiraga abo basize, bityobityo bakagenda babihererekanya mu mvugo. Ubu buvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda bukubiyemo ibintu byinshi byari byarasakaye muri rubanda. Nta muntu bwitirirwaga ko yabuhimbye.
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda ni ihuriro ry’ibihangano byasesekaye muri rubanda byahimbwe hagamijwe gusetsa, kwidagadura, imihango runaka, gucyaha, kugaragaza inkomoko y’imvugo cyangwa y’imigirire runaka, kuruhura, ibihe bihambaye by’imibereho y’abantu, n’ibindi. Ubu buvanganzo ntibwari buhishe cyangwa hari abantu bake bugenewe nk’ubw’ ibwami, ahubwo rubanda babugiragamo ubwisanzure ku buryo washoboraga kumva ingeri imwe y’ubuvanganzo aha, ejo ukayumva ahandi hagize igihindukaho kandi ntibitere ikibazo.
3. Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Muri ubu buvanganzo hakubiyemo ingeri nyinshi. Zimwe wasangaga zihariwe n’itsinda runaka rikora umurimo umwe cyangwa umuryango; muri zo twavuga: amasare, amahigi, amavumvu, amahamba, amajuri, ibyidogo by’isuka, guhura, kugangahura, kwambika imana zeze, indirimbo z’imandwa n’ibindi. Izindi wasangaga zihuriweho n’Abanyarwanda benshi ku buryo na n’ubu zigifite agaciro. Izo ngeri ni nk’insigamigani, imigani migufi, imigani miremire, ibisakuzo, urwenya na byendagusetsa, ibyivugo by’amahomvu, amagorane, uturingushyo, ibitutsi, indahiro, indirimbo z’inanga, imbyino, ibihozo, n’ibindi.
Umwitozo
a) Vuga amoko y’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda?
a) Sobanura icyo ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda ari cyo.
a) Tanga nibura ingero eshanu z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
a) Muri iki gihe ubuvanganzo nyarwanda budufitiye akahe kamaro?
2.2.1. Umugani muremure
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko «Ruhinyuza» maze utahure uko utangira n’uko urangira. Ukurikije uko urangira n’uko utangira ndetse n’ibivugwamo, uyu mwandiko ni bwoko iki?Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’umugani muremure.
1. Inshoza y’umugani muremure
Umugani muremure ni umwandiko uteye nk’inkuru. Uvuga ibintu by’ibihimbano n’ibitangaza, bibera mu isi y’impimbano. Ntawamenya igihe n’ahantu nyakuri byabereye. Imigani ifatira ku bintu bifatika no ku bintu bidafatika: abantu, ibintu, ibikoko, imana, urupfu n’ibindi. Imigani miremire kandi ivugisha ibivuga n’ibitavuga.
2. Uturango tw’umugani muremure
Umugani muremure ugira uturango ushobora gusangira n’ubundi bwoko bw’ imyandiko :
- Irigisha cyangwa ikaruhura abantu.
- Igaragaramo amakabyankuru
- Iba yanditse ku buryo bw’umudandure (buhurutuye)
- Amazina yo mu migani akenshi aba yerekeranye n’icyo umugani ugamije.
- Imigani imwe bayihagikamo igika kiririmbwa.
Umugani muremure ugira uturango wihariye tujyanye n’uko utangira n’uko usozwa. Muri rusange batangira umugani bagira bati : “Ngiye kubacira umugani wa…” cyangwa “Kera habayeho” Bakawusoza bavuga bati : “Si ge wahera, hahera umugani”cyangwa ikindi kintu, inyamaswa ivugwa mu mugani.
Umugani kandi ushobora gutangira mu buryo bukurikira :
Ingero :
- Mbacire umugani, mbabambuze umugani n’uzava i Kamugani azasange ubukombe bw’ umugani buziritse ku muganda w’inzu.
- Ubusa bwaritse ku manga, umuyaga urabwarurira, agaca karacuranga, uruvu ruravugiriza, Nyiramusambi isabagirira inanga.Washoboraga no gusozwa mu buryo bukurikira :
Umugani kandi ushobora kurangira mu buryo bukurikira:
Ingero :
- Umugani ugana akariho, umushwi w’inkoko ntiwinjira mu isaho nyina iba iri munsi.
- Nteruye akabuye nkajugunya mu iriba rya kabugondo, kibira kajya epfo, nuburuka njya ruguru.
- Nshiye mu rutoki rwa marume ruhinduka amatembetembe, nshiye mu buro bwa marume buhinduka urumamfu, nshiye mu masaka ya marume ahinduka urukungu, nshiye mu mateke ya marume ahinduka amatekateke, nshiye mu mashaza ya marume ahinduka ibishazashaza, nshiye mu bigori bya marume bihinduka ibigorigori, nshiye mu nkoko za marume zihinduka inkware.
- Inka iti : “Mbaaa”. Imbwa iti : “Bwe”, nti : “Gapfe”. Ihene iti : “Meee”, nti : “Byira mbyiruke”. Intama iti : “Maaa”, nti : “Kura dukurane mwana w’Imana”.
Umwitozo
1. Umugani muremure ni iki?
2. Vuga nibura bibiri mu byo umugani muremure uhuriraho n’indi myandiko?
3. Ukurikije uko umugani utangira, rondora nibura uturango twawo tubiri.
4. Vuga nibura uburyo bumwe bashobora gusozamo umugani muremure?
2.2.2. Imigani migufi cyangwa imigani y’imigenurano
Igikorwa
Mu mwandiko “Ruhinyuza” hagaragaramo imvugo zikurikira: “Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze no kubona” n’imvugo “Iyakaremye ni yo ikamena”. Kora ubushakashatsi usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
a) Ese buri mvugo irashaka kuvuga iki ukurikije ibivugwa mumwandiko?
b) Uhereye ku miterere n’ibisobanuro by’izi mvugo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’imigani migufi cyangwa imigani y’imigenurano n’uturango twayo.
1. Inshoza y’imigani migufi /imigani y’imigenurano
Umugani mugufi cyangwa umugani w’umugenurano ni interuro ngufi ivuga ibintu ku buryo bw’inshamarenga. Uyibwiwe ayumva ahereye ku cyo uwuciye arenguriyeho, yaba adasanzwe awuzi ntiyumve icyoabwiwe. Ni interuro irimo imvugo itsitse, ikora ku mutima, yagiye ihangwa n’intiti z’ururimi, zikagira ubushobozi bwo kuburira, kwigisha, guhanura no gufasha guhangana mu magambo.
Imigani y’imigenurano ikubiyemo insanganyamatsiko zinyuranye z’uturango tw’umuco nyarwanda nk’uburezi n’uburere, imibanire, ubucuti, imyemerere, ubwisungane cyangwa ubufatanye n’ibindi.
Ingero:
- Uburere
Uburere buruta ubuvuke.
Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito.
- Imibanire
Akebo kajya iwa mugarura.
Agasozi gatereye inka kamanuka indi.
- Ubucuti
Inshuti iruta inshuro.
Amenyo arya ubucuti araruma.
Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge.
- Imyemerere
Imana iraguha ntimugura iyo muguze iraguhenda.
Imana iguha nk’iguhorera ikakwima nk’iguhora inzigo.
- Ubwisungane cya ngwa ubufatanye
Inkingi imwe ntigera inzu.
Imisega ibiri ntinanirwa igufa.
Ababiri bajya inama baruta umunani urasana.
2. Kuki imigani migufi bayita imigenurano?
Mu Kinyarwanda bagenura amazina. Umuntu akita izina runaka ashaka kuvuga ikindi kintu. Kugenura rero ni uguca amarenga. Ni ukuvuga ikintu mu buryo budasobanuye. Umugani mugufi rero wumvikana mu buryo bubiri: uburyo bwa mbere ni ubwo mu mvugo yawo isanzwe, ishingira ku magambo awugize; uburyo bwa kabiri ni uburyo bw’imvugo y’amarenga, ishushanya, ihishe, ishingira ku cyo bagenuriyeho, umuntu ubonetse wese atahita yumva.
Ingero:
- Ugiciye inkondo si we ugicundamo: imvugo ya mbere ni uko byumvikana ko usaruye igisabo atari we ngombwa ngo azagicundiramo amata. Imvugo ya kabiri ari yo y’amarenga ni uko baba bashaka kuvuga ko uruhiye ikintu atari we ugera ku byiza byacyo. Uyu mugani wawucira umuntu wakoze nk’ikintu kimuvunnye ntikibe ari we kigira akamaro.
- Akabonye umwe gapfa ubusa: mu buryo busanzwe, iyo umuntu abonye ikintu ari umwe ntibigira akamaro kuko nyine aba ari wenyine. Uburyo bwa kabiri bw’amarenga buhishe ni uko umuntu atizihirwa n’iyo yabona ibimeze bite igihe abibonye ari wenyine. Uyu mugani wawucira umuntu utaragize icyo akora ku kintu kuko yari umwe. Biba bishatse kuvuga ko iyo baba benshi byari kugira akamaro kurushaho.
- Arimo gishigisha ntavura: birumvikana ko amata atavura ugenda uyakozamo umutozo uyavuruga buri kanya (gushigisha ni ugukaraga umwuko mu gikoma kiri ku ziko ngo ifu yivange n’amazi itaza gufata mu ndiba bigashirira), iryo ni ihame. Urumva koko ari byo, nta kindi gisobanuro ugomba kugira ngo wumve uwo mugani.
Mu buryo bw’amarenga. Uwumvise agomba gutekereza agashishoza kugira ngo amenye icyo uwo mugani bawurenguriraho, mbese ingingo ushushanya. Uyu mugani urerekana ingorane umuntu aterwa n’abamusesereza mu bikorwa bye bagira ngo berekane ko ibye bidashobora gutungana kandi bifite kidobya. Uko kumutobera urogoya imigambi ye, ni byo bagereranya no gushigisha amata kuko amata ubusanzwe aba ikivuguto ari uko wayateretse ukayarekera hamwe agatuza, akabona gufatana, ari byo bita “kuvura.”
3. Uturango tw’imigani migufi
- Ni utubango tugufi dufite imvugo idanangiye kandi tubumbatiye ubutumwa.
- Umugani mugufi uwusobanukirwa bitewe n’icyo barenguriyeho.
- Intego yawo ni ukwigisha abantu kugira ngo bahindure ingeso mbi zabo cyangwa bakomeze imico myiza bari basanganywe.
- Imigani migufi ni ibihangano nyabugeni kuko usanga yifitemo ikeshamvugo nk’igihangano nyabugeni icyo ari cyo cyose.
Ingero:
Isubirajwi:
Agasaza kamwera akandi kuzakamwa
Indyarya ihimwa n’indyamirizi
Inyabizi ibyara ingongerezi
Imvugo shusho:
Ingona zirya bamwe abandi bambuka
Agahinda k’inkoko kamenywa n’inkike yatoyemo.
- Umugani mugufi urangwa kandi no kuba ugizwe n’ibice bibiri by’interuro byuzuzanya cyangwa bivuguruzanya.
Ingero:
Utaganiriye na se ntamenya icyo sekuru yasize avuze.
Ubuto bubeshya umuntu agaseka.
Irya mukuru urishima uribonye.
Irya mukuru riratinda ntirihera.
Imwe mu migani y’imigenurano yo mu kinyarwanda
- Ntawurata kubyara habyara Imana
- Iteme umugabo azambuka aritinda agitunze
- Uvoma yanga avoma ibirohwa
- Imbuto y’umugisha yera ku giti cy’umuruho
- Abababiri ntibacibwa inka
- Uruhahira babiri ntirurara ubusa
- Akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenye iyo bweze
- Ishyiga rimwe ntiryarika
- Amazi masabano ntamara inyota
- Imana iguha inka ntikubwiriza kuziragira
Imyitozo
1. Sobanura imigani ikurikira:
a) Akebo kajya iwa mugarura
b) Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge
2. Tanga urugero rw’ umugani mugufi kuri buri nsanganyamatsiko.
a) Ubufatanye
b) Ubupfura
c) Umurengwe
d) Umuco
3. Ni uwuhe mugani wacira abantu bavugwa muri iyi nkuru: Kagabo na Nyiraneza barashakanye ariko bahora mu makimbirane adashira bitewe n’uko iyo umwe atereye hejuru n’undi ahita amusubiza bityo bikarangira barwanye.
4. Soma inkuru ikurikira hanyuma usubize ibibazo byayibajijweho: Karekezi akora akazi k’ubuganga kandi abarwayi bamukundira uko abitaho. Ku bitaro aho akorera haje umugabo uje kuhivuriza amubwira ko areka akazi akaza bakajyana akamuha akazi ko kumuyoborera ivuriro. Yamubwiye ko kugira ngo amujyane abanza kumuha amafaranga ibihumbi ijana yo kumushakiramo ibyangombwa. Yahise asezera akazi ajya gushaka uwo mugabo. Ajya mu mugi kumureba. Agize ngo aramuhamagara kuri terefone asanga nimero ye ntiboneka. Aramanjirirwa, agarutse ku kazi asanga bamaze kumusimbuza undi.
a) Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu umeze nka Karekezi wirukankira ibihita byose akitesha amahirwe yari afite?
b) Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu umeze nka Karekezi umwereka ko iyo wihutiye gukora ibintu utatekereje bikubyarira ingaruka mbi?
c) Gira inama Karekezi mu mugani mugufi umubwira ko akwiye kujya agisha inama abandi ko ibitekerezo bye wenyine byamuroha.
II.3. Umwandiko: Inkuru yabaye kimomo
Uyu mugani bawuca iyo bamaze kumenya ko inkuru ari imvaho; ni bwo bagira bati: “inkuru yabaye kimomo!”. Wakomotse kuri Kimomo cya Gashakamba w’Umuzigaba, i Bweramvura bwa Kinihira mu Kabagari (Ruhango), ahasaga mu mwaka wa 1500.
Ndahiro Cyamatare amaze guhungishiriza umuhungu we Ndori i Karagwe k’Abahinda, yaratanze, u Rwanda rucikamo ibice; kimwe kigira abatware bacyo ikindi abacyo; bimara iminsi. Bukeye inzara iratera ica ibintu, batangira kuvuga ko iyo nzara yatewe no kutagira umwami. Haba impuha nyinshi zitewe n’ayo mapfa yakubye u Rwanda. Ndori yari yarajyanywe n’umuja wa se witwaga Nyamabere; ni we nyirakuru w’abanyagihango b’i Gihinga cya Ruzege mu Rukoma. Yamugejeje kwa nyirasenge abanza kujya amurerera ku icumbi bamuhisha Ruhinda, umugabo wa Nyabunyana.
Nuko inzara ikomeje guca ibintu, abayoboke ba Ndahiro (rubanda rutari abiru) baterana rwihishwa barabazanya bati: “Aho duherukanira ko twabonaga umwana wa Ndahiro witwa Ndori, aho none ntiyaba yarapfanye na se cyangwa akaba yandagaye mu Rwanda aho tutazi?” Bitoramo bamwe bajya i Buhanga kubibaza Mpande ya Rusanga wari umwiru. Bagendamo uwitwa Kimomo cya Gashakamba w’i Bweramvura. Bashyira nzira bagera i Buhanga mu ijoro kuko bagendaga mu rwihisho.
Mpande ababaza amakuru abagenza, ati: “Ko mwaje ikivunge ni amahoro?” Bati: “Ntayo!”. Barongera bati: “Twateranye twibaza aho mwene Ndahiro aba turahayoberwa, none tuje kukubaza akanunu ke wenda wakamenya”.
Mpande abanza kwiyumvira akeka ko bamutata. Hanyuma arababaza ati: “Muramushakira iki?” Ni ko kumusubiza bati: “Tumenye ko akiriho twakwisuganya tukarwana n’abigaruriye u Rwanda tutarasanira ubusa”. Mpande yumvise ko batamutata arababwira ati: “Ndori ari i Karagwe kwa Ruhinda, se yasize amwoherereje nyirasenge Nyabunyana ngo amurere”. Bati: “Ese azagaruka buryo ki?” Ati: “Ibyo sinabimenya”. Barikubura baragaruka ariko batemeye ibyo Mpande yababwiye. Baza bamugaya inzira yose bati: “Nta bucuti bw’abiru!” Bageze iwabo bacura indi nama bati: “Nimwivanemo umuntu w’umugabo tumutume i Karagwe age kuturebera ko Mpande yatubwije ukuri cyangwa yatubeshye dushire amazeze”. Bakiri muri iyo nama Kimomo ati: “Nimuntume nubwo ntazi inzira ijyayo ariko ndapfa kugenda mpobagurika ningira Imana nzagerayo!”
Nuko bose bashima Kimomo bamuha impamba aragenda. Ahaguruka i Bweramvura arara ku Rugarika mu Kona ka Mashyoza kwa Karangana; amubwira ko agiye i Karagwe kureba ko Ndori akiriho. Karangana yanga kumumenyesha ko Ndori ariho; na we yari umwiru. Bukeye Kimomo ahaguruka ku Rugarika arara i Nyamweru kwa Cyabakanga ahageze na we arabimubwira. Cyabakanga ntiyamubera nka Karangana apfa kumubwira ariko nk’ubikeka, ati: “Ubanza yaba ariho”. Buracya Kimomo ashyira nzira ataha i Busigi kwa Minyaruko ya Nyamikenke, amutekerereza ko agiye gushaka aho Ndori yaba ari. Minyaruko aramwerurira ati: “Ari i Karagwe kwa nyirasenge Nyabunyana”. Buracya Kimomo arahaguruka arara nzira rimwe, ku munsi wa kabiri arara mu rugabano rwa Karagwe. Ahageze abatasi baramufata bamubaza ikimugenza. Kimomo yanga kuvuga ko aje kureba Ndori, ati: “Nje guhakwa na mabuja Nyabunyana ntiduherukana kandi nari umugaragu wa se”. Baramufata bamujyana kwa Ruhinda. Bamugejeje ku karubanda bamwe bamusigaraho abandi bajya kubaza Nyabunyana ko azi umuntu witwa Kimomo. Nyabunyana yumvise iryo zina ashigukana ubwuzu, ati: “Ari he?” Bati: “Ku karubanda”. Arababwira ati: “Nimumubwire aze”.
Kimomo araza aramukanya na Nyabunyana, baramufungurira. Amaze gufungura Nyabunyana ahamagaza Ndori ngo aze baramukanye. Ubwo yari yaragiye ku mugaragaro. Araza bararamukanya. Bakiramukanya Kimomo araturika ararira. Nyabunyana aramutwama arihanagura, ariko agumya kuvugana ikiniga. Arara aho arasibira akiruhuka. Ku munsi wa gatatu arasezera bamuha impamba afata inzira aragaruka. Aza arara aho yagiye arara hose, abamenyesha ko Ndori ari umusore. Ageze iwabo i Bweramvura bwa Kinihira ateranya Abaryankuna, abatekerereza urugendo rwe ababwira uko yabonanye na Ndori na nyirasenge.
Ubwo Abaryankuna babivugaga rwihishwa mu mabanga yabo. Ariko ntibyabura kumenyekana hose bavuga ko Ndori ari i Karagwe. Bamwe bati: “Yapfanye na se”. Bakomeza kubivuga kugeza igihe bamenyeye ko Kimomo ari we wazanye iyo nkuru avuye i Karagwe. Noneho barabyemera bikwira u Rwanda rwose. Kuva ubwo rero, hagira ababara inkuru bayisiganira, bamwe bati: “Ibi n’ibi”, abandi, bati: “biriya”, bikaba aho byamara kwitamanzura, bose bakagira bati: “Ni byo; ni imvaho, noneho bakagira bati: “inkuru yabaye kimomo”. Ubwo baba bibuka inkuru ya Kimomo cya Gashakamba yavuye i Karagwe igakwira u Rwanda ari impamo. Kubara inkuru kimomo ni ukuyigaragaza by’imvaho.
2.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Inkuru yabaye kimomo”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zawe wihimbiye ukurikije icyo asobanura mu mwandiko:
a) Akanunu
b) Abatasi
c) Aramutwama
d) Yaratanze
e) Ikivunge
f) Mpobagurika
2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira ayo bibusanyije igisobanuro.
a) Iyo umwana agiye kwa nyirasenge ahura na babyara be
b) Ninza kugusura nzaza rwihishwa.
2.3.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inkuru yabye kimomo”, usubiza ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Byagendekeye bite u Rwanda umwami Ndahiro amaze gutanga?
2. Ni izihe mpamvu ebyiri zateye abayoboke ba Ndahiro gushakisha aho Ndori aherereye?
3. Kimomo akigera i Karagwe byamugendekeye bite?
4. Urugendo rwa Kimomo i Karagwe rwagize akahe kamaro?
2.3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inkuru yabaye kimomo” maze usubiza ibibazo bikurira.
1. Ni iki wowe wakorera umuryango mugari aho atuye mu gihe haba hari ikibazo kibugarije?
2. Ufite amakuru afitiye imbaga nyamwinshi akamaro, wakora iki kugira ngo agere ku bo agenewe?
3. Ni irihe somo ry’ingenzi ryagufasha mu buzima ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
4. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize umwandiko “Inkuru yabaye kimomo”
II.4. Izindi ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
2.4.1. Insigamigani
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inkuru yabaye kimomo”, witegereza imiterere yawo, uko utangira, uko usoza, ibivugwamo maze utahure inshoza n’uturango by’ ingeri y’ insigamugani.
1. Inshoza y’insigamugani
Mu Kinyarwanda, gusiga umugani ni ugukora ibintu bikomeye byaba byiza cyangwa bibi, wasaza bagasigara babikwibukiraho bati “naka yasize umugani”. Bishobora no gukomoka ku mvugo umuntu yakundaga gukoresha hanyuma igasakara henshi; yamara gupfa abamuzi bakajya bavuga ko yabasigiye umugani.
Insigamigani ni zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo zikaba zarabonekaga cyane mu mivugire, mu migendere, mu myumvire, mu mikorere no mu mibereho y’ubuzima bwa buri munsi by’abanyarwanda.
Insigamigani ni ahantu cyangwa se abantu babaye abagenuzi b’imigani cyangwa se inkomoko yayo cyangwa se n’ibindi rubanda bagenuriyeho bakabigira iciro ry’imigani, nk’inyamaswa, inyoni n’ibindi.
2. Uturango tw’insigamigani
- Insigamigani irangwa n’imvano y’imvugo cyangwa umugani wabaye gikwira mu Banyarwanda;
- Yerekana igihe kizwi n’ahantu hazwi ibivugwamo byabereye;
- Abanyarubuga bavugwamo baba ari abantu bazwi neza mu mateka, n’ibikorwa bivugwamo bizwi ko byabaye mu mateka.
3. Amoko y’insigamigani
Insigamigani zirimo amoko abiri y’ingenzi: insigamigani nyirizina n’insigamigani nyitiriro.
Insigamigani nyiri zina
Insigamigani nyirizina ni imvugo zakomotse ku bantu bazwi neza amavu n’amajyo ku buryo rubanda bemeye kwigana imigirire yabo, no mu mvugo isanzwe izo mvugo zabakomotseho zigakoreshwa zigahinduka inyigisho muri rubanda.
Twafata nk’urugero rwa Ntambabazi wa Rufangura wagize ati: “Ndatega zivamo”, Rugaju rwa Mutimbo ati: “Nguye mu matsa”, Nyiramataza Mukarukari ati: “Ngiye kwa Ngara”, Nkana ya Rumanzi ati: “Arigiza Nkana”, Bajeyi ba Sharangabo bati: “Yarezwe bajeyi” n’abandi. Bene abo ni bo nsigamigani nyirizina. Batatu babanza ni bo babaye abagenuzi b’imigani bo ubwabo, naho ababiri bandi babaye imvano yayo.
Insigamigani nyitiriro
Insigamigani nyitiriro ni ibindi bintu rubanda bagenuriyeho bakabiheraho babigira iciro ry’imigani. Urugero ni nk’impyisi mu nyamaswa yagize iti: “Harya ko kuvuga ari ugutaruka, nk’iriya Musheru ipfana iki na Mutamu?”, Igikeri mu myururu, bati: “Gikeri utahe n’intashya”, kiti: “Mfana iki n’ibiguruka?” Ibi byose babitwerereye amagambo y’abantu bahishiriye kubera umwanya bafite mu gihugu cyangwa se mu muryango wubashywe. Si byo ubwabyo byivugiye ayo magambo.
Umwitozo
a) Mu magambo yawe bwite sobanura insigamigani icyo ari cyo.
b) Insigamigani zirimo amoko angahe? Yavuge kandi uyasobanure.
c) Kora ubushakashatsi uvuge inkomoko z’insigamigani zikurikira
- Yagiye nka Nyomberi
- Yagiye guca umuti wa Mperezayo
2.4.2.Ibisakuzo
Igikorwa
Musome umwandiko ukurikira hanyuma musubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Mu gitaramo kwa nyirakuru
Mu biruhuko bishize Kawera na musaza we bagiye gusura nyirakuru utuye mu bisi bya Huye. Bagezeyo, nyirakuru abakirana ubwuzu. Bararamukanya bishyira kera. Bamaze kuruhuka, nyirakuru asasa umusambi, abazimanira umutsima w’amasaka n’ikivuguto.
Nimugoroba haza babyara babo kubaramutsa. Bararamukanya, babazanya amakuru barangije bakina urunana. Ijoro riguye nyirakuru abasaba gutaramana na we. Abacira umugani ushimishije nyuma barasakuza. Kawera atangira abasakuza ati: “Sakwe sakwe!” abandi bati: “Soma” ati: “Abana bange bateze ibisage bose”. Abandi bati: “Imisatsi y’ibigori”. Bakomeza batyo basimburana umwumwe. Nyirakuru abonye bamaze gusakuza umwanya muremure, arabashimira cyane bajya kuryama.
Ibibazo
1. Ni izihe ngeri z’ubuvanganzo Kawera, musaza we, babyara babo na nyirakuru bifashishije mu gutarama?
2. Umaze gusoma umwandiko “Mu gitaramo kwa nyirakuru”, tahura inshoza y’ibisakuzo n’uturango tw’ibisakuzo ndetse n’akamaro kabyo.
1. Inshoza y’ibisakuzo
Ibisakuzo ni umukino wo mu magambo ugizwe n’ibibazo n’ibisubizo bishimisha abakuru n’abato kandi birimo ubuhanga. Ibisakuzo byagiraga abahimbyi b’inzobere bahoraga barushaho kunoza no gukungahaza uwo mukino.
Buri gisakuzo kiba gifite imvugo yacyo yabugenewe, kikicwa mu magambo yacyo bwite, kandi gishobora no kugira ibisubizo byinshi.
Abasakuza bagenda bakuranwa mu gusakuza. Usakuza agira ati: “Sakwe, sakwe”, usakuzwa agasubiza ati: “Soma.” Iyo uwahawe ubufindo atinze kubufindura, uwamusakuje aramubwira ati: “Kimpe”. Uwasakujwe iyo kimuyobeye arasubiza ngo: “Ngicyo”, ubwo mugenzi we akakica.
2. Uturango tw’ibisakuzo
- Ibisakuzo birangwa no gutangizwa n’amagambo: Sakwe sakwe…!
Soma!
- Ibisakuzo kandi bigomba gukinwa n’abantu babiri bakuranwa.
- Birangwa no kuba hari ikibazo kijimije n’igisubizo gishobora kuba cyo cyagwa ntikibe cyo.
- Mu gusakuza, unaniwe kwica igisakuzo, uwo basakuzanya arakiyicira bityo akaba akimutsinze.
3. Akamaro k’ibisakuzo mu buzima bwa buri munsi
- Ibisakuzo bifasha abana ndetse n’abakuru gukora imyitozo mfuturamvugo igamije kubamenyereza gutekereza, kuvuga badategwa no kumenya gufindura imvugo zijimije.
- Ibisakuzo byigisha guhanga no gutekereza kuko umuntu ashobora kwica igisakuzo atari asanzwe akizi ugasanga igisubizo atanze na cyo ari cyo n’ubwo hari ikiba kimenyerewe.
- Ibisakuzo muri rusange birigisha, byungura ubumenyi.
- Ibisakuzo byifashishwaga mu bitaramo.
- Ibisakuzo byinshi bibumbatiye umuco nyarwanda kuko bigaragaramo ibikoresho byo mu muco nyarwanda.
Ingero
- Mu bisakuzo byinshi usangamo ingingo z’amateka bikerekana ko byahimbwe mu gihe ikintu runaka cyariho.
Ingero
Umwitozo
1. Ica ibisakuzo bikurikira:
Sakwe sakwe! Soma!
- Nagutera icyambuka amazi kitagira amaguru
- Nagutera icyo utazi utabon
- Hagarara hakuno,mpagarare hakurya turate abeza
- Hakurya ni umukoki,hakuno ni umukoki
- Mpagaze mu ishyamba rimpa umwezi
- Ngeze mu ishyamba rirahungabana
- Nshinze umwe ndasakara
- Nyirabakangaza ngo mutahe
- Inka yanjye nyikama igaramye
- Twavamo umwe ntitwarya
2. Gereranya ibisakuzo n’imigani migufi
3. Tahura mu kinyatuzu ibisubizo by’ibisakuzo wahawe. Andika igisubizo imbere y’igisakuzo cyacyo.
Ibisakuzo
a) Intara za nyirabangana zingana zose.
b) Mama nshuti.
c) Sogokuru aryoha aboze.
d) Abana bange barara bahagaze bwacya bakaryama.
e) Agacwende kange kambaye kure mba ngukoreyemo.
f) Ibuye ry’imisozi ryimuye umugabo.
g) Inka yange yimira mu kinono ikabyarira mu ihembe.
h) Nkandagiye itafari rimena itegura risakaza inkuru i Burayi.
i) Ngeze mu ishyamba rirahubangana.
1. Umugabo yafashe inuma ngo age kuyirya iramubwira iti: “Reka nkubwire ikintu kimwe, nako bitatu hanyuma ubone kundya.” Icya mbere: Ikintu cyakugeze mu ntoki ntikikaguhende ubwenge ngo ukirekure. Icya kabiri: Ntukababazwe n’icyo wakoze. Irongera iti: “Ndekura nkubwire icya gatatu k’ingenzi.” Arayirekura irigurukira. Inuma iti: “Waba umupfu urakanyagwa.” Na bibiri bya mbere ntiwabyubahirije none nkubwire ikindi?
2. Umwana yashakaga kunyara ari kumwe na nyina akamubwira; bukeye nyina aramubwira ati: “Ntukavuge ko ugiye kunyara, jya uvuga ko ugiye kuririmba.”Umunsi umwe umwana yasigaranye na se nyina yasuhutse, bigeze nijoro umwana ati: “Ko nshaka kuririmba?” Se aramusubiza ati: “Mwana wange ushaka kuririmba muri iri joro? Cyo ngaho ndirimbira buhoro mu gutwi.” Umwana arekura inkari no mu gutwi kwa se ngo shiririri!
3. Umugabo w’igisambo yumvise ashonje, anyarukira mu nzu asangamo ibiryo by’umwana, arabiterura. Abuze aho abirira ajya mu bwiherero, arya vubavuba, ibyago bye biza kumuniga araniha, umugore yumvise umuniho arahurura ati: “Byagenze bite? Undi araceceka. Agize amahirwe biramanuka ntiyongera kuniha, umugore arongera arakomanga ati: “Hari urimo?” Umugabo afata ya sahani ayambara ku mutwe. Umugore arambiwe asunika urugi, umugabo abuze icyo avuga akomanga kuri ya sahani ati: “Mada, witonde ubu nabaye umuporisi.”
4. Umwana yabajije se ati: “Kuki abageni bambara ibyera igihe cyo gusezerana?” Se aramusubiza ati: “Mwana wange ni uko ari ibara ryerekana ibyishimo nk’uko iryirabura ryerekana agahinda.” Umwana ati: “Ahaaa! Noneho menye impamvu abagabo bakunda kwambara ibyirabura, ni agahinda bahorana!”
2.4.3.1 Gusoma no gusobanura imyandiko
Igikorwa
Soma imyandiko ya “Muze duseke”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo, ukore n’umwitozo ukurikira.
Umwitozo
1. Tanga imigenurano ibiri ihuje inyito n’umugani mugufi
“Ubwenge buza ubujiji buhise”.
2.4.3.2 Gusoma no kumva imyandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze duseke” maze usubiza ibibazo byayibajijweho.
1. Garagaza ibintu bibiri inuma yabwiye umugabo?
2. Ni ukubera iki inuma yabwiye umugabo ngo: “Waba umupfu urakanyagwa”
3. Kubera iki umugabo wo mu mwandiko wa gatatu yagiye kurira ibiryo mu bwiherero?
4. Umwana wo mu mwandiko wa kane avuga ko ari iy’ihe mpamvu abagabo bakunda kwambara ibyirabura?
5. Kubeshya ni bibi bigira ingaruka. Byerekanishe ingingo yo mu mwandiko wa gatatu.
2.4.3.3 Gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze duseke” maze usubiza ibibazo bikurira:
1. Sobanura uyu mugani mugufi “ Ubwenge buza ubujiji buhise” ugendeye ku byavuzwe mu mwandiko wa mbere.
2. Ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandiko wa kane ni iki wavuga ugereranyije n’indangagaciro zigomba kuturanga?
3. Ese urakeka ko ibyavuzwe muri iyi myandiko ari ukuri? Sobanura.
4. Ukurikije ibivugwa muri iyi myandiko, urumva yakoreshwa ryari mu buzima busanzwe?
II.4.4 Tumenye urwenya na byendagusetsa
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze duseke” maze usesengure akamaro kayo mu muryango nyarwanda. Umaze gusesengura akamaro kayo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’urwenya na byendagusetsa ndetse n’akamaro kabyo mu mibereho y’Abanyarwanda.
1. Inshoza y’urwenya na byendagusetsa
Urwenya na byendagusetsa ni inkuru zisetsa cyane ku buryo umuntu uzibariwe ababaye cyangwa arakaye acururuka. Izi nkuru hari ushobora kuzibarirwa zimuvuga nabi akarubira, akarya karungu, akaba yakwadukira abantu akabahutaza. Urwenya na byendagusetsa ni kimwe mu biranga umuntu warezwe, wabanye n’abandi. Ubwiwe izi nkuru akagaragaraho ubunyamusozi aba abuze akarango k’intore. Byendagusetsa ariko yo bavuga ko yenda gusetsa kuko mu by’ukurbavuze ngo irashekeje mbere y’uko ibarwa ntawaseka iby’iyo nkuru igiye kuvugwa.
2. Amoko y’urwenya na byendagusetsa
Urwenya rw’amagambo: Urwenya rushingiye ku kuvuga amagambo asekeje.
Urwenya rw’ingiro (filimi): Ni urwenya rushingiye ku migirire y’umuntu. Nk’ iyo bakina barwana umwe akubita undi urushyi cyangwa umugeri bisetsa abantu. Muri uru rwenya bashobora kandi gukoresha amarenga, amafiyeri, amaringa n’ibindi bimenyetso byatuma abantu baseka.
Urwenya rwo gusubiramo: Hari igihe umuntu avuga yigana imvugo y’umuntu asubiramo amagambo yavuze cyangwa imigirire ye ku buyo wumva bisekeje.
Urwenya rw’ingeso: Hari igihe umuntu agira ingeso zikamwokama ku buryo zagusetsa.
3. Uturango tw’urwenya na byendagusetsa
- Urwenya rurangwa no kuba ari amagambo cyangwa imyifatire y’umuntu bisetsa abandi. Usanga mu mvugo umunyarwenya akoresha amagambo aterekeranye, cyangwa akavugishwa kubera impamvu iyi n’iyi ku buryo bisetsa abamwumva.
- Byendagusetsa yo irangwa no kuba ari agakuru kagufi gasekeje, cyane kubera ko ibivugwamo bidashoboka, cyangwa bidakwiranye n’aho bivugiwe cyangwa n’ubivuze.
4. Akamaro k’urwenya na byendagusetsa
Ari urwenya cyangwa byendagusetsa byose biba bigamije gusetsa, gushimisha abantu. kubagira inama no kubakosora.
Umwitozo
Himba urwenya cyangwa byendagusetsa ku nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:
a) Umunyeshuri wafashwe mu kizamini akopera.
b) Inda nini cyangwa ubusambo.
II.4.5 Imyandiko: Muze twivuge
1. Nagiye ku rusenge ibitugu ndabitigisa, imyambi ndayisukiranya, abo twari kumwe ndabacyaha, nitwa cyaradamaraye.
2. Nivugiye ku rusenge, umwana yivugira mu nda ya nyina ntaho byabonetse.
3. Ndi Gatobotobo ka Ndabateze, natega neza ndagatabaruka.
4. Uri inyundo…. Ndi isata ibasumba ndi intore ya Rugayampunzi. Nkubitiye umubisha mu gikombe, ndamuzamura mukubitira mu gahinga, ngo ejo batagira ngo ni inkangu yamumfashije.
5. Ndi inkubito idatinya, ndi Nyambo sinkenga, Mucyo wa Rudatinya, ndi umuhungu ntibyijanwa.
6. Ndi umuhungu ndi umuzira guhunga, mirindi y’abasore nanze guhunga iwacu twaraye ubusa.
7. Nahagaze mu Gasenyi ndasa mu Gasiza, umukobwa wambonye ati: “Uno musore ntarasa neza arakandongora”.
2.4.5.1 Gusoma no gusobanura imyandiko
Igikorwa
Soma imyandiko ya “Muze twivuge”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Umwitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva icyo avuga.
a) Igikombe
b) Urusenge
c) Agahinga.
2. Shaka irindi jambo rivuga kimwe n’ijambo “umukobwa”
2.4.5.2 Gusoma no Kumva imyandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze twivuge” maze usubiza ibibazo byayibajijweho.
1. Kuvuga ko umuntu ari Cyaradamaraye bishatse kuvuga iki? Birakwiye ko babivugira ku muntu mukuru? Kubera iki?
2. Ni ibihe bikorwa by’indengakamere usanga muri ibi byivugo? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Mu kivugo cya kabiri hari aho uwivuga agaragaza ko hari ikintu gitangaje ikivugo ke cyatumye kiba nta handi cyabaye. Icyo kintu ni igiki?
4. Mu kivugo cya kane uwivuga aribanda ku kihe gikorwa? Yagikoreye he?
2.4.5.3 Gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze twivuge” maze usubiza ibibazo bikurira:
a) Ni izihe nsanganyamatsiko usanga muri iyi myandiko?
b) Ni ibiki mwabonye bigenda bigaruka muri iyi myandiko
II.4.6 Tumenye ibyivugo by’amahomvu
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko, “Muze twivuge” usesengure imiterere yayo n’icyo ivuga. Uhereye ku miterere yayo n’icyo ivuga, tahura inshoza n’uturango by’ibyivugo by’ amahomvu, n’akamaro ka byomu mibereho y’Abanyarwanda.
1. Inshoza y’ibyivugo by’amahomvu
Ibyivugo by’amahomvu cyangwa ibyivugo by’abana ni ibyivugo bigufi abana bivuga bagamije gusetsa no kwidagadura muri rusange. Ibi byivugo bivugirwa mu bitaramo byo mu miryango, si mu bitaramo by’ingabo. Impamvu babyita amahomvu ni uko mu by’ukuri ibyo birata biba bitarabayeho.
2. Uturango tw’ibyivugo by’amahomvu
- Ni ibyivugo bigufi cyane.
- Ni ibyivugo byivugwa n’abana.
- Ibigwi biratamo biba bitarabaye, byuzuye amakabyankuru.
- Bigamije gusetsa no kwidagadura.
- Uwivuga yigereranya n’ibintu, inyamaswa akaba ari byo ashingiraho ubuhangange bwe.
- Aho kwirata ubutwari bwo ku rugamba, uwivuga yirata ibikorwa bisanzwe ndetse rimwe na rimwe bidahesha icyubahiro uwivuga, yirata ubwiza, ubuhangange mu kurya, mu gukundwa n’abagore n’abakobwa n’ibindi
3. Akamaro k’ibyivugo by’amahomvu
Ibyivugo by’amahomvu bitoza abana gutinyuka bakavuga nta mususu kandi badategwa. Mu byivugo by’amahomvu bituma ababivuga bidagadura kuko bibasetsa bikabashimisha.
Imyitozo
1. Fata mu mutwe ibyivugo bibiri mu byo wahawe, hanyuma ubivugire imbere ya bagenzi bawe.
2. Himba ikivugo cy’amahomvu cyawe bwite wubahiriza ibiranga ibyo byivugo.
II.5 Ubutinde bw’inyajwi n’imiterere y’amasaku
2.5.1. Umugemo
Igikorwa
Soma amagambo akurikira, witegereze imiterere yayo maze utahure inshoza n’imivugirwe y’umugemo mu ijambo.
u-mwa-nga-vu
i-ngi-mbi
i-nda-nga-ga-ci-ro
1. Inshoza y’umugemo
Umugemo ugizwe n’ijwi rimwe cyangwa urwunge rw’amajwi menshi y’ishingiro yumvikanira rimwe uko umuntu abumbuye umunwa avuga. Bityo umubare w’imigemo ungana n’inshuro umuntu yagiye abumbura umunwa kugira ngo avuge ijambo.
Ingero :
- Umujugujugu : u-mu-ju-gu-ju-gu = imigemo itandatu
- Amashyiga : a-ma-shyi-ga = imigemo ine
- Amapfa : a-ma-pfa= imigemo itatu
Iyo umugemo ugizwe n’ijwi rimwe ry’ishingiro, uba ari inyajwi kandi uboneka mu ntangiro y’ijambo gusa. Indi migemo igirwa n’amajwi shingiro menshi (urwunge rw’ingombajwi) asozwa n’inyajwi. Bityo rero inyajwi ni yo shingiro ry’umugemo.
2. Imivugirwe y’umugemo mu ijambo
Mu Kinyarwanda haba imigemo itindwaho n’itebukwaho mu mvugo. Inyajwi rero nk’ishingiro ry’umugemo ni zo zituma ibyo byose bibaho. Amagambo y’Ikinyarwanda akomatanya imigemo itindwaho n’itebukwaho biturutse ku nyajwi irimo; ariko nta jambo ryihariye imigemo itindwaho gusa. Mu mivugirwe y’umugemo, inyajwi itinda isohokera rimwe iyo umuntu avuga ijambo.
Ingero :
a) Umugemo utebukwaho
- Umutaka : u-mu-ta-ka
- Akaguru : a-ka-gu-ru
b) Umugemo utindwaho
- Umugaati : u-mu-gaa-ti
- Kugeenda: ku-gee-nda
Imyitozo
1. Umugemo ni iki?
2. Umugemoushingira ku ki?
3. Garagaza imigemo mu magambo akurikira:
a) Umugaanda
b) Indangagaciiro
c)Umunyamakuru
d) Abaturage
2.5.2 Imiterere y’ubutinde n’amasaku
Igikorwa
Musome interuro zikurikira mwungurane ibitekerezo ku magambo ari mu ibara ry’umukara ritsindagiye mugaragaza itandukaniro ryayo mukurikije imivugire yayo. Munasubize ibibazo bikurikira:
Ibibazo:
1. Gutandukana kw’ayo magambo mu mivugirwe gushingiye ku ki?
2. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’imiterere y’ubutinde n’amasaku
mu ijambo n’amoko y’amasaku.
- Inkoko yange izaturaga mu minsi mike
- Ejo nzajya kugura inkoko yo kugosora amasaka
- Mutoni yaranguye amasaro yo gutaka.
- Uwo mwana urimo gutaka abaye iki?
- Umunyeshuri mwiza ntasiba ishuri.
- Nabonye ishusho y’umwami.
- Umwana ararira ku mbehe.
1. Inshoza y’ubutinde n’amasaku
Mu ijambo ry’Ikinyarwanda inyajwi iba ifite ubutinde n’imiterere by’amasaku karemano.
Iyo umuntu atabikurikije mu mvugo aba ashyomye cyangwa se rimwe na rimwe akaba avuze irindi jambo atashakaga kuvuga cyangwa se akaba avuze ijambo ritabaho mu Kinyarwanda.
Ubutinde bw’inyajwi buvugwa ku nyajwi ibanguka yandikwa n’inyajwi imwe naho ku nyajwi itinda ikandikwa n’inyajwi ebyiri.
Imiterere y’amasaku y’inyajwi irangwa no kuzamuka cyangwa kumanuka igihe tuvuga ijambo. Iyo tuvuga inyajwi ikamanuka, mu nyandiko iyo nyajwi nta kamenyetso igira kayigaragaza ariko iyo tuvuga inyajwi ikazamuka, mu nyandiko iyo nyajwi iba ifite akamenyetso kayigaragaza gateye nk’akagofero (^).
