◄UMUTWE WA 6: ITUMANAHO N’IKORANABUHANGA MU ITERAMBEREUMUTWE 8: GUKUNDA IGIHUGU►

UMUTWE WA 7: INGARUKA Z’IBIYOBYABWENGE

  • UMUTWE WA 7: INGARUKA Z’IBIYOBYABWENGE

    Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
    - Gusesengura inkuru ishushanyije agaragaza ingingo z’ ingenzi
    ziyikubiyemo.
    - Guhanga inkuru ishushanyije ku nsanganyamatsiko
    zitandukanye.
    - Gusesengura amazina akomoka ku yandi magambo.
    - Gukoresha amagambo yabugenewe n’ inshoberamahanga.

    Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
    Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite garagaza ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwenge n’

    uburyo wazirwanya.

    VII.1. Umwandiko: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge

    7.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
    Igikorwa
    Soma umwandiko “Ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwenge”, ushakemo amagambo
    udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya.

    Umwitozo

    1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva
    icyo asobanura.
    a) Kwihunza
    b) Uburoko
    c) Gukeka
    d) Icyaka
    e) Gushoberwa

    7.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
    Igikorwa
    Ongera usome umwandiko “Ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwenge”, usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
    1. Ni ibihe biyobyabwenge byavuzweho cyane muri uyu mwandiko?
    2. Ni bande bishoye mu biyobyabwenge bavuzwe mu mwandiko?
    3. Ni izihe mpamvu zitera urubyiruko kwishora mu biyobyabwenge
    zivugwa mu mwandiko?
    4. Ni izihe ngaruka zo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge zivugwa mu
    mwandiko?
    5. Ni iki umuyobozi w’umudugudu asaba ababyeyi gukora kugira
    ngo abana babo bareke kwishora mu biyobyambwenge?

    7.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
    Igikorwa
    Ongera usome umwandiko “Ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwebge”, usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
    1. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko
    “Ingarukaz’ibiyobyabwenge”.
    2. Usibye ibiyobyabwenge byavuzwe mu mumwandiko, vuga ibindi
    wumva bivugwa aho mutuye.
    3. Wowe umaze gusoma iyi nkuru ishushanyije, ukumva ingaruka
    n’akaga biterwa no kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, ufashe uwuhe
    mugambi?
    4. Sobanura uko icuruzwa n’inyobwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge bishobora
    kudindiza iterambere.
    5. Ibyinshi mu biyobyabwenge ni ibinyobwa biba bitujuje
    ubuziranenge. Hakorwa iki kugira ngo ubinywa asobanukirwe
    ibijyanye n’ubuziranenge?
    6. Muri iki gihe ni izihe ngamba zirambye Leta y’u Rwanda yafashe

    zo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge?

    7.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
    Igikorwa
    Gereranya ibikorwa by’ abavugwa mu nkuru n’ ibikorwa byo mu buzima busanzwe bwa buri munsi aho utuye.

    VII.2. Inkuru ishushanyije
    Igikorwa
    Ongera usome umwandiko “Ingaruka z’ibiyabwenge” witegereza imiterere
    yawo maze ukore ubushakashatsi, utahure inshoza n’uturango by’inkuru
    ishushanyije.
    1. Inshoza y’inkuru ishushanyije
    Inkuru ishushanyije ni inkuru iteye nk’ikiganiro aho abantu babiri
    cyangwa benshi baganira bungurana ibitekerezo bajya impaka.
    Bene izi nkuru zishushanyije zibangikanya amagambo n’amashusho
    y’abanyarubuga. Amagambo avugwa ashyirwa mu tuziga dufite uturizo
    dufite ikerekezo cy’aho umunyarubuga uyavuga aherereye.

    Bigaragara neza ko inkuru ishushanyije idashyirwa mu bika ahubwo
    amashusho y’abakinankuru n’amagambo bavuga bishyirwa mu
    tudirishya tugenda dutondekwa bahereye ibumoso bajya iburyo.
    Inkuru ishushanyije itera amatsiko ashingiye ku ibangikana
    ry’amagambo n’amashusho. Umukinankuru iyo agaragaza imbamutima
    ze, amashushoarabigaragaza. Amagambo iteka aba afitanye isano

    ishodekanye neza n’ikivugwa.

