UMUTWE WA 2: UMUCO NYARWANDA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Kurondora ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda no gusesengura imyandiko ya zimwe muri zo agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziyikubiyemo.
- Guhanga yigana zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
- Kwandika amagambo agaraza ubutinde n’amasaku.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Mutekereze kandi murondore ibikorwa Abanyarwanda bo hambere bakoraga mu gihe babaga bataramye, munavuge mu nshamake uburyo buri gikorwa cyakorwaga.
II.1. Umwandiko: Ruhinyuza
Kera habayeho umugabo akitwa Ruhinyuza Rwahinyuje Imana. Umunsi umwe yagiye kwiba asanga umugore nyiri urugo yabyaye aryamye asinziriye. Yinjiye mu nzu yumva Imana irimo gutuka umwana imubwira iti: “Mwana wange uravutse, ariko uzicwa n’ihembe ry’inzovu”. Ruhinyuza abyumvise arivugisha ati: “Imana irabeshya.” Ntiyaba akibye, aratambuka ajya aho uwo mugore aryamye, afata icyuma, agicisha mu mara ya wa mwana wavutse uwo munsi arangije arigendera.
Bene urugo bakangutse, umubyeyi ngo arebe umwana, asanga amara ye ku buriri. Abwira umugabo ati: “Byuka umwana yapfuye”. Umugabo arabyuka aracana, amatara yari ataraza acana mu ziko. Baterura umwana, basanga ni intere. Bamushyira ku ziko, bazana ikiremo k’impuzu, bakubita muri ya mara babusubiza mu nda barahwanya. Bakajya basenga bagira bati: “Imana ntiyanga kugondozwa yanga guhemuzwa, twizeye ko uyu mwana azakira”. Bamurekera aho, umwana baramuvura arakira. Aba aho ngaho, arasohoka, agera aho kwicara, agera iyo akambakamba, agera iyo ahaguruka, wa mugabo kandi akajya aza kuneka kuko yumvise Imana ivuga ngo: “Mwana wange ndagututse uzicwa n’ihembe ry’inzovu”.
Umwana aba aho, amaze gupfundura amabere, wa mugabo yenga inzoga, aragenda ajya gusaba wa mukobwa. Baramumwemerera bati: “Tuzamugushyingira.” Umugabo arakwa, amaze gukwa, ati: “Ndashaka gushyingirwa”. Umugabo arashyingirwa. Amaze gushyingirwa abwira abagaragu be ati: “Umva rero bagaragu bange, nk’uko nshyingiwe uyu mwana w’umukobwa, uyu mwana w’umukobwa ntakigenze; uyu mwana w’umukobwa ntakagire ubwo ajya mu muryango w’inzu; ntakagire ubwo ajya mu rugo; azajya mu rugo mumuhetse; azajya mu gikari mumuhetse; kandi ntazahinga. Umugore yibera aho ngaho aratinya, aratinyuka; yasohoka agahekwa, yajya kwituma agahekwa, yasubira mu nzu agahekwa.
Umugore arabyara. Amaze kubyara bibera aho ngaho, bukeye abahigi barahiga. Ngo bamare guhiga nyamugore yumva umuhigo. Abwira abagaragu ati: “Ihiii, nimumpeke nge kureba.” Abagaragu bati: “Hama aho ngaho ntibishoboka, kujya kureba umuhigo ntibishoboka, hama aho ngaho, ntabwo bigushishikaje. Abagenda baraza kukubwira”. Umugore ati: “Oya nimumpeke munshyire mu gikari”. Burya koko nyamwanga kubwirwa ntiyanze kubona! Umugore baramuheka no mu gikari. Umugore areba umuhigo, abahigi bari bahetse impyisi. Umugore arabareba, bimwanga mu nda, umugore ashingura ukuguru mu ngobyi, agushinga ku rugo. Agushinze ku rugo, ashinga mu ihembe ry’inzovu. Umugore arongera ashingura ukuguru ati: “nimunjyane imuhira, sinzi ikintu kinyishe mu kirenge”. Bamusubiza mu nzu, umugore ariko ataka avuga ngo “Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze no kubona”. Guhera ubwo abyimba ikirenge, umugabo ngo aze barabimubwira. Umugabo ati: “Ese ye, byagenze bite? Uyu mugore mwamujyaniye iki mu gikari?” Abagaragu be baramusubiza bati: “Uyu mugore yari yatubwiye turamuhakanira aranga. None rero nta kundi twari kubigenza”.
Nuko bigeze igihe cya nijoro umugore arapfa, amaze gupfa baramuhamba. Bibera aho ngaho barabasura, kwa sebukwe bazana ibiyagano. Bavuye ku kirirarira cy’urupfu, nanone benga inzoga, uwo mukwe atumira kwa sebukwe, atumira bene wabo bo kwa sebukwe na ba nyirarume b’umugore. Bahageze, abatekerereza ukuntu yagiye kwiba, agasanga Imana irimo gutuka umwana wavutse, na we agakata uwo mwana mu nda, agasiga amara ari hasi; ukuntu Imana nanone yamusannye, kandi ko icyo yamututse ari ihembe ry’inzovu akaba ari cyo azize. Arabashima ati: “Nukonuko kandi nshimye Imana, abantu mwese mwemere Imana, Imana ni yo iriho kandi ni yo ishobora byose, iyakaremye ni yo ikamena”. Si ge wahera hahera Ruhinyuza.
2.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ruhinyuza”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ziboneye, ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Impuzu
b) Bimwanga mu nda
c) Gupfundura amabere
2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira ayo bibusanyije inyito.
a) Ruhinyuza yabwiye kwa sebukwe uburyo yagiye kubiba agasanga Imana irimo gutuka umwana.
b) Ruhinyuza yategetse abagaragu kutazemerera umugore we kuva mu rugo.
c) Umukwe wabo yajyanye n’umugore we iwabo.
2.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ruhinyuza” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Ni irihe zina ry’umujura uvugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Izina ry’umujura uvugwa mu mwandiko rihuriye he n’ibiwuvugwamo?
3. Ruhinyuza ageze mu rugo yari agiye kwibamo byamugendekeye gute?
4. Ni iyihe mpamvu ya mbere yatumye Ruhinyuza asaba uriya mukobwa?
5. Kuki Ruhinyuza yatanze itegeko ry’uko umugore we atazigera yigenza na rimwe mu buzima bwe?
6. Ese ibyo Imana yatutse umwana byabaye ukuri? Sobanura.
2.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ruhinyuza” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Tanga urugero rw’igikorwa umuntu ashobora gukora kibujijwe kikamugiraho ingaruka.
2. Muri iki gihe ni iyihe nama wagira umuntu ushaka guhiga inyamaswa ?
3. Ni iki wakora mu gihe nyuma y’igihe kirekire waba umenye umuntu wakugiriye nabi?
4. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize umwandiko “Ruhinyuza”
II.2. Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda: Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira maze usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Abanyarwanda bimaraga ubute
Abanyarwanda bakoraga imirimo itandukanye bakizihirwa. Abahinga ubudehe bakidogera isuka, bakaririmba imparamba; abahigi mu kibira bakaririmba amahigi, baba bamashije umuhigo bakaroha ibyirahiro.
Buri mwuga wari ufite umwihariko, abasare mu mazi bakamenya amasare yabo, abavumvu bakavuga amavumvu yabo bahamagara inzuki cyangwa baziyama ngo zitabadwinga.
Mu gitaramo abagabo bashoboraga kwivuga, mu gihe cy’umuhuro umukobwa agiye kubaka urwe bakamuhoza, abana bakarushanwa kuvuga vuba utezwe mu mvugo bakamuseka n’ibindi.
Abanyarwanda bari bazi kwirwanaho bimara ubute, batarama cyangwa bakora akazi runaka.
Ibibazo
1. Uhereye ku mwandiko umaze gusoma, wavuga ko amasare, amavumvu, ibihozo n’amagorane ari ubuvanganzo bwari bugenewe ba nde?
2. Ubuvanganzo ni iki? Burimo amoko angahe?
3. Kora ubushakashatsi ugire icyo uvuga ku nshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda n’ingeri zabwo.
1. Intangiriro
Ubuvanganzo ni uburyo bwo guhimba ibintu umuntu akoresheje amagambo aboneye, uburyo bugwiriyemo ikeshamvugo, haba mu mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko. Buva ku gitekerezo cy’uvuga cyangwa uwandika, bugatwara uwumva cyangwa usoma, kubera uburyohe bwabwo. Ubuvanganzo bugamije kuvuga ibyabaye, ibiriho cyangwa ibizaza, byaba ari ukuri cyangwa ibigenekerejwe. Burigisha, bugira abantu inama, burahana, burahanura, buraganira. Burata ubutegetsi, ibihugu n’uturere, buvuga Imana n’abayihaye, urukundo, ubwiza, ububi, amagorwa n’ibindi. Butuma kandi amagambo atamenyerewe akwira mu mvugo, amenyerewe bikayaha kuramba mu rurimi, ayaretswe bukayaha kutazimira n’icyo yavugaga. Ikintu cyose kigezweho gitya kitwa ubuvanganzo.
Igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo ushaka kugihimba ajya ahantu hiherereye hatari ibimurangaza, agakurikiranya ibitekerezo bye, ingingo ku yindi, yarangiza akazabwira abandi ibyo yagezeho. Aho hantu hitwa mu nganzo. Ijambo inganzo kandi rivuga uburyo bwo guhimba umuntu yihariye. Ni cyo gituma umuntu ashobora kuvuga ko kanaka afite inganzo ityaye kurusha kanaka. Iyo mihimbire y’umuntu ku giti ke iyo hagize uyikurikiza bavuga ko yafatiye ku nganzo ya kanaka wayibimburiye abandi.
Ubuvanganzo rero ni ijambo rigizwe n’uduce tubiri kamwe gakomoka ku nshinga kuva (guturuka) n’izina inganzo. Muri iri jambo ubuvanganzo izina inganzo riba rivuga urwiherero umuhanzi atunganyirizamo ibitekerezo byiza n’imvugo inoze mbere yo kubishyira ahagaragara. Ijambo inganzo kandi rishobora no kuvuga aho bakura ibumba.
Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda rero ni igice cy’ururimi kiga uruhurirane rw’abahanzi nyarwanda, ibihangano byabo ndetse n’uburyo bwabo bwo guhanga. Bukubiyemo ibyiciro bibiri bikuru: ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo n’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyandiko.
Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bugabanyijemo ibice bibiri ari byo: ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda n’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyabami (bw’ubutegetsi). Muri iki gitabo turibanda ku buvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
2. Inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda bugizwe n’ ibihangano byahimbwe n’abantu ba kera batazwi neza bakaba barahimbaga batandika, bakabifata mu mutwe. Ibyo bahimbaga babishyikirizaga ab’igihe cyabo bikabizihira mu bitaramo, bakagenda babiraga abo basize, bityobityo bakagenda babihererekanya mu mvugo. Ubu buvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda bukubiyemo ibintu byinshi byari byarasakaye muri rubanda. Nta muntu bwitirirwaga ko yabuhimbye.
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda ni ihuriro ry’ibihangano byasesekaye muri rubanda byahimbwe hagamijwe gusetsa, kwidagadura, imihango runaka, gucyaha, kugaragaza inkomoko y’imvugo cyangwa y’imigirire runaka, kuruhura, ibihe bihambaye by’imibereho y’abantu, n’ibindi. Ubu buvanganzo ntibwari buhishe cyangwa hari abantu bake bugenewe nk’ubw’ ibwami, ahubwo rubanda babugiragamo ubwisanzure ku buryo washoboraga kumva ingeri imwe y’ubuvanganzo aha, ejo ukayumva ahandi hagize igihindukaho kandi ntibitere ikibazo.
3. Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Muri ubu buvanganzo hakubiyemo ingeri nyinshi. Zimwe wasangaga zihariwe n’itsinda runaka rikora umurimo umwe cyangwa umuryango; muri zo twavuga: amasare, amahigi, amavumvu, amahamba, amajuri, ibyidogo by’isuka, guhura, kugangahura, kwambika imana zeze, indirimbo z’imandwa n’ibindi. Izindi wasangaga zihuriweho n’Abanyarwanda benshi ku buryo na n’ubu zigifite agaciro. Izo ngeri ni nk’insigamigani, imigani migufi, imigani miremire, ibisakuzo, urwenya na byendagusetsa, ibyivugo by’amahomvu, amagorane, uturingushyo, ibitutsi, indahiro, indirimbo z’inanga, imbyino, ibihozo, n’ibindi.
Umwitozo
a) Vuga amoko y’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda?
a) Sobanura icyo ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda ari cyo.
a) Tanga nibura ingero eshanu z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
a) Muri iki gihe ubuvanganzo nyarwanda budufitiye akahe kamaro?
2.2.1. Umugani muremure
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko «Ruhinyuza» maze utahure uko utangira n’uko urangira. Ukurikije uko urangira n’uko utangira ndetse n’ibivugwamo, uyu mwandiko ni bwoko iki?Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’umugani muremure.
1. Inshoza y’umugani muremure
Umugani muremure ni umwandiko uteye nk’inkuru. Uvuga ibintu by’ibihimbano n’ibitangaza, bibera mu isi y’impimbano. Ntawamenya igihe n’ahantu nyakuri byabereye. Imigani ifatira ku bintu bifatika no ku bintu bidafatika: abantu, ibintu, ibikoko, imana, urupfu n’ibindi. Imigani miremire kandi ivugisha ibivuga n’ibitavuga.
2. Uturango tw’umugani muremure
Umugani muremure ugira uturango ushobora gusangira n’ubundi bwoko bw’ imyandiko :
- Irigisha cyangwa ikaruhura abantu.
- Igaragaramo amakabyankuru
- Iba yanditse ku buryo bw’umudandure (buhurutuye)
- Amazina yo mu migani akenshi aba yerekeranye n’icyo umugani ugamije.
- Imigani imwe bayihagikamo igika kiririmbwa.
Umugani muremure ugira uturango wihariye tujyanye n’uko utangira n’uko usozwa. Muri rusange batangira umugani bagira bati : “Ngiye kubacira umugani wa…” cyangwa “Kera habayeho” Bakawusoza bavuga bati : “Si ge wahera, hahera umugani”cyangwa ikindi kintu, inyamaswa ivugwa mu mugani.
Umugani kandi ushobora gutangira mu buryo bukurikira :
Ingero :
- Mbacire umugani, mbabambuze umugani n’uzava i Kamugani azasange ubukombe bw’ umugani buziritse ku muganda w’inzu.
- Ubusa bwaritse ku manga, umuyaga urabwarurira, agaca karacuranga, uruvu ruravugiriza, Nyiramusambi isabagirira inanga.Washoboraga no gusozwa mu buryo bukurikira :
Umugani kandi ushobora kurangira mu buryo bukurikira:
Ingero :
- Umugani ugana akariho, umushwi w’inkoko ntiwinjira mu isaho nyina iba iri munsi.
- Nteruye akabuye nkajugunya mu iriba rya kabugondo, kibira kajya epfo, nuburuka njya ruguru.
- Nshiye mu rutoki rwa marume ruhinduka amatembetembe, nshiye mu buro bwa marume buhinduka urumamfu, nshiye mu masaka ya marume ahinduka urukungu, nshiye mu mateke ya marume ahinduka amatekateke, nshiye mu mashaza ya marume ahinduka ibishazashaza, nshiye mu bigori bya marume bihinduka ibigorigori, nshiye mu nkoko za marume zihinduka inkware.
- Inka iti : “Mbaaa”. Imbwa iti : “Bwe”, nti : “Gapfe”. Ihene iti : “Meee”, nti : “Byira mbyiruke”. Intama iti : “Maaa”, nti : “Kura dukurane mwana w’Imana”.
Umwitozo
1. Umugani muremure ni iki?
2. Vuga nibura bibiri mu byo umugani muremure uhuriraho n’indi myandiko?
3. Ukurikije uko umugani utangira, rondora nibura uturango twawo tubiri.
4. Vuga nibura uburyo bumwe bashobora gusozamo umugani muremure?
2.2.2. Imigani migufi cyangwa imigani y’imigenurano
Igikorwa
Mu mwandiko “Ruhinyuza” hagaragaramo imvugo zikurikira: “Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze no kubona” n’imvugo “Iyakaremye ni yo ikamena”. Kora ubushakashatsi usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
a) Ese buri mvugo irashaka kuvuga iki ukurikije ibivugwa mumwandiko?
b) Uhereye ku miterere n’ibisobanuro by’izi mvugo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’imigani migufi cyangwa imigani y’imigenurano n’uturango twayo.
1. Inshoza y’imigani migufi /imigani y’imigenurano
Umugani mugufi cyangwa umugani w’umugenurano ni interuro ngufi ivuga ibintu ku buryo bw’inshamarenga. Uyibwiwe ayumva ahereye ku cyo uwuciye arenguriyeho, yaba adasanzwe awuzi ntiyumve icyoabwiwe. Ni interuro irimo imvugo itsitse, ikora ku mutima, yagiye ihangwa n’intiti z’ururimi, zikagira ubushobozi bwo kuburira, kwigisha, guhanura no gufasha guhangana mu magambo.
Imigani y’imigenurano ikubiyemo insanganyamatsiko zinyuranye z’uturango tw’umuco nyarwanda nk’uburezi n’uburere, imibanire, ubucuti, imyemerere, ubwisungane cyangwa ubufatanye n’ibindi.
Ingero:
- Uburere
Uburere buruta ubuvuke.
Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito.
- Imibanire
Akebo kajya iwa mugarura.
Agasozi gatereye inka kamanuka indi.
- Ubucuti
Inshuti iruta inshuro.
Amenyo arya ubucuti araruma.
Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge.
- Imyemerere
Imana iraguha ntimugura iyo muguze iraguhenda.
Imana iguha nk’iguhorera ikakwima nk’iguhora inzigo.
- Ubwisungane cya ngwa ubufatanye
Inkingi imwe ntigera inzu.
Imisega ibiri ntinanirwa igufa.
Ababiri bajya inama baruta umunani urasana.