2. Amoko y’amasaku
Amasaku arimo amoko abiri: amasaku shingiro cyangwa amasaku yoroheje n’amasaku y’inyunge.
a) Amasaku shingiro cyangwa amasaku yoroheje
Amasaku shingiro cyangwa amasaku yoroheje agizwe n’amoko abiri: amasaku nyesi n’amasaku nyejuru. Iyo tuvuga inyajwi ikamanuka, iba ifite isaku nyesi (iryo saku nyesi ntirigire akamenyetso karigaragaza) na ho iyo inyajwi izamutse iba ifite isaku nyejuru (iryo saku rikagaragazwa n’akagofero kajya hejuru y’iyo nyajwi).
Inyajwi ibangutse ishobora kugira isaku nyesi cyangwa se isaku nyejuru.
Ingero
Isaku nyesi ku nyajwi ibanguka:umugabo, umuneke
Isaku nyejuru ku nyajwi ibanguka: umusôre, umugorê
Iyo inyajwi ifite isaku nyejuru, inyajwi yo ku mugemo ubanza na yo ivugirwa hejuru, bityo na yo ikagira akamenyetso k’akagofero gasanzwe karanga isaku nyejuru. Iryo saku rijeho kubera isaku kamere ryo ku mugemo ukurikiyeho bakaryita isaku nyejuru ry’integuza. Mu rwego rwo kugabanya ibimenyetso, ikimenyetso kiranga isaku nyejuru ry’integuza na cyo nticyandikwa.
Ingero: umusôre, umugorê.
b) Amasaku y’inyunge
Amasaku y’inyunge agabanyijemo amoko ane: isaku nyesi nyesi (nyesi ndende), isaku nyesi nyejuru, isaku nyejuru nyesi n’isaku nyejuru nyejuru (nyejuru ndende).
- Isaku nyesi nyesi (nyesi ndende)
Iyo inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyesi ku nyajwi ebyiri bavuga ko ari isaku nyesi nyesi. Ni ukuvuga ko umugemo uba utinda kandi uvugirwa hasi. Mu nyandiko y’amasaku, isaku nyesi nyesi ryandikishwa inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye zidafite akamenyetso.
Ingero:
Umutaako, umugaanda, kuvooma
- Isaku nyesi nyejuru
Iyo inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyesi ku nyajwi ya mbere, ku ya kabiri ikagira isaku nyejuru, bavuga ko ari isaku nyesi nyejuru. Mu nyandiko y’amasaku, isaku nyesi nyejuru ryandikishwa inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye inyajwi ya mbere nta kamenyetso kariho, iya kabiri ifite akamenyetso gateye nk’akagofero.
Ingero:
Umwaâmi, umwaâri
- Isaku nyejuru nyesi
Iyo inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyejuru ku nyajwi ya mbere ku ya kabiri ikagira isaku nyesi bavuga ko ari isaku nyejuru nyesi. Mu nyandiko y’amasaku, isaku nyejuru nyesi ryandikishwa inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye, inyajwi ya mbere ifite akamenyetso gateye nk’akagofero, inyajwi ya kabiri ntigire akamenyetso.
Ingero:
Umwâana, umwâaka
- Isaku nyejuru nyejuru (nyejuru ndende)
Iyo inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyejuru ku nyajwi ebyiri bavuga ko ari isaku nyejuru nyejuru (nyejuru ndende). Ni ukuvuga ko umugemo utinda uba uvugirwa hejuru. Bitewe n’uko akenshi riba rikurikiwe n’umugemo ufite isaku nyejuru, bituma ryandikishwa inyajwi ebyiri iya mbere ari yo ifite isaku nyejuru gusa naho ku nyajwi yaryo ya kabiri hakaba isaku ry’integuza ku mugemo ukurikiyeho, bityo ntiryandikwe.
Ingero:
Abatââje, baârasîibye.
Ikitonderwa
a) Hari ubwoko bw’isaku nyejuru buvuka ku mugemo ukurikiye isaku nyejuru nyejuru.
Ingero:
Ikâawâ, umusâavê
b) Iyo indomo cyangwa imigemo imwe bitakaye kuri iryo jambo amasaku na yo arahinduka.
Ingero:
kaawâ, savê.
c) Ibinyazina biranga ahantu : “mo”, “ho”, “yo”n’utujambo “so” na “ko” buri gihe bifata isaku nyejuru. Ntabwo ayo masaku aba ari integuza cyangwa ngo ayikenere igihe idahari.
Ingero:
- yavuuyeyô
- yageendaniyekô
- yiinjiyemô
- mukâasô
- yamwiihomyehô
d) Impakanyi “ta”na “da”na zo zifata isaku nyejuru.
Ingero:
- kutâzâajyayô
- kutâvugâ
- mudâsobwâ
e) Mu Kinyarwanda amagambo ashobora guhuza imisusire mu nyandiko ariko ntahuze ibisobanuro kuko aba adahuje ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku.
Ingero:
- Inkokô ≠ inkooko
- Umusaâmbi ≠ umusaambi
f) Inyandiko iriho amasaku yitwa inyandiko ya gihanga.
Imyitozo
1. Shyira amasaku ku magambo akurikira:
a) Umuduri
b) Amabati
c) Umuganda
d) Imyaka
e) Ibyatsi
f) Umuco
g) Akagombambari
h) Umugenzuzi
2.5.3. Ubutinde n’amasaku kuri muhundwanota
Igikorwa
Soma amagambo akurikira, yashyireho amasaku hanyuma wifashishe uturongo ugaragaza isaku nyesi ritebutse n’isaku nyejuru ritebutse; isaku ry’integuza n’isaku ritinda ukurikije imivugirwe yayo.
- Umukobwa
- Umutaka
- Umutobe
- Ituze
Inshoza ya muhundwanota
Muhundwanota ni uturongo tubiri duteganye duciye hejuru y’ijambo twerekana imivugirwe y’amajwi ari muri iryo jambo. Isaku nyesi ritebutse ryerekanwa n’akarongo kagufi gaciye hejuru y’inyajwi gakurikije umurongo wo hasi. Isaku nyejuru ritebutse rigaragazwa n’akarongo kagufi gatambitse hejuru y’inyajwi gakurikije umurongo wo hejuru. Isaku ry’integuza ryo ryandikwa nk’isaku nyejuru. Naho isaku ritinda rikagaragazwa n’akarongo karekare gashyirwa hejuru y’ubutind bitewe n’uko rivugitse.
Imyitozo
1. Shyira amagambo akurikira kuri muhundwanota wubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku.
a) Umugezi
b) Umukoro
c) Umurima
d) Mukamana
e) Abasare
f) Isaha
II.6 Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Umaze kwiga ubuvanganzo nyemvugo, jya mu isomero maze uhitemo imyandiko y’imwe mu ngeri z’ ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda uyisome. Hera kuri iyo myandiko uhange igihangano cyawe bwite cya bene iyo ngeri.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusesengura imyandiko itandukanye yo mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda ngaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’umuco zigaragaramo.
- Gutandukanya no guhanga imyandiko inyuranye yo mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda.
- Kunoza imvugo yange nkoresha neza imigani migufi mu biganiro bisanzwe, mu biganiro mpaka no mu nyandiko zitandukanye nandika.
- Gukina umukino wo gusakuza n’abandi.
- Kwivuga mu ruhame ndategwa kandi nsesekaza.
- Kwandika amagambo atandukanye mu nyandiko ya gihanga ugaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku.
Ubu ndangwa no:
Kwimakaza umuco nyarwanda n’indangagaciro zawo.
II.7. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
Umwandiko: Matama ya Bigega
Umugabo Bigega yabaye aho, maze abyara umwana w’umukobwa amwita Matama; yari yaravukanye isaro mu ntoki, ntihabe hagira uhirahira ngo arimwake.
Mibambwe, umwami w’u Rwanda, arambagira Igihugu, acumbika ahitwa i Remera rya Kanyinya. Mu gicuku gishyira inkoko, Mibambwe yumva umwana urira. Mibamwe arabyuka, abaza abararizi ati: “Uwo mwana araririra he?” Baramusubiza bati: “Nta we twumvise” Umwami ati: “Nimuge kubaza abaja n’abashumba ko bamenya aho umwana aririra.” Bababajije barabahakanira. Umwami ati: “Nimuge kubariza no mu baturanyi.” Abo babajije bose bakabahakanira bati: “Nta mwana twigeze twumva arira.”
Ubwo Mugunga wa Ndoba umugaragu wa Mibambwe, yari yagishishije inka mu Bugoyi, na we yumva umwana ararira, abaza abagaragu be ati: “Uwo mwana araririra he?” Bati: “Nta we twumva.” Ati: “Nimuge kubaza mu gikumba k’inka” Abashumba barahakana bati: “Nta mwana twumvise arira.” Bucya Mugunga acyumva umwana arira, ati: “Sinakwihererana ibi bintu ngenyine”. Ajya kubibwira umwami Mibambwe.
Agitunguka mu irembo arasuhuza. Mibambwe ati: “Nta kubaho, ijoro ry’ejo mu gicuku gishyira inkoko numvise umwana urira ageza mu gitondo akirira, n’ubu ndacyamwumva!” Mugunga ati: “Nange ni cyo cyari kinzanye ngo mbikubwire; nanze kubyihererana. Nabajije abantu bose twari kumwe ko na bo baba bumvise umwana urira, barampakanira. Mbajije mu baturanyi barampakanira. Mpera ko mena ijoro ngo nze kubikubwira.”
Mibamwe ati: “Dushake uko twabona uwo mwana. Ndetse noneho ndumva yasaraye, ntakibasha no kurira cyane!” Nuko Mibambwe yohereza intumwa ahantu hose, yohereza na Mugunga, aramubwira ati: “Genda ushake uwo mwana, numara iminsi itatu utaramubona, uzaze dushake ubundi buryo.” Yohereza n’umuntu kwa Kimenyi, umwami w’i Gisaka, ngo amubarize aho umwana yaba aherereye. Babibwiye Kimenyi ati: “Abami b’i Rwanda ntibabe abapfu! Umwana abura arizwa n’iki? Abana b’ino barabuhagira bakarira, bakora nabi babahana bakarira!” Intumwa iraza ibwira Mibambwe uko Kimenyi yamushubije, Mibambwe ntiyanyurwa.
Buracya atuma undi kwa Muzora, umwami wo mu Ndorwa, na we agiye kumusubiza ati: “Mibambwe ni umusazi. Abana bose bo mu gihugu cyange ngenzura igihe baririra?” Babwiye Mibambwe uko Muzora yamushubije arumirwa, ariko ntiyashirwa. Buracya atuma kuri Rumanyika, umwami w’i Karagwe, ngo amurangire aho umwana yumvise urira, aririra. Rumanyika aramusubiza ati: “Mbese uwo mwana ntarira nk’abandi bana?” Ati: “Sinabona icyo musubiza.” Mibambwe abonye abo bami bose batamubwiye iby’uwo mwana urira, ahamagara abagaragu be bitwaga Indongozi, arababwira ati: “Nimuge kunshakira aho aririra. Dore mbohereje muri umunani, nimujyane na Mugunga.” Abagaragu baragenda, bagera kwa Bigega, bararamukanya, baramubaza bati: “Ntiwamenya aho umwana aririra muri iki gihugu cyanyu?” Bigega ati: “Uwo mwana urira ni uwange, yanze kuvamo umwuka, naho ubundi agiye gupfa; umwana umaze icyumweru cyose arira!”
Mugunga ati: “Ese ntiwamenya ikimuriza?” Bigega ati: “Ni isaro yavukanye mu ntoki, ntihabe hari uwarimwaka. Bukeye bagiye kumwuhagira isaro rigwa hasi, inkoko irarimira, umwana arira kuva ubwo. Bagiye gufata inkoko ngo bariyake umukara urayimira, bagiye gufata umukara, imbwa irawumira, bagiye gufata imbwa, ingwe irayimira, bagiye gufata ingwe intare irayimira, bagize ngo bafate intare, imbogo irayimira, bakurikiye imbogo ngo bayifate, inzovu irayimira, nuko inzovu yigira mu ishyamba.”
Mugunga abaza Bigega ati: “Iryo shyamba se muzi aho riherereye?” Bigega ati: “Turahazi ariko twese turaritinya, ntawurigeramo.” Mugunga ati: “Duherekeze uritwereka.” Bigega ati: “Ko muri bake?” Mugunga ati: “Nta cyo bitwaye.”
Mugunga n’Indongozi baragenda, bageze mu ishyamba, batangira guhiga ya nzovu. Inzovu ivumbutse ihunga, bayihurizaho amacumu barayica. Barayibaga bayikuramo ibyo yamize byose, basangamo na rya saro. Mugunga ararijyana, agitunguka kwa Bigega bavugiriza impundu icyarimwe. Mugunga ahereza wa mwana isaro rye, aherako arahora. Ahereza Mugunga amaboko, Mugunga aramuhagatira, amuha amata, umwana akira amarira.
Bigega ashima Mugunga n’Indongozi, atuma kuri Mibambwe, ati: “Guhera ubu tubaye inshuti, kandi umenye ko abami b’i Rwanda barusha ab’ahandi ubupfura.”
( Mnyr BIGIRUMWAMI Aloys, ibitekerezo, Nyundo1971)
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko, usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Matama uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko yari muntu ki?
2. Ni iki cyabaye intandaro yo kurira kwa Matama ya Bigega yivukaniye?
3. Tanga ingero ebyiri z’amakabyankuru agaragara muri uyu mwandiko.
4. Ni iki ushima umwami Mibambwe n’umugaragu we Mugunga?
5. Ni iki unenga muri uyu mwandiko ku ngingo yo gufata neza ibidukikije?
6. Ni irihe somo ry’ingenzi ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko
a) Kugishisha inka
b) Mu gikumba k’inka
c) Guhirahira
d) Kurambagira
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva ibisobanuro byayo.
a) Kunyurwa
b) Kumena ijoro
c) Guhagatira
3. Uzurisha interuro zikurikira amwe mu magambo akurikira ukora isanisha rikwiye: abararizi, mu nkoko, guhirahira, kuvumbuka, kurambagira.
a) Yaraye adasinziriye bigeze………………arabyuka aragenda.
b) Mu ishyamba ……………. ingeragere maze abahigi barayica.
c) Abajura ……………….. kujya kumwiba ariko bagasanga ……….ku gipangu ke.
d) Ku mugoroba umwami yajyaga ………………igihugu ke.
III. Ibibazo ku buvanganzo bwo muri rubanda
1. Rondora ingeri eshanu z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda.
2. Usanga ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda butumariye iki muri iki gihe?
3. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’umugani muremure n’insigamigani?
4. Ica ibisakuzo bikurikira:
- Icyo nagutuma ntiwakizana.
- Aho nagendaniye nawe wambwiye iki?
- Nkubise urushyi rurumira.
- Nagutega icyo utazi utabonye.
- Abakobwa b’iwacu bicaye ku ntebe imwe.
5. Soma interuro zikurikira, ushake umugani w’umugenurano wahuza n’ibivugwamo.
a) Iminsi uyiteganyiriza hakiri kare, ukibishoboye, ibintu wazigamye bikazagutunga utakishoboye n’inshuti washatse zikazagufasha umaze gusaza cyangwa wamugaye.
b) Ntawukwiye kwishimira ibyago by’undi naho yaba ari umwanzi we kuko na we bishobora kumugeraho.
c) Ubwuzu n’ubuntu bw’ugukunda bumugaragaraho akikubona, ntatindiganya kukwakira neza, aguhorana ku mutima n’iyo ufite ibyago abigufashamo utabimusabye.
d) Umurimo udakora wibwira ko woroshye, ukagaya abawukora ngo nta cyo bamaze kandi ubakomereye koko.
Umuntu ananirwa kugira icyo akurusha, ariko ntananirwa kujora icyo abandi bakoze.
e) Kwiharira ibyo utunze ntusangire n’inshuti utazi icyo iminsi iguteze.
6. Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu uvugwa muri iyi nkuru:Gatari akunda gusuzugura iby’abandi basubije mu ishuri akumva ko ibye ari byo bizima ko nta wundi wagira icyo asubiza. Bikarangira nyuma yo gukosorwa ari we ubonye amanota make.
7. Uzuza imigani y’imigenurano ikurikira:
a) Imvura igwa ……………………………….
b) ……………………………. azira inarabyaye.
c) Agahwa kari ku wundi…………………….
8. Mu mibanire y’abantu urwenya na byendagusetsa bifite akahe kamaro?
9. Himba ikivugo cy’amahomvu cyawe bwite wubahiriza uturango twa bene ibyo byivugo.
IV. Ibibazo ku masaku n’ubutinde
1. Andika amagambo akurikira mu nyandiko igaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku:
a) Icyanzu
b) Umuhire
c) Gusarura
d) Umwamikazi
e) Umuririmbyi
f) Umwari
2. Shyira amagambo akurikira kuri muhundwanota:
a) Umushyitsi
b) Umusore
c) Ibyari
d) Induru
e) Sebatware
UMUTWE WA 3: KUBAHIRIZA UBURENGANZIRA BWA MUNTU
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umuvugo agaragaza uturango twawo n’ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Guhimba no kuvuga umuvugo.
- Kugaragaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi by’izina mbonera, ntera, izina ntera n’igisantera.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Rondora kandi usobanure ibintu nibura bitatu umuturage yakorerwa bikagaragara ko uburenganzira bwa muntu butubahirijwe. Wakora iki kugira ngo ubwo burenganzira umuturage yavukijwe abuhabwe.
III.1. Umwandiko: Turyamagane twese
Yewe muco gakondo
Twakondewe na Gihanga
Wowe uharaze imigenzo
Ukaziga imiziririzo
Ihohoterwa ryo urarizi?
Iyaduhanze yaradukunze
Iduhundagazaho ubuhanga
Iduhaza urukundo rwayo
Ngo dukundane twese
Ihohoterwa riza ari rwivanga!
Reka ndenge imbibi z’urwacu
Ndenze amaso iyo riterwa inkingi
Nsesengure umuco nyafurika
Mbaze abanyamahanga ibyaho
Aho ihohoterwa murarizi?
Icyo kibazo ni cyo gitumye mpanga
Ushaka gukira indwara arayirata
Uwarikorewe wese ntabihishire
Ntahanwe ngo yamennye ibanga
Ibanga ryakwica rizibukire!
Mu ngo riravuza ubuhuha
Mu kazi ntiryahatangwa
Mu itangwa ryako riraca ibintu
Mu micungire y’abakozi rirabacuza
Si iryo gucecekwa ryadutsemba!
Hadutse icuruzwa ry’abantu
Baba abahungu cyangwa abakobwa
Bagakurwa mu rwa Gihanga
Bakabunzwa i mahanga kandi hahanda
Bagashakira amahaho ahadakwiye!
Hari ihohoterwa ryo mu magambo
Atesha agaciro uwo mubana
Ngo nta mutungo yinjiza iwawe
Ndetse n’idini rye si ryo ryawe
Maze umutima we ukamungwa cyane!
Ingo zirasenyuka umusubizo
Zizira icyo cyago k’icyorezo
Umugore ntiyubahe umugabo
Ngo ubugabo nyabwo ni mu mufuka
Kandi umwe ari urugingo rw’undi.
Ko mbona ihohoterwa riteye hose
Kandi twese turi abavandimwe
Uyu mutima mutindi tuwugenze dute?
Ko utesha agaciro abantu benshi
Twawutesheje ugacika iwacu?
Abakurambere dukesha umuco
Baturaze kubana neza dutekanye
Icyubahiro gikwiriye buri wese
Umuto wese akubaha umukuru
Tukubahiriza uwo muco twese.
Hari abahoraga bibeshya
Ngo umukobwa si umwana
Ibyo rwose bikaba intandaro
Yo kwimwa intango y’ubuzima
Akimwa umunani mu muryango.
Babyara umuhungu ngo ni umutabazi
Amahoro agahinda mu muryango
Babyara umukobwa ngo ni agahinda
Ubwigunge bukarenga umubyeyi
Akaba igicibwa ngo aciye umuryango!
Ubwo umukobwa agatangira guhezwa
Akabuzwa amahirwe yo kugana ishuri
Agaharirwa gusa imirimo yo mu rugo
Basaza be bakaminuza abareba
Iryo hohoterwa rikamutera agahinda.
Ndanenga uwo muco rwose
Upfobya abo bari baziranenge
Ukababuza uburenganzira bwabo
Iryo hohoterwa rikabatera ipfunwe
Niriranduke rwose mu rwatubyaye!
Reka twese ikibazo tukigire icyacu
Uyu muco ukocamye ucike rwose
Duhashye ayo mahano abera iwacu
Porisi ihagurukire ababirengaho bose
Imiryango mpuzamahanga na yo ibihoshe.
Reka ababizi tubibwirize abandi
Uburenganzira bwa muntu buharanirwe
Kuko buri wese afite agaciro
Duhashye uwo muco muri bose
Kuko iwacu ufatwa nka kirazira.
Twubahe umuco wacu
Ducenshure ibiwutesha agaciro
Tugire ubupfura buzira ubupfayongo
Bwo gicumbi cy’urukundo
Ruha agaciro ikiremwa muntu.
3.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Turyamagane twese”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Umwitozo
1. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo akurikira yakuwe mu mwandiko:
amahano, guhashya, ihohoterwa, ubupfura, guhezwa.
a) Abanyarwanda bose bamagane ………………………
rikorerwa mu ngo.
b) Gucuruza abantu ni………………………, byamaganirwe
kure.
c) Umwana wahawe uburezi n’uburere byiza ahora arangwa
n’…………………
d) Nta muntu ugomba………………….mu iterambere
ry’Igihugu.
e) Duhagurukire twese…………………umuco wo kubangamira
uburenganzira bwa muntu.
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zawe wihimbiye:
ubupfayongo, igicibwa, kuvuza ubuhuha, imigenzo.
3.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Turyamagane twese”, hanyuma usubize
ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Ni hehe umwanditsi w’uyu mwandiko agaragaza ko ihohoterwa
rihagaragara?
2. Ni iyihe ngaruka y’ihohoterwa ryo mu ngo yagaragajwe mu
mwandiko?
3. Ni bande bavutswaga uburenganzira bwabo nk’uko byavuzwe
mu mwandiko?
4. Babuvutswaga bate?
5. Ni nde ufite inshingano zo guhashya ihohoterwa?
6. Ni rihe somo ry’ingenzi ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
3.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Turyamagane twese”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira.
1. Ni irihe hohoterwa rikorerwa ikiremwa muntu rigaragara mu
karere utuyemo?.
2. Vuga muri make icyo wakora mu kwimakaza uburenganzira
bw’ikiremwa muntu.
3. Garagaza ingaruka zo kubangamira uburenganzira bwa muntu.
4. Ni iki cyakorwa kugira ngo uburenganzira bwa muntu
bwubahirizwe?
3.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Igikorwa
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku ngaruka zo kubangamira uburenganzira
bwa muntu n’ibyakorwa kugira ngo zirindwe.
III.2. Umuvugo
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Turyamagane twese?” witegereza imiterere
yawo, uvuge aho ubona utandukaniye n’indi myandiko maze utahure
inshoza n’uturango by’umuvugo.
3.2.1. Inshoza y’umuvugo
Umuvugo ni igihangano kiri mu mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko cyuje uturango nyabusizi. Uhanga umuvugo atanaga imvugo ye akayiha ubwiza bunogeye amatwi n’umutima kubera indyoshyanjyana n’iminozanganzo biwugize.Iyo minozanganzo uyisanga mu majwi, mu njyana, mu myubakire y’interuro ndetse no mu magambo y’indobanure aberanye n’ingingo yaturwa.
3.2.2. Uturango tw’umuvugo
Umuvugo urangwa n’interuro ngufi bita imikarago cyangwa intondeke. Umukarago mu busizi ni interuro ngufi zanditse ku buryo bupimye indinganire cyangwa se insumbane. Umuvugo uba ugabanyijemo amabango ari yo wagererenya n’ibika mu myandiko isanzwe.
Imikarago y’umuvugo iba ifite injyana nk’iyo mu ndirimbo. Umuvugo urangwa kandi n’injyana y’isubirajwi, y’isubirajambo, ijyana ipimye bita indengo n’ubundi bwoko butandukanye bw’ikeshamvugo nk’imibangikanyo, ihwanisha, iyitirira, igereranya…
Ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa mu mivugo
a) Injyana
Mu mivugo hakoreshwamo ikeshamvugo rishingira ku njyana. Mu
buhanzi bw’imivugo bakunda kugenda bakoresha amajwi asa harimo
asoza umukarago cyangwa awutangira hakaba n’akoreshwa hagati.
Bakoresha kandi isubirajwi, isubirajambo n’isubirasaku. Banakoresha
ubwoko bw’injyana ishingiye ku gupima imikarago bita indengo. Mu bisigo
nyabami byinshi ho bakoresha amabango aba yanditse umudandure.
Ubu bukurikira ni bumwe mu buryo bw’injyana bukoreshwa mu mivugo.
- Isubirajwi
Ni ikeshamvugo rishingira ku kugenda basubira mu ijwi runaka ku buryo bunogeye amatwi.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Hadutse icuruzwa ry’abantu
Baba abahungu cyangwa abakobwa
Bagakurwa mu rwa Gihanga
Bakabunzwa i mahanga kandi hahanda
Bagashakira amahaho ahadakwiye!
- Isubirajambo
Ni igihe isubirajwi rigaruka mu ijambo bihuriye ku gicumbi kimwe
n’iryaribanjirije cyangwa se ijambo rikagaruka uko ryakabaye.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Mu ngo riravuza ubuhuha
Mu kazi ntiryahatangwa
Mu itangwa ryako riraca ibintu
Mu micungire y’abakozi rirabacuza
- Indengo
Indengo ni ubwoko bw’ijyana ishingiye ku gupima utubangutso tugize imikarago. Iyo njyana yakoreshwaga cyane mu mazina y’inka. Buri kabangutso kangana n’inyajwi imwe itebuka, bivuga ko umugemo utinda ugira utubangutso tubiri.
Urugero: imikarago ifite utubangutso 9
Urugero: Inka ya Rumonyi
Rŭtăgwābĭza ĭmĭnegă,= 9
Inkŭbă zēsă mŭ Bĭhŏgŏ, = 9
Rwā mŭgăbŏ nyĭrĭgĭră = 9
Imbĭzi ĭsāngănĭzwa ĭngŏmă, = 9
b) Imibangikanyo
Imibangikanyo ni umunozanganzo ushingiye ku gukurikiranya imikarago iteye kimwe, cyangwa se ku gukurikiranya mu mikarago ingingo zuzuzanya cyangwa zivuguruzanya.
Urugero mu muvugo “Mpore nyampinga”
Uganze uturwe ubone amaturo
Ukunde ukundwe ugire agaciro.
Ingero mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
- Ingingo zuzuzanya :
Yo kwimwa intango y’ubuzima
Akimwa umunani mu muryango.
- Ingingo zivuguruzanya
Tugire ubupfura buzira ubupfayongo
c) Igereranya
Ni ukugereranya ibintu bifite icyo bihuriyeho ku buryo kimwe cyagufasha gusobanura ikindi ukoresheje uko bisangiye imisusire, imigenzereze, umumaro n’ibindi. Igereranya rigira uturango: nka, na, kimwe, asa …
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Duhashye uwo muco muri bose
Kuko iwacu ufatwa nka kirazira.
d) Ihwanisha
Ihwanisha ni ikeshamvugo risa no kugereranya ku rwego rwa kabiri, aho urenga ibyo kureba icyo ikigereranywa n’ikigereranyo bihuje, ugasa n’ubinganyisha, kimwe kikaba cyafata umwanya w’ikindi cyangwa cyagihagararira.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Babyara umuhungu ngo ni umutabazi
Babyara umukobwa ngo ni agahinda
e) Iyitirira
Iyitirira rishingiye ku gufata ikintu ukakitirira ikindi bitewe n’uko ubona isano bifitanye. Icyo gihe ijambo rifata umwanya w’irindi rikagira inyito nshya kandi n’iyo ryari risanganywe ritayitakaje.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Mpore nyaminga”
Nyampinga afite agaciro
Ni na we uhekera urutubyara
Nyampinga aritirirwa ababyeyi bose.
3.2.3. Akamaro k’umuvugo
- Umuvugo ufasha umuhanzi gutambutsa imbamutima ze abinyujije muri icyo gihangano.
- Bifasha umuhanzi kunoza ururimi no gukungahaza inyunguramagambo akoresheje amagambo y’intoranywa.
- Gushima, gutaka, kunenga, kwigisha, gukosora ikintu cyangwaumuntu runaka binyujijwe mu mvugo inogeye amatwi ijimijecyangwa itajimije.
Umwitozo
Hanga umuvugo mugufi utarengeje imikarago mirongo ine ku
nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo ijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa
muntu hanyuma uwuvugire imbere y’abandi wubahiriza isesekaza
ry’umuvugo rikwiye.
III.3. Ubwoko bw’amagambo
Amagambo ahinduka: Izina mbonera
Igikorwa
Itegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye ari mu nteruro zikurikira zavuye mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”. Kora ubushakashatsi ugire icyo uvuga ku miterere yayo maze utahure inshoza y’amagambo ahinduka, inshoza n’intego by’amazina mbonera ndetse n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
Hari abahoraga bibeshya
Ngo umukobwa si umwana
Ibyo rwose bikaba intandaro
Yo kwimwa intango y’ubuzima
Akimwa umunani mu muryango.
Babyara umuhungu ngo ni umutabazi
Amahoro agahinda mu muryango
Babyara umukobwa ngo ni agahinda
3.3.1. Inshoza y’amagambo ahinduka
Amagambo ahinduka ni amagambo ashobora gushakirwa uturemajambo cyangwa akagoragozwa. Mu magambo ahinduka dusangamo: amazina mbonera, ntera, amazina ntera, ibisantera bimwe na bimwe n’ibinyazina.
3.3.2. Inshoza y’izina mbonera
Izina mbonera ni izina rusange. Izina mbonera rigizwe n’uturemajambotw’ibanze dutatu ari two: indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi. Izina riba ari mbonera iyo atari izina ry’urusobe kandi ridakomoka ku nshinga cyangwa ku bundi bwoko bw’amagambo. Rivuga abantu, ibintu cyangwa inyamaswa muri rusange.
3.3.3. Intego y’izina mbonera
Intego y’izina mbonera ni: Indomo (D), indanganteko (RT) n’igicumbi (C)
D+RT+C
Indomo (D)
Indomo ni akaremajambo kagizwe n’inyajwi gatangira izina cyanwa
irindi jambo ririsimbura. Mu Kinyarwanda inyajwi zishobora kuba
indomo ni eshatu gusa ari zo: a, i, u.
Ingero:
Abantu, inkongoro, udusatsi.
- Indomo “u” ikoreshwa mu mazina yo mu nteko ya 1, 3, 11, 13, 14
na 15.
Ingero: umuntu (nt.1), umurimo (nt.3), urutaro (nt.11), udusatsi (nt.13),
ubudodo (nt.14), ukuguru (nt.15).
- Indomo “a” ikoreshwa mu nteko ya 2, 6, 12 na 16.
Ingero: abantu (nt.2), amakara(nt.6), akana (nt.12), ahantu (nt.16).
- Indomo “i” ikora mu nteko ya 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 n’iya 10.
Ingero: imirima (nt.4), iryinyo (nt.5), ikiriri (nt.7), ibitoki (nt.8), ingobyi (nt.9), imbwa (nt.10).
- Ijambo ritakaza indomo iyo rikurikiye impakanyi “nta”, akajambo
“buri” n’indangahantu “mu” cyangwa “ku”
Ingero:
- Nta mwana wasibye.
- Buri muntu araririmba.
- Mu nzu harashushye.
- Yagiye ku mugezi
Nk’uko bigaragara muri izi nteruro, amagambo umwana, umuntu,
inzu, umugezi yatakaje indomo
Ikitonderwa:
1. amazina yo mu nteko ya 5 n’amazina amwe n’amwe yo mu nteko ya
9 n’iya 10 atangiwe n’indomo “i” iyi “i” itangira izina ntihungurwa
n’indangahantu.
Ingero:
- Yagiye kuvoma ku iriba
- Turajya mu ihuriro.
- Udusimba turi ku ihene
2. Amwe mu mazina y’amasano ntagira indomo. Mu kugaragaza
uturemajambo tuyagize, indomo ya bene ayo mazina igaragazwa
n’imbumbabusa (ø).
Musaza wawe akundana na murumuna wange.
Mushiki wange aherekeje muramu wacu.
Indanganteko (RT)
Indanganteko ni akaremajambo kerekana inteko izina ririmo.
Akaremajambo kakaba ariko gashingirwaho mu gukora isanisha mu
nteruro. Indangasano kandi ni igice gisigara hagati y’indomo n’igicumbi.
Ingero: umuntu, abantu, imirima, ibitoki
Indanganteko z’izina mbonera ni izi zikurikira
Ikitonderwa:
1. Hari amazina atagaragaza indanganteko. Indanganteko ya bene
ayo mazina igaragazwa n’imbumbabusa (ø).
Ingero:
Isuka nziza: Indanganteko ni ø
2. Hari amazina adahita agaragaza indanganteko. Bene ayo mazina yongerwaho ntera bityo indangasano ya ntera ikaba ari yo ndanganteko y’iryo zina.
Ingero:
Impu nziza: indanganteko y’izina impu ni -n- aho kuba -m- kuko
indanganteko -m-itabaho.
Uduti twiza: indanganteko y’izina uduti ni -tu- aho kuba -du- kuko
indanganteko -du-itabaho.
Agakwasi gato: indanganteko y’izina agakwasi ni -ka- aho kuba -ga-kuko
indanganteko -ga-itabaho.
Igicumbi (C)
Igicumbi ni igice k’izina kidahinduka mu gihe k’igoragoza. Igoragoza ni ishyirwa mu bumwe, mu bwinshi, itubya, itubura by’izina ugamije kureba igice kidahinduka. Ushobora gukora igoragoza kandi ushaka kureba ibice by’ijambo bishobora gusimburana cyangwa amagambo ashobora gusimburana mu nteruro. Igicumbi gitangirwa n’inyajwi, ingombajwi cyangwa inyerera.
Ingero:
- Umwana: u- mu-ana (inyajwi)
- Umuyaga: u-mu- yaga (inyerera)
- Imirimo: i-mi-rimo (ingombajwi)
Ikitonderwa
Hari amagambo ashobora kugira indanganteko ebyiri cyangwa ibicumbi bibiri n’agira indanganteko cyangwa ibicumbi byikuba kabiri. Reka twugame izuba muri kiriya gicucucucu cy’umutobotobo.
Umuntu nyamuntu arangwa n’ubumuntu.
Metero ni urugero rw’uburebure.
Ahari abantu hanuka urunturuntu.
3.3.5. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa mu izina mbonera
Kugira ngo umuntu agere ku mategeko y’igenamajwi, agereranya intego y’ijambo n’uko risanzwe rivugwa cyangwa ryandikwa maze akavumbura ayo mategeko y’igenamajwi asobanura ukuntu amajwi yahindutse cyangwa yazimiye. Iyo usanze nta mpinduka zabaye nta tegeko ry’igenamajwi riba rihari. Amategeko y’igenamajwi agaragazwa ku ijambo ryashakiwe uturemajambo aho mu ihuzwa ry’uturemajambo tubiri, amajwi amwe aba yazimiye cyangwa agahindukamo andi mashya..
Imbonerahamwe iragaragaza intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi
Umwitozo
Garagaza intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi by’amazina akurika:
a) Ubuzima
b) Inyana
c) Umwenge
d) Insina
e) Imbavu
f) Inka
g) Impuha
h) Ishati
III.4. Umwandiko: Rutabikangwa yisubiyeho
Karigirwa ni umwana w’umukobwa ufite imyaka icumi. Yiga mu mwaka wa kane w’amashuri abanza. Ni umuhanga mu ishuri kuko mu myaka itatu arangije yahoraga agira amanota meza. Imyigire ye ayifashwamo n’ababyeyi kuko bamuha ibikoresho byose by’ishuri akeneye ndetse bakanamwitaho igihe ageze mu rugo.
Muri iyi minsi ariko imyitwarire ya Karigirwa iragenda ihinduka ku buryo bugaragara haba mu masomo ndetse no mu gusabana na bagenzi be. Uretse kuba atagikurikira amasomo ye neza, ntakivuga, ahorana intimba kandi asigaye akererwa bikabije. Ibi byamugizeho ingaruka mu myigire ye ku buryo asigaye agira amanota adashimishije. Nk’umurezi we byanteye impungenge bintera kugira igitekerezo cyo kuzajya kuganiriza ababyeyi be.
Umunsi umwe mvuye ku kazi nagiye iwabo wa Karigirwa. Ngezeyo, ndakomanga ariko mu gihe batarankingurira, haba hageze imodoka nziza kandi nshyashya irimo Rutabikangwa, se wa Karigirwa. Asohotse, mbona yarabyibushye cyane kuko ntamuherukaga. Byanteye kumubaza aho asigaye aba, ansubiza ko amaze icyumweru mu nama mpuzamahanga yaberaga muri Kenya.
Muri ako kanya Kabanyana, nyina wa Karigirwa aba aje kunsuhuza. Natunguwe no kubona yambaye igitenge gicikaguritse. Aransuhuza, asuhuje Rutabikwangwa aramwihorera. Nuko mubwira ikingenza ambwira ko nabona akanya azaza ku ishuri tukabiganiraho. Yahise amperekeza, tukigera ku bikingi by’amarembo, umwana wabo w’umuhungu wari wambaye ishati y’umutuku avuye kuvoma atubonye aza kudusuhuza ariko ntungurwa no kubona se nta rukumbuzi yari amufitiye nk’umubyeyi umaze icyumweru atari mu rugo.
Bukeye nzindukira ku kazi nk’uko byari bisanzwe ariko nkomeza kwibaza ku mibereho y’abo mu rugo kwa Rutabikangwa mbihuza n’imyitwarire nari nsigaye mbonana Karigirwa. Nkigera mu ishuri, mbona abanyeshuri benshi bahageze ariko mbura Karigirwa. Nyuma y’isaha nagiye kubona mbona Karigirwa arakomanze. Akinjira, mbona amaso yatukuye kandi adatuje na mba. Byanyanze mu nda mu gihe cy’akaruhuko ndamuhamagara ngo mubaze neza ikibazo afite.
Ntaragira icyo mubaza araturika ararira, ngerageza kumuhoza ngo menye intandaro y’imyifatire ye. Yarankundiye ambwira ko ibyo agiye kumbwira ari ibanga kuko se abimenye atamukira! Musezeranya ko ntazarimena. Yatangiye ambwira ko iwabo nta mahoro na make aharangwa kandi bimaze igihe. Ambwira ukuntu iryo joro bari baraye hanze nyina akubitwa ari cyo cyatumye akererwa kuko yatoye agatotsi mu gitondo se amaze kugenda. Antekerereza ko nyina yazize ko yari yasabye amafaranga y’abahinzi se akamubwira ko arambiwe gukorera abantu batagize icyo bamaze mu rugo. Yakomeje ambwira ko nyina ahingisha, akeza imyaka myinshi, yamara guhunika, se akazana imodoka iyitunda ntihagire na duke dusigara. Anansobanurira ko n’inka y’inzungu bari bafite, yabahaga amata na yo se yayigurishije. Ibyo byose bigatuma nyina ahora mu bukene ntabone ibyo kugaburira abana n’amafaranga yo kugura imyambaro.
Nyuma yo kumva ihohoterwa Kabanyana n’abana be bakorerwa na Rutabikangwa numva ntakwiye kubyihererana. Nshaka umwanya njya kureba umuyobozi w’umudugudu mugezaho icyo kibazo k’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abo mu rugo kwa Rutabikangwa. Akibyumva, yahise atumira Rutabikangwa na Kabanyana mu mugoroba w’ababyeyi, amenyesha n’ubuyobozi bwa porisi bwari hafi aho.
Insanganyamatsiko yaganiriweho muri uwo mugoroba w’ababyeyi ni “Twubahirize uburenganzira bwa muntu twamagana ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo”. Umuyobozi w’umudugudu yayituganirijeho ayivuye imuzi, nyuma umuporisi wari witabiriye iyo nama na we akurikiraho avuga ko abantu bahohotera abo bashakanye bagomba kujya bahanwa by’intangarugero. Kabanyana aho yari yicaye twumva araturitse ararize. Ikiganiro gihagarara gityo twihutira kureba ikimuriza. Nyuma yo kumuhoza yadusobanuriye nta cyo adukinze ku ihohoterwa Rutabikangwa amukorera we n’abana be. Abenshi mu bo twari kumwe baratungurwa kuko batari bazi ibibera mu rugo kwa Rutabikangwa.
Rutabikangwa wari wabuze aho areba, ahagurukana ikimwaro kinshi adusaba imbabazi twese, by’umwihariko umugore we Kabanyana. Atwizeza ko yasobanukiwe icyo uburenganzira bwa muntu ari cyo kandi ko azibukiriye kububangamira ahubwo akaba agiye kwita ku muryango we. Kabanyana aramubabarira, dushima umwanzuro mwiza Rutabikangwa afashe. Umuyobozi w’umudugudu asoza ikigaro adushishikariza kutazigera na rimwe duhishira amakimbirane yo mu ngo kuko bizana ingaruka nyinshi mu muryango. Ubu umuryango wa Rutabingwa na Kabanyana ni umuryango ntangarugero aho batuye.
3.4.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Rutabikangwa yisubiyeho”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure.
Umwitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro.
a) Intimba
b) Ikimwaro
2. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo cyangwa imvugo bikurikira
wubahiriza isanisha rikwiye: gutora agatotsi, ibikingi
by’amarembo, kuzibukira, amakimbirane
a) Abantu bose banywa ibiyobyabyenge
bakwiye……………………….kuko byangiza ubuzima.
b) …………………………..atuma iterambere ry’umuryango
ridindira.
c) Nzanira ruriya rwego rwegetse ku
…………………………………
d) Umwana wange ntiyigeze ……………………………..
kubera uburwayi.
3.4.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Rutabikangwa yisubiyeho”, hanyuma usubize
ibibazo byabajijweho.
1. Ni nde ubara iyi nkuru?
2. Ni iyihe myitwarire idasanzwe ivugwa mu mwandiko Karigirwa
yagaragaje?
3. Ese umwarimu wa Karigirwa yagize ibanga ibyo yari yamubwiye?
Kubera iki?
4. Ni iyihe mpamvu yatumye Rutabikangwa asaba umugore we
imbabazi mu mugoroba w’ababyeyi?
3.4.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko“Rutabikangwa yisubiyeho”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Uratekereza ko ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo ryatera izihe
ngaruka?
3. Garagaza insanganyamatsiko y’ingenzi igaragara muri uyu
mwandiko n’isomo ry’ingenzi uwukuyemo
4. Ni uwuhe musanzu wawe mu kurwanya ihohoterwa?
III.5. Andi magambo ahinduka
3.5.1. Ntera
Igikorwa
Soma witegereza imiterere y’amagambo atsindagiye muri izi nteruro,utahure inshoza n’uturango twa ntera kandi ugaragaze intego yayo.
- Karigirwa yarangije imyaka itatu agira amanota meza.
- Nkihagera haba haje imidoka nziza kandi nshyashya.
- Nyina wa Karigirwa yeza imyaka myinshi ariko imodoka ikaza
ikayitunda ntasigarane na duke.
3.5.1.1. Inshoza ya ntera
Ntera ni ijambo rigaragira izina rigasobanura imiterere, imimerere
n’ingano by’iryo zina. Ntera yegerana n’izina ifutura cyangwa bigahuzwa
n’inshinga “ni”, “si”, ri” cyangwa “kuba”n’izindi zivuga imimerere.
Uyu mwana muremure ni mwiza.
Ihohoterwa si ryiza mu muryango nyarwanda.
Wa mukobwa wari muto yabaye munini aho amariye gushaka.
3.5.1.2. Uturango twa ntera
a) Ntera yinjira mu nteko zose z’amazina ikisanisha n’izina biri kumwe
ifata indanganteko yaryo ho indangasano.
Ingero:
- Uyu muhanda ni muremure.
- Kamanzi ni umusore munini kandi muremure.
- Uru rukweto ni rushyashya.
b) Ntera yifashishwa mu kugaragaza indanganteko y’izina igaragiye iyo indanganteko yaryo itigaragaza kandi ikagira umumaro w’imfutuzi.
Ingero:
- ishuri rikuru
- iryinyo rinini
- indirimbo nshya
c) Ntera ishobora gusimbura izina igaragiye igafata indomo yaryo,
bityo ikitwara nk’izina. Icyo gihe intego yayo iba ari nk’iy’izina,
kuko iba itakitwa ntera ahubwo yitwa izina ntera
Ingero:
- Abakuru n’abato bunganirane.