    2. Uturango tw’inkuru ishushanyije
    Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
    - Umurambararo: uruhererekane rutambitse rw’amashusho.
    - Igipande: urupapuro rwose rugizwe n’imirambararo.
    - Urukiramende: umwanya wanditsemo ibisobanuro bitangwa
    n’umubarankuru. Ibyo bisobanuro byitwa imvugo ngobe.
    - Agatoki: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga gasongoye gahuza amagambo
    n’uyavuga.
    - Akazu: niumwanya w’ishusho utangiwe n’idirishya.
    - Idirishya: imbibi z’ishusho cyangwa z’akazu.
    - Uruvugiro: niumwanya urimo ikiganiro cy’abanyarubuga.
    - Akarangandoto: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga kariho akarongo
    kagizwe n’utudomo kerekera ku muntu kagaragaza ibyo arota
    cyangwa atekereza.
    - Imvugondoto: ni amagambo umuntu ashobora gusoma ku
    gipande aranga icyo umunyarubuga atekereza cyangwa se aranga
    umwivugisho w’umunyarubuga.
    - Agakino: ni uruhererekane rw’amashusho ari mu muteguro umwe.
    Ni ukuvuga abanyarubuga bamwe hatagize usohokamo cyangwa
    undi winjiramo.
    - Abanyarubuga:ni umuntu, ikintu cyangwa inyamaswa bifite icyo

    bikora mu nkuru.

    Umwitozo

    Hanga inkuru ishushanyije yujuje ibisabwa byose ku nsanganyamatsiko

    wihitiyemo.

    VII.3. Ikomora: Ikomorazina
    Igikorwa
    Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza imiterere y’amagambo y’
    umukara tsiri. Uhereye ku miterere n’inkomoko y’ayo magambo, kora
    ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ikomora, inzira zikoreshwa mu
    ikomora n’inshoza yazo, hanyuma ugaragaze intego y’amagambo avuka
    bitewe n’ikomorazina mvazina.
    - Umukozi mwiza ashimisha umukoresha we.
    - Umunyarwanda mwiza atungira agatoki abashinzwe
    umutekano aho abonye ibiyobyabwenge.
    - Amashusho akoreshwa mu biganiro ku bubi bw’ ibiyobyabwenge
    afasha ababiteze amatwi gusobanukirwa.
    - Ibigorigori babigaburira amatungo.

    1. Inshoza y’ikomora n’ikomorazina
    a) Ikomora
    Ikomora ni uburyo ijambo rishobora kuva ku bundi bwoko bw’ ijambo
    hakoreshejwe inzira zinyuranye. Inshinga zishobora gukomokwaho
    n’ inshinga hifashishijwe imigereka aribyo bita ikomoranshinga.
    Zishobora no gukomokwaho n’ amazina cyangwa amazina agakomokwaho
    n’ andi mazina aribyo bita ikomorazina. Muri iki gice turibanda ku
    ikomorazina.

    b) Ikomorazina

    Ikomorazina ni uburyo bwo gukomora amazina ku yandi mazina,
    gukomora amazina ku nshinga cyangwa ku bundi bwoko bw’amagambo.
    Ibi bituma habaho uburyo bubiri bw’ ikomorazina aribwo ikomorazina

    mvazina n’ ikomorazina mvanshinga.

    2. Ikomorazina mvazina
    a) Inshoza y’ikomorazina mvazina
    Ikomorazina mvazinani uburyo/igikorwa bwo kurema amazina mashya

    uhereye ku yandi mazina.


    b) Inzira z’ikomorazina mvazina
    Habaho inzira zitandukanye zo gukomora amazina ku yandi. Iyo izina
    ryakomotse ku rindi bigira icyo bihindura ku nyito yaryo ugereranyije
    n’iy’izina ryaribyaye; cyokora izo nyito zombi zikomeza kugirana isano.
    Dore zimwe mu nzira z’ikomorazina mvazina zikunze kugaragara:
    - Isubiramo ry’igicumbi k’izina