2. Kuki imigani migufi bayita imigenurano?
Mu Kinyarwanda bagenura amazina. Umuntu akita izina runaka ashaka kuvuga ikindi kintu. Kugenura rero ni uguca amarenga. Ni ukuvuga ikintu mu buryo budasobanuye. Umugani mugufi rero wumvikana mu buryo bubiri: uburyo bwa mbere ni ubwo mu mvugo yawo isanzwe, ishingira ku magambo awugize; uburyo bwa kabiri ni uburyo bw’imvugo y’amarenga, ishushanya, ihishe, ishingira ku cyo bagenuriyeho, umuntu ubonetse wese atahita yumva.
Ingero:
- Ugiciye inkondo si we ugicundamo: imvugo ya mbere ni uko byumvikana ko usaruye igisabo atari we ngombwa ngo azagicundiramo amata. Imvugo ya kabiri ari yo y’amarenga ni uko baba bashaka kuvuga ko uruhiye ikintu atari we ugera ku byiza byacyo. Uyu mugani wawucira umuntu wakoze nk’ikintu kimuvunnye ntikibe ari we kigira akamaro.
- Akabonye umwe gapfa ubusa: mu buryo busanzwe, iyo umuntu abonye ikintu ari umwe ntibigira akamaro kuko nyine aba ari wenyine. Uburyo bwa kabiri bw’amarenga buhishe ni uko umuntu atizihirwa n’iyo yabona ibimeze bite igihe abibonye ari wenyine. Uyu mugani wawucira umuntu utaragize icyo akora ku kintu kuko yari umwe. Biba bishatse kuvuga ko iyo baba benshi byari kugira akamaro kurushaho.
- Arimo gishigisha ntavura: birumvikana ko amata atavura ugenda uyakozamo umutozo uyavuruga buri kanya (gushigisha ni ugukaraga umwuko mu gikoma kiri ku ziko ngo ifu yivange n’amazi itaza gufata mu ndiba bigashirira), iryo ni ihame. Urumva koko ari byo, nta kindi gisobanuro ugomba kugira ngo wumve uwo mugani.
Mu buryo bw’amarenga. Uwumvise agomba gutekereza agashishoza kugira ngo amenye icyo uwo mugani bawurenguriraho, mbese ingingo ushushanya. Uyu mugani urerekana ingorane umuntu aterwa n’abamusesereza mu bikorwa bye bagira ngo berekane ko ibye bidashobora gutungana kandi bifite kidobya. Uko kumutobera urogoya imigambi ye, ni byo bagereranya no gushigisha amata kuko amata ubusanzwe aba ikivuguto ari uko wayateretse ukayarekera hamwe agatuza, akabona gufatana, ari byo bita “kuvura.”
3. Uturango tw’imigani migufi
- Ni utubango tugufi dufite imvugo idanangiye kandi tubumbatiye ubutumwa.
- Umugani mugufi uwusobanukirwa bitewe n’icyo barenguriyeho.
- Intego yawo ni ukwigisha abantu kugira ngo bahindure ingeso mbi zabo cyangwa bakomeze imico myiza bari basanganywe.
- Imigani migufi ni ibihangano nyabugeni kuko usanga yifitemo ikeshamvugo nk’igihangano nyabugeni icyo ari cyo cyose.
Ingero:
Isubirajwi:
Agasaza kamwera akandi kuzakamwa
Indyarya ihimwa n’indyamirizi
Inyabizi ibyara ingongerezi
Imvugo shusho:
Ingona zirya bamwe abandi bambuka
Agahinda k’inkoko kamenywa n’inkike yatoyemo.
- Umugani mugufi urangwa kandi no kuba ugizwe n’ibice bibiri by’interuro byuzuzanya cyangwa bivuguruzanya.
Ingero:
Utaganiriye na se ntamenya icyo sekuru yasize avuze.
Ubuto bubeshya umuntu agaseka.
Irya mukuru urishima uribonye.
Irya mukuru riratinda ntirihera.
Imwe mu migani y’imigenurano yo mu kinyarwanda
- Ntawurata kubyara habyara Imana
- Iteme umugabo azambuka aritinda agitunze
- Uvoma yanga avoma ibirohwa
- Imbuto y’umugisha yera ku giti cy’umuruho
- Abababiri ntibacibwa inka
- Uruhahira babiri ntirurara ubusa
- Akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenye iyo bweze
- Ishyiga rimwe ntiryarika
- Amazi masabano ntamara inyota
- Imana iguha inka ntikubwiriza kuziragira
Imyitozo
1. Sobanura imigani ikurikira:
a) Akebo kajya iwa mugarura
b) Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge
2. Tanga urugero rw’ umugani mugufi kuri buri nsanganyamatsiko.
a) Ubufatanye
b) Ubupfura
c) Umurengwe
d) Umuco
3. Ni uwuhe mugani wacira abantu bavugwa muri iyi nkuru: Kagabo na Nyiraneza barashakanye ariko bahora mu makimbirane adashira bitewe n’uko iyo umwe atereye hejuru n’undi ahita amusubiza bityo bikarangira barwanye.
4. Soma inkuru ikurikira hanyuma usubize ibibazo byayibajijweho: Karekezi akora akazi k’ubuganga kandi abarwayi bamukundira uko abitaho. Ku bitaro aho akorera haje umugabo uje kuhivuriza amubwira ko areka akazi akaza bakajyana akamuha akazi ko kumuyoborera ivuriro. Yamubwiye ko kugira ngo amujyane abanza kumuha amafaranga ibihumbi ijana yo kumushakiramo ibyangombwa. Yahise asezera akazi ajya gushaka uwo mugabo. Ajya mu mugi kumureba. Agize ngo aramuhamagara kuri terefone asanga nimero ye ntiboneka. Aramanjirirwa, agarutse ku kazi asanga bamaze kumusimbuza undi.
a) Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu umeze nka Karekezi wirukankira ibihita byose akitesha amahirwe yari afite?
b) Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu umeze nka Karekezi umwereka ko iyo wihutiye gukora ibintu utatekereje bikubyarira ingaruka mbi?
c) Gira inama Karekezi mu mugani mugufi umubwira ko akwiye kujya agisha inama abandi ko ibitekerezo bye wenyine byamuroha.
II.3. Umwandiko: Inkuru yabaye kimomo
Uyu mugani bawuca iyo bamaze kumenya ko inkuru ari imvaho; ni bwo bagira bati: “inkuru yabaye kimomo!”. Wakomotse kuri Kimomo cya Gashakamba w’Umuzigaba, i Bweramvura bwa Kinihira mu Kabagari (Ruhango), ahasaga mu mwaka wa 1500.
Ndahiro Cyamatare amaze guhungishiriza umuhungu we Ndori i Karagwe k’Abahinda, yaratanze, u Rwanda rucikamo ibice; kimwe kigira abatware bacyo ikindi abacyo; bimara iminsi. Bukeye inzara iratera ica ibintu, batangira kuvuga ko iyo nzara yatewe no kutagira umwami. Haba impuha nyinshi zitewe n’ayo mapfa yakubye u Rwanda. Ndori yari yarajyanywe n’umuja wa se witwaga Nyamabere; ni we nyirakuru w’abanyagihango b’i Gihinga cya Ruzege mu Rukoma. Yamugejeje kwa nyirasenge abanza kujya amurerera ku icumbi bamuhisha Ruhinda, umugabo wa Nyabunyana.
Nuko inzara ikomeje guca ibintu, abayoboke ba Ndahiro (rubanda rutari abiru) baterana rwihishwa barabazanya bati: “Aho duherukanira ko twabonaga umwana wa Ndahiro witwa Ndori, aho none ntiyaba yarapfanye na se cyangwa akaba yandagaye mu Rwanda aho tutazi?” Bitoramo bamwe bajya i Buhanga kubibaza Mpande ya Rusanga wari umwiru. Bagendamo uwitwa Kimomo cya Gashakamba w’i Bweramvura. Bashyira nzira bagera i Buhanga mu ijoro kuko bagendaga mu rwihisho.
Mpande ababaza amakuru abagenza, ati: “Ko mwaje ikivunge ni amahoro?” Bati: “Ntayo!”. Barongera bati: “Twateranye twibaza aho mwene Ndahiro aba turahayoberwa, none tuje kukubaza akanunu ke wenda wakamenya”.
Mpande abanza kwiyumvira akeka ko bamutata. Hanyuma arababaza ati: “Muramushakira iki?” Ni ko kumusubiza bati: “Tumenye ko akiriho twakwisuganya tukarwana n’abigaruriye u Rwanda tutarasanira ubusa”. Mpande yumvise ko batamutata arababwira ati: “Ndori ari i Karagwe kwa Ruhinda, se yasize amwoherereje nyirasenge Nyabunyana ngo amurere”. Bati: “Ese azagaruka buryo ki?” Ati: “Ibyo sinabimenya”. Barikubura baragaruka ariko batemeye ibyo Mpande yababwiye. Baza bamugaya inzira yose bati: “Nta bucuti bw’abiru!” Bageze iwabo bacura indi nama bati: “Nimwivanemo umuntu w’umugabo tumutume i Karagwe age kuturebera ko Mpande yatubwije ukuri cyangwa yatubeshye dushire amazeze”. Bakiri muri iyo nama Kimomo ati: “Nimuntume nubwo ntazi inzira ijyayo ariko ndapfa kugenda mpobagurika ningira Imana nzagerayo!”