- Imana ivubira imvura ababi n’abeza.
- Imishyashya na yo muyimese.
Ntera igira ibicumbi bizwi ari na byo biyiha inyito.
3.5.1.3. Intego ya ntera
Ntera igira uturemajambo tubiri: Indangasano (RS) n’igicumbi (C).
a) Indangasano (RS)
Indangasano ni igice cya ntera gihinduka kikisanisha n’izina biri kumwe.
Indangasano ya ntera isa n’indanganteko y’izina igaragiye.
Ingero:
- Umukinnyi mushya yatsinze ibitego byinshi.
- Abana banini ntibashobora ntibashobora gusimbuka ahantu
harehare.
b) Igicumbi
Igicumbi cya ntera ni igice cyayo kidahinduka igihe hakozwe igoragoza kandi ni cyo gice kigaragaza inyito (igisobanuro) cyayo.
Ingero:
- umuntu muto
- abantu bato
- umurima muto
- imirima mito
Urutonde rw’ibicumbi bya ntera
Ikitonderwa:
a) Igicumbi –re na –to byisubiramo ku buryo bifata indangasano
ebyiri.
Ingero:
Igihe kirekire (ki-re-ki-re)
Igihugu gitogito (ki-to-ki-to)
b) Ibicumbi –gufi, -ke, -to bishobora kwiyongeraho-ya
Ingero:
Umuntu mugufiya.
Amagambo makeya
c) Igicumbi –niya gishobora kugira impindurantego nyinshi.
Ingero: nuya, niniya, nzunyu, nzinya, nzuzunya, nunuya, niniriya,
nziginya, nzugurunyu...
d) Ibicumbi -shya, -to bishobora kwisubiramo
Ingero:
Umwenda mushyashya.
Igiti gitoto.
3.5.1.4. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa kuri ntera
Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa kuri ntera ni nk’akoreshwa ku izina mbonera.
Ingero:
-- Ubunyobwa bwiza: bu/-iza u→w/-J
-- Insina ndende: n/-re-n/-re: r→d/n-
-- Imyaka myinshi: mi/-inshi: i→y/-J
Imbonerahamwe igaragaza ibicumbi bya ntera, intego n’amategeko y‘igenamajwi
Umwitozo
1. Tanga ingero 5 z’interuro wihitiyemo zirimo ntera
2. Ca akarongo kuri ntera ziri mu nteruro zikurikira unazishakire
intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Amazi menshi cyane yangiza imyaka.
b) Amatama masa ntasabira inka igisigati.
c) Tubifurije urugendo ruhire.
d) Abana bato bakenera kwitabwaho.
e) Hashize igihe kirekire tutabonana na we.
3. 5.2. Izina ntera
Igikorwa
Soma witegereza imiterere y’amagambo atsindagiye muri izi nteruro, utahure inshoza n’uturango tw’izina ntera kandi ugaragaze intego yayo.
a) Ntekereje inka z’inzungu zikamwa bafite,
b) Karigirwa ni we mwana w’umukobwa wiga mu mwaka wa kane w’amashuri abanza
c) Umuhungu wa Rutabikangwa yari yambaye ishati y’umutuku.
3.5.2.1. Inshoza y’izina ntera
Izina ntera ni ijambo riteye nk’izina, aho bitandukaniye ni uko ridashingirwaho mu isanishantego ahubwo risobanura ijambo riherekeje cyangwa risimbuye. Amazina ntera agaragaza ubwoko, akarere, ibara cyangwa igihugu ikivugwa gikomokamo. Amazina ntera yisanisha mu nteko nyinshi zishoboka ugereranyije n’izina.
Ingero:
- Abagabo b’abayenzi bakunda guhiga amasaka.
- Amasuka y’amaberuka ntakiboneka.
- Yaguze inkweto z’umutuku.
- Umwenda w’umutirano ntumara imbeho.
- Aya masuka si amaramba.
- Wa mukobwa wange yashatswe n’umusore biganye w’umurundi.
3.5.2.2. Uturango tw’izina ntera
a) Izina ntera ryisanisha mu nteko nyinshi
Ingero:
Nt.1 Umwana w’umwarimu
Nt.2 Abagabo b’abarimu
Nt.3 Imirima y’abarimu
Nt.16 Ahantu h’abarimu
b) Hagati y’izina ntera n’irisobanurwa haba harimo ikinyazina
ngenera, inshinga ni,si, -ri cyangwa kuba.
Ingero:
- Amavuta y’amarundi.
- Indagara z’intanzaniya.
- Aya masuka si amaberuka.
- Aya masuka ni amaberuka.
- Umushyitsi abaye umuzungu yahagerera ku gihe.
- Iyi shati ari umutuku ni ho nayigura.
c) Izina ntera rivuga ubwoko, akarere, ibara cyangwa igihugu
ikivugwa gikomokamo
Ingero:
- Inzu z’indundi
- Umupira w’umuhondo.
d) Izina ntera rishobora gusimbura izina ryasobanuraga
Urugero: Inka z’inzungu zirakamwa: Inzungu zirakamwa.
3.5.2.3. Intego y’izina ntera:
Intego y’izina ntera ni nk’iy’izina.
Ingero:
- Umwana w’umukobwa arangwa n’isuku: u-mu/- kobwa
- Uyu mwarimu ni umunyarwanda: u- mu/ –nyarwanda
- Nkunda inkweto z’ubururu: u-bu/-ruru
Umwitozo
1. Tanga ingero 5 z’interuro wihitiyemo zirimo izina ntera
2. Ca akarongo ku mazina ntera ari mu nteruro zikurikira
unayashakire intego
- Amagi y’amazungu agura make.
- Umwenda w’umukara urashyuha.
- Iki gitabo ni igitirano.
- Umwiza nari naguhitiyemo bawujyanye.
2.5.3. Igisantera
Igikorwa
Soma witegereza imiterere y’amagambo atsindagiye muri izi nteruro, utahure inshoza n’uturango tw’igisantera kandi ugaragaze intego yayo.
- Rutabingwa yari amaze icyumweru mu nama mpuzamahanga
- Umuryango wa Rutabingwa na Kabanyana ni umuryango
ntangarugero aho batuye.
- Umwarimu wa Karigirwa yamubereye nk’umumarayika murinzi
3.5.3.1. Inshoza y’igisantera
Ibisantera ni magambo ameze nka ntera. Agaragira izina, akavuga imiterere, imimerere ariko akaba adafite ibicumbi nk’ibya ntera kandi akaba atisanisha buri gihe n’amazina biri kumwe.
Ingero:
- Umusaza rukukuri.
- Umugore gito.
- Umuco gakondo.
- Inama mpuzamahanga.
- Ishuri nderabarezi
3.5.3.2. Uturango tw’igisantera
a) Igisantera kigira umumaro w’imfutuzi y’izina.
Ingero:
- Umutima muhanano
- Inyandiko mvugo
- Umutima nama
- Umuco nyarwanda
b) Igisantera ntikisanisha buri gihe n’izana gisobanura
Ingero:
- Imikino mpuzamahanga
- Ibisigo nyabami
- Ishuri mbonezamubano
- Ikigo ngororamuco.
Ikitonderwa
Hari ibisantera bimwe bijyana n’amagambo yagenwe ku buryo ayo magambo yitwara nk’inyumane.
Ingero :
- Umuhoro muhanya utema ibizarama.
- Umurimo mwitumo ukiza nyirawo.
- Inyoni nyoro ntitora mu ruhuri.
- Umwana murizi ntakurwa urutozi.
- Nta wutagira marayika murinzi.
- Amazi masabano.
3.5.3.3. Intego y’igisantera
Igisantera ntikigira intego ntakuka biterwa n’inkomoko yacyo ni ukuvuga amagambo akigize.
3.5.3.3. Intego y’igisantera
Igisantera ntikigira intego ntakuka biterwa n’inkomoko yacyo ni ukuvuga amagambo akigize.
Ingero:
- Umugabo mbwa aseka imbohe: n-bwa
- Amazi masabano ntamara inyota: ma- sab-an-o
- Uburere mboneragihugu: n-bon-ir-a -ø- ki-hugu: n→m/-b,
i→e/co-, k→g/-GR
- Umwana murizi ntakurwa urutozi: mu-rir-yi: r+y→z
- Ikigo ndangamuco: n-rang- a-ø- muco: r→d/n-
Umwitozo
1. Garagaza itandukaniro riri hagati y’igisantera, ntera n’izina ntera unatange n’ingero kuri buri bwoko bw’ijambo
2. Garagaza ibisantera biri mu nteruro zikurikira unabishakire intego
a) Nasuye inzu ndangamurage y’u Rwanda.
b) Imikino mpuzamahanga irahimbaza.
c) Nkunda imbyino gakondo.
d) Inkuru mbarirano iratuba.
III.6. Inyunguramagambo
Igikorwa
Amagambo abirabiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira yanditse mu nyuguti z’umukara tsiri afitanye isano. Umaze gusoma neza interuro ayo magambo arimo, garagaza isano iri hagati y’ayo magambo abirabiri maze utahure inshoza n’ubwoko by’inyunguramagambo.
- Ishoka ya Kanamugire iratyaye.
- Iyi ndyabiti iracyari nshyanshya.
- Mukamana na bagenzi be bari gutera umupira.
- Iyo igihe k’ihinga kigeze, abahinzi bihutira gutera imyaka.
- Umuhungu wa Kwizera amaze kuba ingimbi.
- Umukobwa umaze kuba umwangavu arangwa no kugira isuku.
- Yananiwe kwishyura umwenda wa Banki, inzu ye itezwa cyamunara.
- Uyu mwenda uranduye umeswe.
- Mu ishuri twakoze imbata y’ikiganiro mpaka.
- Nasuye masenge nsanga yoroye imbata.
3.6.1. Inshoza y’inyunguramagambo
Mu Kinyarwanda inyunguramagambo ni urwunge rw’amagambo umuntu akenera kugira ngo abashe gusobanukirwa no gusabana n’abandi mu mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko.
3.6.2. Ubwoko bw’inyunguramagambo
Mu Kinyarwanda hari ubwoko butanu bw’inyunguramagambo ari bwo:impuzanyito (imvugakimwe), imbusane, imvugwakimwe, ingwizanyito n’impuzashusho.
3.6.2.1. Impuzanyito
Inshoza y’impuzanyito
Impuzanyito ni amagambo ahuje inyito. Ni ukuvuga ko ayo magambo aba atavugitse kimwe, atanandikwa kimwe ariko ahuje igisobanuro ku buryo rimwe ryasimbura irindi mu nteruro imwe igitekerezo ntigihinduke.
Ingero:
- Abana: urubyaro
- Indyo: igaburo, ifunguro.
- Umugore utwite: umugore ufite inda.
- Umwana: ikibondo
- Ibyago: amakuba/ ibibazo
- Kurya: gufungura/ kwica isari/gukora ku munwa
- Kuzahaza: kurembya/ kunegekaza
- Umuhanzi: umuhimbyi
- Gupfa: kwitaba Imana/gutaha
- Umukambwe: umusaza
3.6.2.2. Imvugwakimwe
Inshoza y’imvugwakimwe
Imvugwakimwe ni amagambo yandikwa kimwe kandi agasomwa kimwe ariko nta ho ahuriye mu bijyanye n’inyito cyangwa igisobanuro. Ni ukuvuga ko ayo magambo aba asa mu rwego rw’imyandikire ariko adafitanye igisobanuro kimwe. Iyo uyarebye ugira ngo ni ijambo rimwe risobanuye kimwe; ariko si ko biri.
Ingero:
- Umugabo
Umugabo batanga bakora imibare
Umugabo igitsina gabo.
- Kubyara
Kubyara umwana
Kubyara ku igisabo/isekuru/ingoma
Kubyara umuntu yari yashobewe (kumugoboka)
- Inka
Itungo ryo mu rugo
Amasaro bakinisha igisoro
Izo bakoresha mu mukino w’ikibariko (imbata)
- Imbata
Imbata y’umwandiko
Imbata y’itungo
3.6.2.3.Impuzashusho
Inshoza y’impuzashusho
Impuzashusho ni amagambo yandikwa kimwe ariko adasomwa kimwe kandi nta ho ahuriye mu bijyanye n’inyito cyangwa igisobanuro. Ni ukuvuga ko ayo magambo aba asa (ahuje ishusho mu nyandiko isanzwe) ariko uko avugwa ndetse n’igisobanuro nta ho bihuriye. Ayo magambo atandukaniye ku butinde bw’imigemo n’imiterere y’amasaku.
Ingero:
- Inkoko
Inkoko: Itungo
Inkoko: Igikoresho bagosoza imyaka.
- Imyenda
Imyenda: imyambaro
Imyenda: amadeni
- Inda
Inda: igice cy’umubiri
Inda: udusimba tujya mu myenda cyanngwa mu misatsi duterwa
n’umwanda.
- Gutara:
Gutara: Gushyira ibitoki mu rwina
Gutara: Gushakashaka cyangwa gukusanya ibintu bitatanye cyane
- Ikiraro
Ikiraro: Iteme bambukiraho
Ikiraro: Inzu y’inka cyangwa andi matungo
- Gutaka
Gutaka: Gusakuza bitewe n’ikikubayeho
Gutaka: Gushyira imitako ku kintu
- Guhuma
Guhuma:Kurwara amaso
Guhuma: Kuvuga kw’impyisi
3.6.2.4. Ingwizanyito
Inshoza y’ingwizanyito
Ingwizanyito ni amagambo yandikwa kimwe, asomwa kimwe ariko
afite cyangwa ibisobanuro byinshi. Igisobanuro cya buri jambo gifutuka
iyo umuntu yongeyeho icyuzuzo cyangwa imfutuzi.
Ingero:
- Umuti
Umuti w’ibibazo
Umuti uvura indwara
- Gusoma
Gusoma ibitabo
Gusoma misa
Gusoma umuntu
Gusoma ikinyobwa
Gusoma impyisi (Inshoberamahanga)
- Kwakira:
Kwakira umushyitsi
Kwakira kuruhura undi (umuzigo)
- Gusenga:
Gusenga Imana
Gusenga ikibindi
3.6.2.5. Imbusane
Imbusane ni amagambo afite inyito zinyuranye ari byo byitwa kubusana. Ni ukuvuga ko inyito zayo zivuguruzanya mu ngingo abumbatiye. Mu Kinyarwanda bakunda gukoresha iki kimenyetso giteye gitya (≠) bagaragaza amagambo y’imbusane.
Ingero:
Umwitozo
1. Simbuza mu nteruro zikurikira amagambo ari mu mukarautsindaye impuzanyito zayo.
a) Umuturanyi wacu Kanakuze yabyaye abana babiri.
b) Witera amabuye muri kiriya giti kirimo ibyiyoni utangiza ibidukikije.
d) Nagiye kwa Sogokuru nsanga adahisha amazi uruho.
2. Hitamo rimwe mu magambo wahawe ari mu dukubo, wuzurishe interuro zikurikira imbusane zayo (munini, gutsinda, guhaga, ubushyuhe)
a) Abakinnyi b’umupira w’amaguru mu kigo cyacu bakunda.............................
b) Iyo abana bavuye ku ishuri baba.........................cyane.
c) Mu bihugu by’i Burayi ...................................bumara igihe
kirekire.
d) Uyu murima.........................ni wo wezemo ibigori bingana
kuriya?
3. Koresha buri jambo muri aya akurikira mu nteruro eshatu
zinyuranye.
a) Gutera. b) Gusoma.
4. Koresha buri jambo muri aya akurikira mu nteruro ebyiri zifite inyito zigaragaza ko ayo magambo ari impuzashusho.
a) Kuvura
b) Guhisha
c) Gushima
III.7. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
1. Vuga ubwoko bw’amagambo ahinduka wize hanyuma kuri buri bwoko bw’ijambo wandike interuro yawe wihimbiye. Ca akarongo kuri ubwo bwoko bw’ijambo ugaragaze intego yaryo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
2. Ukoresheje ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa mu mivugo n’inyunguramagambo zitandukanye wize, hanga umuvugo mugufi uvuga ku burenganzira bwa muntu uzawuvugire imbere ya bagenzi bawe.
III.8. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu
umwandiko: Umutego mutindi
Iribagiza yari umukobwa w’uburanga kavukire n’ubupfura bihebuje. Yarangwaga n’imyambarire itigana iya kizungu bikabije kuko we yikundiraga imyambaro gakondo, kandi agakunda ibara ry’idoma muri rusange. Ku murimo we wo kwakira abantu mu Kigo Ndangamuco yakoragamo, yashimwaga n’abantu bose.
Umunsi umwe yazindutse ajya ku kazi ke nk’uko byari bisanzwe. Akihagera, asanga umuyobozi we Gashyeke yahageze ari mu biro. Ni ko kumuhamagara, undi na we aramwitaba.
Akimugera imbere aratangira ati: “Ndagushimira ubwitange n’umurava byinshi bikuranga mu kazi, ku buryo nsanga uri umukozi w’indashyikirwa.” Ubwo Gashyeke yabikoze agira ngo abone aho amuhera amwiyegereza bage bagirana ikiganiro kihariye buri gihe. Nyamara Iribagiza utari uzi ikibyihishe inyuma aramusubiza ati: “Murakoze kumbwira ibyiza mumbonaho mu kazi, nange nzakomeza kubabera umukozi mwiza ukorana umurava igihe cyose.”
Nyuma y’igihe gito, shebuja Gashyeke amutumaho mu biro bye, ngo amuzamure mu ntera, kubera imikorere ye myiza. Amugira umwungiriza we wa hafi ngo age yakira ubutumwa bw’akazi bwose abe ari we ubusubiza.Ibyo byashimishije Iribagiza wumvaga ari byiza gushimirwa imyitwarireye no kugirirwa ikindi kizere agahabwa inshingano nshya.
Ntibyatinze shebuja amutumaho nk’ibisanzwe ariko afite undi mugambi kuri we. Yari yarabuze aho yamuhera kuko yari azwiho ubwitonzi n’ukwiyubaha gukomeye kandi akubaha buri wese. Ubwo Gashyeke amuhereza ibaruwa y’ubutumwa bw’akazi bwagombaga kumara iminsi itanu bari i Rubavu bombi. Iribagiza abwira ababyeyi be iby’ubutumwa bw’akazi yahawe kuko nta na rimwe yabahishaga gahunda ze z’akazi kubera ikizere yabagiriraga. Se abubonye agira amakenga.
Yahise ahamagara umuporisi bari baziranye wakoreraga i Rubavu kuzamukurikiranira umutekano w’umukobwa we nagera muri Serena Hoteri. Ibyo yabikoze mu ibanga atamenyesheje Iribagiza ndetse na nyina. Bageze kuri Hoteri bari bateguriwe gucumbikamo, Iribigiza ahabwa urufunguzo rw’icyumba yagombaga kuraramo. Nyamara ntiyari azi ko umuyobozi we Gashyeke yahawe n’abakozi ba Hoteri urundi rufunguzo rw’icyumba ke kugira ngo bimufashe kugera ku mugambi mubisha wo kumufata ku ngufu yari yateguye. Igicuku kinishye, Gashyeke aranyonyomba maze akingura buhorobuhoro icyumba cya Iribagiza. Yiroha mu buriri, aba yambuye iribagiza ikanzu yo kurarana y’umweru yari yambaye, ashaka kumufata ku ngufu, batangira kugundagurana ari nako Iribagiza ataka atabaza.
Umuporisi wari wasabwe gukurikiranira hafi umutekano w’Iribagiza, aba yumvise Iribagiza ataka, arira yihutira kujya kureba icyo abaye. Asaba abakozi ba hoteri gufungura icyo cyumba, batungurwa no gusanga Iribagiza arwana n’umuyobozi we ashaka kumufata ku ngufu. Bamwambika amapingu ndetse n’uwamufashije muri uwo mugambi na we atabwa muri yombi bashyikirizwa inzego zishinzwe guhana ibyaha by’ihohotera. Porisi yasize yihanangirije abakozi ba hoteri ko badakwiye guha icyuho abagizi ba nabi baba bashaka gukorera ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa mu macumbi yabo. Bongeraho ko uzafatwa azahanwa by’intangarugero.
Kuva ubwo Iribagiza yahise ashinga ihuriro rirwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina kandi riharanira kwimakaza umuco wo kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu muri rusange.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko.
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Ni nde munyarubuga mukuru uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni iki cyateye Gashyeke kuzamura Iribagiza mu ntera nk’umukozi w’indashyikirwa?
3. Ni iki cyapfubije umugambi mubisha Gashyeke yari yateguye?
4. Ni izihe nsaganyamatsiko z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Sobanura mu nshamake buri nsanganyamatsiko.
5. Vuga muri make uburyo abahohotera abandi bashobora kushyira ubuzima bwabo mu kaga.
6. Ni iyihe nyigisho y’ingenzi ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura kandi ukoreshe mu nteruro amagambo akurikira:
a) Indashyikirwa
b) Amakenga
c) Kunyonyomba
2. Huza ijambo riri mu ruhushya rwa mbere n’imbusane yaryo iri muruhushya rwa kabiri
3. Ongera usome umwandiko “Umutego mutindi”, ushakemo impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira:
a) Arafungwa
b) Imyifatire
c) Imirimo
d) Intangarugero.
4. Koresha buri jambo muri aya akurikira mu nteruro ebyiri zifite inyito zinyuranye.
a) Ikirere
b) Intama
5. Andika nteruro ebyiri zigaragaza izindi nyito z’ijambo ryanditse n’umukara tsiri.
Rukundo ni we utera indirimbo mu itsinda ndirimbamo.
6.Tandukaya amagambo y’imvugwakimwe wihitiyemo ukoreshe interuro.
7. Wifashishije ingero eshatu, sobanura ingwizanyito.
8. Koresha interuro maze utandukanye amagambo abiri y’impuzashusho.
III. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
1. Soma igika cya mbere cy’umwandiko “Umutego mutindi”utahuremo amazina gakondo, ntera, amazina ntera n’ibisantera.
2. Garagaza intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi by’amagambo yanditse n’umukara tsiri.
a) Umutego mutindi ushibukana nyirawo.
b) Iribagiza yambaraga imyenda y’ibara ry’idoma.
c) Iribagiza yahawe igihembo cy’umukozi wagaragaje imikorere ye myiza.
d) Yaguze ikanzu yo kurarana y’umweru.
IV. Ibibazo ku muvugo
Hitamo imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira maze uhange umuvugo mugufi utarengeje imikarago makumyabiri:
a) Umwana ni umutware.
b) Uburenganzira bwe nibwubahirizwe.
Mu muvugo wawe hagaragaremo ikeshamvugo rinyuranye( ijyana zinyuranye, imibangikanyo inyuranye, ihwanisha, igereranya,...)
UMUTWE WA 4: KUBUNGABUNGA IBIDUKIKIJE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe:
- Gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Guhina no guhanga umwandiko yubahiriza amabwiriza yabyo.
- Gusesengura bimwe mu binyazina.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Ku bwawe urumva hakorwa iki ngo ibidukikije bibungabungwe? Ni nde ugomba gufata iya mbere muri iki gikorwa?
IV.1. Umwandiko: Tubifate neza
Ubuso bunini bw’isi bugizwe n’amazi. Amazi aza ku isonga mu byangombwa nkenerwa by’ibanze mu buzima bwa buri munsi bwa muntu. Akenerwa kandi mu mibereho y’inyamaswa, mu buhinzi, mu nganda, mu kuzamura ingufu z’amashanyarazi no mu bwikorezi.
Amazi turayanywa, turayatekesha, tuyifashisha mu isuku, yuhira imyaka, avamo n’ingufu z’amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu bikorwa binyuranye. Amazi kandi atuma twidagadura, yifashishwa mu bwikorezi bw’abantu n’ibintu, akurura ba mukerarugendo bakadusigira amadovize akaba n’inturo y’ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw’inyamaswa. Ibi byose ntibyaboneka ayo mazi adahari kandi asukuye.
Ibishanga ni byo soko y’amazi ariko ntabungabungirwa muri byo gusa. Kuyabungabunga bigomba gutangirira ku misozi aho dutuye kuko ni ho aturuka agana mu bishanga. Imigi itandukanye isohora amazi mabi cyane ava mu ngo n’ava mu nganda akubiyemo imyanda myinshi. Ayo mazi rero ntakwiye kurekwa ngo yirohe mu bishanga kuko aba agizwe n’ibintu byinshi byahumanya amazi yabyo. Ayo mazi akwiye kugenerwa aho yakusanyirizwa, akabanza gutunganywa akabona kongera gukoreshwa. Ikindi kandi ibishanga bikwiye gutunganywa kuko ari imwe mu ngamba zo kubungabunga amazi abirimo. Ibishanga bitunganyije birushaho kubyazwa umusaruro kandi n’amazi abirimo agafatwa neza ku buryo mu gihe izuba riba ryabaye ryinshi nko mu mpeshyi ya mazi yifashishwa mu kuvomerera imyaka.
Mu kubungabunga ibishanga muri rusange n’amazi by’umwihariko, hakenewe guterwa amashyamba ku buso bwagenwe kuko agira uruhare mu gutanga imvura ku gihe no gusukura ikirere. Ku misozi hakwiye gucukurwa imirwanyasuri ifata amazi y’imvura kugira ngo adatera isuri ikanduza imigezi n’ibishanga kandi dukeneye amazi abiturukamo. Ikindi kandi amazi yo ku mazu akwiye gufatirwa ingamba agashyirwa mu bigega agakoreshwa imirimo ikenera amazi menshi nk’ubwubatsi n’ibindi mu rwego rwo kunganira aba yamaze gutunganywa. Hari ubwo imiyoboro y’amazi ishobora kwangizwa n’ibindi bikorwa nko kubaka imihanda n’ibindi, amazi akameneka. Ni inshingano za buri wese kubimenyesha inzego zibishinzwe kuko iyo apfuye ubusa ntaba asubiraho ahubwo aba agabanuka kandi ejo azakenerwa.
Ku nkengero z’imigezi, inzuzi n’ibiyaga hakwiye guterwa ibiti nk’imigano n’ibindi byatsi bifasha gufata amazi no kurwanya isuri ishobora kwirohamo bityo igatuma imigezi isibwa n’isuri, amazi ayigize akagabanuka. Igikorwa cy’ubuhinzi butitaruye amazi na cyo kiri muri bimwe mu biyanduza bigatuma agenda agabanuka. Si byo gusa, isuri iturutse mu mirima n’ifumbire byiroha mu mazi bikaba intandaro y’amarebe; akaba ari ikimera gihumanya amazi ndetse kikanatuma ibiyaga bisibama. Ni ngombwa rero ko buri muturage amenya impamvu gusatira amazi ahakorera ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi atari byiza kuko biyangiza kandi ejo azayakenera mu kuvomerera ya myaka. Ni byiza gusiga ubuso butagira ikindi bukorerwaho hagati y’amazi ayo ari yo yose yaba ay’imigezi, inzuzi n’ibiyaga n’ubutaka bugenewe guhingwa.
Igabanuka, ibura ry’amazi meza ndetse no gukabya kuba menshi (isuri n’imyuzure), bituma habaho ingaruka zinyuranye mu mibereho y’abantu n’ibindi binyabuzima. Abantu benshi ku isi bapfa bazira kunywa amazi mabi abandi bakazira umwuma. Impiswi n’izindi ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda bizahaza abantu benshi kandi ari na bo babyikururiye.
Mu kwanzura, birakwiye ko amazi dufite tuyabungabunga kuko adufitiye akamaro kanini. Ntitwakwirengagiza ko tuyakenera mu ngeri nyinshi z’ubuzima ndetse no mu bikorwa byacu. Amazi tuyifashisha mu gutunganya ibidutunga, mu isuku y’aho dukorera, aho dutuye n’ibindi. Ntawabona icyo ayanganya. Turusheho kuyabungabunga tuyarinda ibyayangiza ndetse duharanira isuku yayo kuko ni ryo pfundo ry’ubuzima. Utayafashe neza yaguteza ingaruka zishobora no kuganisha ku rupfu. Tumenye ko ari ngombwa ariko nanone tumenye ko ashobora kuba isoko y’ingorane aho ashobora kuba nk’intandaro y’imyuzure, isuri n’indwara zitandukanye, kandi byose bituruka ku bikorwa bya muntu iyo yirengagije ko kuyabungabunga ari iby’ibanze.
4.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko “ Tubifate neza”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Umwitozo
1. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo ukuye mu mwandiko.
a) ………………………byinshi byo mu Rwanda bihingwamo
umuceri.
b) Twirinde ibintu ibyo ari byo byose………………………
amazi kuko adufitiye akamaro.
c) Gutera ibiti ku misozi no gufata amazi aturuka ku mazu
bituma amazi atemba ataba menshi bityo bigakumira……
…………………………n’……………………………..
d) Kubungabunga amazi n’ibishanga ni
…………………………………za buri wese.
2. Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko
a) Kuhira
b) Impeshyi
c) Gihumanya
4.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Tubifate neza” maze usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Sobanura impamvu ari ngombwa kubungabunga ibishanga?
2. Ni inde ufite inshingano zo kubungabunga amazi n’ibishanga?
3. Igikorwa cy’ubuhinzi butiratuye ibiyaga, imigenzi, inzuzi ndetse n’ibishanga bushobora gutera izihe ngaruka?
4. Ni ibihe bikorwa by’ingenzi byo kubungabunga amazi n’ibishanga byavuzwe mu mwandiko?
5. Ni iyihe mpamvu tugomba gutera ibiti ku nkengero z’imigezi, inzuzi n’ibiyaga?
4.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Tubifate neza” maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni akahe kamaro ko kubungabunga ibidukikije mu iterambere ry’Igihugu?
2. Ni ibihe bikorwa byo kubungabunga amazi n’ibishanga bikorwa mu karere utuyemo?
3. Nyuma yo gusobanukirwa n’ingaruka zishobora guterwa no kutabungabunga amazi n’ibishanga zavuzwe mu umwandiko “Tubifate neza” ni izihe ngamba ufashe mu kubungabunga ibidukikije muri rusange?
4. Ni iyihe ngingo y’ingenzi igaragara muri buri gika?
IV.2. Ihinamwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Tubifate neza” hanyuma uhere ku ngingo y’igenzi ya buri gika maze ukore umwandiko mugufi. Hera kuri uwo mwandiko umaze gukora maze utahure inshoza y’ihinamwandiko, uburyo bwo gukora ihinamwandiko, amabwiriza y’ihinamwandiko n’akamaro k’ihinamwandiko.
4.2.1. Inshoza y’ihinamwandiko
Guhina umwandiko ni ukuvuga mu magambo makeya, igitekerezo cyangwa ingingo ziri kuvugwa muri uwo mwandiko, wibanda ku z’ingenzi.
4.2.2. Uburyo bwo gukora ihinamwandiko
Ushobara gukora ihinamwandiko muri ubu buryo:
a) Ihina ry’igika ku gika: Hano ufata igitekerezo kiri muri buri gika ukakivuga mu mirongo mike ishoboka ukurikije uko ibika bikurikirana kuva ku ntangiriro kugera ku musozo
b) Ihina rusange: Aha ufata igitekerezo nyamukuru kivugwa mu mwandiko ukakivuga uhereye ku ngingo z’ingenzi zigishamikiyeho ariko mu magambo makeya kandi ukabisobisonura neza.
4.2.3. Amabwiriza y’ihinamwandiko
Uhina umwandiko agomba:
- Kumva neza insanganyamatsiko iri mu mwandiko
- Kuvuga ku bitekerezo biri mu mwandiko nta bindi yongeramo avanye hanze yawo.
- Kumvikanisha igitekerezo muri make
- Kutandukura ibiri mu mwandiko uko byakabaye.
- Gukoresha imvugo yabugenewe yirinda imvugo nyandagazi
- Gukoresha imvugo yoroheje yumvwa na buri wese.
4.2.4. Akamaro k’ihinamwandiko
- Gusuzuma niba umuntu yumvise insanganyamatsiko ikubiye mu mwandiko.
- Kumenyereza umuntu kuvuga mu nshamake kandi mu magambo ye ibitekerezo bikubiye mu mwandiko atarondogoye.
- Gutoza umuco wo kurobanura iby’ingenzi ukavuga ibintu urasa kun ntego .
Umwitozo
Ukurikije uburyo bwo gukora ihinamwandiko ndetse n’amabwiriza abigenga, hina umwandiko“ Umutego mutindi” uri mu isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu.
IV.3. Amoko y’imyandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Tubifate neza”. Ukurikije uko ibitekerezo biwurimo bikurikirana n’imiterere yawo, wavuga ko umwandiko ari iki? Kora ubushakashatsi utahure kandi usobanure amoko y’imyandiko.
4.3.1. Inshoza y’umwandiko
Umwandiko ni ibitekerezo biba byarahimbwe n’umuntu, akabikusanyiriza hamwe mu nyandiko kugira ngo abigeze ku bandi. Mu Kinyarwanda imyandiko iri ukwinshi dukurikije ibiyivugwamo n’uburyo ihimbye. Urugero nk’ibivugwa mu mugani si kimwe n’ibivugwa mu ndirimbo amahamba n’ibindi.
4.3.2. Amoko y’imyandiko
Imyandiko ibamo iy’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwahozeho mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu (nk’imigani, ibitekerezo, ibisigo, ibyivugo, indirimbo, imbyino, n’indi) n’imyandiko y’ubuvanganzo nyandiko yitabiriwe aho abantu bamenyeye kwandika. Imyandiko y’ubuvanganzo nyandiko ifite imisusire mishya n’imyubakire cyangwa uruhererekane rw’ingingo usanga byihariye. Turebye ku buryo ibitekerezo biri mu myandiko y’ubuvanganzo nyandiko bitondetse no ku buryo bwo gusesengura ikivugwa, dusanga igabanyijemo amoko atanu ari yo: umwandiko mbarankuru, ntekerezo, mvugamiterere, nsesengurabumenyi na mvugamateka.
4.3.2.1. Umwandiko mbarankuru
Umwandiko mbarankuru ni igihangano gishingiye ku kubarira abandi ibyabaye ubivuye imuzingo ukagera ku ndunduro; ariko mu buryo bworoheje butarimo gusesengura impamvu zabiteye n’ingaruka zabyo. Umubarankuru yivugira inkuru z’ibyo yabayemo cyangwa yiboneye ubwe akabirondorera abandi. Urugero, umubarankuru ubaze inkuru z’umunsi we wa mbere agera ku ishuri, uwo mwandiko yaba akoze waba ari mbarankuru.
1. Ibiranga umwandiko mbarankuru:
Umwandiko mbarankuru urangwa:
a) Imvugo y’ibiganiro
Iyo tuvuga tuganira, iyo twandika ibaruwa, iyo dutanga ibitekerezo ku ngingo iyi n’iyi, dukoresha uburyo bw’imvugo y’ibiganiro, kuko haba hari uvuga n’ubwirwa. Ubwo buryo bwo kuvuga cyangwa imyandiko ikozwe muri ubwo buryo, bugaragazwa mbere na mbere n’ibihe inshinga zitondaguwemo: indagihe, impitakare, n’inzagihe.
Izo nshinga zerekana igihe igikorwa cyabereye ugereranyije n’igihe bavugira. Ibyo bihe kandi bigaragaza uvuga uwo ari we n’ubwirwa mu gihe iki n’iki. Hashobora no gukoreshwamo impitakera ndetse n’indagihe y’ubusanzwe, ariko nta mpitagihe yonyine ishobora kuzamo.
b) Ubara inkuru cyangwa uvuga/Umubarankuru
Ubara inkuru atandukanye cyane n’umwanditsi w’inkuru. Ni yo mpamvu hatagomba kwitiranywa umwanditsi (umuntu uzwi wabayeho cyangwa ukiriho), n’ubara inkuru ugaragara mu mwandiko. Ubara inkuru agira umwanya cyangwa uruhare mu nkuru mu buryo bubiri:
- Ubara inkuru adafitemo uruhare
Icyo gihe umwanditsi avuga ibyo abandi banyarubuga bakoze, adafitemo uruhare, ku buryo atagaragaramo yivugaho, cyangwa ngo atange ibitekerezo.
- Ubara inkuru ari n’umunyarubuga Ubara inkuru ari mu rubuga ashobora kubara inkuru ayifitemo uruhare nk’umunyarubuga. Bene uwo munyarubuga aba avuga ibyamubayeho, ibyo we ubwe yagizemo uruhare cyangwa agatanga ibitekerezo abyiyerekejeho. Ubu buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mu bitabo by’abanditsi bavuga ku buzima bwabo.
2. Imiterere y’umubarankuru
Umubarankuru ashobora gufata imiterere itandukanye bitewe n’ubushobozi afite bwo kugera aho inkuru ibera hose no kumenya ibyabereye ahantu aho ari ho hose cyangwa ubwo bushobozi bukaba bufite aho bugarukira. Kubera izo mpamvu, ubara inkuru ashobora kwitwara ku buryo butatu butandukanye ari bwo: umubarankuru ubona byose (umumenyabyose), umubarankuru urebera imbere mu rubuga (utarenga urubuga), n’umubarankuru urebera hanze y’urubuga (utabona ibiri imbere mu rubuga).
a) Umubarankuru ubona byose
Ibyo uwo mubarankuru avuga biba birenze ubumenyi n’ubushobozi bw’abanyarubuga. Ntagira umwanya umwe wihariye, abivuga nk’umunyamateka uzi byose, uhindura umwanya n’uburyo aboneramo ibyo avuga. Ashobora kuvuga ibyabereye ahantu aho ari ho hose haba mu ijuru, ikuzimu, n’ahandi; akagaragaza ibitekerezo biri mu mitima y’abanyarubuga, ibyabayeho kera n’ibizaza.
Ubwo buryo butanga inzira yagutse yo gusesengura insanganyamatsiko mu mwandiko, ariko bushobora gutuma bigaragara nk’aho atari ukuri kuko buteganya umubarankuru ufite ubushobozi n’ububasha burenze ubwa muntu.
b) Umubarankuru urebera imbere mu rubuga gusa
Amakuru atanga ntarenga ubumenyi n’ubushobozi bw’umuntu. Ibyo avuga ntibirenga ubushobozi bwite bwo kugera ku bivugwa.
Ubwo buryo butuma hari ibyo utabona uko uvuga, ariko bugatanga ibintu bishobora kwemerwa nk’ukuri, kuko bugarukira ku byashoborwa n’umuntu bityo usoma akabyumva mu buryo bumworoheye.
c) Umubarankuru urebera hanze y’urubuga
Amakuru atangwa n’umubarankuru ashingira gusa ku byo abonera inyuma. Nta sesengurabitekerezo rijyamo kuko aba atazi ibitekerezo biri mu mitima y’abanyarubuga.
4.3.2.2. Umwandiko ntekerezo
Umwandiko ntekerezo ni umwandiko ugambiriye gutanga ibitekerezo ariko noneho bigomba gusobanurwa, kugaragazwa n’ingero, ndetse n’ibipimo by’imibare n’ubundi bumenyi. Uwandika bene uwo mwandiko agomba gutanga ibisobanuro bifatika kuri buri gitekerezo atanze, akerekana ko hari abandi babibonye nka we, akagaragaza n’inkomoko y’ibyo uvuga; kuko aba agambiriye ko babyemera.
Imyandikire y’ umwandiko ntekerezo iba inoze kandi ibitekerezo byawo bikurikiranye neza.
4.3.2.3. Umwandiko mvugamiterere
Ni umwandiko uvuga imiterere y’ikintu, ukaba ugambiriye gutanga ishusho yacyo. Nyiri ugukora uwo mwandiko yivugira ibintu uko abibona. Ashobora kuvuga ibyiza aho abandi babona ibibi, cyangwa akabona ko icyo abandi bita kiza kuri we ari inenge. Nta wamubaza kwisobanura ku gitekerezo ke. Bene iyi myandiko ikunze gukoresha amagambo agereranya n’arata ibintu hibandwa cyane cyane ku mikoreshereze y’imfutuzi
Umwandiko mvugamiterere urangwa n’imvugoshusho zikoreshwa ndetse n’amagambo avuga imiterere cyanecyane ataka ikivugwa, agaragaza ubwiza cyangwa inenge byacyo. Imyandikire y’umwandiko mvugamiterere iba inoze kandi ibitekerezo byawo bikurikiranye neza.
4.3.2.4. Umwandiko nsesengurabumenyi
Umwandiko nsesengurabumenyi ni urubuga rwo gutuma abantu barushaho gusangira amakuru agamije guhanga cyangwa kwimakaza ubumenyi. Ni umwandiko ugambiriye kwigisha no gutanga ubumenyi, wibanda ku mibare, ugaharanira gutanga ibisobanuro nyurabwenge uhereye ku bipimo n’ibigereranyo by’imibare. Imyandiko wakubira muri iri tsinda ni imyandiko irebana n’ubushakashatsi buba bugamijwe gutangazwa.
Urugero:
Imyandiko ivuga ku miterere ya sida, uko ihagaze mu bihugu bigikennye, ingano y’abantu imaze guhitana n’ingamba zo kuyihashya.
4.3.2.5. Umwandiko mvugamateka
Ni umwandiko wibanda ku gukurikiranya neza ibyabaye mu gihe cyashize, ugambiriye kubimenyesha abatarabibonye cyangwa kwibutsa ababibonye ariko batakibyibuka. Wibanda rero ku kubikurikiranya neza mu gihe, ukavuga ababigizemo uruhare, icyabiteye n’ingaruka byagize.
Imyandiko mvugamateka yiganjemo amateka y’umuntu wabaye ikirangirire. Ivuga ku buzima, ibikorwa n’ibigwi by’indashyikirwa
Urugero:
Uwakwandika umwandiko uvuga ibigwi n’imibereho bya Mandela wo muri Afurika y’Epfo yaba akoze umwandiko mvugamateka
Ikitonderwa:
Ushobora guhanga ubwo bwoko bw’imyandiko bwose ufite insanganyamatsiko imwe
Urugero :
Wanditse umwandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira « Ishyamba rya Nyungwe » ushobora :
- Gusesengura aho riri ku ikarita, impamvu habamo amoko y’ibiti ibi n’ibi, akamaro rifitiye u Rwanda n’isi, uburyo bwo kuribungabunga, igihombo ryatera Igihugu riramutse rifashwe nabi, ukaba wanditse umwanndiko nsesengurabumenyi.
- Kuvuga amateka yaryo, ukaba wanditse umwandiko mvugamateka
- Kuvuga imiterere yaryo urishimagiza cyangwa urisesereza, ukaba wanditse umwandiko mvugamiterere.
- Gutanga igitekerezo ko uwaritema akahahinga icyayi ari byo byagirira u Rwanda akamaro kuruta ishyamba, ukaba wanditse umwandiko ntekerezo.
- Kubara inkuru iryerekeyeho, ukaba wanditse umwandiko mbarankuru.
Umwitozo
1. Garagaza ibyibandwaho mu gihe handikwa umwandiko nsensegurabumenyi.
2. Vuga mu nshamake uko wabigenza uramutse usabwe kwandika umwandiko mvugamiterere ku kintu runaka
3. Vuga muri make itandukaniro riri hagati y’umwandiko mbarankuru n’umwandiko ntekerezo.
4. Mu myandiko twize, ni uwuhe uri mu bwoko bw’imyandiko mbarankuru? Sobanura.
5. Tanga nibura ingero eshatu z’imyandiko mvugamateka waba warasomye hanyuma ukore inshamake (Ihinamwandiko) y’umwe muri yo.
IV.4. Ihimbamwandiko/ihangamwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Tubifate neza” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
Ushingiye ku buryo umwanditsi yakurikiranyije ibitekerezo ni ibihe bice by’ingenzi bigize umwandiko “Tubifate neza”? Bigaragaze maze utahure inshoza y’ihangamwandiko n’ibyo wakwitaho mu gihe uhanga umwandiko.
4.4.1. Inshoza y’ihangamwandiko
Guhanga umwandiko ni uburyo bwo kubaka ibitekerezo bishingiye ku nsangamatsiko runaka, ukayirambura ku buryo bw’umudandure ugenda ukurikiranya ibitekerezo byubakiye ku gitekerezo k’ingenzi mu buryo bw’ inyurabwenge.
Uhanga umwandiko agomba kubanza kubaka ibitekerezo cyangwa kubishushanya mu bwenge nyuma akabishyira mu nyandiko.
4.4.2. Ibyitabwaho mu guhanga umwandiko
a) Guhitamo insanganyamatsiko.
Mbere yo kwandika ubanza gutekereza ku nsanganyamatsiko ushaka kwandikaho.
b) Guhitamo ubwoko bw’umwandiko
Mbere yo kwandika ugomba gihitamo ubwoko bw’umwandiko kugira ngo ugene imisusire yawo kuko imyandiko itaba iteye kimwe.
c) Gusesengura no kumva neza insanganyamatsiko.