    Ingero


    c) Ihindura ry’inteko y’ijambo

    Ingero


    - Iyongera ry’akabimbura”nya na nyira” mu izina ryari risanzwe

    Ingero

    - Ihindura ry’izina rusange mo izina bwite

    Ingero


    - Izina ryitirira cyangwa rigaragaza isano hagati y’ibintu bibiri

    Ingero


    - Ikoreshwa ry’umusuma ku izina risanzwe

    Ingero


    3. Intego y’amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mvazina

    Amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mvazina agira intego nk’iy’izina
    mbonera cyangwa se izina ry’urusobe bitewe n’imiremere yayo.


    Ingero


    Imyitozo

    1. Tahura amazina ashingiye ku ikomorazina mvazina mu
    mwandiko ukurikira nurangiza ugaragaze intego yayo
    n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe.

    Umwandiko: Nyiraneza kwa nyirakuru

    Hari mu kiruhuko k’igihembwe cya kabiri ubwo Nyiraneza yafataga
    uruzinduko yerekeza kwa nyirakuru. Yasanze bari bamukumbuye.
    Sekuru na nyirakuru bamuhoberanye urugwiro rwinshi ari na ko
    bamwitegereza cyane kubera ko amaso yabo yari atangiye kuzamo
    ibikezikezi. Ntibanamuherukaga; ntiyabasuraga kenshi kuko yari
    umunyeshuri.

    Amaze gufata amafunguro yegereye ikiraro cy’amatungo, nuko
    abona yashonje, yiyemeza gufata umufuka akajya kuyashakira
    utwatsi. Ageze mu gisambu, yabonyemo ibihuru birimo ibyatsi
    n’ibiti binyuranye: ibishurushuru, imitobotobo, ibinetenete n’ibindi
    akomeza kwahira vuba kugira ngo age kuramira amatungo. Uko
    yahiraga ubwatsi yagendaga abona igicucu ke imbere ye bituma
    yubura amaso areba hejuru abona ikizubazuba mu kirerere,
    amenya ko bwakeye nuko arataha. Ageze mu rugo, asobanuza
    neza amazina y’ibimera atari azi. Nyiraneza yaboneyeho ababaza
    n’andi magambo yamuteraga amatsiko nk’amashunushunu,
    amatamatama n’ibindi bitandukanye.

    2. Wifashishije inzira eshanu z’ikomorazina mvazina, tanga
    ingero z’interuro eshanu zirimo amazina akomoka kuri iryo

    komorazina.

    3. Ikomorazina mvanshinga
    a) Inshoza y’ikomorazina mvanshinga
    Ikomorazina mvanshinga ni ihimba ry’amazina mashya afatiye ku mizi y’inshinga zisanzwe mu rurimi.

    Amazina menshi y’Ikinyarwanda akomoka ku nshinga.Hari amazina
    amwe n’amwe umuntu agira ngo ni umwimerere kandi akomoka ku
    nshinga.

    Ingero


    b) Intego y’amazina y’ikomorazina mvanshinga

    Amazina akomoka ku nshinga akenshi aba afite intego isanzwe (D+RT+C) ariko igicumbi cyayo gisesengurwamo inshinga iryo zina ryakomotseho n’umusozo. Icyo gihe intego yaryo iba ari D+RT+C+Sz.

    c) Inzira z’ikomorazina mvanshinga
    Inzira z’ikomorazina mvanshinga zishingira ku ikoreshwa ry’imisozo
    ikurikira: -yi, -i, -e, -o, -a na -u. Dore ingero z’amazina akoreshejemo iyo misozon’intego yayo.






    Ikitonderwa    : Iyi misozo y’ikomorazina mvanshinga ishobora no

    gukorana n’inshinga zifite ingereka.

    Ingero

    Imyitozo

    1. Tahura amazina ashingiye ku ikomorazina mvanshinga mu
    gika cy’umwandiko gikurikira nurangiza ugaragaze intego
    yayo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe.