Nuko bose bashima Kimomo bamuha impamba aragenda. Ahaguruka i Bweramvura arara ku Rugarika mu Kona ka Mashyoza kwa Karangana; amubwira ko agiye i Karagwe kureba ko Ndori akiriho. Karangana yanga kumumenyesha ko Ndori ariho; na we yari umwiru. Bukeye Kimomo ahaguruka ku Rugarika arara i Nyamweru kwa Cyabakanga ahageze na we arabimubwira. Cyabakanga ntiyamubera nka Karangana apfa kumubwira ariko nk’ubikeka, ati: “Ubanza yaba ariho”. Buracya Kimomo ashyira nzira ataha i Busigi kwa Minyaruko ya Nyamikenke, amutekerereza ko agiye gushaka aho Ndori yaba ari. Minyaruko aramwerurira ati: “Ari i Karagwe kwa nyirasenge Nyabunyana”. Buracya Kimomo arahaguruka arara nzira rimwe, ku munsi wa kabiri arara mu rugabano rwa Karagwe. Ahageze abatasi baramufata bamubaza ikimugenza. Kimomo yanga kuvuga ko aje kureba Ndori, ati: “Nje guhakwa na mabuja Nyabunyana ntiduherukana kandi nari umugaragu wa se”. Baramufata bamujyana kwa Ruhinda. Bamugejeje ku karubanda bamwe bamusigaraho abandi bajya kubaza Nyabunyana ko azi umuntu witwa Kimomo. Nyabunyana yumvise iryo zina ashigukana ubwuzu, ati: “Ari he?” Bati: “Ku karubanda”. Arababwira ati: “Nimumubwire aze”.
Kimomo araza aramukanya na Nyabunyana, baramufungurira. Amaze gufungura Nyabunyana ahamagaza Ndori ngo aze baramukanye. Ubwo yari yaragiye ku mugaragaro. Araza bararamukanya. Bakiramukanya Kimomo araturika ararira. Nyabunyana aramutwama arihanagura, ariko agumya kuvugana ikiniga. Arara aho arasibira akiruhuka. Ku munsi wa gatatu arasezera bamuha impamba afata inzira aragaruka. Aza arara aho yagiye arara hose, abamenyesha ko Ndori ari umusore. Ageze iwabo i Bweramvura bwa Kinihira ateranya Abaryankuna, abatekerereza urugendo rwe ababwira uko yabonanye na Ndori na nyirasenge.
Ubwo Abaryankuna babivugaga rwihishwa mu mabanga yabo. Ariko ntibyabura kumenyekana hose bavuga ko Ndori ari i Karagwe. Bamwe bati: “Yapfanye na se”. Bakomeza kubivuga kugeza igihe bamenyeye ko Kimomo ari we wazanye iyo nkuru avuye i Karagwe. Noneho barabyemera bikwira u Rwanda rwose. Kuva ubwo rero, hagira ababara inkuru bayisiganira, bamwe bati: “Ibi n’ibi”, abandi, bati: “biriya”, bikaba aho byamara kwitamanzura, bose bakagira bati: “Ni byo; ni imvaho, noneho bakagira bati: “inkuru yabaye kimomo”. Ubwo baba bibuka inkuru ya Kimomo cya Gashakamba yavuye i Karagwe igakwira u Rwanda ari impamo. Kubara inkuru kimomo ni ukuyigaragaza by’imvaho.
2.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Inkuru yabaye kimomo”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zawe wihimbiye ukurikije icyo asobanura mu mwandiko:
a) Akanunu
b) Abatasi
c) Aramutwama
d) Yaratanze
e) Ikivunge
f) Mpobagurika
2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira ayo bibusanyije igisobanuro.
a) Iyo umwana agiye kwa nyirasenge ahura na babyara be
b) Ninza kugusura nzaza rwihishwa.
2.3.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inkuru yabye kimomo”, usubiza ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Byagendekeye bite u Rwanda umwami Ndahiro amaze gutanga?
2. Ni izihe mpamvu ebyiri zateye abayoboke ba Ndahiro gushakisha aho Ndori aherereye?
3. Kimomo akigera i Karagwe byamugendekeye bite?
4. Urugendo rwa Kimomo i Karagwe rwagize akahe kamaro?
2.3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inkuru yabaye kimomo” maze usubiza ibibazo bikurira.
1. Ni iki wowe wakorera umuryango mugari aho atuye mu gihe haba hari ikibazo kibugarije?
2. Ufite amakuru afitiye imbaga nyamwinshi akamaro, wakora iki kugira ngo agere ku bo agenewe?
3. Ni irihe somo ry’ingenzi ryagufasha mu buzima ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
4. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize umwandiko “Inkuru yabaye kimomo”
II.4. Izindi ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
2.4.1. Insigamigani
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inkuru yabaye kimomo”, witegereza imiterere yawo, uko utangira, uko usoza, ibivugwamo maze utahure inshoza n’uturango by’ ingeri y’ insigamugani.
1. Inshoza y’insigamugani
Mu Kinyarwanda, gusiga umugani ni ugukora ibintu bikomeye byaba byiza cyangwa bibi, wasaza bagasigara babikwibukiraho bati “naka yasize umugani”. Bishobora no gukomoka ku mvugo umuntu yakundaga gukoresha hanyuma igasakara henshi; yamara gupfa abamuzi bakajya bavuga ko yabasigiye umugani.
Insigamigani ni zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo zikaba zarabonekaga cyane mu mivugire, mu migendere, mu myumvire, mu mikorere no mu mibereho y’ubuzima bwa buri munsi by’abanyarwanda.
Insigamigani ni ahantu cyangwa se abantu babaye abagenuzi b’imigani cyangwa se inkomoko yayo cyangwa se n’ibindi rubanda bagenuriyeho bakabigira iciro ry’imigani, nk’inyamaswa, inyoni n’ibindi.
2. Uturango tw’insigamigani
- Insigamigani irangwa n’imvano y’imvugo cyangwa umugani wabaye gikwira mu Banyarwanda;
- Yerekana igihe kizwi n’ahantu hazwi ibivugwamo byabereye;
- Abanyarubuga bavugwamo baba ari abantu bazwi neza mu mateka, n’ibikorwa bivugwamo bizwi ko byabaye mu mateka.
3. Amoko y’insigamigani
Insigamigani zirimo amoko abiri y’ingenzi: insigamigani nyirizina n’insigamigani nyitiriro.
Insigamigani nyiri zina
Insigamigani nyirizina ni imvugo zakomotse ku bantu bazwi neza amavu n’amajyo ku buryo rubanda bemeye kwigana imigirire yabo, no mu mvugo isanzwe izo mvugo zabakomotseho zigakoreshwa zigahinduka inyigisho muri rubanda.
Twafata nk’urugero rwa Ntambabazi wa Rufangura wagize ati: “Ndatega zivamo”, Rugaju rwa Mutimbo ati: “Nguye mu matsa”, Nyiramataza Mukarukari ati: “Ngiye kwa Ngara”, Nkana ya Rumanzi ati: “Arigiza Nkana”, Bajeyi ba Sharangabo bati: “Yarezwe bajeyi” n’abandi. Bene abo ni bo nsigamigani nyirizina. Batatu babanza ni bo babaye abagenuzi b’imigani bo ubwabo, naho ababiri bandi babaye imvano yayo.
Insigamigani nyitiriro
Insigamigani nyitiriro ni ibindi bintu rubanda bagenuriyeho bakabiheraho babigira iciro ry’imigani. Urugero ni nk’impyisi mu nyamaswa yagize iti: “Harya ko kuvuga ari ugutaruka, nk’iriya Musheru ipfana iki na Mutamu?”, Igikeri mu myururu, bati: “Gikeri utahe n’intashya”, kiti: “Mfana iki n’ibiguruka?” Ibi byose babitwerereye amagambo y’abantu bahishiriye kubera umwanya bafite mu gihugu cyangwa se mu muryango wubashywe. Si byo ubwabyo byivugiye ayo magambo.
Umwitozo
a) Mu magambo yawe bwite sobanura insigamigani icyo ari cyo.
b) Insigamigani zirimo amoko angahe? Yavuge kandi uyasobanure.
c) Kora ubushakashatsi uvuge inkomoko z’insigamigani zikurikira
- Yagiye nka Nyomberi
- Yagiye guca umuti wa Mperezayo
2.4.2.Ibisakuzo
Igikorwa
Musome umwandiko ukurikira hanyuma musubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Mu gitaramo kwa nyirakuru
Mu biruhuko bishize Kawera na musaza we bagiye gusura nyirakuru utuye mu bisi bya Huye. Bagezeyo, nyirakuru abakirana ubwuzu. Bararamukanya bishyira kera. Bamaze kuruhuka, nyirakuru asasa umusambi, abazimanira umutsima w’amasaka n’ikivuguto.
Nimugoroba haza babyara babo kubaramutsa. Bararamukanya, babazanya amakuru barangije bakina urunana. Ijoro riguye nyirakuru abasaba gutaramana na we. Abacira umugani ushimishije nyuma barasakuza. Kawera atangira abasakuza ati: “Sakwe sakwe!” abandi bati: “Soma” ati: “Abana bange bateze ibisage bose”. Abandi bati: “Imisatsi y’ibigori”. Bakomeza batyo basimburana umwumwe. Nyirakuru abonye bamaze gusakuza umwanya muremure, arabashimira cyane bajya kuryama.