Kuyisoma witonze, ukayisesengura, ushaka inyito z’amagambo ayigize. Impamvu ni uko ijambo rimwe rishobora kugira inyito nyinshi. Gushakamo kandi ijambo cyangwa amagambo fatizo yaguha inzira n’imbibi by’insanganyamatsiko. Iyi ntambwe ni ingenzi kuko ntushobora kubona ibitekerezo utanga ku bintu nawe ubwawe utumva neza.
d) Gukusanya ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko.
Iyo umaze kumva neza insanganyamatsiko, utangira kwandika ku rupapuro rwo guteguriraho ibitekerezo. Ukusanya ingero, amagambo meza yavuzwe n’abandi, ibyawe ubwawe waba uzi, n’ibindi. Biba byiza iyo insanganyamatsiko wandikaho uyiziho byinshi, kandi ugashingira ku bintu bifatika.
e) Guhitamo ibitekerezo by’ingenzi.
Iyi ntambwe igufasha guhitamo ibitekerezo by’ingenzi, ukegeranya ibihuye, ukabikurikinya mu buryo bwuzuzanya kandi hitawe ku njyabihe y’ibikorwa.
f) Gukora imbata y’umwandiko.
Iyi ntambwe igufasha kumenya uko ukurikiranya ibitekerezo byawe mu gihe wandika. Imbata y’umwandiko igizwe n’ibice bine by’ingenzi ari byo umutwe, intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo (umwanzuro).
- Umutwe
Mbere yo kwandika uhitamo umutwe ushingiye ku nsanganyamatsiko ushaka kwandikaho. Umutwe ugomba kuba mugufi kandi ujyanye n’insanganyamatsiko. Ugomba kuba witaruye ibindi bice by’umwandiko kandi wanditse mu buryo butandukanye na byo.
- Intangiriro
Muri iki gice, werekana ko wumva insanganyamatsiko wahawe, maze ugatera amatsiko ku byo ugiye kwandika. Ni ukuvuga ko intangiriro igomba kuba iteye amatsiko ku buryo uyisoma agira amatsiko yo gusoma ibikurikiyeho. Urondora muri make ingingo ziri buvugwe utazisobanuye. Si byiza guhita ugaragaza ibitekerezo byawe ukiri mu ntangiriro. Igice k’intangiriro kigomba kuba kigufi ugereranyije n’ibindi bice by’umwandiko.
- Igihimba
Igihimba ni igice utangamo ibitekerezo bisobanuye cyangwa biherekejwe n’ingero. Muri iki gice ni ho uvuga yisanzura agasobanura ibyo yamenyesheje mu ntangiriro. Yirinda kuvangavanga ibitekerezo ashyiramo ibyo atavuze mu ntangiriro. Mu gihimba utanga ibitekerezo gusa ukirinda kugaragaza umwanzuro. Mu gutanga ibitekerezo muri rusange, ibyiza ni uguhera ku gitekerezo wowe ubwawe uha agaciro gato ugasoreza ku gitekerezo kiremereye kurusha ibindi.
Mu gihimba, biba byiza buri ngingo igize igika kihariye kandi ikavugwaho mu buryo butarondogoye. Iyo urangije kuvuga ku ngingo imwe, uvuga ku yindi. Mu rwego rwo gukurikiranya ingingo mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge, hari amagambo yabugenewe ugomba gukoresha wunga ibitekerezo cyangwa ibika. Twavuga nka: byongeye kandi…, nakongeraho ko…, nta n’uwakwirengagiza ko…, nta n’uwakwibagirwa ko…, ikindi kandi… n’andi menshi.
- Umusozo
Umusozo ni igice kigaragaramo inshamake y’ibyavuzwe mu gihimba. Muri iki gice ni ho utanga igisubizo k’ikibazo umusomyi aba yibajije mu ntangiriro cyangwa se umumara amatsiko yari afite atangira gusoma. Mu gusoza, uwandika avuga muri make ibyavuzwe mu gihimba agaragaza ko ari ko byagombaga kurangira cyangwa se agatanga inama igihe ari ngombwa. Iyo ari umwandiko usaba kugaragaza aho umwanditsi abogamiye, ni muri iki gice agaragarizamo umwanzuro we.
g) Kwandika
Mu kwandika uwandika yubahiriza insanganyamatsiko, imbata yateguye n’amategeko y’imyandikire. Ni ukuvuga: imvugo ikwiye kandi iboneye, kutavangavanga indimi, kudasubira mu magambo, isanisha ry’amagambo, kubahiriza ikibonezamvugo n’ibindi. Yandika kandi akurikiranya ibitekerezo mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge kandi yubahiriza indeshyo y’umwandiko.
Kwandika bishobora gukorwa ntibirangire ako kanya bitewe n’insanganyamatsiko wandikaho, ubwoko bw’umwandiko wandika cyangwa uburebure bw’umwandiko ushaka kwandika. Kwandika rero bishobora gufata igihe kirekire kugira ngo ushobore kunoza umwandiko wawe. Ibyo bituma ubona umwanya uhagije wo gusubira mu byo wanditse, ugakuramo ibitari ngombwa, ibyisubiramo, ndetse ukongeramo ibyaba bibuzemo. Muri iki gice kandi, ni ho ushakisha amagambo yabugenewe kandi aryoshye ndetse ukaba washyiramo ibitekerezo n’ingero zishimishije, izisekeje, ariko byose bigusha ku ngingo ugambiriye kuvugaho.
Umwitozo
Kora imbata kandi uhimbe umwandiko mbarankuru kuri imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:
a) Ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda.
b) Nasuye Pariki y’Akagera.
IV.5. Umwandiko: Bamugiriye inama
Bugingo na Gatesi biga mu mwaka wa kane w’amashuri yisumbuye. Baraturanye, bityo iyo bavuye ku ishuri bakunda gutahana bakagenda baganira bungurana ibitekerezo ku byo bize mu ishuri.
Umugoroba umwe bavuye ku ishuri bageze ku ishyamba banyuragamo, Bugingo abwira Gatesi ati: “Dore uriya muntu utema ibiti biteze! Uziko ari wa musaza Kanyandekwe! Arimo kwangiza ibidukikije!” Gatesi ahita amubwira ati: “Nange ndamubonye koko! Twari dukwiriye kujya kubimenyesha umuyobozi w’umudugudu wacu ariko reka tumwegere tumubwire ingaruka zo gutema ibiti biteze.”
Bugingo na Gatesi bahise bamwegera bamusaba kureka gutema ibyo biti. Kanyandekwe ababwira ko atareka kubitema kuko akeneye ibiti byo kubaka ikibuti k’inkwavu ze. Bugingo yamusobanuriye ko mu ishuri ryabo bize ko yaba amashyamba ya Leta, yaba ay’abaturage ku giti cyabo nta muntu ugomba kuyasarura uko yiboneye atabiherewe uburenganzira. Yakomeje amubwira ko buri muntu wese agiye asarura amashyamba uko yiboneye, imisozi imwe n’imwe yajya isigara yambaye ubusa bikaba intandaro y’isuri.
Kanyandekwe wari umaze kuryoherwa n’ibisobanuro bya Bugingo, yarambitse umuhoro we hasi, amusaba gukomeza kumubwira ibyiza byo kubungabunga amashyamba.
Gatesi ntiyaretse Bugingo akomeza kumusobanurira wenyine na we avuga ko amashyamba atuma duhumeka umwuka mwiza, ari intaho y’inyoni z’amoko anyuranye, udusimba n’udukoko. Yasoje avuga ko ari ngombwa gutera amashyamba mashya no kuvugurura asanzwe kandi ko aterwa agomba kuruta ubwinshi asarurwa aka ya mvugo igira iti: «Nutema kimwe, uge utera bibiri».
Kanyandekwe yashimiye cyane Gatesi na Bugingo agira ati: “Bana bange burya koko ‘Gusaza ni ugusahurwa’, hari amakuru menshi mumbwiye ntari nzi. Uhereye none sinzongera guhirahira ntema ibiti byaba ibyange cyangwa ibya Leta bitarageza igihe cyo gusarurwa. Mukomeze mwige neza kandi muge muhugura abandi”. Abasezeraho barataha.
4.5.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Bamugiriye inama”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwadiko wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
4.5.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Bamugiriye inama” usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Gatesi na Bugingo bari bavuye he?
2. Ni ikihe gikorwa Gatesi na Bugingo basanze Kanyandekwe akora?
3. Ni izihe ngaruka zo gusarura amashyamba mu kajagari?
4. Ni akahe kamaro k’amashyamba kavugwa mu mwandiko?
5. Ni ubuhe buryo buvugwa mu mwandiko bwafasha mu kongera amashyamba.
4.5.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Bamugiriye inama” usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe ndangagaciro Gatesi na Bugingo bagaragaje?
3. Ni iki washima Kanyandekwe?
4. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
Umwitozo
1. Ubaka interuro ukoresheje amagambo akurikira: ikibuti, guhirahira
2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ari muri izi nteruro imbusane zayo ukuye mu mwandiko “Bamugiriye inama”.
a) Mu gitondo Kanyandekwe yagiye gutema ibiti mu ishyamba.
b) Abana bakunda kuryoherwa n’ibiganiro by’abantu bakuru
IV.6. Amagambo ahinduka: Ibinyazina
Igikorwa
Soma igika gikurikira kivuye mu mwandiko “Bamugiriye inama”, witegereza imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara tsiri mu nteruro maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ibinyazina, ubwoko bwabyo ndetse n’intego yabyo.
Bugingo na Gatesi bahise bamwegera bamusaba kureka gutema ibyo biti. Kanyandekwe ababwira ko atareka kubitema kuko akeneye ibiti byo kubaka ikibuti k’inkwavu ze. Bugingo yamusobanuriye ko mu ishuri ryabo bize ko yaba amashyamba ya Leta, yaba ay’abaturage ku giti cyabo, nta muntu ugomba kuyasarura uko yiboneye atabiherewe uburenganzira. Yakomeje amubwira ko buri muntu wese agiye asarura amashyamba uko yiboneye, imisozi imwe n’imwe yajya isigara yambaye ubusa bikaba intandaro y’isuri.
4.6.1. Inshoza y’ikinyazina
Ikinyazina ni ijambo risobanura izina. Gishobora kugaragira izina cyangwa kikarisimbura. Ibinyazina birimo amoko menshi bitewe n’ingingo bibumbatiye ndetse n’imikoreshereze yabyo mu nteruro.
4.6.2. Uturango tw’ikinyazina
- Kigaragira izina kikisanisha na ryo hashingiwe ku ndangasano/ ndangakinyazina
- Kigira uturemejambo tubiri ariko gishobora no gufata indomokikagira dutatu: indomo (D), indangakinyazina (Rkzn) n’igicumbi (C).
- Hari n’ibinyazina bigira umusuma (S)
- Ibinyazina bijya mu nteko cumi n’esheshatu zigaragazwa n’indangakinyazina.
4.6.3. Inteko z’ikinyazina
Ibinyazina bigira inteko cumi n’esheshatu zigaragazwa n’indangakinyazina zikurikira:
Ikitonderwa:
- Inteko ya mbere n’iya gatatu, indangakinyazina ni u. Mu nteko ya mbere havugwamo umuntu, mu nteko ya gatatu havugwamo ikintu.
- Inteko ya kane n’iya kenda indangakinyazina ni i.
- Bitewe n’ubwoko, ibinyazina bishobora kugira inteko cumi n’ikenda: nt.17 ku, nt.18 mu, nt.19 i. Izi nteko zisanisha mu nteko ya 16.
4.6.4. Amoko y’ibinyazina
Hakurikijwe uko bikoreshwa mu nteruro n’ingingo bibumbatiye, ibinyazina bifite amoko atandukanye: Hari ibishobora kubanziriza izina cyangwa inshinga, hakaba ibijya hagati y’amazina abiri afitanye isano, hakaba ibishobora gukurikira izina.
Muri ibyo binyazina dusangamo:
- Ikinyazina nyereka
- Ikinyazina mbanziriza
- Ikinyazina ngenera
Ikinyazina ngenga
- Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
- Ikinyazina ndafutura (ndasigura)
- Ikinyazina kibaza cyangwa mbaza
- Ikinyazina mboneranteko (ndanganteko)
- Ikinyazina nyamubaro
- Ikinyazina mpamagazi
Muri iki gice turibanda ku binyazina ngenera, ibinyazina ngenga, ibinyazina ngenera ngenga n’ibinyazina nyereka.
Umwitozo
a) Ikinyazina ni iki?
b) Vuga nibura uturango tubiri tw’ibinyazina.
c) Tanga amoko ane y’ibinyazina.
4.6.4.1. Ikinyazina ngenera
Igikorwa
Itegereze interuro zikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere yayo, tanga inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina ngenera kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
- Kanyandekwe yagiye gutema ibiti byo kubaka ikibuti k’inkwavu.
- Kanyandekwe yavuze ko atazongera guhirahira atema ibiti bya Leta bitarageza igihe cyo gusarurwa.
- Imisozi isigara yambaye ubusa bikaba intandaro y’isuri.
a) Inshoza y’ikinyazina ngenera n’uturango twacyo
Ikinyazina ngenera ni ikinyazina cyunga ijambo n’irindi ririkurikira. Kibumbatiye ingingo yo gutunga, kugira, guteganyiriza no kugenera.
- Ingingo yo gutunga cyangwa kugira:
Ingero:
Urugo rwa Kagabo
Ibiti byo mu ishyamba
Inzu ya Bugingo
- Ingingo yo guteganyiriza cyangwa kugenera:
Ingero:
Amazi yo kunywa
Umwaka wa munani
Igihe cyo gukora
Umujyi wa Kigali
Ikinyazina ngenera gikoreshwa muri ngenga ya gatatu gusa. Iyo ikinyazina ngenera kibanjirije ijambo riteruwe n’inyajwi igicumbi cyacyo baragikata. Ikinyazina ngenera kigira indomo iyo gisimbuye ijambo cyagombye kunga n’irindi.
Ingero:
- Urugo rwa Kagabo.
- Amazi yo kunywa
- Ibiti byo mu ishyamba
- Umwaka wa munani
- Inzu ya Bugingo -
- Igihe cyo gukora
- Inzu y’ibiti
- Ishuri ry’inshuke.
b) Intego y’ikinyazina ngenera
- Intego y’ikinyazina ngenera iteye itya: indangakinyazina- igicumbi (Rkzn-C).
- Ikinyazina ngenera kigira indomo iyo gisimbuye ijambo cyagombye kunga n’irindi. Icyo gihe intego yacyo iba indomo - indangakinyazina
– igicumbi (D- Rkzn-C)
- Ikinyazinangenera kigira ibicumbi bibiri: igicumbi –a n’igicumbi –o.
Igicumbi –a (kigaragaza nyiri ikintu)
Igicumbi –o (gikora imbere y’indangahantu, imbere y’imbundo n’imbere y’imigereka imwe n’imwe)
d) Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina ngenera
Umwitozo
a) Tanga interuro eshanu zirimo ibinyazina ngenera.
b) Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi y’ibinyazina washyize mu nteruro zawe.
4.6.4.2. Ikinyazina ngenga
Igikorwa
Itegereze interuro zikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere yayo, tanga inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina ngenga kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
- Ibi biti byo bigomba gusarurwa kuko byeze.
- Kanyandekwe we yasobanukiwe ko nta muntu ugomba gutema ibiti uko yibonneye.
- Mwe mugomba gutera ibiti byinshi kuko imisozi yambaye ubusa.
- Gatesi ahita amubwira ati: “Nange ndamubonye koko!”
- Buri muntu wese ntagomba gusarura amashyamba uko yiboneye.
a) Inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina ngenga
Ikinyazina ngenga gihagararira uvuga, uvugwa, ikivugwa, ubwirwa, ababwirwa n’abavugwa. Iki kinyazina muri ngenga ya mbere mu bumwe n’ubwinshi kerekana uvuga, muri ngenga ya kabiri mu bumwe n’ubwinshi bikerekana ubwirwa naho muri ngenga ya gatatu kikerekana uvugwa cyangwa ikivugwa ariko kikigaragaza mu nteko z’amazina. Ibinyazina ngenga bigira ngenga eshatu: iya mbere n’iya kabiri mu bumwe no mu bwinshi na ngenga ya gatutu yigaragariza mu nteko z’amazina 16.
b) Intego y’ikinyazina ngenga
Intego y’ikinyazina ngenga ni indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Ikinyazina ngenga kigira ibicumbi bibiri:
- Igicumbi –e muri ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri mu bumwe n’ubwinshi.
- Igicumbi –e muri ngenga ya gatatu mu nteko ya mbere gifata isaku nyejuru.
- Igicumbi –o muri ngenga ya gatatu kuva mu nteko ya kabiri kugeza mu ya 16
Ingero:
Ikitonderwa
- Igicumbi -o gifite isaku nyejuru gihinduka –o ifite isaku nyesi iyo ikinyazina kibanjirijwe n’impakanyi nta.
Urugero: nta bo mbona: ba-o
- Igicumbi -o gifite isaku nyesi gikoreshwa mu mwanya w’igicumbi –e gifite isaku nyesi mu kinyazina ngenga kiri muri ngenga ya kabiri y’ubumwe gifite umusuma “we”.
Urugero: wowe uziga u-o-we
- Si ngombwa ko buri gihe ikinyazina ngenga giherekeza izina hari igihe kigaragara cyarisimbuye.
Urugero: Abantu twese turashishikarizwa kurwanya abatabungabunga ibidukikije.
Twese turashishikarizwa kurwanya abatabungabunga ibidukikije.
- Ikinyazina ngenga gikoresha imisuma ikurikira: -we, –bwe, nyine,
-mbi na –se. Iyo cyafashe umusuma bamwe bakita ikinyazina ngenga mpamya
- Imisuma -we na –bwe: Iyi misuma ikorana n’ikinyazina ngenga kiri muri ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri. Nta ngingo nshya yongerera ikinyazina.
- Umusuma –nyine: ufite ingingo y’umuntu utagira undi bari kumwe cyangwa se y’ikintu kitagira ikindi biri kumwe. Wiyunga n’ikinyazina ngenga muri ngenga zose.
- Umusuma –mbi: ufite ingingo y’abantu babiri bafatiwe hamwe cyangwa se ibintu bibiri bifatiwe hamwe. Wiyunga n’ikinyazina ngenga gikoreshejwe mu bwinshi gusa.
- Umusuma –se: ufite ingingo yo gukomatanya abantu cyangwa ibintu ntiwiyunga na rimwe n’ikinyazina ngenga gikoreshejwe muri ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri mu bumwe. Muri ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri mu bumwe bitabaza inteko ya mbere yo muri ngenga ya gatatu.
Urugero: Nge wese nanyagiwe, wowe wese wanduye?
- Ikinyazina ngenga gishobora kwiyunga n’akabimbura nya-. Icyo gihe usanga kigaragiye izina kigatsindagira ingingo ribumbatiye.
Ingero: umugabo nyawe ni ukunda umurimo, ukuri nyako ntiguteranya…
- Ikinyazina ngenga gishobora kwiyunga n’akabimbura nyira-bikabyara izina ry’urusobe rifite inyito y’umuntu utunze ikintu.
Urugero: (nyiri urugo araje) nyirarwo araje, (nyiri ibintu ntaraza) nyirabyo ntaraza…
- Ikinyazina ngenga gishobora gukorana n’icyungo “na” n’ingereranya “nka” bikiyunga cyangwa ntibyiyunge. Ikinyazina ngenga kiyunga n’icyungo cyangwa ingereranya iyo gikoreshejwe muri ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri gusa.
Urugero: nange, natwe, nawe, namwe, nkamwe, nkange...
- Muri ngenga ya kabiri y’ubumwe hakunze gukoreshwa “wowe” nyamara ariko ntibibuza “we” gukoreshwa. Byose biterwa n’uko ikinyazina cyakoreshejwe muri iyo ngenga.
Urugero: Wowe nange turitonda,
Ge nawe turitonda.
c) Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina ngenga
Umwitozo
Tahura ibinyazina ngenga n’ibinyazina ngenera biri muri izi nteruro
zikurikira, ugaragaze intego yabyo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi
yubahirijwe.
a) Iriya nzu iri hariya ndashaka kumenya nyirayo ngo musabe
gutega amazi yo ku mireko atazateza isuri.
b) Ngewe na wa mukobwa twari kumwe ni twe tuzavuga ku
nsanganyamatsiko y’ibidukikije.
c) Twese dufate neza amashyamba yacu kuko afata amazi aturuka
ku misozi.
d) Ibyo bitabo byanditswe n’abanditsi b’inzobere.
e) Kiriya kiyaga ni cyo ubwato bwe bunyuramo.
f) Gatesi ntiyaretse Bugingo akomeza kumusobanurira wenyine na we avuga ko amashyamba atuma duhumeka umwuka mwiza.
4.6.4.3. Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
Igikorwa
Itegereze interuro zikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, tanga inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
- Kanyandekwe akeneye ibiti byo kubaka ikibuti k’inkwavu ze.
- Yaba amashyamba ya Leta, yaba ay’abaturage ku giti cyabo nta muntu ugomba kuyasarura uko yiboneye.
- Kanyandekwe yarambitse umuhoro we hasi.
a) Inshoza n’uturango tw’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga ni ikinyazina ngenera kiyunze n’ikinyazina ngenga. Kerekana nyiri ikintu n’icyo atunze. Iki kinyazina gikurikira izina ariko gishobora no kurisimbura.
Ibinyazina ngenera ngenga ni byinshi cyane kubera ko buri ngenga iba ishobora kwiyunga n’izindi zose kandi mu nteko zose.
Ingero:
- Inka yabo yarabyaye.
- Iyabo yarabyaye.
- Inka zabo zirarisha→Izabo zirarisha.
b) Intego y’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
Intego y’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga ni indangakinyazina + igicumbi + indangakinyazina + igicumbi (Rkzn-C-Rkzn-C) cyangwa indomo + indangakinyazina + igicumbi + indangakinyazina + igicumbi (D-Rkzn- C-Rkzn-C) iyo cyasimbuye izina.
Ingero
Ikitonderwa:
- Indangakinyazina tu- na mu- z’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga cyo muri ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri mu bwinshi zihinduka cu- na nyukandi n’igicumbi cya ngenga kikaburizwamo.
Ingero:
Umurima wacu: u-a/-cu- Φ u→ w/-J
Igiti cyanyu: ki-a-nyu/- Φ i→ y/-J
- Iyo ikinyazina ngenera ngenga kigizwe n’ikinyazina ngenera kiyunze n’ikinyazina ngenga cyo muri ngenga ya gatatu mu nteko ya mbere, igicumbi cya ngenera n’indangakinyazina ya ngenga biburizwamo.
Ingero:
Umwana we: u- Φ- Φ /-e u→ w/-J
Abana be: ba- Φ- Φ /-e a→ Φ/-J
Abe ndabazi: a-ba- Φ- Φ /-e a→ Φ/-J
c) Imbonerahamwe y’ibinyazina ngenera ngenga
Umwitozo
Tahura ibinyazina ngenga, ibinyazina ngenera n’ibinyazina ngenera ngenga biri muri izi nteruro zikurikira, ugaragaze intego yabyo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe.
a) Uyu mugore akunda abana be.
b) Uwawe ni ukumenya mu makuba.
c) Ibyo nagutije wabigize ibyawe?
d) Agakwavu ke kari kumwe n’utwana twako.
e) Ahantu hacu ni ho hadahinzwe gusa.
4.6.4.4. Ikinyazina nyereka.
Igikorwa
Itegereze interuro zikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, tanga inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina nyereka kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
- Bugingo na Gatesi bahise bamwegera bamusaba kureka gutema ibyo biti.
- Gatesi ati: “Dore uriya muntu utema ibiti biteze! Uziko ari wa musaza Kanyandekwe!
- Ririya shyamba ritahamo inyamaswa z’inkazi.
a) Inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina nyereka
Ikinyazina nyereka ni ijambo ryerekana irindi jambo rigaragiye. Ikinyazina nyereka kibanziriza buri gihe ijambo kigaragiye cyangwa kikarisimbura. Ikinyazina nyereka kerekana cyangwa kibutsa ijambo giherekeje kikaba gishobora kujya imbere cyangwa inyuma yaryo. Iyo kigiye imbere y’izina, iryo zina ritakaza indomo, naho inyuma y’izina kerekana icyo uvuga yerekana.
b) Intego y’ikinyazina nyereka
- Intego y’ikinyazina nyereka muri rusange ni Rkzn-C.
- Tugendeye ku ngingo yo kwereka kibumbatiye, ikinyazina nyereka
kigabanyijemo amatsinda atandatu atandukaniye ku bicumbi.
- Itsinda rimwe ry’ikinyazina nyereka rigira igicumbi kitagaragara gihagararirwa n’imbumbabusa (Φ ) mu gihe gisesengurwamo uturemajambo.
- Ibicumbi by’ikinyazina nyereka ni: -Φ, -o, -no, -riya , -rya , -a .
Ingero
Uyu mwana arakubagana u-yu-Φ
Ino karamu yandika nabi i-no
Ibicumbi by’ikinyazina nyereka ni: /-ø, /-no, /-o, /-riya, /-rya, /-a.
c) Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina nyereka
Ikitoderwa
Ikinyazina nyereka gishobora kubanzirizwa n’akajambo “ng-” imbere yacyo mu gihe gitangiwe n’inyajwi cyangwa se “nga-” mu gihe gitangiwe n’ingombajwi kakacyongerera inyito yo gutsindagira. Icyo kinyazina kitwa “ikinyazina nyereka mpamya” kubera ko umuntu aba afashe ikintu akerekana cyangwa agatunga urutoki ahamya (yemeza) ko aricyo.
Ingero:
Nguriya: nga-u-riya, a→ ø /-J
Ngiyo: nga-i-i-o, a→ ø /-J, i→ y /-J
Ngakariya: nga-ka-riya
Umwitozo
1. Tahura ibinyazina biri mu nteruro zikurikira n’ubwoko bwabyo hanyuma unabishakire uturemajambo, amategeko y’igenamajwi n’inteko birimo.
a) Icyo gihugu kirakize pe!
b) Ngurwo muri make urugendo rwacu.
c) Muteme biriya biti byeze amashami yabyo muyubakishe ruriya rugo.
d) Wa mwana wa Kanakuze yarangije amashuri yisumbuye none yagiye kwiga iby’ikoranabuhanga muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda.
2. Kora interuro ebyiri zigaragaramo ibinyazina nyereka ubiceho akarongo.
IV.7.Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Himba umwandiko ntekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo ivuga ku kubungabunga ibidukikije ugende ugerageza gushyiramo ibinyazina ngenera, ibinyazina ngenga, ibinyazina ngenera ngenga n’ibinyazina nyereka. Ca akarongo kuri ibyo binyazina hanyuma ubishakire uturemajambo ugaragaze n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
IV.8. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
Umwandiko: Ngutembereze u Rwanda
U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu byiza muri Afurika bifite ahantu henshi nyaburanga. Iyo tuvuga ahantu nyaburanga tuba tuvuga aho wasura ukagubwa neza, ukaruhuka witegereza ibidukikije byaba arikaremano cyangwa ibyahanzwe na muntu.
Hari ahantu henshi watemberera ariko turavuga habiri gusa ari ho: ku kiyaga cya Kivu ndetse no muri Pariki y’Ibirunga.
Ikiyaga cya Kivu ni ikiyaga kiruta andi mazi yose y’u Rwanda.Giherereye mu Ntara y’Uburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda.Iyo uhatembereye wihera ijisho ayo mazi atagira uko asa atanga akayaga keza n’abasare batwara amato akoze ku buryo bwa gakondo. Ikindi kandi hari inyoni ziteye amabengeza: Ibishuhe byambuka byoga mu mazi magari,imisambi isokoza amasunzu yayo, igatanda amababa yayo mu bishanga byo hafi aho, naho umwami w’abarobyi ari we Nyiramurobyi aba yibereye ku nkombe nk’umutako.
Mu nkengero zacyo hari imigi itatu yubatse mu turere dutatu ari two: Rubavu, Karongi na Rusizi. Iyo migi ihuzwa n’umuhanda mwiza uzengurutse icyo kiyaga, ugaca ku mirima ihinzemo imyaka no mu mashyamba atoshye. Uwugendamo aba areba amazi y’urubogobogo yo mu kiyaga cya Kivu. Gukorera urugendo muri uwo muhanda ni zimwe mu ngendo nziza waba ukozemuri Afurika. Gusa hari n’ingendo z’amato zihuza iyo migi itatu.
Rubavu ari na wo mugi urusha amajyambere iyo migi yindi y’ubukerarugendo, wibereye hafi ya Pariki y’Ibiruga ku buryo kujyayo uturutse muri iyo Parikibitwara igihe gito kiri munsi y’isaha ku modoka. Uwo mugi uherereye ku nkengero z’umucanga, ukikijwe n’imikindo ihuhera hamwe n’amahoteri yubatswe kera byerekana ishusho y’ikirere kiri hafi y’imirongo ngengamirasire koko. Umugi wa Karongi na wo wubatse ku nkengero z’ikiyaga cya Kivu, ba mukerarugendo bagezeyo bahasanga amacumbi agezweho yubatse ku nkengero z’icyo kiyaga, no ku misozi myiza iteye amabengeza.
Umugi w’Akarere ka Rusizi wo utandukanye n’iyo ya mbere. Uri hafi y’ishyamba rya Nyungwe. Aho ubukerarugendo butandukanye bwateye imbere bitewe n’imiterere yaho. Hari ikiraro cyo mu kirere, utudendezi tw’amazi twiganje mu bibaya n’inyamaswa z’amoko anyuranye ziba muri iryo shyamba.
Pariki y’Ibirunga ni imwe mu mapariki ane y’u Rwanda, iherereye mu Burengerazuba bw’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda ihana imbibi na Pariki nkuru y’Ibirunga y’igihugu cya Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ndetse n’iya Uganda.
Aka gace gakikijwe n’urusobe rw’ibirunga nka Karisimbi, Muhabura, Gahinga, Sabyinyo, na Bisoke. Aha hantu nyaburanga kandi hakunze kuba harangwa n’imvura, amashyamba, n’imigano. Ikirunga gisumba ibindi ni Karisimbi kikaba gifite metero 4,507 z’ubutumburuke.
Amakuru dukesha “nkuringowalkingsafaris.com” avuga ko iyi Pariki y’Ibirunga yatangijwe mu mwaka wa 1925 ni nayo yabayeho bwambere muri Afurika. Igitangira yatangiye ari ntoya kandi yari ikikijwe n’ibirunga bitatu aribyo Karisimbi, Bisoke, na Mikeno, iyi Pariki kandi yari yatangijwe mu rwego rwo kurinda ingagi ba rushimusi bazihigaga mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko.
Mu mwaka wa 1929 yaje kwaguka igera mu Rwanda, ivuye mu cyari Kongo-Mbirigi, icyo gihe yitirirwa Albert, arinawe wari wayishinze. Icyo gihe rero yari mu maboko y’Abayobozi b’abakoroni b’Ababirigi. Yongerewe ubunini kuko yahise ifata ubutaka bw’ u Rwanda ndetse na Kongo Mbirigi ariyo Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo uyu munsi. Icyo gihe iyi pariki yahise igira ubuso bungana na 8090 km² , ibyo byakozwe mu rwego rwo kuyihinduramo Pariki Albert yacungwaga n’abakoroni b’Ababirigi
Nyuma y’uko Kongo ibonye ubwigenge mu 1960 ndetse n’u Rwanda rukabubona mu 1962, Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga yahise icikamo ibice bibiri, buri gihugu kigira agace gicunga. Ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda iyo pariki yahise itangira kugabanuka ubunini kuko abaturage batangiye kuyisatira bashaka aho gutura no guhinga.
Mu mwaka wa 1967 Dian Fossey impuguke mu by’ubumenyi bw’inyamaswa ikomoka muri Amerika ihahindura ahantu nyaburanga ndetse aza no kuhashinga ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi kizwi ku izina rya (Karisoke Research Center) maze ashishikariza cyane amahanga gukora byinshi mu kwita ku ngagi zo mu misozi miremire zabonekaga muri iyi Pariki.
Kubera kwita cyane kungagi byaje gutuma habaho umutekano wazo ndetse ba rushimusi arabahashya ariko nyuma aza kwicwa n’umuntu utaramenyekanye amusanze iwe mu mwaka wa 1985, bakaba baratekereje ko ari umwe muri ba rushimusi.
Iyi Pariki yaje guhinduka indiri ndetse n’ibirindiro by’abarwanyi nyuma ya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1994 maze ibikorwa by’ubukerarugendo birahagarara nyuma bizakongera gutangizwa mu mwaka wa 1999.
Iyi pariki kandi igizwe n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima binyuranye birimo ibimera bigenda bihinduka bitewe nuko uburebure bw’ibirunga nabwo bugenda buhinduka.
Pariki y’ibirunga yagiye imenyekana cyanecyane bitewe n’ingagi n’izindi nyamanswa z’inyamabere, ni ukuvuga izororoka zidateye amagi zirimo inguge z’ishyamba, imbogo, n’ingwe, nubwo zidakunze kubonekayo, ndetse hari n’amoko y’inyoni z’amoko agera ku 178.
Ingagi nizo zisurwa cyane muri iyi Pariki.Abajya kuzisura begera ababishinzwe maze bakabayobora. Batangirira urugendo ku kicaro k’iyi Pariki mu Kinigi. Ku munsihashobora kuboneka nibura ba mukerarugendo bagera kuri 56, kandi urugendo rumara nibura isaha imwe.
Ibiciro byo gusura bihinduka bitewe n’aho uturuka: Umunyamahanga, umunyamahanga utuye mu Rwanda, Umunyarwanda, uturuka mu Muryango w’Ibihugu by’Afurika y’Uburasirazuba, uhakomoka utuye mu Rwanda, Umunyeshuri n’ibandi.
Ushobora gusura kandi n’imva y’Umunyamerikakazi Dian Fossey wari impuguke mu by’ubuzima bw’inyamaswa wanagize uruhare rudasubirwaho mu mibereho y’iyi Pariki. Kuhagera ukoresha iminota 30 uturutse mu Kinigi.
Ngo inkuru mbarirano iratuba nawe uzaze wirebere ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda.
https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu-nyaburanga/pariki-yibirunga-icumbikiye-ingagi-iteye-ite’
I.Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
5. Ni iki ikiyaga cya Kivu kirusha ibindi biyaga byo mu Rwanda?
6. Vuga uturere dukora ku kiyaga cya Kivu twavuzwe mu mwandiko.
7. Erekana urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima dusanga mu mwandiko
8. Dian Fossey uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko ni muntu ki? Ni irihe zina Abanyarwanda bari baramuhimbye ukurikije amakuru waba warumvise cyangwa wasomye ahantu hanyuranye?
9. Uhereye ku mwandiko urabona ko ibidukikije bifite akamaro kanini cyane. Garagaza akandi kamaro k’ibidukikije katavuzwe mu mwandiko.
10. Uyu mwandiko ugusigiye irihe somo mu buzima busanzwe?
II.Ikibazo k’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije ibisobanuro afite mu mwandiko nurangiza uyakoreshe mu nteruro wihimbiye.
a) Inkengero
b) Amabengeza
c) Ibishuhe
d) Indiri
e) Gusatira
III. Ibibazo ku binyazina
Himba interuro enye zawe bwite buri nteruro irimo ikinyazina kimwe cyangwa bibiri hanyuma wuzuze imbonerahamwe ikurikira ukurikije urugero wahawe
IV. Ihangamwandiko
1. Hanga umwandiko mbarankuru kuri imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:
a) Amazi ni isoko y’ubuzima.
b) Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri.
2. Ongera usome umwandiko “Ngutembereze u Rwanda”
hanyuma uwuhine mu mirongo itarenze icumi.
UMUTWE WA 5: KUBUNGABUNGA UBUZIMA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi
ziwukubiyemo.
- Gusesengura ibinyazina mbanziriza, ndafutura, bibaza,nyamubaro, mboneranteko na mpamagazi.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Murondore indwara zose muzi ziterwa n’isuku nke kandi muvugeigitera buri ndwara n’icyakorwa kugira ngo yirindwe.
V.1. Umwandiko: Kwirinda biruta kwivuza
Ku wa Gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi uba ari umunsi w’umuganda
mu Gihugu hose. Ku wa gatandatu wa nyuma w’ukwezi kwa Nyakanga,
abaturage bo mu Mudugudu wa Munanira bazindukiye mu muganda
nk’uko bisanzwe, basibura imiyoboro y’amazi iri mu mudugudu wabo.
Umuganda urangiye umuyobozi w’umudugudu abasaba kwicara hamwe
ngo umuyobozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza mu kagari kabo abagezeho
ikiganiro yari yabateguriye.
Bakimara kwicara, ushinzwe imibereho myiza yarahagurutse abaturage
bose bamwakira nk’intore bishimye. Yatangiye agira ati: “Baturage
mutuye mu Mudugudu wa Munanira, nongeye kubasuhuza, nimugire
amahoro! Niba nibuka neza maze kubasura inshuro eshatu cyangwa
enye muri iki gikorwa cy’umuganda tukaganira ku nsanganyamatsiko
zinyuranye. N’uyu munsi rero nyuma y’iki gikorwa cy’umuganda
cyari cyaduteranirije hano, ndagira ngo mbamenyeshe ko nateguye
kubaganiriza ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti: “Dusobanukirwe zimwe
mu ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda, dufatanye kuzirwanya. Nkaba nifuza
ko ntakwiharira ijambo ahubwo ko twakungurana ibitekerezo kuri izo
ndwara ndetse n’ingamba twafata ngo tuzikumire mu mudugudu wacu.”
Nyuma yo kuvuga insanganyamatsiko y’ikiganiro yateganyije n’uburyo
kiri bukorwemo, yakomeje abaza abaturage umwe ku wundi icyo indwara
ziterwa n’umwanda ari cyo. Abaturage bamwe bavuze ko ari indwara
ziterwa no kurya ibiribwa bihumanye, abandi bavuga ko ari indwara
ziterwa n’isuku nke ndetse hari n’abavuze ko ari indwara ziterwa no
kurya ibiribwa cyangwa gukoresha ibikoresho bitujuje ubuziranenge.
Yabashimiye ibitekerezo byiza batanze ababwira ko ikindi yongeraho ari
uko indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zituruka ku kurya ibiribwa cyangwa
kunywa ibinyobwa bidafite isuku. Zishobora kandi guterwa no kutagira
isuku y’umubiri, iy’aho dutekera, ay’aho turara, iy’imyambaro n’ibindi.
Yakomeje avuga ko mu ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda harimo impiswi,
macinya, inzoka zo mu nda zinyuranye n’izindi. Aha yatanze urugero
avuga ko iyo tutagiriye isuku ibiribwa turya n’amazi tunywa cyangwa
iyo tudakaraba intoki mbere kurya cyangwa tuvuye mu bwiherero
bitwanduza zimwe mu ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda. Hari kandi
indwara ziterwa n’umwanda ziterwa no kutagirira isuku umubiri wacu
cyangwa imyambaro. Kutagirira isuku umubiri wacu bishobora kuba
imvo n’imvano y’indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zinyuranye. Urugero nko
kudasukura mu kanwa bishobora gutera indwara zinyuranye z’amenyo,
kudasukura imyanya ndangagitsina bishobora kuba intandaro y’indwara
zimwe na zimwe zifata muri iyo myanya nk’inzoka ya tirikomunasi,
ubwandu bw’imyanya ndangagitsina... Kudakaraba buri munsi,
kutambara imyenda imeshe, kutaryama mu bintu bisukuye bishobora
gutera indwara nk’ubuheri n’ise. Isuku y’aho tuba na yo ni ingenzi. Aho
tuba, aho turara tutahagiriye isuku buri munsi bishobora gutera inda ku
mubiri cyangwa bigakurura imbaragasa zitera amavunja.
Indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zigira ingaruka nyinshi haba ku muntu
ndetse no ku gihugu muri rusange. Ziravurwa zigakira ariko ibyiza ni
ukuzirinda aka wa mugani ugira uti: “Kwirinda biruta kwivuza.” Aha
yakomeje agira ati: “Mushobora kumbaza muti: ‘Ni izihe ngamba twafata
kugira ngo tuzirwanye?’ Ni uruhe ruhare rwacu mu kuzikumira? Ni
ubuhe buryo twakoresha ngo tuzikumire?” Yakomeje agira ati: “Mwa
baturage mwe ‘amagara arasesekara ntayorwa’. Uburyo bworoshye
bwo gukumira indwara ziterwa n’isuku nke ni ukugirira isuku ibiribwa
n’ibinyobwa. Urugero mbere yo guteka ibiribwa, tugomba kubisukura
kandi tukanywa amazi atetse yabitswe mu kintu cyogeje. Ikindi kandi
tugomba kurya ibiribwa bifite ubuziranengendetse tukanywa amazi
afite ubuziranenge. Tugomba na none gukoresha ibikoresho bisukuye,
tukagirira isuku umubiri wacu n’aho tuba. Ibyo nitubikora buri munsi
tuzaba dukumiriye indwara ziterwa n’umwanda bitume duhorana
ubuzima buzira umuze.”
Mu gusoza, umuyobozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza mu mudugudu,
yavuze ko indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zitera imfu z’abantu. Abasaba
gusenyera umugozi umwe ngo bazirwanye bivuye inyuma ntihabemo ba
ntibindeba. Abasaba kandi ko uwo zagaragayeho yajya yihutira kujya
kwa muganga kugira ngo ukurikiranwe amazi atararenga inkombe
kuko gutinda byatuma yanduza benshi. Yashimiye abaturage bo mu
Mudugudu wa Munanira abasaba guharanira kubungabunga ubuzima
bwabo bahashya icyo ari cyo cyose cyaba intandaro y’indwara ziterwan’umwanda.
5.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Kwirinda biruta kwivuza”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Umwitozo
1. Mu ruhushya A harimo amagambo/urwunge rw’amagambo, mu
ruhushya B harimo ibisobanuro. Ushingiye ku mwandiko “Kwirindabiruta kwivuza” hitamo igisobanuro kiri cyo
2. Tanga impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira yakuwe mu
mwandiko:
a) Ukwezi kwa Nyakanga
b) Imyambaro
c) Bihumanye
d) Imvo n’imvano
5.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Kwirinda biruta kwivuza” usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Ikiganiro abaturage bo mu Mudugudu wa Munanira bagejejweho
n’umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza cyari gifite iyihe
nsanganyamatsiko?
2. Ni izihe ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda zavuzwe mu mwandiko?
3. Ni iki cyakorwa ngo hakumirwe indwara ziterwa n’umwanda?
4. Ni iyihe migani migufi igaragara mu mwandiko? Iyo migani
iganisha ku yihe nsanganyamatsiko?
5. Twandura dute indwara ziterwa n’umwanda?
6. Ushingiye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko, ni gute twakwirinda indwara
ziterwa n’umwanda?
5.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandikoIgikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Kwirinda biruta kwivuza” usubize ibibazo
bikurikira
1. Garagaza ingingo z’ ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko?
2. Huza ibivugwa mu mwandiko n’ubuzima busanzwe?
3. Ni izihe indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zitavuzwe mu mwandiko?
Ni gute twazirinda?
4. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure ingaruka ziterwa n’indwarazituruka ku mwanda zifata imyanya ndangagitsina.
5.1.4. Guhina umwandiko
Igikorwa
Mu magambo yawe bwite hina umwandika “Kwirinda biruta kwivuza”
wubahiriza amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda.
V.2. Ibindi binyazina
5.2.1. Ikinyazina mbanziriza
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze amagambo y’umukara tsiri
hanyuma usobanure imiterere yayo. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, tanga inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina mbanziriza kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
- Abo umuyobozi w’Umudugudu wa Munanira yakoresheje inama
bari abaturanyi be.
- Aho tuba n’aho turara tutahagiriye isuku bishobora gutera inda
ku mubiri cyangwa bigakurura imbaragasa zitera imvunja.
a) Inshoza y’ikinyazina mbanziriza
Ikinyazina mbanziriza ni ikinyazina gisimbura ijambo ribanjirijwe
n’inshinga itondaguye mu buryo bw’insano, ari na yo mpamvu kitwambanziriza.
b) Uturango tw’ikinyazina mbanziriza
- Ikinyazina mbanziriza kigira buri gihe isaku nyejuru.
- Kibanziriza buri gihe inshinga iri mu buryo bw’insano.
- Gisimbura ijambo ribereye inshinga icyuzuzo.