    Umwandiko: Turwanye ibiyobyabwenge

    Kunoza imikorere bitanga umusaruro ushimishije haba ku
    muntu ubwe, ku muryango we cyangwa igihugu avukamo
    iyo yirinze ibiyobyabwenge. Imirimo inyuranye nk’ubuhinzi,
    ubworozi, ububaji, ububoshyi n’iyindi ni bimwe mu biteza imbere
    imibereho y’abantu muri rusange. Ikituraje ishinga ni ukurwanya
    ibiyobyabwenge bituma ubwenge butakara ntihagire umurimo
    n’ umwe ukorwa n’ uwo babonye bakawusuzugura. Turwanye
    ibiyobyabwenge dutangira amakuru ku gihe,tuba abajyanama
    beza.Ibi byose umuntu abigiriyemo amahirwe, ntahuriremo
    n’abahemu, bimuteza imbere akabona ibiribwa n’ibinyobwa ndetse
    akagira n’ubwizigame...

    2. Wifashishije inzira eshanu z’ikomorazina mvanshinga, tanga
    ingero z’interuro eshanu zirimo amazina akomoka kuri iryo

    komorazina.

    VII.4. Ikeshamvugo
    Igikorwa
    Soma umwandiko ukurikira maze usubize ikibazo cyawubajijweho.
    Umwandiko: Impanuro z’umubyeyi
    Umunsi umwe, Kamana akitse imirimo, yari mu ruganiriro hamwe
    n’abana be Bukesha na Mariza aterura ikiganiro agira ati: “Ariko bana
    bange mureke tuganire ku busugire bw’ururimi rwacu.”

    Kamana: Harya iyo bukeye umworozi w’inka agatangira kuzikama
    bavuga ko agira ate?

    Bukesha: Bavuga ko atangiye kuzikurura amabere.
    Mariza: Reka da! Ariko Bukesha nawe nta kigenda cyawe! Ntuzi ko
    babyita kwinikiza! Mu ishuri twarabyize.
    Bukesha: Uzi ko ari byo koko! Ariko nawe hari ibyo utazi: umurambo w‘ umwami bawita ngo ik?
    Mariza: ko numva byo tutarabyiga ra?
    Bukesha: Bawita umugogo w’umwami.
    Kamana: Murumva rero ko dukwiye kujya tunoza ururimi rwacu.
    Ndifuza ko tugirana ikiganiro gihagije tukaganira ku mateka nkababwira amagambo yabugenewe ku nka, ku mata, ku ngoma, ku mwami, ku gisabo ku isekuru ....

    Ibibazo
    a) Muri uyu mwandiko, umubyeyi arashishikariza abana kunoza
    imvugo zabo. Ubwo buryo bwo kunoza imvugo no kuyikesha
    bwitwa ngo iki?

    b) Kora ubushakashatsi na bagenzi bawe maze mutahure inshoza
    y’ubwo buryo unashakishe izindi mvugo zinoze zikoreshwa ku

    nka, ku mata, ku isekuru, ku gisabo, ku ngoma no ku mwami.

    1. Inshoza y’ikeshamvugo

    Ikeshamvugo ni ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu kuvuga no guhanga mu 0l[. Iyo
    akaba ari imvugo inoze, yuje ikinyabupfura, ifite inganzo kandi ivugitse
    ku buryo bunoze. Ikeshamvugo ahanini, ni imvugo ikoreshwa mu guha
    agaciro umuntu uyu n’uyu cyangwa ikintu iki n’iki bitewe n’akamaro
    gifite mu muco w’Abanyarwanda, bityo hakirindwa gukoreshwa izina
    ryacyo mu buryo bukocamye. Mu ikeshamvugo ni ho hakoreshwa ijambo
    “Ntibavuga, bavuga”. Umuntu akaba yabasha gutandukanya imvugo
    ikoreshwa ku mwami, ku ngoma, ku nka, ku mata ku gisabo ku isekuru
    n’ibindi.