Ibibazo
1. Ni izihe ngeri z’ubuvanganzo Kawera, musaza we, babyara babo na nyirakuru bifashishije mu gutarama?
2. Umaze gusoma umwandiko “Mu gitaramo kwa nyirakuru”, tahura inshoza y’ibisakuzo n’uturango tw’ibisakuzo ndetse n’akamaro kabyo.
1. Inshoza y’ibisakuzo
Ibisakuzo ni umukino wo mu magambo ugizwe n’ibibazo n’ibisubizo bishimisha abakuru n’abato kandi birimo ubuhanga. Ibisakuzo byagiraga abahimbyi b’inzobere bahoraga barushaho kunoza no gukungahaza uwo mukino.
Buri gisakuzo kiba gifite imvugo yacyo yabugenewe, kikicwa mu magambo yacyo bwite, kandi gishobora no kugira ibisubizo byinshi.
Abasakuza bagenda bakuranwa mu gusakuza. Usakuza agira ati: “Sakwe, sakwe”, usakuzwa agasubiza ati: “Soma.” Iyo uwahawe ubufindo atinze kubufindura, uwamusakuje aramubwira ati: “Kimpe”. Uwasakujwe iyo kimuyobeye arasubiza ngo: “Ngicyo”, ubwo mugenzi we akakica.
2. Uturango tw’ibisakuzo
- Ibisakuzo birangwa no gutangizwa n’amagambo: Sakwe sakwe…!
Soma!
- Ibisakuzo kandi bigomba gukinwa n’abantu babiri bakuranwa.
- Birangwa no kuba hari ikibazo kijimije n’igisubizo gishobora kuba cyo cyagwa ntikibe cyo.
- Mu gusakuza, unaniwe kwica igisakuzo, uwo basakuzanya arakiyicira bityo akaba akimutsinze.
3. Akamaro k’ibisakuzo mu buzima bwa buri munsi
- Ibisakuzo bifasha abana ndetse n’abakuru gukora imyitozo mfuturamvugo igamije kubamenyereza gutekereza, kuvuga badategwa no kumenya gufindura imvugo zijimije.
- Ibisakuzo byigisha guhanga no gutekereza kuko umuntu ashobora kwica igisakuzo atari asanzwe akizi ugasanga igisubizo atanze na cyo ari cyo n’ubwo hari ikiba kimenyerewe.
- Ibisakuzo muri rusange birigisha, byungura ubumenyi.
- Ibisakuzo byifashishwaga mu bitaramo.
- Ibisakuzo byinshi bibumbatiye umuco nyarwanda kuko bigaragaramo ibikoresho byo mu muco nyarwanda.
Ingero
- Mu bisakuzo byinshi usangamo ingingo z’amateka bikerekana ko byahimbwe mu gihe ikintu runaka cyariho.
Ingero
Umwitozo
1. Ica ibisakuzo bikurikira:
Sakwe sakwe! Soma!
- Nagutera icyambuka amazi kitagira amaguru
- Nagutera icyo utazi utabon
- Hagarara hakuno,mpagarare hakurya turate abeza
- Hakurya ni umukoki,hakuno ni umukoki
- Mpagaze mu ishyamba rimpa umwezi
- Ngeze mu ishyamba rirahungabana
- Nshinze umwe ndasakara
- Nyirabakangaza ngo mutahe
- Inka yanjye nyikama igaramye
- Twavamo umwe ntitwarya
2. Gereranya ibisakuzo n’imigani migufi
3. Tahura mu kinyatuzu ibisubizo by’ibisakuzo wahawe. Andika igisubizo imbere y’igisakuzo cyacyo.
Ibisakuzo
a) Intara za nyirabangana zingana zose.
b) Mama nshuti.
c) Sogokuru aryoha aboze.
d) Abana bange barara bahagaze bwacya bakaryama.
e) Agacwende kange kambaye kure mba ngukoreyemo.
f) Ibuye ry’imisozi ryimuye umugabo.
g) Inka yange yimira mu kinono ikabyarira mu ihembe.
h) Nkandagiye itafari rimena itegura risakaza inkuru i Burayi.
i) Ngeze mu ishyamba rirahubangana.
1. Umugabo yafashe inuma ngo age kuyirya iramubwira iti: “Reka nkubwire ikintu kimwe, nako bitatu hanyuma ubone kundya.” Icya mbere: Ikintu cyakugeze mu ntoki ntikikaguhende ubwenge ngo ukirekure. Icya kabiri: Ntukababazwe n’icyo wakoze. Irongera iti: “Ndekura nkubwire icya gatatu k’ingenzi.” Arayirekura irigurukira. Inuma iti: “Waba umupfu urakanyagwa.” Na bibiri bya mbere ntiwabyubahirije none nkubwire ikindi?
2. Umwana yashakaga kunyara ari kumwe na nyina akamubwira; bukeye nyina aramubwira ati: “Ntukavuge ko ugiye kunyara, jya uvuga ko ugiye kuririmba.”Umunsi umwe umwana yasigaranye na se nyina yasuhutse, bigeze nijoro umwana ati: “Ko nshaka kuririmba?” Se aramusubiza ati: “Mwana wange ushaka kuririmba muri iri joro? Cyo ngaho ndirimbira buhoro mu gutwi.” Umwana arekura inkari no mu gutwi kwa se ngo shiririri!
3. Umugabo w’igisambo yumvise ashonje, anyarukira mu nzu asangamo ibiryo by’umwana, arabiterura. Abuze aho abirira ajya mu bwiherero, arya vubavuba, ibyago bye biza kumuniga araniha, umugore yumvise umuniho arahurura ati: “Byagenze bite? Undi araceceka. Agize amahirwe biramanuka ntiyongera kuniha, umugore arongera arakomanga ati: “Hari urimo?” Umugabo afata ya sahani ayambara ku mutwe. Umugore arambiwe asunika urugi, umugabo abuze icyo avuga akomanga kuri ya sahani ati: “Mada, witonde ubu nabaye umuporisi.”
4. Umwana yabajije se ati: “Kuki abageni bambara ibyera igihe cyo gusezerana?” Se aramusubiza ati: “Mwana wange ni uko ari ibara ryerekana ibyishimo nk’uko iryirabura ryerekana agahinda.” Umwana ati: “Ahaaa! Noneho menye impamvu abagabo bakunda kwambara ibyirabura, ni agahinda bahorana!”
2.4.3.1 Gusoma no gusobanura imyandiko
Igikorwa
Soma imyandiko ya “Muze duseke”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo, ukore n’umwitozo ukurikira.
Umwitozo
1. Tanga imigenurano ibiri ihuje inyito n’umugani mugufi
“Ubwenge buza ubujiji buhise”.
2.4.3.2 Gusoma no kumva imyandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze duseke” maze usubiza ibibazo byayibajijweho.
1. Garagaza ibintu bibiri inuma yabwiye umugabo?
2. Ni ukubera iki inuma yabwiye umugabo ngo: “Waba umupfu urakanyagwa”
3. Kubera iki umugabo wo mu mwandiko wa gatatu yagiye kurira ibiryo mu bwiherero?
4. Umwana wo mu mwandiko wa kane avuga ko ari iy’ihe mpamvu abagabo bakunda kwambara ibyirabura?
5. Kubeshya ni bibi bigira ingaruka. Byerekanishe ingingo yo mu mwandiko wa gatatu.
2.4.3.3 Gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze duseke” maze usubiza ibibazo bikurira:
1. Sobanura uyu mugani mugufi “ Ubwenge buza ubujiji buhise” ugendeye ku byavuzwe mu mwandiko wa mbere.
2. Ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandiko wa kane ni iki wavuga ugereranyije n’indangagaciro zigomba kuturanga?
3. Ese urakeka ko ibyavuzwe muri iyi myandiko ari ukuri? Sobanura.
4. Ukurikije ibivugwa muri iyi myandiko, urumva yakoreshwa ryari mu buzima busanzwe?
II.4.4 Tumenye urwenya na byendagusetsa
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze duseke” maze usesengure akamaro kayo mu muryango nyarwanda. Umaze gusesengura akamaro kayo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’urwenya na byendagusetsa ndetse n’akamaro kabyo mu mibereho y’Abanyarwanda.
1. Inshoza y’urwenya na byendagusetsa
Urwenya na byendagusetsa ni inkuru zisetsa cyane ku buryo umuntu uzibariwe ababaye cyangwa arakaye acururuka. Izi nkuru hari ushobora kuzibarirwa zimuvuga nabi akarubira, akarya karungu, akaba yakwadukira abantu akabahutaza. Urwenya na byendagusetsa ni kimwe mu biranga umuntu warezwe, wabanye n’abandi. Ubwiwe izi nkuru akagaragaraho ubunyamusozi aba abuze akarango k’intore. Byendagusetsa ariko yo bavuga ko yenda gusetsa kuko mu by’ukurbavuze ngo irashekeje mbere y’uko ibarwa ntawaseka iby’iyo nkuru igiye kuvugwa.