- Gisimbura izina bityo kikagira indomo.
Ingero:
- Uwô nkunda ararwaye.
- Mwibuke ko ibyô twavugiye mu nama bikwiye kubahirizwa.
- Abô mwatahiye ubukwe barakeye.
- Ahô twakoze umuganda hatunganye.c) Intego y’ikinyazina mbanziriza
Intego y’ikinyazina mbanziriza igizwe n’uturemajambo dutatu ari two
indomo (D), Indangakinyazina (Rkzn) n’igicumbi (C),(D+Rkzn+C).
d) Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina mbanziriza, integon’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
Ikitonderwa
- Ikinyazina mbanziriza mu nyandiko isanzwe gisa n’ikinyazina
nyereka gifite igicumbi /-o. Aho bitandukaniye ni uko mu mvugo no
mu nyandiko yubahirije ubutinde n’amasaku, ikinyazina nyereka
kigira isaku nyesi naho ikinyazina mbanziriza kigahorana isakunyejuru.
Ingero:
Iyo ndwara iterwa n’umwanda nabaganirijeho ni impiswi. “Iyo” ni ikinyazina nyereka
Iyô nabaganirijeho iterwa n’umwanda ni impiswi. “Iyô” ni ikinyazina mbanziriza
Irindi tandukaniro ni uko ikinyazina nyereka kigaragira izina cyangwa
kikarisimbura naho ikinyazina mbanziriza kikabanziriza inshinga
iri mu buryo bw’insano kandi kigasimbura izina ryabera iyo nshinga
icyuzuzo.
- Iyo ikinyazina mbanziriza kibanjirijwe n’impakanyi “nta”
gitakaza indomo n’isaku nyejuru. Icyo gihe kandi gishobora kugira
impindurantêgo ya/-e mu nteko ya mbere.
Ingero:
Nta cyo bitwaye irabanza, icyo nakoze igaheruka.
Umwana wanyu nta we mbona.
- Iyo ikinyazina mbanziriza gikurikiwe n’inyajwi ibanziriza ijambo
rifite igicumbi cy’umugemo umwe kandi kikaba gifite isaku nyejuru,
iyo nyajwi igira ubutinde.
Ingero:
Abô uuzi bazahagera ejo.Ibyô aata ni byo byinshi kubera uburangare bwe.
Umwitozo
1. Garagaza ibinyazina mbanziriza biri mu nteruro zikurikira
unabishakire intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Iyo baraye yari inkera y’imihigo.
b) Abashumba bazijyana uko babitegetswe.
c) Urwo yapfuye ruragibwaho impaka.
d) Abo yahuguye ntibakirwara indwara ziterwa n’umwanda.
2. Kora interuro enye wihimbiye zirimo ikinyazina mbanzirizahanyuma ugiceho akarongo.
5.2.2. Ikinyazina ndafutura
Igikorwa
Soma igika gikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara
tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, tanga inshoza n’uturango
by’ikinyazina ndafutura kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
Nyuma yo kuvuga insanganyamatsiko y’ikiganiro yateganyije n’uburyo
kiribukorwemo, yakomeje abaza abaturage umwe ku wundi icyo indwara
ziterwa n’umwanda ari cyo. Abaturage bamwe bavuze ko ari indwara
ziterwa no kurya ibiribwa bihumanye, abandi bavuga ko ari indwara
ziterwa n’isuku nke. Yabashimiye ibitekerezo byiza batanze ababwira
ko ikindi yongeraho ari uko indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zituruka ku
kurya ibiribwa cyangwa kunywa ibiyobya n’ibinyobwa bidafite isuku.
Zishobora kandi guterwa no kutagira isuku y’umubiri, iy’aho dutekera,
ay’aho turara, iy’imyambaro n’ibindi.
a) Inshoza y’ikinyazina ndafutura/ndasigura
Ikinyazina ndafutura ni ijambo rijyana n’izina ntirisobanure ku buryo
bwumvikana neza uvugwa, abavugwa, ikivugwa cyangwa ibivugwa ari
na ho cyavanye izina ryacyo ryo kwitwa ndafutura cyangwa ndasigura.
b) Uturango tw’ikinyazina ndafutura/ndasigura
- Ikinyazina ndafutura kirimo ikigufi n’ikirekire.
- Ikinyazina kigufi nta ndomo ariko ikinyazina ndafutura kirekire
kirayigira.
- Ikinyazina ndafutura cyaba ikigufi cyangwa ikirekire kigira
igicumbi -ndi
- Ikinyazina ndafutura kigufi cyangwa kirekire gishobora kwisubiramo
c) Intego y’ikinyazina ndafutura/ndasigura
Intego rusange y’ikinyazina ndafutura kigufi ni indangakinyazina
n’igicumbi. (Rkzn+C). Naho ikinyazina ndafutura kirekire intego yacyo
ni indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (D+Rkzn+C)
- Ikinyazina ndafutura (ndasigura) kigufi
Ingero:
Undi muntu: u- ndi
Indi misozi: i- ndiAndi mata: a- ndi
- Ikinyazina ndafutura (ndasigura) kirekire
Ingero:
Uwundi mugabo: u-wu-ndi
Abandi bana: a-ba-ndi
Iyindi mirima: i-yi-ndi
Uwundi muti: u-wu-ndi
Iyindi nzu: i-yi-ndi
Ayandi mazi: a-ya-ndid) Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina ndafutura
Umwitozo
Tahura ibinyazina ndafutura/ndasigura biri mu nteruro zikurikira,
ugaragaze intego yabyo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Ikindi kigega nta masaka nasanzemo.
b) Karangwa yigize uwundiwundi asigaye agendana na babandi
twasanze ha handi.
c) Inka zindi zaguzwe na nde?
d) Nakutse irindi ryinyo mu cyumweru gishize.
e) Ni iki kindi ushaka hano?
f) Urebe ukundikundi wabigenza umfashe gukemura ikibazo cya
ba bandi.
5.2.3.Ikinyazina kibaza/mbaza
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, tanga inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina mbaza kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
- Ni izihe ngamba twafata kugira ngo turwanye indwara ziterwa
n’umwanda?”
- Ni uruhe ruhare rwacu mu gukumira indwara ziterwa n’umwanda?
- Ni ubuhe buryo twakoresha ngo tuzikumire?
a) Inshoza y’ikinyazina kibaza
Ikinyazina kibaza ni ijambo rigaragira izina, ririherekeza, riribanziriza
cyangwa rikarisimbura; kikaba kibumbatiye ingingo yo gushakakumenya ibisobanuro, inkomoko, ingano, akarere izina ririmo.
Ingero :
- Ni abantu bangahe barwaye?
- Ese yagiye he?
- Ni uwuhe mwana utagira isuku?
b) Uturango tw’ikinyazina kibaza
- Ikinyazina kibaza gishobora kugira indomo cyangwa ntikiyigire.
- Ikinyazina kibaza kigira ibicumbi bitatu: -he?; -ngahe? na -e?
Ikinyazina kibaza gifite igicumbi –he?
Kijyana n’izina kikarikurikira cyangwa kikaribanzirizacyangwa
kikarisimbura kandi kikaribazaho ikibazo. Ikinyazina kibaza –he
gishobora kuba kigufi cyangwa kikaba kirekire.Kiba kirekire iyo
gikoranye n’indomo.
Ingero:
Mwana wuhe mwahuye?
Ni abahe bantu bitabiriye inama?Ni abahe bitabiriye inama?
Ikinyazina kibaza gifite igicumbi –ngahe?
Kibaza ibisobanuro bijyanye n’ingano y’umubare w’abantu cyangwa
ibintu.
Gikorana n’inteko z’ubwinshi gusa.
Ingero:
Mwahuye n’abantu bangahe?
Ese baguze imyenda ingahe?
Ikibanyazina kibaza gifite igicumbi – e?
Gikorana n’inteko ya 16 no mu nteko z’indangahantu.
Ingero:
Wa mwana yagiye he? Agiye mu nzu.
Iyo mbeba yinjiye he? Yinjiye mu mwobo.
Ni i Kigali hagana he? Hagana Kacyiru.
c) Intego y’ikinyazina kibaza
Intego y’ikinyazina kibaza ni indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (Rkzn+C).
Ikinyazina kibaza he? kirekire kigira intego y’indomo, indangakinyazina
n’igicumbi (D+Rkzn+C). Ikigufi kikagira indangakinyazina n’igicumbi
(Rkzn+C).Ingero
Ikitonderwa:
Mu Kinyarwanda, hari andi magambo yitwara nk’ikinyazina kibaza
kuko yifitemo inyito yo kubaza. Ayo ni nka: iki?, ki?, nde?, ese?, ryari?,
mbese?
Ayo magambo si ibinyazina mbaza ahubwo yitwa amagambo abaza kuko atisanisha n’amazina bijyanye.
Ingero:
Uyu ni muntuki?
Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose yatangiye ryari?
Ese (mbese) urahari?d) Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina kibaza
Umwitozo
Tahura ibinyazina bibaza biri mu nteruro zikurikira hanyuma
ugaragaze intego yabyo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi aho biri ngombwa
a) Ni akahe kamaro ko kurya ibiribwa bifite isuku?
b) Ni izihe ngamba muzafata kugira ngo murwanye indwara
zikomoka ku mwanda?
c) Iyi myambaro myiza gutya wayiguriye hehe?
5.2.4. Ikinyazina nyamubaro
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, tanga inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina nyamubaro kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
- Maze kubasura inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye muri iki gikorwa
cy’umuganda.
- Ku wa Gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi aba ari umunsi
w’umuganda mu Gihugu hose.
a) Inshoza y’ikinyazina nyamubaro
Ikinyazina nyamubaro ni ijambo riherekeza izina cyangwa rikarisimbura
kandi kikaba kibumbatiye ingingo y’umubare. Kigabanyijemo amatsinda
arindwi; kuva ku mubare rimwe kugeza kuri karindwi. Imibare y’inyuma
ya karindwi ni amazina si ibinyazina nyamubaro. Bayita amazina
nyamubaro kuko aba afite uturango tumwe n’utw’izina ari two indomo,indanganteko n’igicumbi.
Ingero:
Abantu babiri bavuye mu nama.
Abana batandatu bagiye kuvoma.
Inka eshatu zahutse.
b) Intego y’ikinyazina nyamubaro
- Ikinyazina nyamubaro kigira uturemajambo tubiri gusa:indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (Rknz+C)
Urugero:
Abantu babiri bagiye.
Babiri: ba-biri
- Indangakinyazina y’ikinyazina nyamubaro ni nk’iz’ibindi binyazina
usibye mu nteko ya cumi aho “zi-” ihinduka “e-”.
- Ibicumbi by’ikinyazina nyamubaro ni birindwi: - mwe, - biri, -
tatu, - ne, - tanu, - tandatu, - rindwi.
- Mu nteko ya cumi ibicumbi biba: -byiri, -shatu, -nye, -shanu,
-sheshatu na -rindwi
Ingero:
Inka ebyiri ebyiri → e -byiri.
Inka eshatu eshatu → e - shatu.
Inka enye enye → e - nye.
Inka eshanu eshanu → e - shanu.
Inka esheshatu esheshatu → e -sheshatu.
Nyamara ubusanzwe tuziko indangakinyazina ari”zi”.
Ikitonderwa
- Imibare y’inyuma ya karindwi ni amazina si ibinyazina nyamubaro.
Bayita amazina nyamubaro kuko aba afite uturango tumwe
n’utw’izina ari two indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi. Ikinyazina
nyamubaro gikurikiye izina ribara kuva ku icumi, gisanishwa
n’ijambo rivuga ibibarwa ari na ryo rifatwa nk’ikinyazina
nyamubaro.
Ingero :
Abana cumi na batatu (batatu ni ikinyazinna nyamubaro).
Ibiti ijana na birindwi (birindwi ni ikinyazina nyamubbaro).
- Ikinyazina nyamubaro gishobora kandi kwisubiramo. Icyo gihe
n’uturemajambo twacyo twisubiramo.
Ingero:
Hinjire umwumwe: u - mwe – u - mwe e→ø/-J
Muzane eshateshatu: e - shatu – e - shatu u→ø /-J
- Igicumbi /- rindwi kiremwaho ijambo ndwi ridahinduka kandiribara.
Urugero: Inka ndwi.
- Ikinyazina nyamubaro gishobora gusimbura izina kigafata indomo
bityo kigakora nk’izina.
Ingero:
Utubiri twotsa amatama.
Utubiri: u-tu-biri
Ababiri bashyize hamwe baruta umunani urasana.
Ababiri: a-ba-biri
- Mu Kinyarawanda iyo bavuga urwego ikintu kirimo mu rutonde
rw’ibindi bikurikirana, aho gukoresha ibinyazina nyamubaro,
bakoresha urwunge rw’ikinyazina ngenera n’izina ry’umubarwa.
Ntibavuga umuntu wa “rimwe” ahubwo bavuga umuntu wa “mbere”.
Ingero:
- Umuntu wa mbere ( umubarwa 1).
- Umuntu wa kabiri (umubarwa 2)
- Umuntu wa gatatu (umubarwa 3)
- Umuntu wa kane (umubarwa 4)
- Umuntu wa gatanu (umubarwa 5)
- Umuntu wa gatandatu (umubarwa 6)
- Umuntu wa karidwi (umubarwa 7).d. Imbonerahamwe y’ibinyazina nyamubaro.
Umwitozo
1. Shaka uturemajambo tw’ibinyazina nyamubaro bikurikira
ugaragaze amategeko y’igenamajwi aho biri ngombwa.
a) gatanu
b) esheshatu
c) bine
d) batandatu
2. Kosora interuro zikurikira aho biri ngombwa.
- Ziriya nka zine zariye ibitoki itandatu
- Ihene itatu ziziritse ku biziriko itatu.
- Nkeneye amakaye ine nzandikamo amasomo y’imitwe eshanu
dusigaje kwiga.
- Umuyaga wahushye ari mwinshi inyoni irindwi igurukira
rimwe.
5.2.5. Ikinyazina ndanganteko/mboneranteko
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara
tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, tanga inshoza n’uturango
by’ikinyazina mboneranteko kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
- Nta bantu bakwiriye kwigira ba ntibindeba mu kurwanya indwara
ziterwa n’umwanda.- Ba Rukundo baragukumbuye cyane.
a) Inshoza y’ikinyazina mboneranteko
Ikinyazina mboneranteko ni ijambo rigaragaza kandi rigaha inteko
amagambo/amazina bijyanye adahinduka, ryerekana ubwinshi bwayo,
gitubura/gikuza, gitubya amagambo kigaragiye.
b) Uturango tw’ikinyazina mboneranteko
- Ikinyazina mboneranteko kiza buri gihe mbere y’izina giherekeje.
- Iki kinyazina kiboneka mu nteko zimwe na zimwe ari zo nt. 2; 7; 8;
10; 11; 12; 13 na 14 ku bayikoresha batubya.
- Iki kinyazina gikora imbere y’amazina bwite cyangwa amazina
rusange adafite indomo n’indangasano/indangakinyazina. Iyo kiri
kumwe n’izina rifite indomo, iyo ndomo iratakara.
c) Intego y’ikinyazina mboneranteko
Ikinyazina mboneranteko kigira uturemajambo tubiri ari two:
indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (Rkzn+C). Buri gihe igicumbi k’ikinyazina
mboneranteko ni /-a.Ingero:
d) Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina
Umwitozo
Himba interuro eshanu zirimo ibinyazina mboneranteko unagaragaze
intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yabyo.
5.2.6. Ikinyazina mpamagazi
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara
tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, tanga inshoza n’uturango
by’ikinyazina mpamagazi kandi ugaragaze intego yacyo.
- Mwa baturage mwe muge musukura aho mutuye bizabarinda
indwara ziterwa n’umwanda.
- Wa mwana we, ugomba kujya uza ku ishuri wakarabye umubiri
wose.
a) Inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina mpamagazi
Ikinyazina mpamagazi gituma igihamagarwa cyangwa uhamagarwa
yumva ko bashaka ko aza cyangwa ko bashaka ko atega amatwi ngo
bamubwire. Ikinyazina mpamagazi kibanziriza izina ry’igihamagawe
ndetse kikanaritesha indomo iyo riyifite. Iryo zina kandi rikurikirwa buri
gihe n’ikinyazina ngenga bityo kikagira inyito itsindagiriza. Ikinyazina
mpamagazi kiba muri ngenga ya kabiri gusa. Gifata ubumwe cyangwa
ubwinshi bitewe n’ijambo gisobanura.
Ingero:
Wa mugabo we, watashye ko bwije!
Mwa bana mwe, ntimugasibe ishuri.
b) Intego y’ikinyazina mpamagaziIkinyazina mpamagazi kigira indangakinyazina n’igicumbi(Rkzn+C)
Ingero:
- Ngenga ya kabiri y’ubumwe ( ng. 2 bu ) : wa : u-a u → w/ - J
- Ngenga ya kabiri y’ubwinshi ( ng. bw ) : mwa : mu-a u → w/ - J
Ikitonderwa:
Igihe cyose ikinyazina mpamagazi gikurikirwa n’izina kigaragiye
hagakurikiraho ikinyazina ngenga gifite igicumbi -e ifite isaku nyesi.
Akenshi na kenshi kibanzirizwa n’akajambo “yewe” gahamagara.
Ingero:
- Yewe wa mwana we, urajya he?
- Wa mwana we, watashye ko bwije!- Mwa banyeshuri mwe, ntimugasibe ishuri.
Umwitozo
Erekana ibinyazina mpamagazi biri muri izi nteruro unagaragaze
intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe
a) Ese wa mubyeyi yaraye abyaye mwa bagabo mwe?
b) Kandi wa nyoni we uzarya n’ibitaribwa!
V.3. Imyitozo y’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ugendeye ku gisobanuro cy’umugani mugufi “Amagara arasesekara
ntayorwa”, andika umwandiko mbarankuru utarengeje imirongo nibura
mirongo ine, uvuga ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo yo kubungabunga
ubuzima kandi uwugaragazemo nibura ibinyazina bitanu mu byo
twize ubisesengure ugaragaza intego yabyo n’amategeko y’igenamajwiyakoreshejwe.
V.4. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu
umwandiko: Twirinde marariya
Marariya ni imwe mu ndwara z’ibyorezo zigaragara mu Gihugu
cyacu. Itaramenyekana Abanyarwanda bayitaga indwara y’ubuganga.
Abafatwaga na yo baganaga abavuzi ba gihanga, bakabaha imiti
inyuranye ariko kuyivura bikababera imbogamizi. Ni yo mpamvu
yahitanye umubare munini w’abantu kuko batari bazi ikiyitera ngo
bafate ingamba zo kuyirinda.
Nyuma y’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku gitera indwara ya marariya, baje
gusanga iterwa n’umubu. Mu gushakisha aho iyo mibu yaba ituruka,
Abanyarwanda bamwe baje kuvuga ko ibiti by’avoka ari indiri y’imibu.
Basobanuraga ko iyo bugorobye, imibu ivamo igatera mu ngo. Gusa avoka
si zo ndiri y’imibu itera marariya zonyine, ahubwo ngo urutoki ni rwo rwa
mbere. Amazi areka mu mivovo, amakoma n’imyanana bituma havuka
imibu ishyano ryose. Na none ariko ntawatema za avoka n’urutoki ngo
ni uko bikurura imibu idutera marariya, ahubwo hari ubundi buryo bwo
kuyirinda. Dusukure munsi yabyo, twirinde kuhajugunya ibikopo n’injyo
kuko birekamo amazi, imibu igateramo amagi. Ibindi bikurura imibu ni
ibizenga by’amazi.
Ubwo imibu ari yo itera marariya, uburyo nyabwo bwo kuyikumira
ni ukwirinda ibizenga by’amazi hafi y’ingo kandi ibikoresho byose
birekwamo amazi bigapfundikirwa. Ni byiza kandi gutema ibyatsi biri
mu ntanzi z’urugo kuko bibundikira imibu. Mu rwego rwo gukumira
marariya kandi, abantu bose bakwiriye kurara mu nzitiramubu ikoranye
umuti. Marariya ni indwara ivurwa igakira mu gihe yavuriwe ku gihe.
Mu gihe wumvise ufite ibimenyetso biranga umuntu urwaye marariya
ihutire kujya kwa muganga uvurwe hakiri kare kandi neza. Iyo umuntu
urwaye marariya atinze kuyivuza, iba igikatu, ikamuzahaza bikaba
byanamuviramo urupfu. Marariya rero tuyirinde kandi tuyiranduranen’imizi yayo.
Uko kuzahazwa na marariya ni mu bidindiza amajyambere y’Igihugu
kuko nta mubyizi w’umuntu w’inzahare.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni iyihe mpamvu yatumaga abantu benshi bahitanwa na
marariya mu myaka yashize?
2. Ni iki twakora ngo twirinde marariya?
3. Umuntu wamaze gufatwa na marariya yakora iki?
4. Uratekereza ko icyorezo cya marariya gifite izihe ngaruka ku
iterambere ry’igihugu?
5. Wakora iki ngo ugire uruhare mu kubungabunga ubuzima
bw’abaturage batuye mu mudugudu wanyu?
6. Ni izihe ndwara zindi z’ibyorezo uzi zitwara ubuzima bw’abantu?Ziterwa n’iki?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
Uzurisha interuro zikurikira amagambo ukuye mu mwandiko
a) Mu muganda wo mu mpera z’ukwezi gushize twasibye …………….
Byari ………...y’imibu.
b) Nimuze duhagurukire………......marariya kuko idindiza
iterambere ry’Igihugu.
c) Wa muturanyi wange yarwaye marariya y’………………… kuko
yari yaratinze kwivuza.
d) Mu gihe wumvise ufite ……………………bya ………………ihutire
kujya kwa muganga.
III. Ibibazo ku binyazina
Tahura ibinyazina twize muri uyu mutwe biri mu nteruro zikurikira
nurangiza uvuge ubwoko bwabyo unabisesengure ugaragaza intego
yabyo, amategeko y’igenamajwi ndetse n’inteko birimo.
a) Ikindi cyakorwa ni uko urwaye marariya yayivuza neza.
b) Wa mwana we nutivuza hakiri kare uzashyira ubuzima mu kaga!
c) Iyo bakingira abana, hinjiraga babiribabiri.
d) Uretse ibihuru ibindi bikurura imibu itera marariya ni ibizenga
by’amazi.
e) Ni izihe mbaraga Leta yashyize mu gukumira marariya mu
baturage?
f) Nta kindi cyatuma tubungabunga ubuzima uretse kwirinda
ibidutera indwara.
g) Bwa Petero bwansize.h) Twa Kirezi turirata.
UMUTWE WA 6: ITUMANAHO N’IKORANABUHANGA MU ITERAMBERE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi
ziwukubiyemo.
- Gutahura no gukoresha neza mu nteruro amagambo adahinduka.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Wifashishije ingingo zumvikana garagaza uko ikoranabuhangaryihutisha iterambere mu Gihugu cyacu.
VI.1. Umwandiko: Ikoranabuhanga ryaragikemuye.
Ikoranabuhanga rigaragarira mu nzego nyinshi z’imirimo. Rikoreshwa
mu kunoza no kwihutisha ubushakashatsi, itumanaho, imitunganyirize
y’imirimo itandukanye bityo bikihutisha iterambere uko bwije n’uko
bukeye.
Abasheshe akanguhe kimwe n’abandi badutanze kubona izuba, bavuga
ko Abanyarwanda bo hambere bari bafite ubumenyi bwo kwirwanaho
ngo babone ibyo bakeneye nk’umuriro, ibikoresho binyuranye, kwivura
indwara n’ibindi. Si ibyo gusa, bashoboraga no gutumanaho bakoresheje
uburyo bunyuranye burimo gutuma intumwa, umurishyo w’ingoma
cyangwa ihembe kuko za murandasi, iradiyo, terefone, ibaruwa n’ibindi
nk’ibyo bitabagaho.
Vuba aha, aho abazungu badukaniye ibibiriti, imyenda ikorerwa mu
nganda, itumanaho rikoresha ibyuma bikoranye ubuhanga buhanitse,
ibikoresho n’imiti byo mu mahanga, Abanyarwanda ntibakita ku
bumenyi bari basanganywe. Ntibongeye gutekereza kwihamurira
umuti w’ishyamba cyangwa ngo birwaneho bakoresheje uburyo
gakondo. Ntibongeye guhugira mu bya kera ahubwo batangiye kujyana
n’iterambere rifitiye Igihugu akamaro, bibafasha gutera intambwebivana mu bukene.
Mu gihe tugezemo ndetse n’ikizaza, usanga ikoranabuhanga ari ingenzi
mu mirimo inyuranye. Haba za mudasobwa, haba za radiyo na tereviziyo,
haba ibinyamakuru n’ibindi bitangazamakuru, biruzuzanya mu gufasha
abantu b’ingeri zose mu kunoza imirimo, mu gusakaza amakuru
anyuranye yerekeye ubukungu, poritiki, iterambere n’ibindi.
Abantu b’ingeri zinyuranye bifashisha ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho
mu kwihutisha no kunoza imirimo yabo. Urugero nko mu buyobozi, mu
burezi, mu buvuzi, mu bwikorezi no mu mirimo inyuranye y’ubukorikori.
Imirimo ikorwa neza kandi mu gihe gito bityo bikihutisha iterambere mu
Gihugu. Igihugu kidakoresha ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho ntigishobora
gutera imbere kuko abagituye batamenya ibikorerwa ahandi cyangwa
ngo bashobore kumenyekanisha ibyo bakora n’ibyiza bigitatse mu
ruhando mpuzamahanga.
Abarimu bararurashe wa mugani w’Abanyarwanda.
Kuri bo, ikoranabuhanga rituma babasha gukora ubushakashatsi
bwimbitse ku bijyanye n’amasomo agomba kwigishwa, rikanabafasha
guhanahana amakuru hagati yabo. Abarimu kandi baryifashisha bagira
ngo bamenye ibigezweho bikenerwa mu mashuri. Ikoranabuhanga
rinabafasha kwigisha abanyeshuri benshi mu buryo buboroheye mu
gihe gito kandi batari kumwe. Ibyo bishoboka nko mu gihe abanyeshuri
bigishwa hakoreshejwe mudasobwa.
Ku banyeshuri, ikoranabuhanga ribafasha gukora ubushakashatsi
bwimbitse ku nsanganyamatsiko zitandukanye. Ibyo bibafasha guteza
imbere imyigire yabo. Ikorabuhanga kandi ribafasha gukoresha igihe
cyabo neza, nko mu gihe barikoresheje bashakisha kuri murandasi
ibisubizo by’imikoro bahawe, kureba amanota bagize mu bizami
binyuranye n’ ibindi.
Nyamara burya ngo: “Nta byera ngo de”! Hari abashobora gukoresha
nabi ikoranabuhanga mu bitabafitiye umumaro nko kureba za
firimiz’urukozasoni, cyangwa se izindi zibashora mu ngeso mbi nko
kunywa ibiyobyabwenge n’ibindi. Bene abo bantu bararurwa nabyo
ndetse bagatakaza igihe cyabo. Hari kandi n’abaryifashisha biba cyangwa
se bashaka kuriganya utw’abandi. Ni byiza rero kugira amakenga mu
mikoreshereze y’ikoranabuhanga kuko iyo ridakoreshejwe neza ridindiza
iterambere.
Muri make, ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho ni ingenzi mu iterambere kuko
rizamura ubukungu bw’Igihugu cyacu kandi rikanafasha mu kubahiriza
igihe no gucunga umutungo. Iyo bikoreshejwe neza bifasha kwihutishaiterambere aho guhera mu bya kera.
6.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ikoranabuhanga ryaragikemuye.”, ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo.
Umwitozo
1. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye impuzanyito zayo
zakoreshejwe mu mwandiko kandi wubahirize isanisha
rikwiye.
a) Abazungu bavuye ahandi bazanye ikoranabuhanga mu
Rwanda, imikorere y’Abanyarwandairahinduka.
b) Ikoranabuhanga rihindura byinshi uko iminsi ihita indi
igataha.
c) Abasaza baba bazi ibintu byinshi.
d) Abantu b’ibyiciro binyuranye bakoresha ikoranabuhanga.
2. Shaka muri iki kinyatuzu mu merekezo yacyo yose amagambo ikenda
afitanye isano n’ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho yakoreshejwe mumwandiko “Ikoranabuhanga ryaragikemuye” hanyuma uyandukure.
6.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ikoranabuhanga ryaragikemuye”, usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Iterambere ritaraza Abanyarwanda bakoreshaga ubuhe buryo?
2. Abarimu n’abanyeshuri bakoresha bate ikoranabuhanga?
3. Ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandiko, sobanura uko ikoranabuhanga
rishobora kwihutisha iterambere.
4. Garagaza igihombo igihugu kigira iyo kidafite ikoranabuhanga.
5. Ni akahe kamaro k’ikoranabuhanga kavugwa mu mwandiko?
6. Kubera iki tuvuga ko ikoranabuhanga ari ingenzi mu iterambere?
6.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ikoranabuhanga ryaragikemuye!”, usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Sobanura insanganyamatsiko yibanzweho muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Huza ibyo umaze gusoma n’ibyo uhura na byo mu buzima bwawe
bwa buri munsi, uvuge n’isomo nyamukuru bigusigiye.
4. Wagira iyihe nama abanyeshuri n’abantu muri rusange bakoresha
imbuga nkoranyambaga n’ikoranabuhanga ryo kuri murandasi?
6.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Igikorwa
Soma igika gikurikira hanyuma wungurane ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe.
1. Itangazamakuru ubusanzwe rifatwa nk’inkingi ikomeye
mu kwihutisha iterambere. Nyamara hari n’abavuga ko iyo
rikoreshejwe nabi risenya aho kubaka. Garagaza ikoranabuhanga
rikoreshwa mu itangazamakuru,uvuge akamaro rifite mu
gushimangira iterambere ryihuse ry’Igihugu, unerekane
ingaruka zabaho riramutse rikoreshejwe nabi.
2. Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku ngaruka ibikoresho by’itumanaho
n’ikoranabuhanga bitujuje ubuziranenge byateza ku muryangomugari n’Isi muri rusange.
VI.2. Ubwoko bw’amagambo: Amagambo adahinduka
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye,
usobanure imiterere yayo. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, kora
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’amagambo adahinduka, ubwoko
bwayo, inshoza za buri bwoko kandi utange n’ingero kuri buri bwoko.
Umwandiko: Bwenge na Kanyana
Bwenge: Ese Kanya, ejo nibwo ya nama y’ishuri izaba cyangwa yimuriwe ejobundi?
Kanyana: Reka da! Inama yakozwe kera. Cyokora none habaye ihuriro
ry’abanyeshuri bajya impaka ku ikoranabuhanga. Kugira ngo tumenye
ibyavugiwemo tuzabigenza dute?
Bwenge: Yego se ma! Urabona ubu ko twe tujenjetse! Asyi! Buhorobuhoro
tuzasobanukirwa!
Kanyana: Wowe uzabimenya utinze. Iyo ubonye akanya mbona
witendetse kumuhanda wirebera imodoka zigenda burabyo ngo :«Pyo!»
Waba unyotewe ukirohamo amacupa ngo: «Guruguru!», ngo hari n’igihe
baguhata inshyi ngo: «Pya!» ibiceri wasaguye bikabarara kuri sima ngo:
«Parararara!» abandi bakitoragurira! Ubwenge buri he?
Bwenge:Dore re! Mbese burya ukurikirana ibyange? Yebabaweee! Reka
nkwiyibukirize, mu kanya dufite ibazwa ku ikoranabuhanga! Henga
twegere ishuri.Kanyana: Wirondogora, ngwino twinjire ahubwo!
6.2.1. Inshoza y’amagambo adahinduka
Amagambo adahinduka ni amagambo adashobora gushakirwa
uturemajambo cyangwa ngo agoragozwe.
6.2.2. Ubwoko bw’amagambo adahinduka
Ubwoko bw’amagambo adahinduka ni bwinshi. Muri bwo twavuga:
umugereka (ingera), icyungo, akamamo, inyigana, indangahantu,
irangamutima, ikegeranshinga...
6.2.2.1. Umugereka (Ingera)
Umugereka ni ijambo (urujyano rw’amagambo) ubusanzwe
ridasesengurwa. Risobanura izina, ntera, inshinga, ikinyanshinga
cyangwa undi mugereka. Rivuga uburyo, ahantu, igihe cyangwa inshuro.Mu Kinyarwanda dusangamo amoko ane y’imigereka.
a. Umugereka w’uburyo
Ingero:
Utunze amashyo menshi cyane nagutega amatwi.
Mutoni agenda buhoro.
Mutambuke bucece mudakanga abanyeshuri bari mu kizamini.
Mwige neza.
b. Umugereka w’igihe
Ingero:
Wakwize none ugifite umwanya uhagije!
Abaziga ejo bazitwaze impamba.
Muzubaka ingo zanyu ryari?
Nimugoroba nimutaha munyure kwa Kanyana.
c. Umugereka w’ahantu
Ingero:
Shyira ejuru mbone uko nikorera.
Umunyuze epfo atayoba.
Umugume hambavu atagucika.
Muge muvuga ibintu mutabica iruhande.
d. Umugereka w’inshuro
Ingero:
Musibye gatatu kose mutaboneka mu ishuri.
Yasuye kenshi Inzu Ndangamurage y’u Rwanda.
Ikitonderwa:
Umugereka ushobora kugenga isanisha.
Ingero
Yararwaye agera kure kubi.
Kera kabaye araza.
Mutegure ejo hazaza.
Buhorobuhoro bugeza umuhovu ku ruzi.
- Hari abakeka ko imigereka imwe yagoragozwa igihe bitegereje
impinduka igira. Ntabwo bishoboka; ahubwo iyo migereka yindi iba
yakomotse ku yindi y’umwimerere.
Ingero
Ruguru→haruguru
Hasi→munsi
Mbere→hambere
Nyuma→hanyuma, inyuma
Epfo→hepfo
Irya→hirya, hakurya
6.2.2.2. Inyigana
Inyigana ni ijambo riremerwa ku myumvikanire y’urusaku rw’ibintu
bimwe na bimwe ndetse n’urw’abantu. Rishobora kuremerwa kandi ku
migaragarire y’ikintu. Akenshi inyigana iterurwa n’amagambo aremeye
ku gicumbi –ti cyangwa igaterurwa n’icyungo «ngo» mu mikoreshereze
yayo isanzwe.
a. Inyigana zishingiye ku rusaku
Ingero:
- Inka iti: «Mbaaa!»
- Ikibwana bakubise kiti: «Bwe!»
- Intama iti: «Maaa!»
- Ihene iti: «Meee!»
- Injangwe iti: «Nyawuuu!»
- Imbeba iti: «Jwiii!»
- Ibuye no mu mazi ngo: «Dumburi!»
- Amazi no mu gacuma ngo: «Dudududu!»
- Amashyi ngo: « Kacikacikaci!»
- Inkono ivuga ku mashyiga ngo: «Togotogo!»- Gahire bamukubise urushyi rurivugiza ngo: «Pya!»
b. Inyigana zishingiye ku migaragarire
Ingero
-- Umurabyo ngo: «Pya!»
-- Cacana ati: «Pya!»
-- Umujura amuca mu myanya y’intoki ngo: «Pyo!»
6.2.2.3. Icyungo
Icyungo ni ijambo (cyangwa urujyano rw’amagambo) ridasesengurwa.
Rihuza andi magambo abiri cyangwa inyangingo ebyiri.
a. Imiterere y’icyungo
Icyungo gishobora kugira imiterere itandukanye. Icyungo gishobora
kuba ari:
- Ijambo risanzwe : na, nka, cyangwa, erega, ngo…
- Inyumane : yuko, kuko,
- Urujyano rw’amagambo : kugira ngo, icyo bikora (cyakoze,
cyokora, cyokoze, icyokoze, na icyakora), kubera ko, n’iyo…
b. Ubwoko bw’ibyungo
Ibyungo biri ukubiri, hari ibyungo ngombwa n’ibyungo ntagombwa.
Ibyungo ngombwa: ni ibiva mu nteruro igahindura ingingo cyangwa
ikayitakaza.
Ingero:
- Agenda nk’Abagesera ⧧ Agenda Abagesera.
- Barashaka ko muvuga ⧧ Barashaka muvuga.
- N’ikizamini naragitsinze nkanswe umukoro ⧧ N’ikizamini
naragitsinze umukoro.- Urayura boshye ushonje
Ibyungo ntagombwa: ni ibyungo biva mu nteruro ntibihindure ingingo.
Ingero:
- Ariga ariko ntatsinda. → Ariga ntatsinda.
- Turahaguruka maze turiga. → Turahaguruka turiga.- Bagerayo nuko bararyama. → Bagerayo bararyama.
6.2.2.4. Indangahantu
Indangahantu ni ijambo ribanziriza irindi rivuga aho umuntu cyangwa
ikintu biherereye cyangwa ahabera ikintu iki n’iki. Urwo rujyano rubera
inshinga ruhamwa cyangwa icyuzuzo nziguro.
Indangahantu ziboneka mu nteko eshatu: Inteko ya 17: ku, inteko ya
18: mu, inteko ya 19: i. Indangahantu “ku” na “mu”, iyo zikurikiwe
n’izina ridafite indomo cyangwa n’ibinyazina bimwe na bimwe
(ikinyazina ngenga, ikinyazina nyereka, ikinyazina nyamubaro) zigira
impindurantego «muri» na «kuri».
Ingero
- Uzamurege kuri nyirasenge.
- Ya modoka igeze kuri Buranga.
- Impeshyi itangira muri Kamena.
- Ni muremure kuri we.
- Umwe muri twe arasigara.
- Ntimuzagende muri ya ndege.
- Uzamuhishire kuri wa mutobe.
- Uyu mwitozo urakorerwa muri abiri (amakayi).
- Bafashe umwe muri barindwi babategeka kwishyura ibyibwe.
6.2.2.5. Ikegeranshinga
Ikegeranshinga ni ijambo muri rusange ridahinduka. Rigira inshoza yo
gutegeka. Ibyegeranshinga bikunda kugaragara ni ibi: cyo, cyono, dore,
gira, enda, have, hinga/henga, hoshi, mbiswa, mpano na ngo.
Ingero
- Dore ibyiza by’ikoranabuhanga!
- Ishi, ishi hama hamwe ngukame!
- Cyono ngwino nkwihoreze shenge!
- Mpano winjyanira ibintu utanyishyuye!
- Ngo tugende twabatindije.
6.2.2.6. Akamamo
Akamamo ni ijambo ridasesengurwa. Rigirwa n’umugemo umwe.
Rigaragira irindi rikariha inyito itangara cyangwa itsindagiriza.
Rishobora no guherekeza ikegeranshinga cyangwa irangamutima.Akamamo kagira inyito yo:
- Gutangara:
Ingero: Aragarutse da! Mbisa nige ma! Ngo azagaruka ra! Aravunikawe!
- Kwakura:
Ingero: Bigarure ye! Ntiwumva ye!
- Gutsindagiriza:
Ingero : Mukubite se! Bikore ga! Andika ye!
Ikitonderwa
- Akamamo “da” gakunda kubwirwa umuntu w’igitsina gabo naho
akamamo “ma” gakunda kubwirwa umuntu w’igitsina gore.
- Akamamo kajyanye n’ikegeranshinga kagira inyito yo gutangara.
Ingero : Mbiswa da! Dore re!
- Akamamo kajyanye n’irangamutima na ko kagira inyito yo
gutangara.
Ingero:Ayi we! Ayi nya!
6.2.2.7. Irangamutima
Irangamutima ni ijambo ridasesengurwa; rigaragaza uko umuntu
amerewe mu mutima; yaba yishimye cyangwa ababaye; yaba ashima
cyangwa agaya. Amarangamutima agira inyito zitandukanye.Ingero
Umwitozo
1. Itegereze interuro zikurikira utahure amagambo adahinduka
arimo, uvuge ubwoko bwayo.
a) Dore da! Wibagiwe ko dukoresha mudasobwa!
b) Yavuye kwa muganga buhorobuhoro agera mu rugo.
c) Ikoranabuhanga rihambaye rikomoka i Bwotamasimbi.
d) Yooo! Wananutse bigeze aho? Ihangane.
2.Vuga ubwoko bw’amagambo atsindagiye mu nteruro zikurikira.
a) Ayinya! Waketse ko ntazi gukoresha mudasobwa.
b) Ahaa! Nzaba ntegereje umwanzuro uzafatirwa mu nama.c) Reka da! Sinzaboneka ku munsi w’umuganda.
VI.3.Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Hanga umwandiko ugaragaza ibibi n’ibyiza by’ikoranabuhanga,
ukoreshemo amagambo adahinduka anyuranye uyagaragaze.
Umwandiko wawe nturenze amagambo ijana na mirongo itanu.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusobanurira abandi uko ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho
byihutisha iterambere.
- Gutahura, gukoresha neza mu nteruro amagambo adahinduka.
Ubu ndangwa:
No gukoresha ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho kugira ngo mbashegukataza mu iterambere.
VI.3. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatandatu
soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Yarazikabije!
Mu nzozi ze, Uwineza yahoraga atekereza kuzavamo umuntu ukomeye
cyane. Agitangira ishuri ry’inshuke yihatiye kwita ku burere n’inyigisho
yahabwaga n’abarezi be. Azamukana umwete udasanzwe mu masomo ye
ku ishuri, yagera no mu rugo ababyeyi be bakabimufashamo.
Akiri mu mashuri abanza, uyu mwana w’umukobwa yajyaga abona
indege zihita mu kirere k’iwabo akabwira ababyeyi be ko yifuza ko
bagura indege. Ababyeyi be bakamusubiza ko indege ihenda cyane ku
buryo kuyisukira bitaba iby’ubonetse wese. Cyokora Uwineza akababaza
impamvu batagana banki ibegereye ngo bayiguze ayo mafaranga menshi
maze bihahire iyo nyamibwa.
Mu gutekereza ku ndege, Uwineza yifuzaga kuyitunga ariko
akanasobanukirwa imiterere n’imikorere yayo. Buri gihe yahoranaga
amatsiko y’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga yabonaga mu rugo iwabo, mu
baturanyi babo ndetse no ku ishuri. Igihe babaga bagiye kwiga isomo
ryerekeye ikoranabuhanga agatega amatwi ibisobanuro byose bahabwa
n’umwarimu wabo, akanabaza ibibazo byinshi rwose! Uko yagendaga
azamuka mu myigire ye ni ko yarushagaho gusobanukirwa ko ya ndege
yahoraga arota ifite imikorere ishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga kandi ko
abayigendamo baba bakomeza kugenzura umurongo w’itumanaho hagati
yabo n’abo basize aho baturutse tutibagiwe n’abari aho iyo ndege igana.
Kubera umwete yakurikiranaga amasomo ye, byatumaga agira amanota
y’indashyikirwa. Iwabo bamuguriye mudasobwa akajya ayifashisha
mu kongera ubumenyi n’ubushobozi mu ikoranabuhanga n’itumanahobyunganira ibyo yigira mu ishuri.
Ntibyatinze ikizamini cya Leta kiraza maze si ukugitsinda
arakihanangiriza. Ahabwa ishami ririmo ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho.
Icyo kiciro yakiganye umwete n’ikinyabupfura bidasanzwe rwose
nuko na cyo akinywa nk’unywa amazi, maze akirangizanya amanota
y’agahebuzo yo ku rwego rwo hejuru. Ahabwa umwanya muri kaminuza
y’ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho maze si ukubicukumbura abiva imuzingo.
Ibi byamuhesheje amahirwe yo gukomerezaho kwiga ishuri ry’ibijyanye
no gutwara indege.
Uko agenda arushaho kubiminuza, mu mashuri yo mu Rwanda n’ayo
hanze, yageze ku rwego rwo gutwara ndetse no gukanika indege.
Uwo mwuga yawukoranye ubushake n’ubwitange, bituma abantu
benshi bafite imirimo ikoreshwa ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho
bamuhundagazaho ibyo abakorera. Ikinyabupfura ke kandi
cyamuhesheje gukora ubukwe bwiza, arushingana n’umusore bahuje
imico bamenyaniye muri iyo mirimo y’ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho.
Ibi byabahesheje amafaranga menshi ku buryo bageze no ku rwego
rwo kwigurira indege zikora umurimo wo gutwara abantu mu
rwego mpuzamahanga. Mu bwubahane bushingiye ku buringanire
n’ubwuzuzanye ubu we n’umuryango we baratengamaye babikesha
ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho.
I. Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Rondora abanyarubuga bagaragara mu mwandiko.
2. Gereranya ibivugwa muri uyu mwandiko n’umutwe wawo
werekana isano bifitanye.