    2. Ikeshamvugo ku nka

    3. Ikeshamvugo ku mata n’igisabo

    4. Ikeshamvugo ku ngoma

    5. Ikeshamvugo ku isekuru, icyasi, igisabo, ingobyi n’umuheto

    6. Ikeshambvugo rikoreshwa ku mwami


    Imyitozo
    1. Kosora iyi nteruro ikurikira.
    Umwami Kigeri Rwabugiri apfa yasimbuwe n’umwana we
    Rutarindwa. Rutarindwa yaje gupfa, asimburwa na Yuhi Musinga
    ategekana na nyina Kanjogera.
    2. Himba ikiganiro kigufi ku muco nyarwanda n’ibikoresho
    gakondo ugaragazemo nibura amagambo atatu yabugenewe ku
    nka, ku mata, ku ngoma,ku mwami,ku gisabo no ku isekuru.

    VII.5. Inshoberamahanga
    Igikorwa

    Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye
    maze ugire icyo uvuga ku miterere yayo. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure n’uturango by’inshoberamahanga n’uburyo zisobanurwa.

    - Kundwa yakererewe kubera ko yatoye agatotsi mu gitondo.
    - Munyana we yari ari gusuka amarira.
    - Rwabigwi ni we rubanda bacaho inshuro y’ibihingwa
    ngandurarugo.
    - Berwa yasubizaga ashize amanga.

    1. Inshoza y’inshoberamahanga
    Inshoberamahanga ni imvugo umuntu utarakenetse ururimi adahita
    yumva igisobanuro cyayo iyo bayivuze. Bavuga ko ikintu cyashobeye
    umuntu iyo cyamunaniye akabura uko abigenza ndetse n’uko agisobanura.
    Akenshi na kenshi abumva bene izo mvugo ntibazisobanukirwe ni
    abanyamahanga kuko baba batazi umuco cyangwa amateka y’u Rwanda
    kandi inshoberamahanga ari byo zishingiyeho. Aho ni na ho haturutse

    kwita bene izo mvugo “inshoberamahanga”.

    Ingero:
    Gufatwa mpiri.
    Kuvoma hafi.
    Kurambika inda ku muyaga.

    Guta inyuma ya Huye.

    2. Uturango tw’inshoberamahanga
    Inshoberamahanga irangwa no kuba igizwe n’inshinga n’icyuzuzo
    cyayo.Ikaba kandi ikoresha imvugo shusho itandukanye n’ibisobanuro
    by’amagambo ayigize.

    3. Gusobanura inshoberamahanga
    Dukurikije imiterere yayo, inshoberamahanga ni imvugo ifite igisobanuro
    kidahuye n’igisobanuro k’ijambo cyangwa amagambo ayigize. Mu
    kuyisobanura bisaba ko umuntu aba amenyereye umuco n’ururimi
    by’Ikinyarwanda.

    Ingero

    - Kuvoma hafi: kurakazwa n’ubusa/kurizwa n’ubusa.
    Umuntu utazi neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda we ahita yumva kujya
    kuvoma amazi ahantu hatari kure y’aho aturutse, cyangwa se gufata
    isekuru ukayitera mu butaka nk’utera imyaka.

    - Gutera isekuru: kugenda ucumbagira
    Umuntu utazi neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda ahita yumva guteranya
    isekuru yasetse.

    4. Ingero zitandukanye z’inshoberamahanga
    a) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga: guca
    Guca mu rihumye
    Guca igihugu umugongo
    Guca igikuba
    Guca imihini migufi
    Guca imitwe
    Guca inkeramucyamo
    Guca iryera
    Guca ku nda
    Guca mu myanya y’intoki
    Guca mu nkindi
    Guca ruhinganyuma
    Guca umugara
    Guca umuti wa mperezayo
    Guca ururimi ukarumira
    Gucira undi inkamba
    Guca hasi
    Guca hejuru
    Gucisha hasi
    Gucisha hejuru
    Gucisha mu misoto
    Guca i Kibungo
    Guca ibiti n’amabuye
    Gucira ibintu inyeri

    b) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga: gufata
    Gufata ku isunzu
    Gufata nk’amata y’abashyitsi
    Gufata undi mu mugongo
    Gufatana urunana
    Gufatira undi ikitayega
    Gufata iry’iburyo
    Gufatirwa mu cyuho
    Gufatwa mpiri