2. Amoko y’urwenya na byendagusetsa
Urwenya rw’amagambo: Urwenya rushingiye ku kuvuga amagambo asekeje.
Urwenya rw’ingiro (filimi): Ni urwenya rushingiye ku migirire y’umuntu. Nk’ iyo bakina barwana umwe akubita undi urushyi cyangwa umugeri bisetsa abantu. Muri uru rwenya bashobora kandi gukoresha amarenga, amafiyeri, amaringa n’ibindi bimenyetso byatuma abantu baseka.
Urwenya rwo gusubiramo: Hari igihe umuntu avuga yigana imvugo y’umuntu asubiramo amagambo yavuze cyangwa imigirire ye ku buyo wumva bisekeje.
Urwenya rw’ingeso: Hari igihe umuntu agira ingeso zikamwokama ku buryo zagusetsa.
3. Uturango tw’urwenya na byendagusetsa
- Urwenya rurangwa no kuba ari amagambo cyangwa imyifatire y’umuntu bisetsa abandi. Usanga mu mvugo umunyarwenya akoresha amagambo aterekeranye, cyangwa akavugishwa kubera impamvu iyi n’iyi ku buryo bisetsa abamwumva.
- Byendagusetsa yo irangwa no kuba ari agakuru kagufi gasekeje, cyane kubera ko ibivugwamo bidashoboka, cyangwa bidakwiranye n’aho bivugiwe cyangwa n’ubivuze.
4. Akamaro k’urwenya na byendagusetsa
Ari urwenya cyangwa byendagusetsa byose biba bigamije gusetsa, gushimisha abantu. kubagira inama no kubakosora.
Umwitozo
Himba urwenya cyangwa byendagusetsa ku nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:
a) Umunyeshuri wafashwe mu kizamini akopera.
b) Inda nini cyangwa ubusambo.
II.4.5 Imyandiko: Muze twivuge
1. Nagiye ku rusenge ibitugu ndabitigisa, imyambi ndayisukiranya, abo twari kumwe ndabacyaha, nitwa cyaradamaraye.
2. Nivugiye ku rusenge, umwana yivugira mu nda ya nyina ntaho byabonetse.
3. Ndi Gatobotobo ka Ndabateze, natega neza ndagatabaruka.
4. Uri inyundo…. Ndi isata ibasumba ndi intore ya Rugayampunzi. Nkubitiye umubisha mu gikombe, ndamuzamura mukubitira mu gahinga, ngo ejo batagira ngo ni inkangu yamumfashije.
5. Ndi inkubito idatinya, ndi Nyambo sinkenga, Mucyo wa Rudatinya, ndi umuhungu ntibyijanwa.
6. Ndi umuhungu ndi umuzira guhunga, mirindi y’abasore nanze guhunga iwacu twaraye ubusa.
7. Nahagaze mu Gasenyi ndasa mu Gasiza, umukobwa wambonye ati: “Uno musore ntarasa neza arakandongora”.
2.4.5.1 Gusoma no gusobanura imyandiko
Igikorwa
Soma imyandiko ya “Muze twivuge”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Umwitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva icyo avuga.
a) Igikombe
b) Urusenge
c) Agahinga.
2. Shaka irindi jambo rivuga kimwe n’ijambo “umukobwa”
2.4.5.2 Gusoma no Kumva imyandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze twivuge” maze usubiza ibibazo byayibajijweho.
1. Kuvuga ko umuntu ari Cyaradamaraye bishatse kuvuga iki? Birakwiye ko babivugira ku muntu mukuru? Kubera iki?
2. Ni ibihe bikorwa by’indengakamere usanga muri ibi byivugo? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Mu kivugo cya kabiri hari aho uwivuga agaragaza ko hari ikintu gitangaje ikivugo ke cyatumye kiba nta handi cyabaye. Icyo kintu ni igiki?
4. Mu kivugo cya kane uwivuga aribanda ku kihe gikorwa? Yagikoreye he?
2.4.5.3 Gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko “Muze twivuge” maze usubiza ibibazo bikurira:
a) Ni izihe nsanganyamatsiko usanga muri iyi myandiko?
b) Ni ibiki mwabonye bigenda bigaruka muri iyi myandiko
II.4.6 Tumenye ibyivugo by’amahomvu
Igikorwa
Ongera usome imyandiko, “Muze twivuge” usesengure imiterere yayo n’icyo ivuga. Uhereye ku miterere yayo n’icyo ivuga, tahura inshoza n’uturango by’ibyivugo by’ amahomvu, n’akamaro ka byomu mibereho y’Abanyarwanda.
1. Inshoza y’ibyivugo by’amahomvu
Ibyivugo by’amahomvu cyangwa ibyivugo by’abana ni ibyivugo bigufi abana bivuga bagamije gusetsa no kwidagadura muri rusange. Ibi byivugo bivugirwa mu bitaramo byo mu miryango, si mu bitaramo by’ingabo. Impamvu babyita amahomvu ni uko mu by’ukuri ibyo birata biba bitarabayeho.
2. Uturango tw’ibyivugo by’amahomvu
- Ni ibyivugo bigufi cyane.
- Ni ibyivugo byivugwa n’abana.
- Ibigwi biratamo biba bitarabaye, byuzuye amakabyankuru.
- Bigamije gusetsa no kwidagadura.
- Uwivuga yigereranya n’ibintu, inyamaswa akaba ari byo ashingiraho ubuhangange bwe.
- Aho kwirata ubutwari bwo ku rugamba, uwivuga yirata ibikorwa bisanzwe ndetse rimwe na rimwe bidahesha icyubahiro uwivuga, yirata ubwiza, ubuhangange mu kurya, mu gukundwa n’abagore n’abakobwa n’ibindi
3. Akamaro k’ibyivugo by’amahomvu
Ibyivugo by’amahomvu bitoza abana gutinyuka bakavuga nta mususu kandi badategwa. Mu byivugo by’amahomvu bituma ababivuga bidagadura kuko bibasetsa bikabashimisha.
Imyitozo
1. Fata mu mutwe ibyivugo bibiri mu byo wahawe, hanyuma ubivugire imbere ya bagenzi bawe.
2. Himba ikivugo cy’amahomvu cyawe bwite wubahiriza ibiranga ibyo byivugo.
II.5 Ubutinde bw’inyajwi n’imiterere y’amasaku
2.5.1. Umugemo
Igikorwa
Soma amagambo akurikira, witegereze imiterere yayo maze utahure inshoza n’imivugirwe y’umugemo mu ijambo.
u-mwa-nga-vu
i-ngi-mbi
i-nda-nga-ga-ci-ro
1. Inshoza y’umugemo
Umugemo ugizwe n’ijwi rimwe cyangwa urwunge rw’amajwi menshi y’ishingiro yumvikanira rimwe uko umuntu abumbuye umunwa avuga. Bityo umubare w’imigemo ungana n’inshuro umuntu yagiye abumbura umunwa kugira ngo avuge ijambo.
Ingero :
- Umujugujugu : u-mu-ju-gu-ju-gu = imigemo itandatu
- Amashyiga : a-ma-shyi-ga = imigemo ine
- Amapfa : a-ma-pfa= imigemo itatu
Iyo umugemo ugizwe n’ijwi rimwe ry’ishingiro, uba ari inyajwi kandi uboneka mu ntangiro y’ijambo gusa. Indi migemo igirwa n’amajwi shingiro menshi (urwunge rw’ingombajwi) asozwa n’inyajwi. Bityo rero inyajwi ni yo shingiro ry’umugemo.
2. Imivugirwe y’umugemo mu ijambo
Mu Kinyarwanda haba imigemo itindwaho n’itebukwaho mu mvugo. Inyajwi rero nk’ishingiro ry’umugemo ni zo zituma ibyo byose bibaho. Amagambo y’Ikinyarwanda akomatanya imigemo itindwaho n’itebukwaho biturutse ku nyajwi irimo; ariko nta jambo ryihariye imigemo itindwaho gusa. Mu mivugirwe y’umugemo, inyajwi itinda isohokera rimwe iyo umuntu avuga ijambo.
Ingero :
a) Umugemo utebukwaho
- Umutaka : u-mu-ta-ka
- Akaguru : a-ka-gu-ru
b) Umugemo utindwaho
- Umugaati : u-mu-gaa-ti
- Kugeenda: ku-gee-nda
Imyitozo
1. Umugemo ni iki?
2. Umugemoushingira ku ki?
3. Garagaza imigemo mu magambo akurikira:
a) Umugaanda
b) Indangagaciiro
c)Umunyamakuru
d) Abaturage
2.5.2 Imiterere y’ubutinde n’amasaku
Igikorwa
Musome interuro zikurikira mwungurane ibitekerezo ku magambo ari mu ibara ry’umukara ritsindagiye mugaragaza itandukaniro ryayo mukurikije imivugire yayo. Munasubize ibibazo bikurikira:
Ibibazo:
1. Gutandukana kw’ayo magambo mu mivugirwe gushingiye ku ki?
2. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’imiterere y’ubutinde n’amasaku
mu ijambo n’amoko y’amasaku.
- Inkoko yange izaturaga mu minsi mike
- Ejo nzajya kugura inkoko yo kugosora amasaka
- Mutoni yaranguye amasaro yo gutaka.