3. Wifashishije umwandiko sobanura uko Uwineza yagaragaje
ubutwari.
4. Erekana insanganyamatsiko ikubiye muri uyu mwandiko
unayigereranye n’uko bimeze mu Gihugu cyacu muri iki gihe.
5. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.6. Ni iki washima Uwineza?
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Kuyisukira
b) Inyamibwa
c) Arakihanangiriza
d) Abiva imuzingo
e) Baratengamaye
2. Ubaka interuro iboneye ukoresheje buri jambo muri aya
akurikira:
a) Nk’unywa amazi
b) Agahebuzo
c) Kumuhundagazaho
d) Kubicukumbura
e) Indashyikirwa
III.Ikibonezamvugo
1. Vuga ubwoko bw’amagambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Umva ra! Ikoranabuhanga ryakemuye ibibazo byinshi cyane.
b) Yewe ga! Rya jyori ryo kwa Ndakazaryiga ikoranabuhanga!
c) Yewe da! Ukunze ikoranabuhanga nta we bitashimisha.
d) Niko se ma! Ugira ngo urugo rwabo ntirwubatswe n’Imana!
2. Uzurisha cyono, buhorobuhoro, i, ororororooo! mu nteruro
zikurikira:
a) …………. ngwino dushyigikirane
b) Atera hejuru ataka ngo: «…………. »
c) …………. twese tuzahuguka mu by’ikoranabuhanga.d) ……….. Burayi bateye imbere mu ikoranabuhanga.
UMUTWE WA 7: INGARUKA Z’IBIYOBYABWENGE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura inkuru ishushanyije agaragaza ingingo z’ ingenzi
ziyikubiyemo.
- Guhanga inkuru ishushanyije ku nsanganyamatsiko
zitandukanye.
- Gusesengura amazina akomoka ku yandi magambo.
- Gukoresha amagambo yabugenewe n’ inshoberamahanga.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite garagaza ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwenge n’uburyo wazirwanya.
VII.1. Umwandiko: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge
7.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwenge”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya.
Umwitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva
icyo asobanura.
a) Kwihunza
b) Uburoko
c) Gukeka
d) Icyaka
e) Gushoberwa
7.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwenge”, usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Ni ibihe biyobyabwenge byavuzweho cyane muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni bande bishoye mu biyobyabwenge bavuzwe mu mwandiko?
3. Ni izihe mpamvu zitera urubyiruko kwishora mu biyobyabwenge
zivugwa mu mwandiko?
4. Ni izihe ngaruka zo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge zivugwa mu
mwandiko?
5. Ni iki umuyobozi w’umudugudu asaba ababyeyi gukora kugira
ngo abana babo bareke kwishora mu biyobyambwenge?
7.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwebge”, usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko
“Ingarukaz’ibiyobyabwenge”.
2. Usibye ibiyobyabwenge byavuzwe mu mumwandiko, vuga ibindi
wumva bivugwa aho mutuye.
3. Wowe umaze gusoma iyi nkuru ishushanyije, ukumva ingaruka
n’akaga biterwa no kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, ufashe uwuhe
mugambi?
4. Sobanura uko icuruzwa n’inyobwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge bishobora
kudindiza iterambere.
5. Ibyinshi mu biyobyabwenge ni ibinyobwa biba bitujuje
ubuziranenge. Hakorwa iki kugira ngo ubinywa asobanukirwe
ibijyanye n’ubuziranenge?
6. Muri iki gihe ni izihe ngamba zirambye Leta y’u Rwanda yafashezo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge?
7.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Igikorwa
Gereranya ibikorwa by’ abavugwa mu nkuru n’ ibikorwa byo mu buzima busanzwe bwa buri munsi aho utuye.
VII.2. Inkuru ishushanyije
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ingaruka z’ibiyabwenge” witegereza imiterere
yawo maze ukore ubushakashatsi, utahure inshoza n’uturango by’inkuru
ishushanyije.
1. Inshoza y’inkuru ishushanyije
Inkuru ishushanyije ni inkuru iteye nk’ikiganiro aho abantu babiri
cyangwa benshi baganira bungurana ibitekerezo bajya impaka.
Bene izi nkuru zishushanyije zibangikanya amagambo n’amashusho
y’abanyarubuga. Amagambo avugwa ashyirwa mu tuziga dufite uturizo
dufite ikerekezo cy’aho umunyarubuga uyavuga aherereye.
Bigaragara neza ko inkuru ishushanyije idashyirwa mu bika ahubwo
amashusho y’abakinankuru n’amagambo bavuga bishyirwa mu
tudirishya tugenda dutondekwa bahereye ibumoso bajya iburyo.
Inkuru ishushanyije itera amatsiko ashingiye ku ibangikana
ry’amagambo n’amashusho. Umukinankuru iyo agaragaza imbamutima
ze, amashushoarabigaragaza. Amagambo iteka aba afitanye isanoishodekanye neza n’ikivugwa.
2. Uturango tw’inkuru ishushanyije
Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
- Umurambararo: uruhererekane rutambitse rw’amashusho.
- Igipande: urupapuro rwose rugizwe n’imirambararo.
- Urukiramende: umwanya wanditsemo ibisobanuro bitangwa
n’umubarankuru. Ibyo bisobanuro byitwa imvugo ngobe.
- Agatoki: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga gasongoye gahuza amagambo
n’uyavuga.
- Akazu: niumwanya w’ishusho utangiwe n’idirishya.
- Idirishya: imbibi z’ishusho cyangwa z’akazu.
- Uruvugiro: niumwanya urimo ikiganiro cy’abanyarubuga.
- Akarangandoto: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga kariho akarongo
kagizwe n’utudomo kerekera ku muntu kagaragaza ibyo arota
cyangwa atekereza.
- Imvugondoto: ni amagambo umuntu ashobora gusoma ku
gipande aranga icyo umunyarubuga atekereza cyangwa se aranga
umwivugisho w’umunyarubuga.
- Agakino: ni uruhererekane rw’amashusho ari mu muteguro umwe.
Ni ukuvuga abanyarubuga bamwe hatagize usohokamo cyangwa
undi winjiramo.
- Abanyarubuga:ni umuntu, ikintu cyangwa inyamaswa bifite icyobikora mu nkuru.
Umwitozo
Hanga inkuru ishushanyije yujuje ibisabwa byose ku nsanganyamatsikowihitiyemo.
VII.3. Ikomora: Ikomorazina
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza imiterere y’amagambo y’
umukara tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere n’inkomoko y’ayo magambo, kora
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ikomora, inzira zikoreshwa mu
ikomora n’inshoza yazo, hanyuma ugaragaze intego y’amagambo avuka
bitewe n’ikomorazina mvazina.
- Umukozi mwiza ashimisha umukoresha we.
- Umunyarwanda mwiza atungira agatoki abashinzwe
umutekano aho abonye ibiyobyabwenge.
- Amashusho akoreshwa mu biganiro ku bubi bw’ ibiyobyabwenge
afasha ababiteze amatwi gusobanukirwa.
- Ibigorigori babigaburira amatungo.
1. Inshoza y’ikomora n’ikomorazina
a) Ikomora
Ikomora ni uburyo ijambo rishobora kuva ku bundi bwoko bw’ ijambo
hakoreshejwe inzira zinyuranye. Inshinga zishobora gukomokwaho
n’ inshinga hifashishijwe imigereka aribyo bita ikomoranshinga.
Zishobora no gukomokwaho n’ amazina cyangwa amazina agakomokwaho
n’ andi mazina aribyo bita ikomorazina. Muri iki gice turibanda ku
ikomorazina.
b) Ikomorazina
Ikomorazina ni uburyo bwo gukomora amazina ku yandi mazina,
gukomora amazina ku nshinga cyangwa ku bundi bwoko bw’amagambo.
Ibi bituma habaho uburyo bubiri bw’ ikomorazina aribwo ikomorazinamvazina n’ ikomorazina mvanshinga.
2. Ikomorazina mvazina
a) Inshoza y’ikomorazina mvazina
Ikomorazina mvazinani uburyo/igikorwa bwo kurema amazina mashyauhereye ku yandi mazina.
b) Inzira z’ikomorazina mvazina
Habaho inzira zitandukanye zo gukomora amazina ku yandi. Iyo izina
ryakomotse ku rindi bigira icyo bihindura ku nyito yaryo ugereranyije
n’iy’izina ryaribyaye; cyokora izo nyito zombi zikomeza kugirana isano.
Dore zimwe mu nzira z’ikomorazina mvazina zikunze kugaragara:
- Isubiramo ry’igicumbi k’izinaIngero
c) Ihindura ry’inteko y’ijambo
Ingero
- Iyongera ry’akabimbura”nya na nyira” mu izina ryari risanzwe
Ingero
- Ihindura ry’izina rusange mo izina bwite
Ingero
- Izina ryitirira cyangwa rigaragaza isano hagati y’ibintu bibiri
Ingero
- Ikoreshwa ry’umusuma ku izina risanzwe
Ingero
3. Intego y’amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mvazina
Amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mvazina agira intego nk’iy’izina
mbonera cyangwa se izina ry’urusobe bitewe n’imiremere yayo.Ingero
Imyitozo
1. Tahura amazina ashingiye ku ikomorazina mvazina mu
mwandiko ukurikira nurangiza ugaragaze intego yayo
n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe.
Umwandiko: Nyiraneza kwa nyirakuru
Hari mu kiruhuko k’igihembwe cya kabiri ubwo Nyiraneza yafataga
uruzinduko yerekeza kwa nyirakuru. Yasanze bari bamukumbuye.
Sekuru na nyirakuru bamuhoberanye urugwiro rwinshi ari na ko
bamwitegereza cyane kubera ko amaso yabo yari atangiye kuzamo
ibikezikezi. Ntibanamuherukaga; ntiyabasuraga kenshi kuko yari
umunyeshuri.
Amaze gufata amafunguro yegereye ikiraro cy’amatungo, nuko
abona yashonje, yiyemeza gufata umufuka akajya kuyashakira
utwatsi. Ageze mu gisambu, yabonyemo ibihuru birimo ibyatsi
n’ibiti binyuranye: ibishurushuru, imitobotobo, ibinetenete n’ibindi
akomeza kwahira vuba kugira ngo age kuramira amatungo. Uko
yahiraga ubwatsi yagendaga abona igicucu ke imbere ye bituma
yubura amaso areba hejuru abona ikizubazuba mu kirerere,
amenya ko bwakeye nuko arataha. Ageze mu rugo, asobanuza
neza amazina y’ibimera atari azi. Nyiraneza yaboneyeho ababaza
n’andi magambo yamuteraga amatsiko nk’amashunushunu,
amatamatama n’ibindi bitandukanye.
2. Wifashishije inzira eshanu z’ikomorazina mvazina, tanga
ingero z’interuro eshanu zirimo amazina akomoka kuri iryokomorazina.
3. Ikomorazina mvanshinga
a) Inshoza y’ikomorazina mvanshinga
Ikomorazina mvanshinga ni ihimba ry’amazina mashya afatiye ku mizi y’inshinga zisanzwe mu rurimi.
Amazina menshi y’Ikinyarwanda akomoka ku nshinga.Hari amazina
amwe n’amwe umuntu agira ngo ni umwimerere kandi akomoka ku
nshinga.Ingero
b) Intego y’amazina y’ikomorazina mvanshinga
Amazina akomoka ku nshinga akenshi aba afite intego isanzwe (D+RT+C) ariko igicumbi cyayo gisesengurwamo inshinga iryo zina ryakomotseho n’umusozo. Icyo gihe intego yaryo iba ari D+RT+C+Sz.
c) Inzira z’ikomorazina mvanshinga
Inzira z’ikomorazina mvanshinga zishingira ku ikoreshwa ry’imisozo
ikurikira: -yi, -i, -e, -o, -a na -u. Dore ingero z’amazina akoreshejemo iyo misozon’intego yayo.
Ikitonderwa: Iyi misozo y’ikomorazina mvanshinga ishobora nogukorana n’inshinga zifite ingereka.
Ingero
Imyitozo
1. Tahura amazina ashingiye ku ikomorazina mvanshinga mu
gika cy’umwandiko gikurikira nurangiza ugaragaze intego
yayo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe.
Umwandiko: Turwanye ibiyobyabwenge
Kunoza imikorere bitanga umusaruro ushimishije haba ku
muntu ubwe, ku muryango we cyangwa igihugu avukamo
iyo yirinze ibiyobyabwenge. Imirimo inyuranye nk’ubuhinzi,
ubworozi, ububaji, ububoshyi n’iyindi ni bimwe mu biteza imbere
imibereho y’abantu muri rusange. Ikituraje ishinga ni ukurwanya
ibiyobyabwenge bituma ubwenge butakara ntihagire umurimo
n’ umwe ukorwa n’ uwo babonye bakawusuzugura. Turwanye
ibiyobyabwenge dutangira amakuru ku gihe,tuba abajyanama
beza.Ibi byose umuntu abigiriyemo amahirwe, ntahuriremo
n’abahemu, bimuteza imbere akabona ibiribwa n’ibinyobwa ndetse
akagira n’ubwizigame...
2. Wifashishije inzira eshanu z’ikomorazina mvanshinga, tanga
ingero z’interuro eshanu zirimo amazina akomoka kuri iryokomorazina.
VII.4. Ikeshamvugo
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira maze usubize ikibazo cyawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Impanuro z’umubyeyi
Umunsi umwe, Kamana akitse imirimo, yari mu ruganiriro hamwe
n’abana be Bukesha na Mariza aterura ikiganiro agira ati: “Ariko bana
bange mureke tuganire ku busugire bw’ururimi rwacu.”
Kamana: Harya iyo bukeye umworozi w’inka agatangira kuzikama
bavuga ko agira ate?
Bukesha: Bavuga ko atangiye kuzikurura amabere.
Mariza: Reka da! Ariko Bukesha nawe nta kigenda cyawe! Ntuzi ko
babyita kwinikiza! Mu ishuri twarabyize.
Bukesha: Uzi ko ari byo koko! Ariko nawe hari ibyo utazi: umurambo w‘ umwami bawita ngo ik?
Mariza: ko numva byo tutarabyiga ra?
Bukesha: Bawita umugogo w’umwami.
Kamana: Murumva rero ko dukwiye kujya tunoza ururimi rwacu.
Ndifuza ko tugirana ikiganiro gihagije tukaganira ku mateka nkababwira amagambo yabugenewe ku nka, ku mata, ku ngoma, ku mwami, ku gisabo ku isekuru ....
Ibibazo
a) Muri uyu mwandiko, umubyeyi arashishikariza abana kunoza
imvugo zabo. Ubwo buryo bwo kunoza imvugo no kuyikesha
bwitwa ngo iki?
b) Kora ubushakashatsi na bagenzi bawe maze mutahure inshoza
y’ubwo buryo unashakishe izindi mvugo zinoze zikoreshwa kunka, ku mata, ku isekuru, ku gisabo, ku ngoma no ku mwami.
1. Inshoza y’ikeshamvugo
Ikeshamvugo ni ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu kuvuga no guhanga mu 0l[. Iyo
akaba ari imvugo inoze, yuje ikinyabupfura, ifite inganzo kandi ivugitse
ku buryo bunoze. Ikeshamvugo ahanini, ni imvugo ikoreshwa mu guha
agaciro umuntu uyu n’uyu cyangwa ikintu iki n’iki bitewe n’akamaro
gifite mu muco w’Abanyarwanda, bityo hakirindwa gukoreshwa izina
ryacyo mu buryo bukocamye. Mu ikeshamvugo ni ho hakoreshwa ijambo
“Ntibavuga, bavuga”. Umuntu akaba yabasha gutandukanya imvugo
ikoreshwa ku mwami, ku ngoma, ku nka, ku mata ku gisabo ku isekuru
n’ibindi.2. Ikeshamvugo ku nka
3. Ikeshamvugo ku mata n’igisabo
4. Ikeshamvugo ku ngoma
5. Ikeshamvugo ku isekuru, icyasi, igisabo, ingobyi n’umuheto
6. Ikeshambvugo rikoreshwa ku mwami
Imyitozo
1. Kosora iyi nteruro ikurikira.
Umwami Kigeri Rwabugiri apfa yasimbuwe n’umwana we
Rutarindwa. Rutarindwa yaje gupfa, asimburwa na Yuhi Musinga
ategekana na nyina Kanjogera.
2. Himba ikiganiro kigufi ku muco nyarwanda n’ibikoresho
gakondo ugaragazemo nibura amagambo atatu yabugenewe ku
nka, ku mata, ku ngoma,ku mwami,ku gisabo no ku isekuru.
VII.5. Inshoberamahanga
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye
maze ugire icyo uvuga ku miterere yayo. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure n’uturango by’inshoberamahanga n’uburyo zisobanurwa.
- Kundwa yakererewe kubera ko yatoye agatotsi mu gitondo.
- Munyana we yari ari gusuka amarira.
- Rwabigwi ni we rubanda bacaho inshuro y’ibihingwa
ngandurarugo.
- Berwa yasubizaga ashize amanga.
1. Inshoza y’inshoberamahanga
Inshoberamahanga ni imvugo umuntu utarakenetse ururimi adahita
yumva igisobanuro cyayo iyo bayivuze. Bavuga ko ikintu cyashobeye
umuntu iyo cyamunaniye akabura uko abigenza ndetse n’uko agisobanura.
Akenshi na kenshi abumva bene izo mvugo ntibazisobanukirwe ni
abanyamahanga kuko baba batazi umuco cyangwa amateka y’u Rwanda
kandi inshoberamahanga ari byo zishingiyeho. Aho ni na ho haturutsekwita bene izo mvugo “inshoberamahanga”.
Ingero:
Gufatwa mpiri.
Kuvoma hafi.
Kurambika inda ku muyaga.Guta inyuma ya Huye.
2. Uturango tw’inshoberamahanga
Inshoberamahanga irangwa no kuba igizwe n’inshinga n’icyuzuzo
cyayo.Ikaba kandi ikoresha imvugo shusho itandukanye n’ibisobanuro
by’amagambo ayigize.
3. Gusobanura inshoberamahanga
Dukurikije imiterere yayo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo ifite igisobanuro
kidahuye n’igisobanuro k’ijambo cyangwa amagambo ayigize. Mu
kuyisobanura bisaba ko umuntu aba amenyereye umuco n’ururimi
by’Ikinyarwanda.
Ingero
- Kuvoma hafi: kurakazwa n’ubusa/kurizwa n’ubusa.
Umuntu utazi neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda we ahita yumva kujya
kuvoma amazi ahantu hatari kure y’aho aturutse, cyangwa se gufata
isekuru ukayitera mu butaka nk’utera imyaka.
- Gutera isekuru: kugenda ucumbagira
Umuntu utazi neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda ahita yumva guteranya
isekuru yasetse.
4. Ingero zitandukanye z’inshoberamahanga
a) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga: guca
Guca mu rihumye
Guca igihugu umugongo
Guca igikuba
Guca imihini migufi
Guca imitwe
Guca inkeramucyamo
Guca iryera
Guca ku nda
Guca mu myanya y’intoki
Guca mu nkindi
Guca ruhinganyuma
Guca umugara
Guca umuti wa mperezayo
Guca ururimi ukarumira
Gucira undi inkamba
Guca hasi
Guca hejuru
Gucisha hasi
Gucisha hejuru
Gucisha mu misoto
Guca i Kibungo
Guca ibiti n’amabuye
Gucira ibintu inyeri
b) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga: gufata
Gufata ku isunzu
Gufata nk’amata y’abashyitsi
Gufata undi mu mugongo
Gufatana urunana
Gufatira undi ikitayega
Gufata iry’iburyo
Gufatirwa mu cyuho
Gufatwa mpiri
c) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga: kugwa
Kugwa gitumo
Kugwa isari
Kugwa ivutu
Kugwa ku nzoka
Kugwa miswi
Kugwa mu matsa
Kugwa mu ntege
Kugwa ruhabo
Kugwa mu kantu
Kugwa mu mazi abira
d) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga: kurya
Kurya akara
Kurya amenyo
Kurya indimi
Kurya inkuna
Kurya ureba hanze
e) Izindi nshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga zinyuranye
Gufumbira umunaba
Guha undi intera
Guhabwa akato
Guhenera umugina
Gukama ikimasa
Gukambya agahanga
Gukanga Rutenderi
Gukanja amanwa
Gukizwa n’amaguru
Gukoma urume
Gukora hasi
Gukura ubwatsi
Gukurayo amaso
Gupfa undi agasoni
Gusesa urumeza
Guseta ibirenge
Gushya amaboko
Guta muri yombi
Gutaba mu nama
Gutega zivamo
Gutera isekuru
Gutererayo utwatsi
Guteza ubwega
Gutunga agatoki
224
Kugenda runono
Konsa umuhini
Kotsa igitutu
Kuba mu rinini
Kujya irudubi
Kumara amavuta
Kumena ibanga
Kumera amababa
Kumesa kamwe
Kumira bunguri
Kumira nkeri
Kuryamira amajanja
Kuvomera mu rutete
Kuziba icyuho
Kwambara ukikwiza
Kwesa umuhigo
Kwiba umugono
Kwica ijisho
Kwihungura ugutwi
Kwimyiza imoso
Kwinyara mu isunzu
Kwirya ukimara
Kwitana ba mwana
Kwivamo nk’inopfu
Kwizirika umukanda
Gucurangira abahetsi
Gucurika icumu
Kwitana ba mwana
Kuvamo umuntu
Imyitozo
Koresha mu nteruro izi nshoberamahanga zikurikira ku buryo interuro
zigaragaza neza ko wumva icyo zisobanura.
a) Kwizirika umukanda
b) Kwirya ukimara
c) Guhabwa akato
d) Guca mu rihumye
e) Guca iryera
f) Guca igikuba
g) Gucurangira abahetsih) Kugwa mu kantu
VII.6. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
uhereye ku biranga inkuru ishushanyije, hanga inkuru ishushanyije
ku nsanganyaatsiko wihitiyemo maze ukoreshemo inshoberamahanga
nibura eshanu ndetse n’amagambo yabugenewe ku bikoresho wize.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusobanurira abandi ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge.
- Guhanga inkuru ishushanyije ku nsanganyamatsiko iyo ari yo
yose.
- Gutahura no gusesengura amazina y’ikomorazina mvazina
n’ amazina y’ ikomorazina mvanshinga.
- Gutahura no gukoresha neza amagambo yabugenewe ku nka,
ku mata, ku mwami, ku ngoma, ku gisabo,ku isekuru n’ ibindi
ndetse n’ inshoberamahanga mu nteruro ziboneye.
Ubu ndangwa:No gukumira no gukandurira abandi kwirinda ibiyobyabwenge.
VII.7. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa karindwi
Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko
Muvara ni umwana w’umuhungu uri mu kigero k’imyaka cumi n’itandatu.
Amaso yaratukuye, iyo agenda mu nzira, agenda yivugisha kandi
ahekenya amenyo. Umunsi umwe, twahuriye mu gatsibanzira kitaruye
ikigo k’ishuri cya Mabimba atumagura itabi rizinze mu ishara. Yari
yambaye impuzankano bigaragara ko ari umunyeshuri. Ndamwegera,
ndamusuhuza maze turatangira turaganira.
- Uraho yewe mwa?
- Ndi aha nyine ntundeba se! Ee! Bite meri wange? Ubu nge mba ndi
mu maswingi wana ntabwo nshaka amagambo menshi!
Akimara kunsubiza atyo, mpita menya ko ari umwana wokamwe
n’ibiyobyabwenge. Ndamwegera ntangira kumuganiriza ntuje. Ambwira
ko ari umunyeshuri wiga mu mwaka wa mbere w’amashuri yisumbuye.
Ikigero ke nticyatumaga wakeka ko yiga mu mwaka wa mbere ahubwo
wamukekeraga kuba yararangije amashuri yisumbuye. Ndakomeza
ndamuganiriza nihanganira imvugo nyandagazi yakoreshaga kuko
nabonaga na we atari we ahubwo abiterwa no kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge.
Ageze aho atangira gucururuka maze aranyemerera duhuza urugwiro. Icya
mbere nifuzaga kumenya ni ibiyobyabwenge urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri
bakoresha, igihe babifatira, aho babikura n’igituma babifata. Nyuma
y’ikiganiro kirekire nagiranye na we nsanga ibiyobyabwenge bikunze
gukoreshwa n’urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri ari urumogi, kanyanga n’indi
nzoga ntamenye neza yitaga siriduwire. Ansobanurira ko babifata
mu kiruhuko cyabo bari ku ishuri. Ikindi kandi yambwiye ni uko ngo
akenshi babifata iyo bari mu biruhuko bisoza igihembwe cyangwa
ibisoza umwaka; babeshya ababyeyi babo babafata ku maso ko bagiye
gusobanurirana amasomo ubundi bakigira mu biyobyabwenge.
Akimara kumbwira ibyo byanteye amatsiko yo kumenya aho babikura
n’uko babibona kandi nta mafaranga baba bakorera dore ko bigurwa
n’amafaranga menshi. Ansobanurira ko bayiba ab’iwabo cyangwa
bagakoresha amafaranga y’ishuri baba bahawe nyuma yo kubeshya
ababyeyi ko batumwe ibikoresho runaka. Ansobanurira kandi ko aho
babikura ari henshi ko hari bagenzi babo biga bataha baba babicuruza
babizana mu dukapu twabo. Hari n’abaturanyi baba babicuruza
bakabigura na bo mu gihe k’ikiruhuko cya saa yine cyangwa saa sita
bakabibagurishiriza ku ruzitiro rw’ishuri inyuma y’amashuri ahategereye
ubuyobozi bw’ishuri.
Ku giti ke, mubaza icyamuteye kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ansobanurira
ko bagenzi be bamubwiraga ko bituma atinyuka, agasubiza mu ishuri
ashize amanga kandi ko ngo binatera akanyabugabo. Nkimara kumva
ibisobanuro yampaga nsanga ngomba kumuba hafi nkamufasha kureka
ibiyobyabwenge.
Muganiriza ntuje mwumvisha uburyo kuba akiri mu wa mbere kandi
abandi bangana bararangije amashuri yisumbuye ari ukubera kunywa
ibiyobyabwenge bigatuma asiba kenshi ishuri, yakora ibizamini
agatsindwa agahora asibira. Musobanurira ko bigira ingaruka ku buzima
bw’ubikoresha nko gutukura amaso, kudatekereza neza, kutagira
ikinyabupfura, kudasinzira iyo atabikoresheje…
Ikindi kandi musobanurira uburyo ibiyobyabwenge bigira ingaruka
ku iterambere ry’igihugu mugaragariza uburyo ubikoresha adakora
kubera kubura imbaraga kandi ko n’amafaranga abigura aba akwiye
guteza imbere igihugu mu bundi buryo. Ariyumvira hashize umwanya
aransubiza ati: “None se nakora iki?” Mubwira ko yabireka kandi
akagaragaza n’abandi bagenzi be babifata ku ishuri ndetse akanavuga
uburyo babibona n’aho babikura. Hashira umwanya munini yiyumvira
ageze aho arambwira ati: “Nge ngiye kubireka kandi n’amaniga yange
ndayagira inama abireke. Ni byo bituma ntatsinda mu ishuri kandi
bigatuma mpora mbeshya ababyeyi, mbiba amafaranga! Ahubwo urakoze
kuba ungiriye iyi nama. None se ko nabitangiye bambwira ko nzashira
ubwoba nkajya nsubiza neza mu ishuri none nkaba maze imyaka ine mu
wa mbere bimariye iki? Ndabiretse! Ahubwo n’utu tubure nari nsigaranye
reka ntujugunye ndetse n’aka ka siriduwire reka nkajugunye. Ubu
nange mfashe umugambi wo kugira inama nk’iyi ungiriye urubyiruko
rw’abanyeshuri bangenzi bange ndetse n’urundi rubyiruko duturanye
rutiga, na bo bareke ibiyobyabwenge twiyubakire Igihugu.” Akimbwira
atyo mukora mu ntoki ndamushimira mubwira ko nzajya nza kumusura
kenshi nkamuganiriza. Aranyemerera ansezeraho arataha.
Nyuma y’icyo kiganiro na we, binyereka ko abaturanyi n’ababyeyi
ari ngombwa cyane ko bakurikirana imyigire y’abana babo ku ishuri.
Bakamenya igituma batiga neza kandi bakagenzura niba amafaranga
yose abana babo babasaba bavuga ko bayatumwe ku ishuri biba ari byo
koko. Buri mubyeyi ahuze urugwiro n’umwana. Bakurikirane imyigire
y’abanyeshuri biga bataha iwabo, abarimu bagenzure ibyo bashobora
kuzana ku ishuri, babaze ababyeyi impamvu abana babo bataboneka
buri munsi ku ishuri iyo hari abo babonaho iyo ngeso yo gusiba kenshi.
Abayobozi b’ishuri bagomba gushishikariza buri munyeshuri kugaragaza
bagenzi be bakoresha ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa se abakekwaho
kubikoresha kugira ngo bagirwe inama. Ni ngombwa gufatanya
n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta bakagenzura abacuruza ibiyobyabwenge babihaabanyeshuri bakabashyikiriza inzego zibishinzwe.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwadiko
1. Ni nde uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Aravugwaho iki? Iyo
umurebye ubona arangwa n’iki?Kubera iki?
2. Vuga ububi bwo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ushingiye kuri uyu
mwandiko.
3. Vuga ibyiza byo kwirinda gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge uhereye ku
byo wasomye mu mwandiko.
4. Ni izihe ngamba zivugwa mu mwandiko zo kurwanya
ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko no mu mashuri by’umwihariko?
5. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko umaze
gusoma.
6. Ni iyihe nyigisho ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije umwandiko.
a) Impuzankano
b) Kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge
c) Imvugo nyandagazi
d) Gucururuka
e) Guhuza urugwiro
2. Ubaka interuro zawe bwite ukoresheje amagambo akurikira
dusanga mu mwandiko.
c) Gutukura amaso
d) Imvugo nyandagazi
e) Gucururuka
f) Guhuza urugwiro
g) Kubatwa
III. Ibibazo ku nkuru ishushanyije, ku ikeshamvugo no ku nshoberamahanga
1. Akarangandoto gatandukaniye he n’agatoki?
2. Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’iki?3. Uzuza iyi mbonerahamwe
4. Tahura mu mwandiko twize “Ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwenge mu
rubyiruko” inshoberamahanga zakoreshejwemo uzisobanureunazikorashe mu nteruro zawe bwite.
UMUTWE 8: GUKUNDA IGIHUGU
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi
ziwukubiyemo.
- Gusoma no kwandika amajwi y’inyabumwe mu nyandiko nyejwi
na nyemvugo.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Sobanura ibikorwa ukora byerekana ko ukunda Igihugu cyawe, uvugeuburyo ubikora n’uburyo ubigaragaza ko ukunda Igihugu.
VIII.1. Umwandiko: Twitabire umuganda
Umuganda ni igikorwa gifitiye Igihugu akamaro kitabirwa n’abaturage
bose, bagahuriza hamwe imbaraga kugira ngo bagere ku iterambere. Mu
byo umuganda ugamije harimo guteza imbere ibikorwa by’amajyambere
mu rwego rwo kunganira ingengo y’imari y’Igihugu no gutuma abantu
bashobora gusabana. Uretse muri iki gihe, no mu Rwanda rwo hambere
umuganda warakorwaga.
Kera uwabaga agiye kubaka yasabaga abandi amaboko. Buri wese mu
baturanyi be akamuzanira igiti cyo gushinga, kikitwa umuganda ari
yo nkunga ihawe uwubaka. Inzu yashingwaga imiganda, bagaparata
n’imbariro nyuma inzu bakayihanika n’imishoro. Imvugo yo gutanga
umuganda isobanura gufasha uwubaka, ni aha byavuye. Abantu
baba bakoreye hamwe igikorwa runaka bikitwa gutanga umuganda.
Umuganda si ukuganda, kumenya icyo gukora muri iki gikorwa ni
ipfundo ry’imena mu kubaka urwatubyaye.
Muri iki gihe, Umunyarwanda wese ufite ingufu ahamagarirwa kwitabira
ibikorwa by’umuganda. Urubyiruko rufite imyaka cumi n’umunani
y’amavuko kandi n’umuntu wese utarengeje imyaka mirongo itandatu
n’itanu afite inshingano zo gukora umuganda. Abanyamahanga bose na bo
batuye ku butaka bw’u Rwanda basabwa kwitabira umuganda. Umuntu
wese ufite impamvu imubuza kwitabira umuganda abisobanurira abo
bireba mbere y’uko umuganda uba. Biragayitse rero kuba hari abantu
bafata umunsi w’umuganda nk’ikiruhuko, bakirirwa mu ngo zabo
baryamye cyangwa bakora imirimo yo mu ngo zabo aho gufatanya
n’abandi mu kubaka Igihugu.
Burya ngo: “Abashyize hamwe ntakibananira”. Umuganda ukorwa
n’abaturage bagamije inyungu rusange. Nyuma y’igikorwa runaka
cy’umuganda, abawitabiriye bakora inama bagasobanurirwa
ibyavuyemo. Baganira kandi ku bibazo binyuranye, ibyo baboneye
umuti bigakemukira aho, ibinaniranye bikaba byafatirwa umwanzuro
wo kubishyikiriza inzego zibifitiye ubushobozi kurushaho.
Umuganda ufite gahunda ihamye. Mu Rwanda ubu hari komite
zishinzwe gutegura umuganda kuva ku rwego rw’Igihugu kugera ku
rwego rw’umudugudu. Izo komite zifite inshingano z’ingenzi ari zo
gukora iteganyabikorwa ry’umuganda, gutegura no kuyobora igikorwa
cy’umuganda n’aho kizabera no gukora isuzumabikorwa ry’umuganda
no kubitangaho raporo. Habaho umuganda rusange ukorwa buri wa
Gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi guhera saa mbiri za mu gitondo
ukarangira saa tanu. Isaha yo gutangiriraho ishobora guhinduka bitewe
n’ubwumvikane bw’abakora umuganda na komite iwuyobora.
Muri iki gihe iyo gahunda yo gukora umuganda idakunze ku wa
Gatandatu, haba ku baturage cyangwa ku byiciro bimwe byabo kubera
impamvu zinyuranye, komite ibishinzwe ifatanyije n’abaturage
bagena ikindi gihe cyo kuwukora cyumvikanyweho n’abo bireba kandi
ikabikurikirana.
Bamwe mu baturarwanda batumva agaciro k’umuganda usanga bihina
mu mazu, abitwa ko bafite ubushobozi ku munsi w’umuganda bakinga
ibipangu, utubari tumwe tugakingirana abantu binywera, bakajijisha ko
nta muntu urimo. Abatitabira umuganda bagomba gukeburwa, abafite
ingendo bakazisubika bagateganya kuzijyamo umuganda urangiye.
Ukunda Igihugu ahora yifuza ko cyajya mbere. Abaturage bose
bashishikarire kwitabira umuganda kuko ibikorwa mu muganda byose
harimo no kungurana ibitekerezo cyangwa gukemura ibibazo bya bamweari inkingi ya mwamba mu gukunda no kubaka Igihugu.
8.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Twitabire umuganda”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya.
Imyitozo
1. Huza ijambo riri mu rushya A n’igisobanuro cyaryo kiri muruhushya B
2. Simbuza amagambo ari mu dukubo ayo bihuje inyito ukuye mu
mwandiko.
a) Mu gikorwa cy’umuganda abaturage bose (bakorera hamwe) mu
bikorwa by’amajyambere.
b) Ibikorwa by’umuganda byunganira (amafaranga Igihugu kiba
cyateganyije gukoresha ku mwaka) mu buryo bugaragara.
8.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Twitabire umuganda” usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Ni nde ugomba kwitabira umuganda?
2. Tanga inyito y’ijambo “umuganda” mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
3. Nyuma y’umuganda hakorwa iki muri rusange?
4. Umuganda uzwi ku rwego rw’Igihugu? Sobanura wifashishijeingero ukuye mu mwandiko.
8.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Twitabire umuganda” usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko rusange umwandiko wubakiyeho?
2. Usibye igikorwa cy’umuganda cyavuzwe ni ibihe bikorwa bindi
bigaragaza gukunda Igihugu?
3. Abagikerensa gahunda yo kwitabira umuganda wabagira iyihe
nama?
4. Tanga ingingo nibura eshanu zigaragaza ko gukora umuganda
ari igikorwa cyo gukunda Igihugu.
8.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Igikorwa
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira.
Umuganda ufitiye akamaro Igihugu cyacu.
VIII.2. Iyigamajwi
Igikorwa
Soma inyuguti z’Ikinyarwanda zikurikira, usesengure uburyo
bw’imivugirwe yazo hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi usubize ibibazo
bizikurikira:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z
1. Tahura inshoza y’iyigamajwi maze usobanure icyo ijwi ari cyo
n’ubwoko bw’amajwi aboneka mu Kinyarwanda.
2. Ni gute bandika amajwi y’Ikinyarwanda mu nyandiko nyejwi?
3. Tahura inshoza n’uturango by’inyandiko nyejwi.
4. Ese inyuguti zose zivugwa kimwe kandi zikavugirwa hamwe?
5. Tahura uko inyajwi zandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi, uko zivugwa
n’aho zivugirwa maze unazikorere imbonerahamwe.
6. Tahura uko ingombajwi zandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi, uko zivugwa n’aho zivugirwa maze unazikorere imbonerahamwe.
Inshoza y’iyigamajwi
Iyigamajwi ni ubuhanga bwiga amajwi yose ashoboka mu rurimi runaka
ariko ntiyite ku mumaro w’ayo majwi. Ayo majwi ashyirwa mu matsinda
hakurikijwe umwanya n’uburyo avugirwamo. Inyandiko ikoreshwa mu
iyigamajwi yitwa inyandiko nyejwi. Iyigamajwi ryibanda ku bintu bitatu
by’ingenzi:
- Amajwi yose akoreshwa mu rurimi.
-Imihekanire y’ayo majwi.
-Ubutinde bw’inyajwi n’imiterere y’amasaku.
8.2.1. Inyandiko nyejwi
Inyandiko nyejwi ni inyandiko ya gihanga, aho usanga ikoreshwa
n’abize bagacengera iyigamajwi ari rwo rwego rw’iyigandimi (ubuhanga
buzobera mu gusesengura indimi) rusesengura amajwi yose aboneka mu
rurimi urwo ari rwo rwose.
Iyo bandika mu nyandiko nyejwi bita kuri ibi bikurikira:
- Kwandika amagambo yose afatanye kandi nta kugabanya
ibimenyetso.
- Gushyira ibyandikwa byose hagati y’udusodeko [ ].
- Kwandika amajwi yose yumvikana iyo bayavuze.
- Kwandika bashyiraho amasaku y’integuza ndetse n’amasaku yose
nyesi.
8.2.2. Inshoza y’ijwi: Amajwi y’inyabumwe
Ijwi ni urusaku ruturuka ku bintu bikomanyeho. Ariko aha amajwi
twibandaho ni ashingirwaho mu mvugo z’abantu. Abahanga bagerageje
uburyo bayageza ku bandi batabumva kubera ko batari kumwe cyangwa
mu nyandiko. Kugira ngo babigereho, buri jwi barigeneye ikimenyetso
kimwe cyangwa kirenze kimwe kirihagarariye ari cyo inyuguti. Buri
kimenyetso muri byo kitwa inyuguti. Amajwi ni menshi cyane ariko
bene ururimi bagiye bihitiramo ayo bakeneye kugira ngo bashyikirane
hagati yabo. Birumvikana ko aha ngaha ari ho hantu h’ibanze indimi
zitandukanira.
Mu Kinyarwanda habaho ubwoko bubiri bw’amajwi: amajwi
y’inyabumwe n’amajwi y’ibihekane. Muri uyu mutwe turibanda ku
majwi y’inyabumwe. Amajwi y’inyabumwe y’Ikinyarwanda agabanyijemo
ibice bitatu ari byo: inyajwi, ingombajwi n’inyerera.
1. Inyajwi
Inyajwi ni amajwi asohoka mu myanya ntangamajwi hatagize ikiyatega
mu mivugirwe yayo.
Inyajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zishyirwa mu byiciro mu buryo bune.
Zishyirwamo dukurikije aho zivugirwa, uko zivugwa, imikorere y’iminwayombi n’ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku.
a) Aho zivugirwa
Dukurikije aho zivugirwa, inyajwi tuzisangamo ibice bitatu:
- Inyajwi z’imbere: zivugwa ururimi rwihese maze isonga yarwo
ikishinga imbere y’ishinya y’amenyo yo hepfo, naho umugongo
warwo ukegera urusenge rw’akanwa. Izo nyajwi ni [i] na [e].
- Inyajwi zo hagati: zivugwa ururimi rwirambuye gato mu kanwa
kandi inzasaya zirambuye neza maze igasohokera hagati mu kanwa.
Mu Kinyarwanda, inyajwi yo hagati ni [a].
- Inyajwi z’inyuma: zivugwa ururimi rwiteruye rukegera inyuma
y’ishinya n’amenyo yo hepfo, umugongo warwo ukiheta wegera mu
nkanka. Izo nyajwi ni: [o] na [u]
b) Uko zivugwa
Dukurikije uko zivugwa, dusanga inyajwi zigabanyijemo ibice bitatu:
- Imfunge cyangwa inyajwi zo mu rwego rwa mbere: zivugwa
akanwa kifunze buhoro.Izo nyajwi ni [i] na [u].
- Impinayatu cyangwa inyajwi zo mu rwego rwa kabiri: zivugwa
akanwa gafunguye buhoro.
Izo nyajwi ni [o] na [e]
- Inyatu cyangwa inyajwi yo mu rwego rwa gatatu: ivugwa
akanwa gafunguye birambuye.
Iyo nyajwi ni [a].
c) Imikoreshereze y’iminwa yombi
Dukurikije imikorere y’iminwa yombi mu mivugirwe y’inyajwi, dusanga zirimo ibice bibiri:
- Imbumbure: zivugwa iminwa yombi yikweze ikigira inyuma kandi
ntiyibumbe.
Izo nyajwi ni [i, e, a].
- Imbumbe: zivugwa iminwa yikweze ikigira imbere kandi ikirema
nk’uruziga.
Izo nyajwi ni [o] na [u].
d) Ubutinde bw’inyajwi
Abasesenguye neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda bemeza ko iyo hitawe ku
butinde bw’inyajwi mu mivugire yayo, amajwi yandikwa usanga ateye
ku buryo bukurikira:
- Inyajwi ibanguka yandikwa inshuro imwe.
[i]: [iri]
[u]: [uyu]
[e]: [emera]
[o]: [omora]
[a]: [amara]
- Inyajwi itinda yandikwa inshuro ebyiri.
[ii]: [yiiriwe]
[uu]: [yuurira]
[ee]: [yeegamiye]
[oo]: [yoomoye]
[aa]: [waawe]
Ikitonderwa
Iyo dukurikije ubutinde bw’inyajwi n’imiterere y’amasaku, Ikinyarwanda
usanga gifite inyajwi mirongo itatu. Dukurikije imiterere y’amasaku,
inyajwi ifite isaku nyesi igaragazwa na kano kamenyetso “ ` ” naho
inyajwi ifite isaku nyejuru ikagaragazwa na kano kamenyetso “ ´ ”
ariko hagakoreshwa “ ^ ”. Ni yo mpamvu inyajwi zandikwa ku buryobukurikira:
- Amasaku yoroheje
Isaku nyesi: [ì],[ù],[è],[ò],[à]: [ùmùrìrò], [àmèzè]
Isaku nyejuru: [î],[û],[ê],[ô],[â]: [îsî], [ùmûvû]
- Amasaku y’inyunge:
Nyesi ndende: [ìì],[ùù],[èè],[òò],[àà]: [ùmùrììzò]
Nyejuru ndende: [îî],[ûû],[êê],[ôô],[ââ]: [ùmûsââvê]
Urwunge nyejuru nyesi: [îì],[ûù],[êè],[ôò],[âà]: [ìmâànà]
Urwunge nyesi nyejuru: [ìî],[ ùû],[ èê],[ òô],[àâ]: [ùmùhìîrè]
d) Imbonerahamwe y’imivugirwe y’inyajwi
Iyi mbonerahamwe ikozwe hakurikijwe aho inyajwi zivugirwa, ukozivugwa n’ubutinde bwazo.
2. Ingombajwi
Ingombajwi ni amajwi yitabaza inyajwi kugira ngo avugike neza.