    c) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga: kugwa
    Kugwa gitumo
    Kugwa isari
    Kugwa ivutu
    Kugwa ku nzoka
    Kugwa miswi
    Kugwa mu matsa
    Kugwa mu ntege
    Kugwa ruhabo
    Kugwa mu kantu
    Kugwa mu mazi abira
    d) Inshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga: kurya
    Kurya akara
    Kurya amenyo
    Kurya indimi
    Kurya inkuna
    Kurya ureba hanze

    e) Izindi nshoberamahanga zifatiye ku nshinga zinyuranye
    Gufumbira umunaba
    Guha undi intera
    Guhabwa akato
    Guhenera umugina
    Gukama ikimasa
    Gukambya agahanga
    Gukanga Rutenderi
    Gukanja amanwa
    Gukizwa n’amaguru
    Gukoma urume
    Gukora hasi
    Gukura ubwatsi
    Gukurayo amaso
    Gupfa undi agasoni
    Gusesa urumeza
    Guseta ibirenge
    Gushya amaboko
    Guta muri yombi
    Gutaba mu nama
    Gutega zivamo
    Gutera isekuru
    Gutererayo utwatsi
    Guteza ubwega
    Gutunga agatoki
    224
    Kugenda runono
    Konsa umuhini
    Kotsa igitutu
    Kuba mu rinini
    Kujya irudubi
    Kumara amavuta
    Kumena ibanga
    Kumera amababa
    Kumesa kamwe
    Kumira bunguri
    Kumira nkeri
    Kuryamira amajanja
    Kuvomera mu rutete
    Kuziba icyuho
    Kwambara ukikwiza
    Kwesa umuhigo
    Kwiba umugono
    Kwica ijisho
    Kwihungura ugutwi
    Kwimyiza imoso
    Kwinyara mu isunzu
    Kwirya ukimara
    Kwitana ba mwana
    Kwivamo nk’inopfu
    Kwizirika umukanda
    Gucurangira abahetsi
    Gucurika icumu
    Kwitana ba mwana
    Kuvamo umuntu

    Imyitozo
    Koresha mu nteruro izi nshoberamahanga zikurikira ku buryo interuro
    zigaragaza neza ko wumva icyo zisobanura.
    a) Kwizirika umukanda
    b) Kwirya ukimara
    c) Guhabwa akato
    d) Guca mu rihumye
    e) Guca iryera
    f) Guca igikuba
    g) Gucurangira abahetsi

    h) Kugwa mu kantu

    VII.6. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
    uhereye ku biranga inkuru ishushanyije, hanga inkuru ishushanyije
    ku nsanganyaatsiko wihitiyemo maze ukoreshemo inshoberamahanga
    nibura eshanu ndetse n’amagambo yabugenewe ku bikoresho wize.

    Ubu nshobora:

    - Gusobanurira abandi ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge.
    - Guhanga inkuru ishushanyije ku nsanganyamatsiko iyo ari yo
    yose.
    - Gutahura no gusesengura amazina y’ikomorazina mvazina
    n’ amazina y’ ikomorazina mvanshinga.
    - Gutahura no gukoresha neza amagambo yabugenewe ku nka,
    ku mata, ku mwami, ku ngoma, ku gisabo,ku isekuru n’ ibindi
    ndetse n’ inshoberamahanga mu nteruro ziboneye.

    Ubu ndangwa:

    No gukumira no gukandurira abandi kwirinda ibiyobyabwenge.

    VII.7. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa karindwi
    Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.

    Umwandiko: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko

    Muvara ni umwana w’umuhungu uri mu kigero k’imyaka cumi n’itandatu.
    Amaso yaratukuye, iyo agenda mu nzira, agenda yivugisha kandi
    ahekenya amenyo. Umunsi umwe, twahuriye mu gatsibanzira kitaruye
    ikigo k’ishuri cya Mabimba atumagura itabi rizinze mu ishara. Yari
    yambaye impuzankano bigaragara ko ari umunyeshuri. Ndamwegera,
    ndamusuhuza maze turatangira turaganira.
    - Uraho yewe mwa?
    - Ndi aha nyine ntundeba se! Ee! Bite meri wange? Ubu nge mba ndi
    mu maswingi wana ntabwo nshaka amagambo menshi!