- Uwo mwana urimo gutaka abaye iki?
- Umunyeshuri mwiza ntasiba ishuri.
- Nabonye ishusho y’umwami.
- Umwana ararira ku mbehe.
1. Inshoza y’ubutinde n’amasaku
Mu ijambo ry’Ikinyarwanda inyajwi iba ifite ubutinde n’imiterere by’amasaku karemano.
Iyo umuntu atabikurikije mu mvugo aba ashyomye cyangwa se rimwe na rimwe akaba avuze irindi jambo atashakaga kuvuga cyangwa se akaba avuze ijambo ritabaho mu Kinyarwanda.
Ubutinde bw’inyajwi buvugwa ku nyajwi ibanguka yandikwa n’inyajwi imwe naho ku nyajwi itinda ikandikwa n’inyajwi ebyiri.
Imiterere y’amasaku y’inyajwi irangwa no kuzamuka cyangwa kumanuka igihe tuvuga ijambo. Iyo tuvuga inyajwi ikamanuka, mu nyandiko iyo nyajwi nta kamenyetso igira kayigaragaza ariko iyo tuvuga inyajwi ikazamuka, mu nyandiko iyo nyajwi iba ifite akamenyetso kayigaragaza gateye nk’akagofero (^).
2. Amoko y’amasaku
Amasaku arimo amoko abiri: amasaku shingiro cyangwa amasaku yoroheje n’amasaku y’inyunge.
a) Amasaku shingiro cyangwa amasaku yoroheje
Amasaku shingiro cyangwa amasaku yoroheje agizwe n’amoko abiri: amasaku nyesi n’amasaku nyejuru. Iyo tuvuga inyajwi ikamanuka, iba ifite isaku nyesi (iryo saku nyesi ntirigire akamenyetso karigaragaza) na ho iyo inyajwi izamutse iba ifite isaku nyejuru (iryo saku rikagaragazwa n’akagofero kajya hejuru y’iyo nyajwi).
Inyajwi ibangutse ishobora kugira isaku nyesi cyangwa se isaku nyejuru.
Ingero
Isaku nyesi ku nyajwi ibanguka:umugabo, umuneke
Isaku nyejuru ku nyajwi ibanguka: umusôre, umugorê
Iyo inyajwi ifite isaku nyejuru, inyajwi yo ku mugemo ubanza na yo ivugirwa hejuru, bityo na yo ikagira akamenyetso k’akagofero gasanzwe karanga isaku nyejuru. Iryo saku rijeho kubera isaku kamere ryo ku mugemo ukurikiyeho bakaryita isaku nyejuru ry’integuza. Mu rwego rwo kugabanya ibimenyetso, ikimenyetso kiranga isaku nyejuru ry’integuza na cyo nticyandikwa.
Ingero: umusôre, umugorê.
b) Amasaku y’inyunge
Amasaku y’inyunge agabanyijemo amoko ane: isaku nyesi nyesi (nyesi ndende), isaku nyesi nyejuru, isaku nyejuru nyesi n’isaku nyejuru nyejuru (nyejuru ndende).
- Isaku nyesi nyesi (nyesi ndende)
Iyo inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyesi ku nyajwi ebyiri bavuga ko ari isaku nyesi nyesi. Ni ukuvuga ko umugemo uba utinda kandi uvugirwa hasi. Mu nyandiko y’amasaku, isaku nyesi nyesi ryandikishwa inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye zidafite akamenyetso.
Ingero:
Umutaako, umugaanda, kuvooma
- Isaku nyesi nyejuru
Iyo inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyesi ku nyajwi ya mbere, ku ya kabiri ikagira isaku nyejuru, bavuga ko ari isaku nyesi nyejuru. Mu nyandiko y’amasaku, isaku nyesi nyejuru ryandikishwa inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye inyajwi ya mbere nta kamenyetso kariho, iya kabiri ifite akamenyetso gateye nk’akagofero.
Ingero:
Umwaâmi, umwaâri
- Isaku nyejuru nyesi
Iyo inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyejuru ku nyajwi ya mbere ku ya kabiri ikagira isaku nyesi bavuga ko ari isaku nyejuru nyesi. Mu nyandiko y’amasaku, isaku nyejuru nyesi ryandikishwa inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye, inyajwi ya mbere ifite akamenyetso gateye nk’akagofero, inyajwi ya kabiri ntigire akamenyetso.
Ingero:
Umwâana, umwâaka
- Isaku nyejuru nyejuru (nyejuru ndende)
Iyo inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyejuru ku nyajwi ebyiri bavuga ko ari isaku nyejuru nyejuru (nyejuru ndende). Ni ukuvuga ko umugemo utinda uba uvugirwa hejuru. Bitewe n’uko akenshi riba rikurikiwe n’umugemo ufite isaku nyejuru, bituma ryandikishwa inyajwi ebyiri iya mbere ari yo ifite isaku nyejuru gusa naho ku nyajwi yaryo ya kabiri hakaba isaku ry’integuza ku mugemo ukurikiyeho, bityo ntiryandikwe.
Ingero:
Abatââje, baârasîibye.
Ikitonderwa
a) Hari ubwoko bw’isaku nyejuru buvuka ku mugemo ukurikiye isaku nyejuru nyejuru.
Ingero:
Ikâawâ, umusâavê
b) Iyo indomo cyangwa imigemo imwe bitakaye kuri iryo jambo amasaku na yo arahinduka.
Ingero:
kaawâ, savê.
c) Ibinyazina biranga ahantu : “mo”, “ho”, “yo”n’utujambo “so” na “ko” buri gihe bifata isaku nyejuru. Ntabwo ayo masaku aba ari integuza cyangwa ngo ayikenere igihe idahari.
Ingero:
- yavuuyeyô
- yageendaniyekô
- yiinjiyemô
- mukâasô
- yamwiihomyehô
d) Impakanyi “ta”na “da”na zo zifata isaku nyejuru.
Ingero:
- kutâzâajyayô
- kutâvugâ
- mudâsobwâ
e) Mu Kinyarwanda amagambo ashobora guhuza imisusire mu nyandiko ariko ntahuze ibisobanuro kuko aba adahuje ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku.
Ingero:
- Inkokô ≠ inkooko
- Umusaâmbi ≠ umusaambi
f) Inyandiko iriho amasaku yitwa inyandiko ya gihanga.
Imyitozo
1. Shyira amasaku ku magambo akurikira:
a) Umuduri
b) Amabati
c) Umuganda
d) Imyaka
e) Ibyatsi
f) Umuco
g) Akagombambari
h) Umugenzuzi
2.5.3. Ubutinde n’amasaku kuri muhundwanota
Igikorwa
Soma amagambo akurikira, yashyireho amasaku hanyuma wifashishe uturongo ugaragaza isaku nyesi ritebutse n’isaku nyejuru ritebutse; isaku ry’integuza n’isaku ritinda ukurikije imivugirwe yayo.
- Umukobwa
- Umutaka
- Umutobe
- Ituze
Inshoza ya muhundwanota
Muhundwanota ni uturongo tubiri duteganye duciye hejuru y’ijambo twerekana imivugirwe y’amajwi ari muri iryo jambo. Isaku nyesi ritebutse ryerekanwa n’akarongo kagufi gaciye hejuru y’inyajwi gakurikije umurongo wo hasi. Isaku nyejuru ritebutse rigaragazwa n’akarongo kagufi gatambitse hejuru y’inyajwi gakurikije umurongo wo hejuru. Isaku ry’integuza ryo ryandikwa nk’isaku nyejuru. Naho isaku ritinda rikagaragazwa n’akarongo karekare gashyirwa hejuru y’ubutind bitewe n’uko rivugitse.
Imyitozo
1. Shyira amagambo akurikira kuri muhundwanota wubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku.
a) Umugezi
b) Umukoro
c) Umurima
d) Mukamana
e) Abasare
f) Isaha
II.6 Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Umaze kwiga ubuvanganzo nyemvugo, jya mu isomero maze uhitemo imyandiko y’imwe mu ngeri z’ ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda uyisome. Hera kuri iyo myandiko uhange igihangano cyawe bwite cya bene iyo ngeri.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusesengura imyandiko itandukanye yo mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda ngaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’umuco zigaragaramo.
- Gutandukanya no guhanga imyandiko inyuranye yo mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwo muri rubanda.
- Kunoza imvugo yange nkoresha neza imigani migufi mu biganiro bisanzwe, mu biganiro mpaka no mu nyandiko zitandukanye nandika.
- Gukina umukino wo gusakuza n’abandi.
- Kwivuga mu ruhame ndategwa kandi nsesekaza.
- Kwandika amagambo atandukanye mu nyandiko ya gihanga ugaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku.
Ubu ndangwa no:
Kwimakaza umuco nyarwanda n’indangagaciro zawo.
II.7. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
Umwandiko: Matama ya Bigega
Umugabo Bigega yabaye aho, maze abyara umwana w’umukobwa amwita Matama; yari yaravukanye isaro mu ntoki, ntihabe hagira uhirahira ngo arimwake.