Bamwe mu bahanga mu by’indimi basesenguye neza ingombajwi bagiye
bifashisha ingingo zikurikira: imikorere y’akanwa, imikorere y’imvumba
z’amajwi, aho zivugirwa ndetse n’uko zivugwa.
a) Imikorere y’akanwa
Dukurikije imikorere y’akanwa, ingombajwi zigabanyijemo amoko abiri:
inyamazuru n’inyakanwa
- Inyamazuru
Iyo zivugwa umwuka uva mu bihaha uca mu kanwa nomu mazuru. Izo
ngombajwi ni [m], [n], [ɲ], [ŋ].
Ikitonderwa:
Iyi nyamazuru [ŋ] iboneka gusa mu bihekane ng: [ŋg], mw: [mŋ],
nw:[nŋw], nyw: [ŋw] cyangwa [ɲ ŋw] no muri nk [ŋk].
- Inyakanwa
Iyo zivugwa umwuka uva mu bihaha uca mu kanwa gusa. Ingombajwi
z’inyakanwa ni [p], [β], [t], [d],[k], [g], [f], [v], [s], [z], [∫<], [∫], [ ʒ], , [r].
b) Imikorere y’imvumba z’amajwi
Dukurikije imyirangirire y’imvumba z’amajwi, ingombajwi zigabanyijemo
amoko abiri: inkatuzi n’indagi.
- Inkatuzi/indangira
Iyo zivugwa umwuka uca mu ngoto ukanyeganyeza imvumba z’amajwi
ku buryo imyirangirire yazo yumvikana. Ni yo mpamvu bamwe banazita
indangira. Izo [β], [d], [g],[v], [ ʒ], [z], [r]
- Indagi
Iyo zivugwa umwuka ntuhita neza mu ngoto, bityo ntunyeganyeza cyane
imvumba z’amajwi ku buryo imyirangirire yazo itumvikana bihagije. Ni
yo mpamvu izo ngombajwi banazita intâraangîira. Ni izi zikurikira: [p],
[t], [s], [∫<], [∫], [k], [f], .
c) Uko zivugwa
Dukurikije uko zivugwa, hari amoko atatu y’ingombajwi: impatu, inkubyi
n’inkomeza bamwe bita intakomwa.
- Impatu/inturike
Iyo zivugwa babanza bafunga intangamajwi (imyanya bakoresha bavuga)
maze umwuka ugasohoka ubanje kunigwa ku buryo ijwi risohoka risa
n’irituritse. Ni izi zikurikira:
Inyamazuru zose: [n], [m], [ɲ], [ŋ].
Inyakanwa: [p], [β], [t], [d], [k], [g].
- Inkubyi
Iyo zivugwa begeranya intangamajwi ariko ntibayifunge, bityo umwuka
ugasohoka utabanje kunigwa ariko ugasa n’uwikuba ku ntangamajwi.
Ni izi: [f], [v], [s], [z], [ ʒ]
- Inkomeza (intakomwa)
Iyo zivugwa umwuka usohoka mu ntangamajwi utagize ikiwukoma mu
nzira. Ni izi: [r], , [∫<], [∫].
d) Aho zivugirwa
Dukurikije aho zivugirwa, ingombajwi zigabanyijemo amoko ane:
inyamunwa, inyesongashinya (inyamenyo), inyarusenge n’inyamaraka.
- Inyamunwa
Iyo zivugwa iminwa igira uruhare runini mu misohokere yazo.
Inyamunwa zigabanyijemo amatsinda abiri:
Inkomanyaminwa: iyo zivugwa iminwa yombi ikomanaho.
Inkomanyaminwa ni izi zikurikira: [p], [β], [m].
Inyamwinyo: Iyo zivugwa umunwa wo hepfo ukoma ku menyo yo
haruguru. Ni izi zikurikira: [f], [v].
- Inyesongashinya
Iyo zivugwa isonga y’ururimi ikora ku menyo n’ishinya byo haruguru.Ni
izi: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [r].
- Inyarusenge
Iyo zivugwa zisohokera mu rusenge rw’akanwa. Inyarusenge
zigabanyijemo amatsinda atatu:
Inyarusenge z’imbere: iyo zivugwa isonga y’ururimi ikora ku gice
k’imbere cy’urusenge rw’akanwa, inyuma y’ishinya y’amenyo yo
haruguru. Ni izi: [∫<], [ɲ ].
Inyarusenge zo hagati: iyo zivugwa ururimi ruritera rukegera igice
cyo hagati cy’urusenge rw’akanwa maze ingombajwi zikaba ari ho
zisohokera (hejuru y’umugongo w’ururimi). Ni izi: [∫], [ʒ].
Inyarusenge z’inyuma/Inyankanka: Iyo zivugwa ururimi
ruriteramaze igice cyarwo k’inyuma kigakora ku gice k’inyuma
cy’urusenge rw’akanwa(inkanka). Ni izi: [k], [g].
- Inyamaraka
Iyo ivugwa isohokera mumaraka: ntivugirwa mu kanwa ahubwo isa
n’isohokera mu mvumba z’amajwi rwagati. Inyamaraka ni imwe: .Imbonerahamwe y’imivugirwe y’ingombajwi
3.Inyerera
Inyerera ni amajwi usanga imivugirwe yayo iri hagati y’iy’inyajwi
z’imfunge n’iy’inyajwi zitwa inkubyi. Inyerera ni ebyiri: [y] na [w]
a) Aho zivugirwa
Dukurikije aho zivugirwa usanga ziteye ku buryo bukurikira:
- Tuzifashe nk’aho ari inyajwi:
[y]: ivugirwa imbere nka [i] bityo ikitwa inyerera y’imbere.
[w]: ivugirwa inyuma nka [u] bityo ikitwa inyerera y’inyuma.
- Tuzifashe nk’aho ari ingombajwi:
[y]: ivugirwa mu rusenge rw’akanwa bityo ikitwa inyerera
y’inyarusenge.
[w]: ivugirwa mu nkanka bityo ikitwa inyerera y’inyankanka.
Ikitonderwa
Aho zivugirwa honyine harahagije kugira ngo umuntu ashobore
gutandukanya inyerera. Inyerera [y] ishobora kwandikwa [j] dukurikije
itonde nyamajwi mpuzamahanga cyangwa ikandikishwa [y] dukurikije
itonde nyamajwi nyafurika.
8.2.3 Inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko isazwe
a) Inyandiko isanzwe
Inyandiko isanzwe ni inyandiko umuntu ubonetse wese wigishijwe itonde
ry’inyuguti z’Ikinyarwanda n’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda ashobora
gushyikiranamo n’undi akoresheje inyandiko, nta majwi yandi avanzeuretse ayo abenerurimi bumvikanyeho.
b) Inyandiko nyejwi:
Inyandiko nyejwi ni inyandiko ya gihanga, aho usanga ikoreshwa n’abize
bagacengera iyigamajwi ari rwo rwego rw’iyigandimi (buhanga buzobera
mu gusesengura indimi) rusesengura amajwi yose aboneka mu rurimi
urwo ari rwo rwose.
Ikitonderwa:
Inyandiko nyejwi y’ingombajwi zikurikira igomba kwitonderwa: [p], [t],
[k], [g], iyo zivugwa wumva zihekanye n’ingombajwi y’inkomeza .
Kubera iyo mpamvu inyandiko nyejwi yazo igomba kuba iteye itya: [ph],
[th]. [kh], [gh].Ingero:
itabi= [ìthàâβì], ipera= [ìphèêrà].
- [k]: Iyo ikurikiwe n’inyajwi [a] wumva buri gihe ihekanye n’inkomeza
.Kubera iyo mpamvu inyandiko nyejwi yayo igomba kuba iteye
itya: [kh].
Ingero:
ikara= [îkhârà], ikama = [îkhâmà].
- [k], [g]: Iyo zikurikiwe n’inyajwi [i] na [e] wumva buri gihe zihekanye
n’inyerera [y] ([j]). Inyandiko nyejwi yazo igomba kuba iteye itya:
[ky], [gy].
Ingero:
ikigega= [ìkyìgyègà], kera= [kyèêrà].
- [k], [g], : Iyo zikurikiwe n’inyajwi [u] na [o] wumva buri gihe
zihekanye n’inyerera [w]. Inyandiko nyejwi yazo igomba kuba iteye
itya: [kw], [gw], [hw].
Ingero:
kogosha =[kwôògwò∫à], kugura =[kwùgwùrà]
c) Imbonerahamwe y’ingombajwi n’inyerera mu nyadikoisanzwe n’inyandiko nyejwi.
Ikitonderwa
- Biragaragara ko hari ijwi c ritagaragara muri iyi mbonerahamwe.
Iri jwi rifatwa nk’ijwi ry’igihekane ryandikwa mu majwi abiri, bityo
rikandikwa ritya: [t∫].
Ingero: umucaca= [ùmùt∫àât∫à], umucucu= [ùmùt∫ùùt∫ù].
- Ijwi [b] rikoreshwa mu bihekane gusa naho ahandi hagakoreshwa [β].
Ingero
Ibaba: [ìβâβâ]Imbeba: [ìmbèβà]
Umwitozo
1. Inyajwi ni iki?
2. Tandukanya inyuguti n’ijwi.
3. Dukurikije umwanya zivugirwaho n’uburyo zivugwa, inyajwi
zikurikira zitandukaniye he? [ì],[ù],[è],[ò],[à].
4. Dukurikije ubutinde bw’inyajwi n’imiterere y’amasaku,
Ikinyarwanda usanga gifite inyajwi zingahe?
5. Kora imbonerahamwe igaragaza uburyo bw’imivugirwe n’aho
ingombajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zivugirwa.
6. Andika aya magambo mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Ibidukikije
b) Umushyo
c) Ubudehe
d) Inyanya
e) Ishati
7. Ingombajwi [k] na [g] zihuriye ku ki? Zitaniye ku ki?
8. Gereranya Itonde Nyamajwi Nyafurika n’Itonde NyamajwiMpuzamahanga.
VIII.3 Iyigamvugo
Igikorwa
Soma amagambo ari mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira yanditswe mu
mpushya ebyiri hanyuma witegereze amajwi yanditse mu ibara
ritsindagiye ukore ubushakashatsi ku mumaro wayo maze utahure
inshoza y’iyigamvugo, iy’inyandiko nyemvugo n’aho inyandiko nyemvugo itandukaniye n’inyandiko nyejwi.
Inshoza y’iyigamvugo
Iyigamvugo ni urwego rw’iyigandimi rusesengura imitandukanire
y’amajwi. Iyo mitandukanire ishingiye ku bufasha bwayo bwo
gutandukanya amagambo y’ururimi, ubwo bufasha ayo majwi afite
butuma yitwa “amajwi shingiro”. Inyandiko ikoreshwa mu iyigamvugo
yitwa inyandiko nyemvugo.
8.3.1 Inyandiko nyemvugo
Inyandiko nyemvugo ni inyandiko ifata amajwi yose y’ururimi
ikayagabanya igamije kugera ku majwi make afite umumaro wo
gutandukanya amagambo muri urwo rurimi. Bene ayo majwi aboneka
yitwa “amajwi shingiro”. Iryo gabanya ry’amajwi y’ururimi bakaryita
igeruramajwi. Muri iryo geruramajwi, mu gushaka gutahura ko ijwi
runaka rifite umumaro mu rurimi barisimbuza irindi jwi mu ijambo
rimwe bagoragoza. Iyo iryo simburana ry’amajwi ribyaye ingingo nshya
ayo majwi yombi ni yo yitwa amajwi shingiro. Ni ukuvuga ko ariya
majwi atsindagiye mu magambo yagaragajwe mu mbonerahamwe iri
haruguru ari amajwi shingiro mu Kinyarwanda.
Urwego rw’iyigamvugo rero rwita ku gushaka amategeko yakurikizwa
mu kugabanya ibimenyetso byandika ibihekane mu rwego rw’iyigamajwi
(mu nyandiko nyejwi) kandi ibimenyetso bisigaye bikaba byihagije ku
buryo nta kwitiranya amagambo no kujijinganya ku gisobanuro cyayo.
Ni yo mpamvu iyigamvugo ryitwa iyigamajwi nyamumaro kukorigabanya ibimenyetso rigasigaza iby’ingenzi.
8.3.2 Uko bandika mu nyandiko nyemvugo
Iyo bandika mu nyandiko nyemvugo hari ibikurikizwa:
a) Mu nyandiko nyemvugo bandika bagabanya ibimenyetso kandi
ibyanditswe bigashyirwa hagati y’udukoni tubiri tuberamye / /.
b) Mu nyandiko nyemvugo amasaku nyesi n’ay’integuza
ntiyandikwa.
c) Mu nyandiko nyemvugo inyerera [j] na [w] ziragerurwa kuri
[k] na [g] iyo zashyizwe mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma.
Ni ukuvuga ko iyo [k] na [g] zikurikiwe na [i] na [e] ni ho ziba
zashyizwe mu rusenge rw’imbere. Naho zigashyirwa mu rusenge
rw’inyuma iyo zikurikiwe na [u] na [o].Urugero:
8.3.3 Gutandukanya inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko nyemvugo
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza itandukaniro riri hagati y’inyandiko nyemvugo
n’inyandiko isanzwe.
2. Andika amagambo akurikira mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu
nyandiko nyemvugo.
a) Umugati
b) Abana
c) Inyama
d) Ishuri
e) Ubushyuhe
3.Ukoresheje ingero erekana ko /i/ na /a/, / t/ na /k/ ari amajwi
shingiro.
VIII.4 Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
1. Hanga umwandiko usobanura mu buryo burambuye aho umugani
“Wima amaraso Igihugu imbwa zikayanywera ubusa” uhuriye
no gukunda Igihugu.
2. Tahura mu mwandiko wahanze amagambo atanu afite amajwi
y’inyabumwe gusa maze uyandike mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu
nyandiko nyemvugo.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusesengura imyandiko itandukanye ivuga ku
nsanganyamatsiko yo gukunda Igihugu.
- Gusobanura uko ibikorwa byo gukunda Igihugu ari
ingirakamaro mu iterambere.
- Kwandika mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu nyandiko nyemvugoamagambo arimo amajwi y’inyabumwe.
Ubu ndangwa no:
Kwitabira no gushishikariza abandi ibikorwa byo gukunda Igihugucyange mparanira kugiteza imbere.
VIII.5 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa munani
Umwandiko: Ubufatanye bwaduteje imbere
Mu minsi ishize, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge
wa Bwiza yasuye abaturage b’Akagari ka Rebero ngo arebe aho bageze
bashyira mu bikorwa gahunda za Leta zirimo umuganda n’ubudehe. Hari
mu gikorwa cy’umuganda, yifatanya na bo mu guhanga umuhanda uhuza
imidugudu ibiri yo muri ako kagari.
Ageze muri uwo muganda, yasanze abaturage barakataje mu bikorwa byo
kwiteza imbere. Yiboneye uburyo ibikorwa by’umuganda babigize ibyabo
bikaba bimaze gushinga imizi no kubageza ku bukungu n’imibereho myiza.
Imihanda y’imigenderano yakwiriye mu midugudu yose. Abaturage bagize
uruhare rufatika mu guhanga imihanda ibafasha kugenderana no kugeza
umusaruro wabo ku masoko nta nkomyi. Bacukuye kandi ibirometero
by’imiyoboro y’ibitembo bibagezaho amazi meza n’imiringoti yo kurwanya
isuri. Yasanze barateye n’amashyamba kandi bayafata neza. Bubatse
ibyumba bihagije by’amashuri y’uburezi bw’ibanze n’ibindi.
Umuganda urangiye, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge
wa Bwiza yakoranye inama n’abaturage. Yatangiye abashimira ibyo
bamaze kugeraho yiboneye imbona nkubone. Yababwiye ko yanejejwe
cyane no kubona uruyange rw’ibishyimbo bya mushingiriro, ibirayi
by’imishishe bihinze mu mirima migari kubera gahunda yo guhuza
ubutaka. Yanashimye kandi ibikorwa by’amakoperative y’ubworozi
bw’inka za kijyambere n’andi matungo ndetse n’ubuhinzi bw’imboga
n’imbuto zinyuranye, nk’amashu, karoti, inanasi, amapapayi n’izindi.
Mu kiganiro ke n’abaturage b’Akagari ka Rebero, Umunyamabanga
Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Bwiza, yagarutse ku gikorwa
cy’ubudehe, nka kimwe mu bikorwa bigaragaza gukunda Igihugu.
Yatangiye agira ati: “Nk’uko bizwi, ubudehe ni gahunda idashingiye ku
nkunga yo hanze. Ni imwe muri gahunda za Leta y’u Rwanda igamije
kurwanya ubukene bishingiye ku ihame ry’ibikorwa umuturage afitemo
uruhare. Ndabashimira rero ko nasanze iyo gahunda imaze kubageza ku
ntambwe ishimishije, kuko benshi muri mwe yabakuye mu bukene ku
buryo bugaragara.”
Abaturage bamugaragarije ko iyi gahunda yo gufashanya mu gukemura
ibibazo yahozeho no mu mateka y’u Rwanda. Mu muco nyarwanda, na
kera na kare, nk’iyo abaturanyi babonaga hari bamwe muri bo bagiye
kurara ihinga, bajyaga umugambi, uyu munsi bagahingira naka,
ejo bakajya kwa runaka, bagahetura ubuhinge. Bityo ntihagire uba
nyakamwe ngo yimarize, igihe kirinde kimurengana agikukuza wenyine.
Haba n’igihe yabengeraga bakaza kumuhingira ubudehe maze ubuhinge
bagatamanzura bityo ntarare ihinga akazereza rimwe n’abandi.
Baganira ku by’ubudehe muri iki gihe, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
yashimishimijwe n’uko abaturage bo mu Kagari ka Rebero basobanukiwe
neza ko ubudehe ari gahunda ya Leta igamije kuzamurira abaturage
icyarimwe mu nzego zose z’imibereho ntawusigaye inyuma. Abaturage
bahurira hamwe mu nama maze buri wese agahabwa umwanya wo
gutanga ibitekerezo ku ngamba zo guteza imbere umudugudu wabo. Ibi
kandi bikorwa mu bwubahane ntawurogoya undi cyangwa ngo hagire
uniganwa ijambo.
Bakomeje bavuga ko iyo bamaze gutahura ibikenewe, babitondeka
bakurikije uburemere bwabyo cyangwa se ibyihutirwa kurusha ibindi,
bakabisesengura maze bakabifataho umwanzuro. Iyo bigaragaye ko
hari abaturage bakennye kurusha abandi barabemeza, bakabaheraho
babagenera inkunga ibafasha kwivana mu bukene. Ku bindi bibazo
bibugarije muri rusange, na byo babitondeka bahereye ku biremereye
cyangwa se byihutirwa kurusha ibindi maze bakagena uburyo bagomba
kubikemura. Ibi bituma abaturage bose bashobora kwiteza imbere
ntawusigaye inyuma.
Nyuma yo kuganira n’abaturage b’Akagari ka Rebero, Umunyamabanga
Nshingwabikorwa yakoranye inama n’Abanyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
b’utugari n’Abakuru b’imidugudu bigize Umurenge wa Bwiza. Bari
bateguye ko inama igomba kubera mu cyumba k’inama cy’Akagari ka
Rebero. Amaze kureba ko umubare wa ngombwa uhari, Umunyamabanga
Nshingwabikorwa yifurije ikaze abitabiriye inama maze atangiza inama
abagezaho ingingo bari buganireho. Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
w’Akagari ka Rebero yayibereye umwanditsi kugira ngo azakore inyandiko
mvugo. Ingingo zose zari ku murongo w’ibyigwa zaganiriweho kandi
bagenda bafata umwanzuro kuri buri ngingo. Buri wese wasabye ijambo
yararihawe. Uwashakaga gutana baramukeburaga bakamugarura mu
murongo mu bwubahane. Ntawafataga ijambo atarihawe cyangwa ngo
hagire urogoya undi cyangwa se ngo yiharire umwanya w’ijambo.
Ingingo zose bamaze kuzihetura no kuzifataho imyanzuro, umuyobozi
w’inama yayishoje yongera gushimira abaturage b’Umurenge wa Bwiza
muri rusange n’ab’Akagari ka Rebero by’umwihariko, anashishikariza
Abanyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa gukangurira abaturage bayobora
gukomeza kwitabira gahunda y’umuganda n’ubudehe. Yashoje inama
agira ati: “Gahunda y’umuganda n’ubudehe bifite uruhare runini mu
guteza imbere Umunyarwanda. Ni ngombwa gukomeza kwitabira izo
gahunda nta kuzuyaza, nta kwiganda, kujandajanda cyangwa kwirozonga
kuko ari twe bifitiye akamaro.
Uru Rwanda ni urwacu twurwubake nta we dusiganya kuko “Ak’imuhana
kaza imvura ihise.”
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Tanga ingero ukuye mu mwandiko zerekana ko Abanyarwanda
bakora ibikorwa bigaragaza gukunda Igihugu.
2. Ni iki umuganda wamariye abaturage bo mu Kagari ka Rebero.
3. Sobanura mu nshamake uburyo igikorwa cy’ubudehe cyakorwaga
kera.
4. Erekana indangagaciro enye zigaragara mu mwandiko.
5. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko rusange umwandiko wubakiyeho?
6. Sobanura uburyo ibikorwa by’umuganda n’ubudehe bishobora
kugira uruhare mu kubungabunga ibidukikije.
7. Tanga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz‘ingereka zigaragara mu mwandiko
wasomye.
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Huza ijambo riri mu rushya A n’igisobanuro cyaryo kiri muruhushya B
2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara cyane ayo bihuje inyito ukuye
mu mwandiko.
a) Aho nanyuze hose nasanze ibishyimbo ari ururabo.
b) Ingano zo muri Rebero ziratoshye kubera ifumbire.
c) Abayobozi bishimiye ko abaturage bakomeje gutera imbere mu
kwihaza mu biribwa.
d) Ibikorwa byo gukorera hamwe mu mudugudu wacu byaduteje
imbere.
III. Ibibazo ku nyandiko nyejwi no ku nyandiko nyemvugo
1. Wifashishije ingero, tandukanya inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko
nyemvugo.
2. Garagarisha imbonerahamwe uko inyajwi zivugwa n’aho
zivugirwa.
3. Garagaza ibiranga ingombajwi zikurikira mu mivugirwe yazo:
[z], [β], [f], ,[k].
4. Wifashishije ingero, erekana ko amajwi /e/na/o/, /s/na/r/ ari
amajwi shingiro.
5. Wifashishije ingero ebyiri, erekana ukuntu amasaku ari amajwishingiro.
UMUTWE WA 9: IMITURIRE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko ku byiza byo gutura mu midugudu no
kugaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- Gusesengura no kwandika ibaruwa mbonezamubano.
- Gusesengura hagaragazwa uturango tw’inkuru ngufi no
kuyihanga.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Mu Gihugu cyacu usanga abantu batuye mu buryo butandukaye.
Sobanura uburyo bwose ubona abantu batuyemo maze ugire ubwo
uhitamo wumva abantu bagombye guturamo, utange n’impamvuubwo buryo ari bwo uhisemo.
IX.1. Umwandiko: Duture heza
Icyo gihe izuba ryaravaga, mu nzira hari umukungungu mwinshi,
Kagabo umuhungu wa Mukamana na Kagenzi yikoreye isafuriya irimo
amazi. Uko yagendaga byagaragazaga ko afite umunaniro mwinshi
kandi ibitekerezo byamurenze. Kagabo akebuka inyuma ngo arebe aho
nyina ageze abona yamusize cyane atangira kwibaza. Ese mama murinde
cyangwa nikomereze? Reka nikomereze musige. Kuki yemereye data ko
dutura ku musozi twenyine? Sinabonye abatuye mu mudugudu baba
bafite amazi hafi yabo! None nge birirwa bandushya manuka imisozi
ngiye gushaka amazi!
Mu gihe yari akibaza byinshi umuyaga urahuha cyane uzamura
umukungugu mwinshi umuzibiranya mu maso. Bituma asitara ku muzi
w’igiti isafuriya y’amazi yari yikoreye, yitura hasi amazi yose aratemba.
Nyina Mukamana wamugendaga inyuma agiye kubona abona umuvu
w’amazi uratemba ariko arakomeza arazamuka ntiyabyitaho. Yigiye
imbere gato akandagira ikinonko cyatohejwe n’uwo muvu aranyerera
yitura hasi akabindi yari yikoreyemo amazi karameneka. Avana injyo
mu kayira, arimyoza maze azamuka amara masa. Ngo yigire imbere
gato asanga muhungu we Kagabo yicaye iruhande rw’isafuriya irimo
ubusa, akimurabukwa arumirwa. Bamara umwanya baguye mu kantu
ntawuvugisha undi, bigeze aho bagirana iki kiganiro:
Kagabo: Mama byakugendekeye bite ko nta kabindi ufite?
Mukamana: Byangendekeye nk’uko byakugendekeye. Mwana wa, iki
kibazo cyo guhora mpangayikishijwe n’amazi kirandambiye.Kuva ubu ngiye kukiganiraho na so.
Kagabo: Ni byo koko mama mwarimu wacu yatubwiye ko gutura mu
midugudu bituma Leta ishobora kwegereza abaturage ibikorwa
remezo binyuranye birimo n’amazi. Dore ubu tugiye kurara
amazi, numubwira ndagufasha tumusobanurire turebe ko
yabyumva.
Bakomeza kugenda baganira ariko bababaye cyane. Bageze mu rugo
basanga Kagenzi ahinguye ari mu bikingi by’irembo, ahanagura isuka
ye. Baramusuhuza, arabikiriza maze bamubwira uko byabagendekeye.
Mu nzu hari utuzi duke mu kajerekani baradutekesha bagiye kurya
Mukamana yibuka ko nta munyu uhari. Bari batuye bonyine mu mpinga
y’umusozi nta hantu bashoboraga kuwugurira hafi aho. Mukamana
arabarurira babirira aho nta kunyu. Mu gihe baryaga na none Kagabo
aterura iki ikiganiro.
Kagabo: Data, umwarimu wacu yatwigishije ko gutura mu midugudu
bigirira akamaro abahatuye none ndabibonye.
Turaye amazi kubera ko tuvoma kure, turaye umunyu kubera ko
amaduka bawucururizamo ari kure y’aho dutuye. Nyamara iyo abantu
batuye begeranye ibyo byose babibona hafi.
Kagenzi: Mwana wa, wowe sinkubujije uzaturemo ariko nge nzakomeza
nture mu gikingi cya data na sogokuru. Ko bahaturereye
ntitwakuze! Ikibazo cy’amazi gikururwa n’ubunebwe
mwifitemo mushaka kwigira indakoreka! Ababyeyi bacu bari
bazi kuvumbika umuriro nta kibiriti twakeneraga. Umunyu
bawuguraga isoko ryaremye.
Mukamana aramwitegereza ntiyagira icyo amusubiza arakomeza aririra.
Yibuka uko byamugendekeye ku nda ye ya mbere maze kwihangana
biramunanira. Araterura ati: “Ibyo umuhungu wawe akubwira ni ukuri
ushatse wabitekerezaho tukegera abandi mu mudugudu. Wirengagije
ko inda yange ya mbere yavuyemo kubera kubura ivuriro hafi! Sinafashwe
nijoro tukarara tugenda ijoro ryose ikaviramo mu nzira tutaragera
kwa muganga! Nyamara muri buri mudugudu haba hari ivuriro.
N’aho ritari kandi haba hari umuhanda utuma abantu bagerayo mu
buryo bwihuse. Ubu ntituraye amazi! Wanyereka umudugudu n’umwe
utagira amazi? Ubu ntugiye kurarana uburimiro! Iyo tugiye kugura
umunyu cyangwa ikibiriti ntitujya iyo bigwa!”
Nyamugabo ngo yumve izo mpanuro zose agejejweho n’umuryango we
ntiyagira icyo asubiza ariko bimukora ku mutima yibuka ikiganiro
umuyobozi w’umurenge yaherukaga kubagezaho ku ngaruka zo kudatura
mu midugudu abona nta ho zitaniye n’ibyababayeho. Arakomeza
arinumira ariko bimwanga mu nda amara umwanya akibitekerezaho
yongera kuganira na Mukamana:
Kagenzi: Ibyo mumbwiye ni ukuri. Ndakomeza mbitekerezeho
nzabasubiza.
Mukamana: Ntiwabonye uburyo kwa Mutima basigaye barateye
imbere kubera kwegera abandi mu mudugudu! Bafite umuriro
w’amashanyarazi mu nzu, ivuriro ribari hafi, abana babo biga
hafi, itongo ryabo ryatumye bagira umurima munini wo guhinga
basigaye beza bagahunika.
Kagenzi: Ni byo koko. Uzi ko mwarimu wa Kagabo yambwiye ko buri
gihe agera ku ishuri yakererewe.
Mukamana: Naho turamurenganya! Reba nawe umwana umanuka
umusozi akazamuka undi agiye kwiga. Yaza akamanuka
umusozi agasingira akabande agiye kuvoma.
Ijoro ryose Kagenzi yaraye atekereza ku kiganiro yagiranye n’umuryango
we, yibuka agahinda umugore yavuganaga amwibutsa uko inda
y’umwana wabo w’imfura yavuyemo, amarira amuzenga mu maso.
Bukeye ahamagara umugore we amubwirana ikiniga ati: “Mukama!
Muzangaye gutinda ariko ntimuzangaye guhera! Muri iki gitondo ndajya
kureba umuyobozi ubishinzwe ku murenge mugezeho ikifuzo cyacu. Mu
nama iheruka yatubwiye ko mu mudugudu hakiri ibibanza bihagije.”
Kagenzi yazindutse yitegura, ajya ku murenge. Ni we muturage wa
mbere wahageze, bamwakira na yombi, avuga ikibazo ke. Bamushimiye
ko yahinduye imyumvire, bidatinze bamuha ikibanza ku mudugudu.Yacyubatse vuba, ubu we n’umuryango we batuye mu mudugudu.
9.1.1 Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Duture heza” ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwehanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
1. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo cyangwa imvugo ukuye mu
mwandiko.
a) Batunguye Kamari bamusabye kwisobanura……………
b) Wa mwana yari yarigize ………………….bamujyana mu
kigo ngororamuco.
c) Bagiye gushaka akazi mu mugi barakabura……………..
d) Zimya uwo muriro imyotsi …………………………….........
e)………………………..ajya gushaka inshuti ye ayibwira
ibyamubayeho abivuye imuzi.
2.Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
a) Akebuka
b) Umukungugu
c) Akimurabukwad) Arinumira
9.1.2.Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Duture heza” maze usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Ni ibihe byiza byo gutura mu midugudu bigaragara mu
mwandiko?
2. Ni gute gutura mu midugudu bishobora gutuma ubutaka bwo
guhinga bwiyongera?
3. Sobanura uko kudatura mu midugudu bishobora kubangamira
ubuzima ndetse n’uburezi bw’abana.
4. Kagenzi yemeye inama yagiriwe n’umuhungu we ndetse
n’umugore we. Tanga interuro ebyiri zibigaragaza zivuye mu
mwandiko.
5. Vuga ibindi byiza byo gutura mu midugudu bitavuzwe mu
mwandiko.
9.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Duture heza” maze usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Muri rusange, ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa muri uyu
mwandiko?
2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa mu mwandiko.
3. Ku bwawe wumva ari ukubera iki byorohera Leta gushyira
ibikorwa remezo mu mudugudu?4. Wakora iki ubonye umuntu ugitekereza nka Kagenzi?
IX.2 Inkuru ngufi
Igikorwa
Ukurikije imiterere y’umwandiko “Duture heza” urasanga uyu mwandiko
ari bwoko ki? Urangwa n’iki? Ibarankuru riteye rite? Abakinankuru ni
ba nde? Kora ubushakashatsi ugaragaze icyo inkuru ari cyo, inshoza
y’inkuru ngufi, uturango twayo, imyubakire yayo n’ishushanyabikorwa
mu nkuru ngufi.
9.2.1 Inshoza y’inkuru ngufi
Inkuru ni igihangano cyanditse mu buryo bw’indondore, kigufi
cyangwa kirekire, gifite abakinankuru bashushanya cyangwa bigana
abantu babaho mu buzima busanzwe kandi bakorera ibikorwa byabo
ahantu runaka, bikanatugaragariza imyifarire yabo, icyo bagamije
n’ingorane bahura na zo mu buzima. Ikivugwa rero akenshi mu nkuru
aba atari ukuri. Inkuru ziri mu buvanganzo nyandiko. Mu Kinyarwanda
rero habaho inkuru ngufi n’inkuru ndende. Aha turareba gusa inkuru
ngufi.
Muri make; inkuru ngufi nk’uko iryo zina ribivuga ni inkuru iba ari
ngufi, ibarwa n’umubarankuru avuga uko yagenze. Inkuru ngufi
ishobora kuvuga ibyabayeho cyangwa ikaba ari inkuru mpimbano ariko
bishobora kubaho.
Inkuru ngufi iba ifite inkuru ibara, uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa, ikaba
yanditse mu nyandiko isanzwe; atari mu mikarago nk’ibisigo, kandi
yifitemo ubwiza n’ubuhanga bw’imikoreshereze y’ururimi.
9.2.2 Ibiranga inkuru ngufi
Inkuru ngufi irangwa n’imiterere yayo, imyubakire yayo ndetse
n’ishushanyabikorwa.
9.2.2.1. Imiterere y’inkuru ngufi
Inkuru ngufi iba ifite: abakinankuru, akabuga nkuru, imvugo
y’ibiganiro, uburebure runaka n’ibarankuru.
a) Abakinankuru
Inkuru ngufi irangwa no kuba ifite umukinankuru mukuru umwe,
abakinankuru bungirije n’abakinankuru ntagombwa.
- Umukinankuru mukuru ni we uba ari ipfundo ry’inkuru. Ni we
ikigamijwe cyangwa intego y’inkuru iba ishingiyeho. Uyu ni we
insanganyamatsiko rusange ivugwa mu nkuru iba ishingiyeho.
- Abakinankuru bungirije ni bo usanga mu nkuru bafasha
umukinankuru mukuru kugera ku kigamijwe cyangwa
bakamubera imbogamizi. Aba bakinankuru kandi ni na bo usanga
insanganyamatsiko nto cyangwa zungirije zishingiyeho.
- Abakinankuru ntagombwa baba bameze nk’indorerezi, Iyo
urebye usanga kuba mu nkuru kwabo cyangwa kutagaragaramo
nta cyo byahindura ku kivugwa mu nkuru. Nta nsanganyamatsiko
iba ibashingiyeho. Mu nkuru ngufi abakinankuru bashobora kuba
abantu cyangwa inyamaswa.
b) Akabuga nkuru
Inkuru ngufi irangwa no kuba hari ahantu ibera mu gihe runaka. Irangwa
no kuba ifite aho ibarirwa; ni ukuvuga akabuga nkuru. Ahantu inkuru
ibera hashobora kuba hazwi neza cyangwa se hatazwi. Ni ukuvuga ko
mu nkuru ngufi umuhanzi ashobora gukoresha akabuga nkuru k’ahantu
habayeho cyangwa akabuga nkuru gahimbano.
c) Uburebure
Inkuru ngufi irangwa no kuba ari ngufi. Ntishobora kurenza impapuro
makumyabiri.
d) Imvugo y’ibiganiro: Inkuru ngufi ishobora nanone gukoresha
imvugo y’ibiganiro.
e) Ibarankuru
Ibarankuru ni kimwe mu biranga inkuru ngufi. Ibarankuru rishobora
gukorwa ku buryo bune:
- Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru na we ubwe akinamo. Ni
muri urwo rwego usanga akoresha ngenga ya kabiri cyangwa iya
mbere.
- Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ari hanze yayo. Aha usanga
akoresha ngenga ya gatatu asa n’uvuga ibintu yareberaga iruhande
mu gihe byabaga.
- Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ye ubwe. Ni muri urwo
rwego usanga akoresha ngenga ya mbere kuko ibyo avuga aba
abivuga kuri we.
- Ashobora kandi kubara inkuru yiha gutekerereza umukinankuru.
Mu kubara inkuru kwe usanga yiha kubara ibyo umukinankuru
yatekerezaga igihe amubaraho inkuru.
Ibarankuru ry’inkuru ngufi rigenda umujyo umwe. Umuhanzi
ntavangavanga ingingo, ibikorwa byose bikurikirana mu njyabihe yabyo.
Ikitonderwa:
Umubarankuru atandukanye n’umwanditsi w’inkuru. Umwanditsi
w’inkuru ni umuhanzi wanditse inkuru ibarwa mu gitabo ke. Muri uko
kwandika inkuru ye agena uburyo ibarwa. Muri ubwo buryo ibarwamo
haba hari umuntu ugenda uyibara, uwo akaba ari we mubarankuru.
Cyakora hari igihe umwanditsi ashobora kuba ari na we mubarankuru
igihe abara inkuru y’ubuzima bwe.
9.2.2.2. Imyubakire y’inkuru ngufi
Inkuru ngufi irangwa no kuba hari ikivugwa, kuba ari ngufi no kuba hari
uburyo ibikorwa bikurikirana kandi bigenda bitera amatsiko usoma ku
buryo atarambirwa gusoma inkuru ibarwa. Nk’uko twabibonye inkuru
ngufi irangwa no kugira abakinankuru. Abo bakinankuru, cyanecyane
umukinankuru mukuru, ni bo ibikorwa bishingiraho mu kubaka inkuru.
Umukinankuru mukuru n’abakinankuru bungirije bashinzwe kuyobora
imigendekere y’ibikorwa byo mu nkuru kugeza ku mpera yayo.
9.2.2.3. Ishushanyabikorwa mu nkuru ngufi
Inkuru iyo ari yo yose irangwa no kuba ishobora gukorerwa
ishushanyabikorwa:
a) Nyiri ubwite: uyu ni we mukinankuru mukuru inkuru iba
ishingiyeho, ni we uba ufite intego agamije kugeraho muri iyo
nkuru. Aba ashobora kuyigeraho cyangwa ntayigereho.
b) Ikigamijwe: ni icyo umukinankuru mukuru aba agamije
kugeraho mu nkuru. Ni intego aba yahawe n’umwanditsi
w’inkuru.
c) Ugenera: ni igituma umukinankuru mukuru agira intego afite
muri iyo nkuru. Ashobora kuba undi mukinankuru cyangwa
ikindi kintu gishobora gutuma agira intego runaka.
d) Ugenerwa: nu yandi magambo ni nyiri inyungu; ni uwo ari we
wese mu nkuru wagira icyo yunguka mu gihe umukinankuru
mukuru ageze ku cyo yari agamije mu nkuru.
e) Abafasha: ni abakinankuru cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora,
mu nkuru, gutuma umukinankuru mukuru agera ku cyo yari
agamije, cyangwa ikigerageza kumushyigikira mu rugendo
rwe rwose kimufasha, kabone n’iyo atakigeraho mu irangira
ry’inkuru.
f) Imbogamizi: ni abakinankuru cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora,
mu nkuru, gutuma umukinankuru mukuru atagera ku cyo yari
agamije, cyangwa ikigerageza kumubangamira mu rugendo rwe
rwose kimubuza amahirwe kabone nubwo yagera ku cyo yari
agamije mu irangira ry’inkuru, ariko kikaba cyamubangamiraga.Dore uko ishushanyabikorwa ry’abakinankuru riteye ku gishushanyo.
Umwitozo
Jya mu isomero ry’ikigo, usome inkuru ngufi wihitiyemo
hanyuma uyisengure ugaragaza imiterere yayo, imyubakire yayon’ishushanyabikorwa ryayo.
IX.3 Umwandiko: Ibikorwa remezo byaratwegereye
9.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ibikorwa remezo byaratwegereye” ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije
inkoranya.
Umwitozo
Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zumvikanisha neza icyo
asobanura:
a) Masenge
b) Amazi y’urubogobogo
c) Umuharuro
9.3.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko“Ibikorwa remezo byaratwegereye”, hanyuma
usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni nde wanditse ibaruwa?
2. Uwanditse ibaruwa atuye he?
3. Yayandikiye nde?
4. Ni ibiki uwanditse ibaruwa yishimiye yashakaga kumenyesha
uwo yandikiye?
9.3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko“Ibikorwa remezo byaratwegereye”, usubize
ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Hari ibyiza bivugwa mu mwandiko bigaragara aho utuye? Ni
ibihe?
2. Sobanura imiturire y’aho utuye n’icyo wakora kugira ngo itereimbere.
IX.4 Ibaruwa mbonezamubano
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ibikorwa remezo byaratwegereye”,
witegereze imiterere yawo maze utahure ubwoko bwawo. Kora
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’ibaruwa mbonezamubano.
1. Inshoza y’ibaruwa mbonezamubano
Ibaruwa mbonezamubano bakunze kwita ibaruwa isanzwe cyangwa
ya gicuti, ni ibaruwa umuntu yandikira umubyeyi, umuvandimwe we,
inshuti … agamije kumubwira cyangwa kumubaza amakuru. Uwandika
ibaruwa abwira uwo yandikira nkaho bari kumwe, ibyo yakamubwiye
akabyandika ku rupapuro. Kuko urupapuro ruba ari ruto, umuntu
wandika ibaruwa agomba kuvuga iby’ingenzi, nta kurondogora.
2. Ibiranga ibaruwa mbonezamubano
Ibaruwa mbonezamubano irangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
a) Aderesi y’uwanditse: amazina y’uwanditse n’aho abarizwa.
b) Ahantu yandikiwe n’itariki: uwandika agaragaza aho yanditse
ari n’itariki
c) Uwandikiwe: uwandika agaragaza isano afitanye n’uwo yandikiye.
Uwandika ashobora no kongeraho amazina y’uwandikiwe.
d) Indamutso: uburyo uwanditse asuhuza uwo yandikiye.
e) Ubutumwa nyirizina bw’ibaruwa: bukubiyemo ibyo baganiraho
muri rusange.
f) Umusozo: ugaragaramo gusezera n’intashyo.
g) Izina ry’uwanditse n’umukono we: uwanditse ibaruwa
mbonezamubano asoza yandika amazina ye agashyiraho
n’umukono.
Umwitozo
Andika ibaruwa mbonezamubano uyandikire umuntu wihitiyemo mubavandimwe cyangwa inshuti.
IX.5 Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Hanga inkuru ngufi ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo ifite nibura
impapuro icumi kandi yubahirije ibiranga inkuru ngufi byose. Mu gihe
uyirangije, yikorere ishushanyabikorwa ryayo.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusobanurira abandi ibyiza byo gutura mu midugudu.
- Gusesengura no guhanga inkuru ngufi ngendeye ku
turango twayo.
- Gusesengura no kwandika ibaruwa mbonezamubano.
Ubu ndangwa no:
Gusobanurira abantu ibyiza byo gutura mu mudugu.
IX.6.Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kenda
Umwandiko: Uruhare rw’imiturire mu mibereho y’abaturage
Hari nyuma y’inama y’abaturage yo gukangurirwa akamaro ko
gutura mu mudugudu, maze Muhire yegera Gahongayire, impuguke
mu by’imiturire, amusobanuza kurushaho ibijyanye n’iyo gahunda
n’imbogamizi ziboneka mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo.
Gahongayire amubwira ko mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe usanga abaturage
batajya imbizi n’abayobozi bitewe n’uko Leta ishyiraho igishushanyo
mbonera k’imiturire nticyubahirizwe. Ibyo bikaba bikunda kuba mu
migi. Aho abakiri bato bibwira ko mu migi ari ho haboneka amaronko,
dore ko mu cyaro haba hari ubukene buturuka ku bwiyongere bukabije
bw’abaturage butuma amasambu agabanuka mu gihe ayo masambu
ari yo bakuramo amaramuko. Iyo bahageze, kubera ko amacumbi aba
akosha ndetse n’ibindi bikenewe, bituma buri wese aharanira gutunga
inzu ye. Aho yabona hose mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose ahubaka inzu
ijyanye n’ubushobozi bwe. Ibyo bigakorwa atitaye ku gishushanyo
mbonera cy’aho hantu ndetse n’amategeko y’imiturire.
Gahongayire yakomeje avuga ko kubera ubwiyongere butajyanye
n’amikoro y’abaturage, bituma uwubaka atanyura mu nzira zateganyijwe.
Hari n’abarara bubaka ijoro ryose cyangwa bacungana n’abayobozi
kuko batabibemerera. Hari n’abajyaga bubaka mu kajagari kugira ngo
nihazashyirwa ibikorwa remezo nk’umuhanda, amashuri, amavuriro
n’ibindi, Leta izabahe ingurane z’ibyangijwe. Ibyo ariko ntibikwiye
Umunyarwanda w’inyangamugayo. Ibyo byaba ari ukuvangira ubuyobozi
bushinzwe kurebera abaturage imibereho n’iterambere bikwiye.
Iyo miturire itagendeye kuri gahunda ya Leta ni yo ibyara akajagari.