    Akimara kunsubiza atyo, mpita menya ko ari umwana wokamwe
    n’ibiyobyabwenge. Ndamwegera ntangira kumuganiriza ntuje. Ambwira
    ko ari umunyeshuri wiga mu mwaka wa mbere w’amashuri yisumbuye.
    Ikigero ke nticyatumaga wakeka ko yiga mu mwaka wa mbere ahubwo
    wamukekeraga kuba yararangije amashuri yisumbuye. Ndakomeza
    ndamuganiriza nihanganira imvugo nyandagazi yakoreshaga kuko
    nabonaga na we atari we ahubwo abiterwa no kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge.

    Ageze aho atangira gucururuka maze aranyemerera duhuza urugwiro. Icya
    mbere nifuzaga kumenya ni ibiyobyabwenge urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri
    bakoresha, igihe babifatira, aho babikura n’igituma babifata. Nyuma
    y’ikiganiro kirekire nagiranye na we nsanga ibiyobyabwenge bikunze
    gukoreshwa n’urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri ari urumogi, kanyanga n’indi
    nzoga ntamenye neza yitaga siriduwire. Ansobanurira ko babifata
    mu kiruhuko cyabo bari ku ishuri. Ikindi kandi yambwiye ni uko ngo
    akenshi babifata iyo bari mu biruhuko bisoza igihembwe cyangwa
    ibisoza umwaka; babeshya ababyeyi babo babafata ku maso ko bagiye
    gusobanurirana amasomo ubundi bakigira mu biyobyabwenge.

    Akimara kumbwira ibyo byanteye amatsiko yo kumenya aho babikura
    n’uko babibona kandi nta mafaranga baba bakorera dore ko bigurwa
    n’amafaranga menshi. Ansobanurira ko bayiba ab’iwabo cyangwa
    bagakoresha amafaranga y’ishuri baba bahawe nyuma yo kubeshya
    ababyeyi ko batumwe ibikoresho runaka. Ansobanurira kandi ko aho
    babikura ari henshi ko hari bagenzi babo biga bataha baba babicuruza
    babizana mu dukapu twabo. Hari n’abaturanyi baba babicuruza
    bakabigura na bo mu gihe k’ikiruhuko cya saa yine cyangwa saa sita
    bakabibagurishiriza ku ruzitiro rw’ishuri inyuma y’amashuri ahategereye
    ubuyobozi bw’ishuri.

    Ku giti ke, mubaza icyamuteye kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ansobanurira
    ko bagenzi be bamubwiraga ko bituma atinyuka, agasubiza mu ishuri
    ashize amanga kandi ko ngo binatera akanyabugabo. Nkimara kumva
    ibisobanuro yampaga nsanga ngomba kumuba hafi nkamufasha kureka
    ibiyobyabwenge.

    Muganiriza ntuje mwumvisha uburyo kuba akiri mu wa mbere kandi
    abandi bangana bararangije amashuri yisumbuye ari ukubera kunywa
    ibiyobyabwenge bigatuma asiba kenshi ishuri, yakora ibizamini
    agatsindwa agahora asibira. Musobanurira ko bigira ingaruka ku buzima
    bw’ubikoresha nko gutukura amaso, kudatekereza neza, kutagira
    ikinyabupfura, kudasinzira iyo atabikoresheje…