Mibambwe, umwami w’u Rwanda, arambagira Igihugu, acumbika ahitwa i Remera rya Kanyinya. Mu gicuku gishyira inkoko, Mibambwe yumva umwana urira. Mibamwe arabyuka, abaza abararizi ati: “Uwo mwana araririra he?” Baramusubiza bati: “Nta we twumvise” Umwami ati: “Nimuge kubaza abaja n’abashumba ko bamenya aho umwana aririra.” Bababajije barabahakanira. Umwami ati: “Nimuge kubariza no mu baturanyi.” Abo babajije bose bakabahakanira bati: “Nta mwana twigeze twumva arira.”
Ubwo Mugunga wa Ndoba umugaragu wa Mibambwe, yari yagishishije inka mu Bugoyi, na we yumva umwana ararira, abaza abagaragu be ati: “Uwo mwana araririra he?” Bati: “Nta we twumva.” Ati: “Nimuge kubaza mu gikumba k’inka” Abashumba barahakana bati: “Nta mwana twumvise arira.” Bucya Mugunga acyumva umwana arira, ati: “Sinakwihererana ibi bintu ngenyine”. Ajya kubibwira umwami Mibambwe.
Agitunguka mu irembo arasuhuza. Mibambwe ati: “Nta kubaho, ijoro ry’ejo mu gicuku gishyira inkoko numvise umwana urira ageza mu gitondo akirira, n’ubu ndacyamwumva!” Mugunga ati: “Nange ni cyo cyari kinzanye ngo mbikubwire; nanze kubyihererana. Nabajije abantu bose twari kumwe ko na bo baba bumvise umwana urira, barampakanira. Mbajije mu baturanyi barampakanira. Mpera ko mena ijoro ngo nze kubikubwira.”
Mibamwe ati: “Dushake uko twabona uwo mwana. Ndetse noneho ndumva yasaraye, ntakibasha no kurira cyane!” Nuko Mibambwe yohereza intumwa ahantu hose, yohereza na Mugunga, aramubwira ati: “Genda ushake uwo mwana, numara iminsi itatu utaramubona, uzaze dushake ubundi buryo.” Yohereza n’umuntu kwa Kimenyi, umwami w’i Gisaka, ngo amubarize aho umwana yaba aherereye. Babibwiye Kimenyi ati: “Abami b’i Rwanda ntibabe abapfu! Umwana abura arizwa n’iki? Abana b’ino barabuhagira bakarira, bakora nabi babahana bakarira!” Intumwa iraza ibwira Mibambwe uko Kimenyi yamushubije, Mibambwe ntiyanyurwa.
Buracya atuma undi kwa Muzora, umwami wo mu Ndorwa, na we agiye kumusubiza ati: “Mibambwe ni umusazi. Abana bose bo mu gihugu cyange ngenzura igihe baririra?” Babwiye Mibambwe uko Muzora yamushubije arumirwa, ariko ntiyashirwa. Buracya atuma kuri Rumanyika, umwami w’i Karagwe, ngo amurangire aho umwana yumvise urira, aririra. Rumanyika aramusubiza ati: “Mbese uwo mwana ntarira nk’abandi bana?” Ati: “Sinabona icyo musubiza.” Mibambwe abonye abo bami bose batamubwiye iby’uwo mwana urira, ahamagara abagaragu be bitwaga Indongozi, arababwira ati: “Nimuge kunshakira aho aririra. Dore mbohereje muri umunani, nimujyane na Mugunga.” Abagaragu baragenda, bagera kwa Bigega, bararamukanya, baramubaza bati: “Ntiwamenya aho umwana aririra muri iki gihugu cyanyu?” Bigega ati: “Uwo mwana urira ni uwange, yanze kuvamo umwuka, naho ubundi agiye gupfa; umwana umaze icyumweru cyose arira!”
Mugunga ati: “Ese ntiwamenya ikimuriza?” Bigega ati: “Ni isaro yavukanye mu ntoki, ntihabe hari uwarimwaka. Bukeye bagiye kumwuhagira isaro rigwa hasi, inkoko irarimira, umwana arira kuva ubwo. Bagiye gufata inkoko ngo bariyake umukara urayimira, bagiye gufata umukara, imbwa irawumira, bagiye gufata imbwa, ingwe irayimira, bagiye gufata ingwe intare irayimira, bagize ngo bafate intare, imbogo irayimira, bakurikiye imbogo ngo bayifate, inzovu irayimira, nuko inzovu yigira mu ishyamba.”
Mugunga abaza Bigega ati: “Iryo shyamba se muzi aho riherereye?” Bigega ati: “Turahazi ariko twese turaritinya, ntawurigeramo.” Mugunga ati: “Duherekeze uritwereka.” Bigega ati: “Ko muri bake?” Mugunga ati: “Nta cyo bitwaye.”
Mugunga n’Indongozi baragenda, bageze mu ishyamba, batangira guhiga ya nzovu. Inzovu ivumbutse ihunga, bayihurizaho amacumu barayica. Barayibaga bayikuramo ibyo yamize byose, basangamo na rya saro. Mugunga ararijyana, agitunguka kwa Bigega bavugiriza impundu icyarimwe. Mugunga ahereza wa mwana isaro rye, aherako arahora. Ahereza Mugunga amaboko, Mugunga aramuhagatira, amuha amata, umwana akira amarira.
Bigega ashima Mugunga n’Indongozi, atuma kuri Mibambwe, ati: “Guhera ubu tubaye inshuti, kandi umenye ko abami b’i Rwanda barusha ab’ahandi ubupfura.”
( Mnyr BIGIRUMWAMI Aloys, ibitekerezo, Nyundo1971)
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko, usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Matama uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko yari muntu ki?
2. Ni iki cyabaye intandaro yo kurira kwa Matama ya Bigega yivukaniye?
3. Tanga ingero ebyiri z’amakabyankuru agaragara muri uyu mwandiko.
4. Ni iki ushima umwami Mibambwe n’umugaragu we Mugunga?
5. Ni iki unenga muri uyu mwandiko ku ngingo yo gufata neza ibidukikije?
6. Ni irihe somo ry’ingenzi ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko
a) Kugishisha inka
b) Mu gikumba k’inka
c) Guhirahira
d) Kurambagira
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva ibisobanuro byayo.
a) Kunyurwa
b) Kumena ijoro
c) Guhagatira
3. Uzurisha interuro zikurikira amwe mu magambo akurikira ukora isanisha rikwiye: abararizi, mu nkoko, guhirahira, kuvumbuka, kurambagira.
a) Yaraye adasinziriye bigeze………………arabyuka aragenda.
b) Mu ishyamba ……………. ingeragere maze abahigi barayica.
c) Abajura ……………….. kujya kumwiba ariko bagasanga ……….ku gipangu ke.
d) Ku mugoroba umwami yajyaga ………………igihugu ke.
III. Ibibazo ku buvanganzo bwo muri rubanda
1. Rondora ingeri eshanu z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda.
2. Usanga ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda butumariye iki muri iki gihe?
3. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’umugani muremure n’insigamigani?
4. Ica ibisakuzo bikurikira:
- Icyo nagutuma ntiwakizana.
- Aho nagendaniye nawe wambwiye iki?
- Nkubise urushyi rurumira.
- Nagutega icyo utazi utabonye.
- Abakobwa b’iwacu bicaye ku ntebe imwe.
5. Soma interuro zikurikira, ushake umugani w’umugenurano wahuza n’ibivugwamo.
a) Iminsi uyiteganyiriza hakiri kare, ukibishoboye, ibintu wazigamye bikazagutunga utakishoboye n’inshuti washatse zikazagufasha umaze gusaza cyangwa wamugaye.
b) Ntawukwiye kwishimira ibyago by’undi naho yaba ari umwanzi we kuko na we bishobora kumugeraho.
c) Ubwuzu n’ubuntu bw’ugukunda bumugaragaraho akikubona, ntatindiganya kukwakira neza, aguhorana ku mutima n’iyo ufite ibyago abigufashamo utabimusabye.
d) Umurimo udakora wibwira ko woroshye, ukagaya abawukora ngo nta cyo bamaze kandi ubakomereye koko.
Umuntu ananirwa kugira icyo akurusha, ariko ntananirwa kujora icyo abandi bakoze.
e) Kwiharira ibyo utunze ntusangire n’inshuti utazi icyo iminsi iguteze.
6. Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu uvugwa muri iyi nkuru:Gatari akunda gusuzugura iby’abandi basubije mu ishuri akumva ko ibye ari byo bizima ko nta wundi wagira icyo asubiza. Bikarangira nyuma yo gukosorwa ari we ubonye amanota make.
7. Uzuza imigani y’imigenurano ikurikira:
a) Imvura igwa ……………………………….
b) ……………………………. azira inarabyaye.
c) Agahwa kari ku wundi…………………….
8. Mu mibanire y’abantu urwenya na byendagusetsa bifite akahe kamaro?
9. Himba ikivugo cy’amahomvu cyawe bwite wubahiriza uturango twa bene ibyo byivugo.
IV. Ibibazo ku masaku n’ubutinde
1. Andika amagambo akurikira mu nyandiko igaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku:
a) Icyanzu
b) Umuhire
c) Gusarura
d) Umwamikazi
e) Umuririmbyi
f) Umwari
2. Shyira amagambo akurikira kuri muhundwanota:
a) Umushyitsi
b) Umusore
c) Ibyari
d) Induru
e) Sebatware