Nyamara buri wese wubaka yitabiriye gutura ku mudugudu yaba
yirinze ibyago byinshi bituruka ku gutura mu kajagari. Buri muntu wese
akwiye kubigira ibye, agaharanira gutura ku mudugudu kandi ku buryo
buboneye. Gutura mu kajagari bituma abantu badatana n’indwara,
bakibasirwa n’ibiza bya hato na hato, kwivuza ku buryo bugoye,
umutekano muke, hatirengagijwe ko n’iyo nzu ishobora gusenywa mu
gihe bigaragara ko ubuzima bw’abayituyemo buri mu kaga kandi nyirayo
ntahabwe ingurane.
Indwara nyinshi zihiganje usanga ari iziterwa n’umwanda, indwara
z’uruhu n’izifata imyanya y’ubuhumekero nk’igituntu, umusonga
n’izindi. Akenshi ziterwa n’uko umuntu aba yubatse mu kajagari,
inzu itujuje ibyangombwa, nko kuba idakoreye isuku, nta madirishya,
idasakaye neza, rimwe na rimwe ikaba idafite ahashyirwa imyanda. Hari
n’izindi ndwara nka marariya iterwa n’umubu wororokera cyane mu
bizenga by’amazi. Umuntu utuye atyo, iyo yibasiwe n’indwara usanga
kwivuza bigorana kandi bikamutwara byinshi akenshi aba atanafite
kuko iyo urugo rufite umurwayi, umuryango ugomba kumukurikirana
no kumwitaho.
Gahongayire yasoje abwira Muhire ko abantu bose bagira inyungu
nyinshi mu kwitabira gutura ku mudugudu kuko ibikorwa remezo
bibageraho ku buryo bworoshye kandi bakajyana na gahunda zose
z’iterambere Igihugu cyacu gishyize imbere.
Muhire na we yamubwiye ko asobanukiwe kurushaho ibyiza byo gutura
ku mudugudu n’akaga abatabyitabira ndetse n’abatura mu kajagari
bashobora guhura na ko. Yamushimiye izo mpanuro nziza amuhaye,
anamubwira ko na we agiye kuba intumwa nziza, akazakomeza
kubisobanurira abandi bakiri inyuma mu myumvire.
I. Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni abahe banyarubuga bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Shaka mu mwandiko impamvu zishobora gutera abaturage kubaka
badakurikije igishushanyo mbonera.
3. Erekana ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’imiturire y’akajagari.
4. Wakora iki mu ruhande rwawe kugira ngo imiturire mibi icike?
5. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
6. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Impuguke
b) Batajya imbizi
c) Amaronko
d) Amaramuko
e) Akosha
2. Koresha mu nteruro amagambo akurikira:
a) Ingurane
b) Akajagari
c) Imyumvire
d) Kwibasirwa
e) Intumwa
III. Ibibazo ku nkuru ngufi no ku ibaruwa mbonezamubano
1. Erekana ibiranga inkuru ngufi werekane n’ishushanyabikorwa
mu nkuru ngufi.
2. Andikira umuntu wo mu muryango wawe ibaruwambonezamubano wubahiriza uturango twayo.
IBITABO N’INYANDIKO BYIFASHISHIJWE
1. IKIGÔ CY’ÛBUSHAAKASHAATSI MU BY’ÛBUHAÂNGA
N’ÎIKÔRANABÛHAÂNGA (n.d), Inkoranya y’Îkinyarwaanda
mu Kinyarwaanda, IRST Butare, Igitabo cya 1
2. IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO
NCDC (2008). Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa gatanu
w’amashuri yisumbuye.
3. IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO
NCDC (2008), Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa
gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye.
4. INTEKO NYARWANDA Y’URURIMI N’UMUCO (2014).
Amabwiriza ya Minisitiri no 001/2014 yo ku wa 08/10/2014
agenga imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda, Kigali.
5. NSANZABERA, J.D. (2013) Ikeshamvugo mu Kinyarwanda:
imvugo isukuye, ikeshamvugo ry’amagambo akwiye
n’inshoberamahanga zisobanuye. Kigali
6. JACOB I. (1983). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes,
Tome premier, Kigali.
7. JACOB I. (1985). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes,
Tome troisième, I.N.R.S, Butare.
8. Mgr BIGIRUMWAMI, A. (1984). Imihango n’Imigenzo
n’Imiziririzo mu Rwanda, Nyundo, Troisième édition.
9. MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD
(2019), Ikinyarwanda, Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 4,
Amashami yiga Ikinyarwanda nk’isomo rusange.
10. MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD
(2019), Ikinyarwanda, Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 5,
Amashami yiga ikinyarwanda nk’isomo rusange.
11. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2015) Integanyanyigisho
y’Ikinyarwanda mu mashuri nderabarezi (TTC) umwaka 1,
amashami ya Siyansi n’uburezi n’imbonezamubano n’uburezi.
12. COUPEZ, A. 1980. Abrégé de Grammaire Rwanda, Tome 1,2.
Butare : INRS.
13. BIZIMANA, S., 1998, Imiteêrere y’Îkinyarwaanda I, IRST,
Butare.
14. BIZIMANA, S., 2002, Imiteêrere y’ kinyarwaanda II, IRST,
Butare.
15. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE:Ikinyarwanda: umwaka wa munani. Gashyantare 1988.
IMIGEREKA
TWIYUNGURE AMAGAMBO
Abacengeri: ni abantu b’ibikomangoma babaga berewe n’indagu
z’ibwami bakajya mu gihugu bashaka gutera bakagenda batarwana
ariko biyenza bakagwayo. Bizeraga ko amaraso yabo atera umwaku icyo
gihugu bikabaha uburyo bwo kukigarurira.
Abahigi: abantu b’abahanga mu guhiga
Abasheshe akanguhe: abakuze
Abatabazi: ni abantu bagenewe kujya ku rugamba. Ahandi bishobora
kuvuga ko ari abantu batabara abandi.
Abatasi: abantu bagenzura rwihishwa umuntu/igihugu bashaka gutera.
Abyumva nk’ejo: abyumva mu buryo bwihuse, abyumva vuba.
Akanunu: agakuru umuntu yumvana abandi kerekeye akarere umuntu
cyangwa ikintu biherereyemo cyangwa inkuru iyo ari yo yose ihwihwiswa
itaraba gikwira.
Akimurabukwa: akimubona.
Ako ku mugongo w’ingona: urumogi cyangwa kanabisi.
Amakenga: ubushishozi cyangwa impungenge.
Amaniga: ni imvugo nyandagazi isobanura bagenzi bawe, urungano.
Amapfa: igihe imvura yabuze hagacana izuba ryinshi rikangiza ibimera.
Amazeze: kwizera ikintu kitazaboneka.
Amwime ikico: amwime umwanya wo gukora ikintu runaka.
Anyihunza: agenda amva iruhande, agenda yigirayo.
Aramutwama: amubwira nabi amubuza kuvuga.
Aratemba: arashoka.
Aratinya: aguma mu rugo kuko yari akiri umugeni.
Bakamutsembera : bakamuhakanira bivuye inyuma.
Bakanirwe urubakwiye: bahabwe igihano kingana n’uburemere
bw’ibibi bakoze.
Bakayihanika: bakayishyiraho igisenge bakoze.
Bamuhwitura: bamwibutsa ari nako bamutera umwete wo gukora ibyo
ashinzwe.
Bamutata: bamugenzura kugira ngo bamutere cyangwa bamugirire
nabi.
Barahwanya: barahuza neza.
Bararurwa: bahindurwa ibirara.
Basakiranye: bahuye umwe atari yabonye undi.
Bazabafate mpiri: bazabafate babatunguye/ bazabagwe gitumo.
Bimwanga mu nda: ntiyatuza.
Bwimbitse: busesenguye cyangwa bucukumbuye.
Byahumanya: byakwanduza bigatera indwara.
Guca ibintu: kwangiza ibintu cyane
Gufora umuheto: gukurura injishi n’umuheto cyane cyane ushaka
kurasa.
Guhamura umuti: gushaka umuti ukoze mu byatsi.
Gukinga ingabo: kwikinga igikoresho bakoresha bikingira amacumu
n’imyambi mu gihe barwana
Gukumira:guhagarika ikintu ukakibuza gukwirakwira.
Gukusanyiriza: guhuriza hamwe
Gupfundura amabere: gutangira gupfundura .
Hahanda: hababaza, hagirira abantu nabi.
Ibikorwa remezo: ibikorwa by’ibanze nk’amazi, amashanyarazi,
amavuriro, amasoko…
Ibiyobyabwenge: ni ibintu byose ushobora kunywa, guhumeka,kwitera
mu mubiri cyangwa ushobora kurya bikaba byahindura imikorere
y’umubiri wawe bikaba byawangiza kandi bigatera indwara. Mu yandi
magambo ibiyobyabwenge, ni ibintu byose iyo byinjijwe mu mubiri
w’umuntu hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye, bishobora guhindura
imikorere y’ubwonko n’imyanya y’ibyiyumviro ntikore neza, bigatuma
umuntu ahindura imyifatire mu buryo budahwitse.
Icyomanzi: izina baha umuntu w’urubyiruko ugenda araraguzwa
cyangwa wigize inzererezi kandi akaba afite imyitwarire ikemangwa.
Iduhundagazaho: iduha ku bwinshi.
Igicibwa: uwo bose baha akato.
Ikinonko: ikibumbe k’igitaka cyafatanye kubera izuba.
Ikiremo: igice cy’umwenda basanisha umwambaro wacitse
Impuha: inkuru zitari zo.
Impuzu: umwambaro ukozwe mu gishishwa cy’umuvumu abakera
bambaraga.
Imvo n’imvano: intandaro , inkomoko.
Imyambi ndayisukiranya: imyambi nyirasa ubutitsa, ubutaruhuka.
Ingimbi: umwana w’umuhungu uri mu kigero kiri hagati y’imyaka cumi
n’itatu na cumi n’itandatu.
Injyo: ikibaru kiva ku nkono cyangwa ikibindi cyamenetse.
Inkangu: ahantu haridutse hagacika igikuku, umukingo w’ubutaka
bwakushumuwe n’amazi.
Insanganyamatsiko: ingingo nyamukuru iba igiye kuvugwaho.
Intere: indembe, umuntu wanoze wenda gupfa.
Intore: abantu bafite umuco mbese buje indangagaciro na kirazira.
Inturo: icumbi.
Ipfundo: ishingiro.
Isata: umuyaga mwinshi uzamura amazi y’ikiyaga akazamuka ameze
nk’urufuro. Abanyarwanda bo hambere bavugaga ko ari inzoka nini iba
yaje kunywa amazi mu kiyaga nyuma ikazamukana imbaraga nyinshi.
Mu mvugoshusho babivugira ku muntu ufite icyo arusha abandi.
Ise: indwara ifata uruhu rukagenda rusa n’ urweruruka.
Iyo riterwa inkingi: kure cyane.
Ku isonga: cya mbere.
Kubona izuba: kuvuka.
Kuganda: kunebwa, kudeha.
Kugondozwa: kwimwa umwanya wo gukora ikintu runaka.
Kukeburwa: gucyahwa no kugirwa inama kugira ngo umuntu areke
amakosa yakoraga.
Kumasha: kurasa witoza kuboneza
Kunganira: gufasha.
Kunoza: gutunganya.
Kurambika inda ku muyaga: kwiruka ubutarora inyuma, kwiruka
cyane.
Kuvumbika: kurundarunda umuriro cyangwa kuwushyiramo ikintu
gitinda gukongoka ngo utazima.
Kuzibukira: kwihinda cyangwa gukikama icyo bateye cyangwa bagira
ngo bagukubite kigaca ku ruhande.
Kuzimanira: guha umuntu icyo anywa n’icyo arya.
Kwitamanzura: gukwira ahantu henshi/ kumenywa n’abantu benshi.
Mpobagurika: nyobagurika.
Mu gahinga:igice cy’umusozi gitumburutse.
Mu gikombe: ahantu hari ikena hagati y’imisozi.
Mu Mpeshyi: mu Ki/mu gihe k’izuba ryinshi.
Murandasi : inzira cyangwa umuyoboro w’ikoranabuhanga amakuru
anyuramo ava ku bantu bamwe ajya ku bandi.
Mutindi: mubi, ugira nabi.
Nta byera ngo de: nta byabaho bidafite inenge na ntoya.
Ntibica ishati: ntibigoye na busa.
Rirabacuza: ribatwara ibyabo.
Riravuza ubuhuha: rikabije gutuma abantu bamererwa nabi.
Twakondewe: twahangiwe, twateguriwe.
Uburimiro: igitaka gifata ku maguru y’uwahinze cyangwa ku isuka
yahingishijwe.
Uburoko: ahantu bafungira abantu, gereza, muri kasho.
Uharaze: ufite ari byinshi, bikuranga.
Umuhigo: inyamaswa bishe bahiga
Umusubizo: mu buryo bwihuta, ari nyinshi.
Umutsindo: insinzi cyangwa ubuneshe bw’icyarwanaga n’ikindi
Umutware: umuyobozi cyangwa ukuriye abandi mu muryango cyangwa
mu buyobozi runaka.
Umuviye: ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rikomoka ku rurimi
rw’igifaransa risobanura umuntu ukuze, umusaza.
Umuvu: amazi ashoka ku butaka ari menshi.
Umuzibirinya: umwuzura mu maso umubuza kureba.
Umwangavu : umukobwa umaze gupfundura amabere.
Uruhando mpuzamahanga: ihuriro ry’ibihugu byinshi.
Wana: ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rifite inyito ya shahu.
Yandagaye: atagira umwitaho.
Yaratanze: yarapfuye.
IMYANDIKO Y’INYONGERA
Mudakenesha
Murezi wese w’indahemuka
Urerera igihugu inyangamugayo
Ari ko uzihundagazaho ubumenyi
Butaborerana ntibunahinyuke
5. Usanzwe witwa NYAMUHIRIBONA
Mudakenesha turariguhese.
Shimwa mwungeri utagaramba
Ushora ahiye ntarumanze
Uri umubyeyi ubonera abo urerera.
10. Gumya ubavubire ubujijuke
Utabagerurira igise cyabwo
Unagenzura uko babuyora
Umunezero uhore ugusaba.
Imihigo yawe uko nayisanze
15. Isegeka myinshi mu y’imbonera
Uzira ubugugu ugira urugwiro
Ashwi nta huriro n’ibishagasha.
Mugumyabanga udahora mu rushya
Ishyaka Rugaba yagusendereje
20. Uhora urigabira u Rwanda rw’ejo.
Dore urureramo ingabo z’intwaza
Zigatabarukana imidende
Zivuga imyato yawe itimba
Kuko wazigabye unazigaburira.
25. Erega n’iyo wacyuye igihe
Imihayo yawe ntita itoto
Inshuke navugaga zigutaka
Ishyerezo ziza gutitiba
Inkoni waziragije ya kibyeyi
30. Ubwo ikakirwa na bene ibakwe.
Imyuga uko yakabaye
Ubukorikori bwose
Iryo ni ijuri ryawe.
Umuhinzi uramunyuze
35. Umworozi arakurahira
Umucuruzi ,umudereva
Umuvuzi,umuganga
Umubaji,umufundi
Bombi n’umucuruzi
40. Abahimbyi, abahanzi
Weguriye iby’inganzo
Imbumbamutekano
Abo wananuye ingingo
Leta abo yigombye
45. Ishinze imirimo myinshi
Utagisomesha ibanga
Utajya kuryandikisha
Kuko wamuhumuye
Bose warabaremeye
50. Kandi ntiwabarembye
None ni ko gushima:
Imyama barayiteye
Yikirijwe umudiho
Ibicuriro by’intore
55. Umurishyo si ugusuma
Umurya unoze w’inanga
Ni wo wabatuye impanda
Urwo rwunge rw’impundu
Zivuzwa n’abahe bawe
60. Igisagara cy’abeshi
Bo mu mpugu zose
Ngo akira iyi nganji
Ucyuriweho umunyafu
W’uko ushikurwa ukwawe
65. Bitadohora umwete
Cyangwa se ubwo buhanga
None uhorane ibyambo.
Inshungu mafubo tubona
Ushubije ingobyi imugongo
70. zihamya ko wibyaye
Zigumane impagarike.
Insigamugani: Akebo kajya iwa mugarura.
Uyu mugani waturutse ku muntu witwaga Mugarura wakuranye imico
myiza nyane, akubitiraho n’ubukire bw’imyaka n’ubw’amatungo. Abantu
baza kumucaho inshuro, akabereka ikibo cya mugerwa w’umuhinzi,
umuhingiye yahingura akamuha inshuro y’umuhinzi muri icyo kibo,
hanyuma akamushyiriramo n’indi y’ubuntu. Abigenza atyo imyaka
myinshi, n’uje kumusaba inka na we akayimuha, ndetse byarimba
akamuheta n’indi ya kabiri. Byibera aho, bukeye inshuti ze n’abana be
baramukuba, bamubwira ko yangiza inka ze n’imyaka ye. Bati: “Dore
urimaraho ibintu, ubyangiza, nihacaho iminsi uzasigara umeze ute? Ejo
uzasanga rubanda bakunnyega ntawukureba n’irihumye.” Mugarura
akumva amagambo yabo akabihorera, ntagire icyo abasubiza; ntihagire
uwumva ururimi rwe, biba bityo igihe kirekire.
Bishyize kera, haza umuntu amugerageresha kumushuka, aramubwira
ati: “Mugarura, ubuntu bwawe bwo gutanga utabaze turabwishimira,
ariko nubwo tugushima bwose, gewe nta cyo urampa, none nje kugusaba
inka eshanu zo kubaga.” Mugarura aramwemerera amuha inka eshanu
arazijyana. Azigejeje iwe aho kuzibaga arazorora; zirakunda zirororoka,
ziba amashyo atanu. Rubanda babibonye batyo, barega Mugarura
ibwami ko yangiza ibintu dore ko ibwami uwangizaga inka ze, bavugaga
ko amara inka z’umwami.
Ibyo bituma umwami amugabiza rubanda baramunyaga, ariko
inka n’ibintu bye nta muntu wabigabanye, byatwawe na rubanda
rubyigagabanije.
Nuko ibwami bategeka ko Mugarura atazahabwa umuriro kuko yabaye
umupfu mu bintu by’ibwami. Mugarura amaze kunyagwa ahinduka
umukene cyane, abura aho aba n’umugore n’abana be aragumya
arazerera. Hanyuma atunguka ku muntu wigeze kumuhingira ava mu
nzu ya kambere ayiha Mugarura, asigara mu nzu yo mu gikari. Mugarura
amaze kubona inzu abamo, rubanda bamenyako yabonye icumbi, abo
yagiriye neza batangira kujya bagenda nijoro, bamushyira ibintu.
Ubwo kugenda nijoro batinyaga ibwami. Baramugoboka, bamuzanira
amafunguro, bamwe mu twibo, abandi mu bitebo. Bigize aho abenshi
mu bo yagiriye neza bajya kumuhakirwa ibwami baremera bamuha inka
y’umuriro, rubanda barishima, noneho baza ku mugaragaro bamuzanira
ibintu byo kumushimira ineza yabagiriye.
Bukeye wa mugabo wazaga kumushuka ngo amuhe inka eshanu
zo kubaga yumvise ko Mugarura yabonye umuriro arishima cyane.
Arazinduka ajya aho Mugarura acumbitse, aramubwira ati: “Ngize
amahirwe kuko wabonye umuriro; za nka wampaga zo kubaga uko
ari eshanu narazoroye, zabaye amashyo atanu, none ngayo amashyo
atatu nkwituye, nange ndasigarana abiri.” Mugarura amushimana na
rubanda. Barakomeza bamuzanira amaturo y’inka n’imyaka; abadafite
imyaka myinshi bakamuzanira mu twibo, yubaka imitiba n’ibigega.
Kuva ubwo umuntu wituye uwamugiriye neza, bati: “Akebo kajya iwa
Mugarura.”
Insigamugani: Burya si buno!
Uyu mugani Abanyarwanda badatuza guca, cyanecyane iyo bacyurirana;
umuntu awuca iyo abonye urwaho rwo kwigaranzura uwari wamuzambije
akamubuza amahwemo, cyangwa se iyo ashaka kumvisha ko umuntu
ari “Mutima ukwe”; ni bwo avuga ngo “Burya si Buno!” Wakomotse
kuri Burya na Buno bene Rugomwa rwa Maronko mu Gisaka (Intara
y’Iburasirazuba ); ahagana mu mwaka wa 1400.
Abo bahungu bombi bari impanga, bakaba bene Rugomwa rwa
Muronko na Barakagwira ba Numugabo. Rugomwa yari umugesera
w’umuzirankende; akaba umutware w’umutoni mu b’ingenzi kwa
Kimenyi Musaya, umwami w’ i Gisaka. Bukeye Kimenyi atoresha
abakobwa beza bo mu Gisaka, babazana mu rugo rwe rw’i Remera ry’i
Mukiza (muri Komini Kigarama: Ubu ni mu Karere ka Ngoma) mu
Gisaka i Mukiza hari nk’ibwami mu Rwanda). Bamaze kuhateranira,
yohereza abagore bakuru ngo bahitemo abarusha abandi ubwiza, kugira
ngo bamwe azabarongore, abandi abashyingire abahungu akunda. N’i
Rwanda ni ko byagendaga; ni ko ibwami barambagizaga.
Nuko abagore bajya kurobanura abakobwa; babakenyeza impu z’imikane
babareba imbere n’inyuma, babambika ubusa barabahindagura bareba
intantu n’ibibero. Umukobwa wa mbere aba Barakagwira ba Numugabo.
Igihe bakibisiganira, Kimenyi aba arahageze na wa muhungu Rugomwa;
dore ko yamukundaga cyane. Ba bagore n’abakobwa bamubonye
abatunguye barikanga. Arabasatira arabaramutsa n’abakobwa bose.
Ubwo abagore bari bakikije Barakagwira. Kimenyi arababaza, ati: “Ko
nduzi mukikije uyu mukobwa mwese ni ibiki?”
Abagore batinya kumubwira ko ari we uruta abandi mu bwiza, kugira
ngo bagenzi be batagira ipfunwe n’ishyari. Kimenyi na we arabimenya
aroroshya; ati: “Nimuze mbabaze”. Abajyana mu yindi ngobe; dore ko ibyo
byagirwaga mu gikari. Bahageze babona kumutekereza ko Barakagwira
aruta bagenzi be bandi mu bwiza. Ubwo wa muhungu Rugomwa akaba
arimo aho. Kimenyi arashimikira; ati: “Arabaruta bose koko?” Bati:
“Arabaruta turakakuroga!” Kimenyi akebuka Rugomwa; ati: “Muguhaye
wanshima?” Rugomwa ati: “Nagushima mba nkuroga”. Kimenyi ati:
“Ndamuguhaye uzamurongore”.
Rugomwa rero arongora Barakagwira, atahirira i Mukiza kwa Kimenyi.
Barakagwira amaze kurongorwa ntiyazuyaza, ahera ko asama. Igihe cyo
kubyara kigeze, yibaruka abahungu b’impanga: umwe bamwita Burya,
undi bamwita Buno. Bamaze gukambakamba, Kimenyi atesha Rugomwa
ubutware; aramusezerera ajya kuburereramo abana be. Bamaze kuba
ingaragu, Kimenyi abajyana iwe bareranwa n’abe.
Bamaze kugimbuka arabashyingira, abaha inka n’imisozi.
Baba aho, bishyize kera Rugomwa arapfa. Abahungu be basigara mu bye
babitungana n’ibyabo. Bitinze abantu bo mu Gisaka babagirira ishyari
barabanga; babateranya na Kimenyi. Na we atangira kubareba nabi.
Burya na Buno babibonye bagira ubwoba baracika; bamucikira i Bujinja.
Bamaze kugerayo bakeza umwami waho. Arabakira arabahaka. Hagati
aho Abanyagisaka bayoberwa aho bacikiye. Birarambanya hashira
umwaka, ariko bageze aho barabimenya. Babwira Kimenyi, bati: “Burya
na Buno bari i Bujinja”. Kimenyi yohereza abantu bo kujya kubagarura
kuko yabakundaga cyane. Bagezeyo barabaririza barababona;
bararamukanya barashyikirana. Bari bamaze kuba ibikwerere. Intumwa
zibabwira ubutumwa bwa Kimenyi bw’uko bagaruka iwabo. Bamaze
kubyumva, Burya arabyemera, Buno araricurika ararahira; yanga
kugaruka. Burya agarukana n’intumwa, Kimenyi amusubiza ibyabo
byose, na we Buno yigumira iyo.
Nuko atindaharirayo, kugeza igihe agwiriyeyo yiseguye ubutindi.
Rubanda rero rumaze kubona uko izo mpanga zanyuranyije ibitekerezo
byari mahwi amambere, babikurizaho imvugo yahindutse umugani baca
bagira ngo: “Burya si Buno!” Bawuca bashaka kuvuga ko umuntu ari
mutima ukwe; nk’uko abo bahungu babusanyije ibitekerezo kandi bari
akara kamwe. Ku ruhande baba bashima Burya ku rundi baba bagaya
Buno. Ariko mu mvugo, bisobanura ko ibihe biha ibindi; ni nk’aho
umuntu yagize ati: “Birya wangiriraga burya ntishoboye, ubu noneho
byahindutse!”
Naho rero iyo umuntu abajije undi ati: “Mbese ni Burya na Buno!” Ubwo
aba ashaka kumubaza ngo: “Mbese biracyari kwa kundi?” Burya si Buno
bisobanura umuntu ni mutima ukwe cyangwa se ibihe biha ibindi; nta
gahora gahanze. Burya na Buno = biracyari kwa kundi ntacyahindutse.
Igitekerezo: Sakindi
Umugabo witwa Sakindi yabaye mu rugerero cyane, akajya amara yo
imyaka myinshi ari ibwami, kuko abakera bajyaga bajya mu rugerero
ntibatahe n’uwasize arongoye umugore, yasiga yarasamye akazasanga
umwana yarubatse. Kera rero ababaga mu rugerero ni uko byagendaga
bagatinda cyane iyo yabaga atagira abazamukura, atagira abo bava inda
imwe cyangwa bene wabo.
Uwitwa Sakindi rero ajya mu rugerero atindayo cyane, yarasize umugore
atwite. Bukeye abyaye, abyara umwana w’umukobwa, uwo mwana
ararerwa arakura. Amaze kuba umwana w’umwangavu, arabaza ati:
“Data aba he?” Baramubwira bati: “So yagiye ku rugerero ni ho aba
ntagira umukura yibera yo”.
Umukobwa aba aho aramutegereza araheba, bukeye atangiye
kumera amabere, aherako yigira mu bacuzi. Abacuzi arabinginga
bamukorogoshoreramo amabere bayamaramo maze rero amabere ye
arasibangana, agira igituza nk’icy’abahungu. Yibera aho yiga gusimbuka,
yiga kurasa intego, yiga gufora umuheto, yiga gutera icumu, yibera aho
aba mu nka za se. Abyirutse rero abyiruka gihungu, ntihagire umuhungu
umurusha gusimbuka, ntihagire umuhungu ugira icyo amurusha
kerekeye ku mirimo y’abahungu.
Akora ibyo atyo, bukeye ajyana n’ingemu zigemurirwa se ku rugerero.
Atungutse ibwami, aho se acumbitse, aragenda aramubwira ati: “Ndi
umwana wawe. Kandi kuva navuka sinigeze nkubona nawe ntabwo
unzi. Ariko byarambabaje cyane kuko wabaye mu rugerero hano, uru
rugerero ukarubamo utagira gikura abandi bagataha, geho nazanywe
no kugukura, umurikire umwami unshyire mu rugerero nge mu bandi
bahungu nge mu bandi batware, maze nkubere mu rugerero nawe utahe,
wicare iwawe, utunge ibyawe nange nzaguhakirwa.
Uwo mukobwa rero ni we witwaga Sakindi. Ise rero amubonye abona ko
abonye noneho umuvunyi, aboneza ubwo aramujyana, amujyana ibwami
aramumumurikira ati: “Dore umwana waje kunkura mu rugerero asubiye
mu kiraro cyange asubiye mu kirenge cyange aho nari ndi, mumubane
nta kundi nange ndatashye ndasezeye”.
Umwami aramusezerera ati: “Nta kundi ubwo mbonye umukura se
kandi hari ikindi?” Nuko aherako aritahira yigira iwe, yitungira inka
ze yibera aho, umukobwa rero yibera aho na we aba mu bandi bahungu,
baramasha arabarusha, barasimbuka arabarusha, bigenda bityo, imirimo
y’abahungu yose arayibarusha, bagiye kurasa intego arabarusha, maze
Sakindi aragenda aba intwari mu bandi bahungu mu rungano rungana
na we arabarusha rwose.
Bukeye abandi bahungu biratinda bakajya mu gitaramo, bakajya
basohoka bakajya kunyara, na we yajya kunyara akajya kubihisha,
akajya kure ngo batamubona. Bukeye ibya rubanda bazi kugenzura
cyane bakomeza kumugenzura, bati: “Uriya muntu; Sakindi tubona
aho ni umuhungu, aho ntabwo ari umukobwa?” Bukeye bavamo umwe
aramugenzura aramubona anyara. Amwitegereje, aramureba amenya
ko ari umukobwa neza biraboneka, amaze kubyibonera aragenda
ahamagara umwami amushyira ukwe aramwihererana ati: “Aho uzi
Sakindi, uzi mu rugerero, muzi mu muhigo uburyo aturusha, uzi mu
isimbuka uburyo aturusha, ukamenya kurasa intego uburyo aturusha?”
Ati: “Burya bwose abigira ari umukobwa”.
Undi ati: “Urabeshya ntabwo ari umukobwa umuntu umeze kuriya
w’umuhungu mu bandi kandi akaba ari intwari ko nta muhungu
umurusha ibyivugo; ntihagire ugira umurimo w’abahungu amurusha
rwose uriya ni umukobwa ahajya he?” Ati: “Mubimenye ninsanga ari
umuhungu ndagutanga urapfa n’inka z’iwanyu zikanyagwa. Ninsanga
ari umukobwa kandi urabizi uzi kugenzura, uraba waragenzuriye ukuri
koko.
Ati: “Nawe uzigenzurire nta kundi”. Barara aho, barara mu nkera buracya
mu gitondo baramukira ku biraro byabo, umwami atumira Sakindi,
aramwihererana iwe mu rugo, ati: “Umva rero Sakindi, ndagusaba kugira
ngo icyo nkwibariza nawe ukimbwire kandi nuba ukizi ukimbwire koko”.
Amwihererana iwe ikambere aramubaza ati: “Uri umuhungu cyangwa
uri umukobwa?”
Undi ati: “Ubimbarije iki se? Ko ntananiwe urugerero; nkaba ntananiwe
itabaro ry’abahungu; nkaba nta kintu kerekeye imirimo y’abakobwa
wari wabona nkora; icyo ubimbarije ni iki kuvuga ko ndi umukobwa?
Ni uko ubona ngira ubutwari buke?” Undi ati: “Oya si ibyo nkubarije.
Ndakubaza uko mbikubajije ndagira ngo nawe unsubize uko biri umbwire
niba uri umuhungu mbimenye, niba uri umukobwa mbimenye”. Ati: “Ndi
umuhungu”.
Abikurikiranya atyo. Ati: “Umva ikimara agahinda ni uko unyambarira
ukuri, si ukugira ngo wambare ubusa ahubwo unyambarire ukuri ndore”.
Aramubwira biherereye, ati: “Umva rero noneho aho turi hano, yenda
n’abandi bantu baratwumva, heza cyane twiherere nkubwire”. Araheza
basigara mu nzu bonyine.
Ati: “Ubu rero naravutse. Mvuka ndi umukobwa. Mvukiye mu rugo rwa
data nsanga atarurimo. Mbajije aho data yagiye, bambwiye ko ari mu
rugerero rw’ibwami”. Arakomeza ati: “Ndi umukobwa koko. Bakuyemo
amabere, niga gusimbuka, niga kurasa intego, niga kujya mu muhigo
niga imirimo y’abahungu bakora yose niga iyo, mbabajwe na data kuko
yabaye mu rugerero, atagira umukura, ni icyo cyanzanye. Cyakora naje
ndi umukobwa, ariko rero naje gukura data mu rugerero, nje kubikubwira
nta wundi wari ubizi, mbikubwiriye icyo ubimbarije”.
Nuko ati: “Ndagushimiye kuko ubinyemereye, ukaba ubimbwiye kandi
umbwiye ukuri, ndagira ngo unyambarire ukuri noneho mbirebe nange
mbyimenyere koko bye no kuba impuha ne no kukubaririza”. Umukobwa
arabyemera, yambara ukuri nk’uko abimubwiye akuramo imyambaro
asigara ahagaze gusa.
Arabireba umwami ati: “Tora imyambaro yawe wongere ukenyere,
arakenyera arangije gukenyera. Umwami ati: “Ntiwongere gusohoka
guma mu nzu”. Yibera aho abigeza mu bandi abitekerereza abandi bari
bakuru. Havamo umwe mu bakuru bari aho ati: “Uwo muntu yarababaye
rero cyane kandi hirya hari abandi basa n’uwo nguwo, muruzi ko ibintu
byacitse imusozi, abantu bararushye cyane, washyize abantu mu
rugerero biratinda bamwe baherana intanga mu mibiri, n’ababyaye
abana ntibaziranye, ikimenyetso kibikwereka ni kiriya”.
Wa mukobwa bwije nijoro umwami aramurongora, ati: “Nzagutungira
icyo kuko wabaye intwari kandi ukaba waragiriye so akamaro, ikigeretse
kuri ibyo kandi uri mwiza sinanigeze nkugaya mu bandi bahungu”.
Amurongora ubwo atumira se arabimubwira, ati: “Wamumpaye uzi ko
ari umukobwa?” Undi ati: “Nabonye ansanga ku kiraro ntazi uwo ari we
napfuye kuguha umwana nzi ko ari uwange gusa.”
Abyeza atyo, aba umugore we, se baramushima cyane kuko yavuye
mu rugerero atahasize ubusa, kandi akahasiga intwari itunganye,
nuko umukobwa umwami aramurongora, amugira umugore. Umwami
agabira sebukwe inka amagana kugeza igihe asaziye mu bye. Ntiyongera
gusubira mu rugerero ukundi. Umukobwa we aratunga aratunganirwa
ibya Sakindi birangirira aho.
Umugani muremure: Muyaya
Muyaya yari umuntu w’umukene, abyara umwana w’umukobwa mwiza,
umukobwa abwira se, ati: “Ngiye kuguhakirwa”, ajya ibwami yihundura
umuhungu. Umwami aramukunda kuko na we yari azi ubwenge.
Umwamikazi akifuza uwo musore abona ari umuhungu, ndetse
aramushuka. Amunaniye amurega ibinyoma umwami aramutanga.
Mbere yo kujya kumwica ati: “Mwami nyagasani urebe niba ibyo
umugore wawe ambeshyera nabishobora.” Yambara ubusa babona ari
umukobwa, barumirwa. Umwamikazi baramwica. Umwami arongora
mwene Muyaya umukobwa akira atyo.
Habayeho umugabo Muyaya aba aho ari inkeho. Bukeye ashaka umugore
babyarana umwana umwe w’umukobwa gusa. Muyaya akaba yari
yarabwiye abantu bo hirya no hino, ugiye kumwuhirira inka akamuha
indi nka, kugira ngo abone amaboko, kugira ngo abone uko atunga izo
nka kugira ngo yihe amaboko muri bagenzi be mbese agasa n’uwigura.
Umwuhiriye, umuragiriye, umukamiye inka adahari, akazikuramo
inka. Bukeye uwo mwana we w’umukobwa amaze kumenya ubwenge
aramubwira ati: “Dawe nkubwire, dore igihe wavunikiye ndi umwe,
kandi utunze, nshakira umuheto, unshakire imyambi, ndashaka
kwambara kigabo ngo nzage kuguhakirwa ibwami, noneho abaja
bazampa n’abagaragu niba mpabonye ubutoni nzaguhemo abashotsi
n’abashumba.”
Se Muyaya ati: “Ese mwana wange ko uri umukobwa uzamenya uhakirwa
abo bashumba ute ngo nzababone, wagumye aha nkazagushyingira ariko
ntuge guhakwa ko utabishobora?”
Umukobwa ati: “Nzabishobora.” Se amushakiye umuheto, umukobwa
atwaye icumu nk’abagabo, mbese yigira nk’umuhungu rwose,
abamubonye bose bakamwita umuhungu.
Bukeye umukobwa ati: “Igihe kirageze, njyana ibwami nge kuguhakirwa,
dore igihe wahereye uge wisigarira mu byawe nange mpakubere.” Ubwo
se aherako aramujyanye, agezeyo umwami amubonye abona ari umusore
mwiza wambaye kigabo atwaye icumu, ntiyamenya ko ari umukobwa
amushyira mu itorero, aba umusore mwiza kandi ari inkumi. Kera
rero ngo hari abizingishaga amabere na we yari yaragiye kwizingisha
amabere kugira ngo azakunde akamire se.
Arakomeza aba umusore mwiza akamenya guhamiriza umwami
aramukunda, aba mwiza akubitiyeho n’amaraso y’ubukobwa aba umusore
mwiza koko uteranye. Akamenya gukirana, umufashe ntamuheze.
Akamenya kwiruka, akamenya gutwara umuheto akarasa, akamenya
kurasa intego akamasha. Aho bari agahiga abandi, umwami akajya
amuha inka.
Umwami aramukunda cyane, kubera ko ari n’urwego rwe, ari umusore
mwiza, uko umwaka ushize akamuha inka.
Bukeye ati: “Umva rero Nyagasani!, data ni umukene ni inkeho,
arankunda cyane kandi izi nka mumpa nta muntu agira uziragira,
ntizigira abashotsi none ntako mwagerageza nkagira icyo ndamiraho
data?” Umwami ati: “Yewe, ni koko, aho so atuye nzahava nzakubwira.”
Undi ati: “iii”.
Bukeye ajyana n’uwo musore afata abantu bose bari batuye mu kagari
uwo se atuyeho, abaha Muyaya; bose abagabiye Muyaya. Ati “Umva
rero Muyaya aha hategeke, ngaba abashumba, ngaba abashotsi, ngaba
abahinzi.” Ubwo wa mukobwa aba atangiye gukiza se atyo.
Ubwo ariko mu itorero umwamikazi akaba amureba, akamureba akumva
amukunze akibwira ati: “Icyampa uriya musore ngo nzamubyareho
akana k’agahungu gasa na we, ariko n’iyo namubyaraho agakobwa.”
Umwamikazi akajya amureba kenshi na kenshi, akamuha inzoga
y’inturire, iy’inkangaza, agira ngo abone uko amwiyegereza.
Kubera ko mwene Muyaya yari umukobwa nta gitekerezo kindi yagiraga
ibyo ntabyiteho ntabigirire umutima. Noneho umwamikazi akibwira ko
ari ukubura umwanya akabona ko ari no kumutinya.
Bukeye umwami ajya guhiga umuhigo w’umurara, ihembe rirararitse,
abahigi bukeye barambaye, imyambi barayityaje, inkota bazikozeho bati:
“Tuge guhiga”. Kera bavaga guhiga nk’aha bakajya guhiga nk’i Burundi
(Nyamata – Burundi). Abantu barahagurutse baragiye, bageze ku gasozi
ko hakurya umwami ati: “Murabizi nibagiwe amayombo y’imbwa zange;
nihagire ufite imbaraga agende anzanire amayombo.” Bararebana
bati: “Umusore utite imbaraga ni Mwene Muyaya, ni Muyaya rwose
ni we ukwiye kujya kuzana amayombo, wowe ndakuzi uri rutebuka.”
Umukobwa arirukanse, ahageze umwamikazi ati: “Si wowe nabona.”
Ati: “Ngwino noneho ni wowe nashakaga.” Bageze mu nzu umwamikazi
aramufata ati: “Ngwino nguhe inzoga.” Undi ati: “Nta cyo nshaka mpa
amayombo.” Mwene Muyaya ati: “Mwamikazi, mbwira icyo ushaka.”
Ati: “Ngwino ngusasire, nimara kugusasira uge guhiga”. Undi ati:
“Shwi, ntabwo ari icyo nagenewe”. Umwamikazi na we ati: “Amayombo
nta yo nguhaye.” Mwene Muyaya abona amayombo aho amanitse, aba
yasimbutse arayiha arirukanka.
Yarirukanse umwamikazi ati: “Cyo rero, uriya munyagwa anyumviye
ubusa.” Yiga uburyo bwo kumwubikaho icyaha kugira ngo umwami aho
azazira amwice. Ati: “Anyumviye ubusa kandi hari ubwo yazabibwira
abandi.” Umwamikazi agize inkingi y’intagara y’umwami arayivunnye,
agize inkingi y’inganona yo arayivunnye, mbese akoze ibintu byo kugira
ngo yicishe mwene Muyaya.
Ubwo rero umuhigo uraraye, buracya urasibiye, ku munsi wa gatatu
umuhigo uraje noneho abagiye gusanganira bahura n’umuhigo uko
wakaje. Umwami arababaza ati: “Ni amahoro?” Bati “Nta mahoro
nta yo, umwamikazi ameze nabi.” Ati: “Azize iki?” Bati: “Yazize uwo
mwene Muyaya ngo ni we wamwishe kandi ngo yashakaga ko ajya
kumusasira noneho umwamikazi yanze, mwene Muyaya asiga aciye
ibintu aranamuterura amukubita hasi, rwose yaciye ibintu yaragomye.”
Umwami ati: “iii. Umuvunamuheto ko namukundaga, none nkaba ngiye
kumwica!” Umwami rero iyo bamubwiraga umuntu wagomye, yabaga
yamushumbije amaboko yaramwicaga. Arinjira umwamikazi amukubise
amaso arigwandika ati: “Mwami ngo urebe uko mu nzu bimeze.”
Aritegereje ati: “Akwiriye gupfa.”
Yegereye mwene Muyaya ati: “Nibagufate bakujyane iwanyu, ntunshika
ntuntoroka, usezere so, usezere nyoko, usezere n’umuryango wawe
uze nkwice.” Undi ati: “iii.” Ntabwo yari azi icyo azira. Aragiye asanze
nyina na se, areba abantu bamushoreye nk’imbagwa ngo adacika bati:
“Ese ko yajyaga aza akaza arongoye inka akaza neza, bariya bantu ko
bamushoreye”?
Umukobwa yajya kugira icyo avuga abwira se, ikiniga kikamwica.
Nyina aramubwira ati: “Shinga icumu turamukanye,
Mwana wa Muyaya”.
Umukobwa na we akamusubiza ati:
“Abakecuru ntimubarirwa
Mama na Muyaya,
Genda ubwire data
Mama na Muyaya,
Atore indi y’ubugondo
Mama na Muyaya,
Ugende wikwere
Mama na Muyaya,
Mwene Muyaya agiye
Kumara urw’ingoma,
Iby’ibwami biragora
Mama na Muyaya”.
Bakamukurikirana, akongera akababwira atyo abura ikindi yabasubiza,
ariko ubwo bamenya ko agiye gupfa. Bageze ibwami ku Karubanda,
ubwo se na nyina baje babakurikiye. Umwami ati: “Umva rero nta kindi
ubu ngiye kukwica”.
Igihe ngo ashatse kumwicira aho imbere y’umuryango, aho bitaga ku
gitabo, mwene Muyaya ati: “Ashwi, ntabwo ugomba kunyicira hano,
ngwino tuge mu gikari”. Bahageze amwereka uko ateye, umwami asanga
ari umukobwa. Umukobwa ati: “Iyo ujya kuvuga ko nagomye, najyaga
ku buriri bwawe njya gukora iki? Uwo mugore wawe nari mukeneye ko
ureba nange ndi umugore nka we?” Umwami araca agwa mu kantu, ati:
“Cyo ye! Uyu muntu yari arenganye koko!”
Umwami ati: “Fata imyambaro yawe wambare”. Umukobwa ati:
“Ntabwo nambaye ntacyo nambara, abantu bose bambonye, ni ubusa
nabwambaye na none iyicire”. Abantu bose bati: “Rwose ambara”.
Nyirasenge arahendahenze ati: “Ambara mwana wange”. Undi ati: “Oya
ntabwo nambara”. Umwami arabireba asanga umwamikazi ari we ufite
icyaha gikomeye. Arabasohora aramwica ati: “Ni wowe wiyishe utumye
nambika ababyeyi b’i Rwanda ubusa” Abwira mwene Muyaya ati: “Injira
ni wowe mwamikazi”.
Ingoma ziravuga, Mwene Muyaya ahabwa abaja n’abagaragu arakira.
Muyaya na we akira atyo, abona abavunyi, abona abashotsi.Si nge wahera.