    Ikindi kandi musobanurira uburyo ibiyobyabwenge bigira ingaruka
    ku iterambere ry’igihugu mugaragariza uburyo ubikoresha adakora
    kubera kubura imbaraga kandi ko n’amafaranga abigura aba akwiye
    guteza imbere igihugu mu bundi buryo. Ariyumvira hashize umwanya
    aransubiza ati: “None se nakora iki?” Mubwira ko yabireka kandi
    akagaragaza n’abandi bagenzi be babifata ku ishuri ndetse akanavuga
    uburyo babibona n’aho babikura. Hashira umwanya munini yiyumvira
    ageze aho arambwira ati: “Nge ngiye kubireka kandi n’amaniga yange
    ndayagira inama abireke. Ni byo bituma ntatsinda mu ishuri kandi
    bigatuma mpora mbeshya ababyeyi, mbiba amafaranga! Ahubwo urakoze
    kuba ungiriye iyi nama. None se ko nabitangiye bambwira ko nzashira
    ubwoba nkajya nsubiza neza mu ishuri none nkaba maze imyaka ine mu
    wa mbere bimariye iki? Ndabiretse! Ahubwo n’utu tubure nari nsigaranye
    reka ntujugunye ndetse n’aka ka siriduwire reka nkajugunye. Ubu
    nange mfashe umugambi wo kugira inama nk’iyi ungiriye urubyiruko
    rw’abanyeshuri bangenzi bange ndetse n’urundi rubyiruko duturanye
    rutiga, na bo bareke ibiyobyabwenge twiyubakire Igihugu.” Akimbwira
    atyo mukora mu ntoki ndamushimira mubwira ko nzajya nza kumusura
    kenshi nkamuganiriza. Aranyemerera ansezeraho arataha.

    Nyuma y’icyo kiganiro na we, binyereka ko abaturanyi n’ababyeyi
    ari ngombwa cyane ko bakurikirana imyigire y’abana babo ku ishuri.
    Bakamenya igituma batiga neza kandi bakagenzura niba amafaranga
    yose abana babo babasaba bavuga ko bayatumwe ku ishuri biba ari byo
    koko. Buri mubyeyi ahuze urugwiro n’umwana. Bakurikirane imyigire
    y’abanyeshuri biga bataha iwabo, abarimu bagenzure ibyo bashobora
    kuzana ku ishuri, babaze ababyeyi impamvu abana babo bataboneka
    buri munsi ku ishuri iyo hari abo babonaho iyo ngeso yo gusiba kenshi.
    Abayobozi b’ishuri bagomba gushishikariza buri munyeshuri kugaragaza
    bagenzi be bakoresha ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa se abakekwaho
    kubikoresha kugira ngo bagirwe inama. Ni ngombwa gufatanya
    n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta bakagenzura abacuruza ibiyobyabwenge babiha

    abanyeshuri bakabashyikiriza inzego zibishinzwe.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwadiko
    1. Ni nde uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Aravugwaho iki? Iyo
    umurebye ubona arangwa n’iki?Kubera iki?
    2. Vuga ububi bwo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ushingiye kuri uyu
    mwandiko.
    3. Vuga ibyiza byo kwirinda gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge uhereye ku
    byo wasomye mu mwandiko.
    4. Ni izihe ngamba zivugwa mu mwandiko zo kurwanya
    ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko no mu mashuri by’umwihariko?
    5. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko umaze
    gusoma.
    6. Ni iyihe nyigisho ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?

    II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo

    1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije umwandiko.
    a) Impuzankano
    b) Kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge
    c) Imvugo nyandagazi
    d) Gucururuka
    e) Guhuza urugwiro
    2. Ubaka interuro zawe bwite ukoresheje amagambo akurikira
    dusanga mu mwandiko.
    c) Gutukura amaso
    d) Imvugo nyandagazi
    e) Gucururuka
    f) Guhuza urugwiro
    g) Kubatwa

    III. Ibibazo ku nkuru ishushanyije, ku ikeshamvugo no ku nshoberamahanga
    1. Akarangandoto gatandukaniye he n’agatoki?
    2. Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’iki?

    3. Uzuza iyi mbonerahamwe

    4. Tahura mu mwandiko twize “Ingaruka z’ ibiyobyabwenge mu
    rubyiruko” inshoberamahanga zakoreshejwemo uzisobanure

    unazikorashe mu nteruro zawe bwite.

    ◄UMUTWE WA 6: ITUMANAHO N’IKORANABUHANGA MU ITERAMBEREUMUTWE 8: GUKUNDA IGIHUGU►