UNIT 6: COUNSELLING IN GENDER BASED VIOLENCE SITUATIONS
Key unit competence:Provide counselling in Gender Based Violence situations
Introductory activity 6
i) Based on the above pictures, would you please tell us what is happening?
ii) Mention the after effects of such society?iii) What counselling can be given in this situation?
6.1. Introduction to counselling in Gender based violence inrelated situations
Learning Activity 6.1
Watch this video on gender-based violence find it on this link: https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=aBLsWpymxsg answer the following questions.a) What do you understand by the term gender-based violence?6.1.1. CONCEPT OF GENDER BASED VOLENCE
b) Briefly mention the types of gender-based violence according to the abovevideo.
Gender based violence is referred to any harmful acts which is directed to an
individual based on gender or sex, can be either a woman or a man.it is embedded
in gender inequality, the abuse of power and harmful norms. GBV is serious violation
of human rights and life threatening on one’s health and protection concern. They
are many forms of violence in the society e.g Violence against women and girls
(VAWG), Intimate partner violence (IPV), Domestic Violence (DV), Sexual Violence.Etc…..
GBV happens everywhere, at home, at school, in the workplace or in the community
in the broadest sense. Domestic violence, “the most prevalent form of GBV, includes
forced sexual intercourse between spouses, incest, attacks on honor, deadly
struggles for honour, female infanticide, corporal punishment of children, femalegenital mutilation.
Gender based violence can base on many factors like, Cultural factors, legal
factors, social-, economic factors and political factors. This violence is characterized
by the direct violence against an individual based on gender and breaches the
fundamental rights of life, liberty, security, dignity, equality between women and
men. Gender based violence affects a person’s sense of self-worth and self-esteem.
it also affect physical and mental health which leads to self-harm, isolation,depression and suicidal attempts.
6.1.2. TYPES OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
Gender-based violence is a serious human rights abuse that can lead to long-term
and life-threatening harm and trauma to the victims or survivors. It has severaltypes:
1. Intimate partner violence
An act or threat of violence or emotional harm and emotional towards a current
spouse, acquaintance or partner or Ancient.
2. Sexual violence
In this type of violence there is actual, attempted or threatened (vaginal, anal, or
oral) rape, it involves marital rape: sexual abuse and exploitation; forced prostitution;
transitional/ survival sex; sexual harassment, intimidation and humiliation.
3. Physical violence
This is when there is actual, attempt or threatened physical assault; slavery or slave
like practices and human trafficking. Some examples of physical violence are the
following: beating, kicking, biting, hair pulling, strangling, causing injury, causingdisability.
4. Emotional and psychological violence
In this category of violence, one will be abused and humiliated like assaults; cruel
and degrading treatment: convincing a person to get involved in humiliating acts
and placing restrictions on liberty and freedom of movement. The following are
examples of Emotional and psychological violence like verbal abusing, humiliating,
intimidating harassment, persecution forcing to burn forcing to suicide forcing to
use poison
5. Harmful traditional practices
Harmful traditional or cultural practice include female genital mutilation/forced
marriage; child marriage; honour or dowry killings or maiming; infanticide, sex
selective, abortion practice; sex-selective neglect and abuse; denial of education
and economic opportunities for women and girls.and economic opportunities for women and girls.
6. Social-economic violence
This involves discrimination and denial of chances or services on the basis of
gender, sex or sex orientation social exclusion, obstructive legal practice like denial
of the exercise and enjoyment of civil, social, economic, cultural and political rights,mainly to women and girls.
Self-assessment 6.1
a. What do you understand by gender-based violence?b. Explain the types of gender-based violence you know?
6.2. Main Causes of gender-based violenceLearning Activity 6.2
a) Briefly mention the causes of gender-based violence in the society?b) Enumerate the consequences of gender-based violence?
1. Lack of physical security
There is lack of physical security owing to break-down of law and order, presence
of armed forces/groups, collapse of law enforcement, justice institution and family,
social or community strictures. women and girls are particularly vulnerable when
leaving their communities in such of work, food, water and firewood. In addition,
poverty also leads to lack of education, and livelihood opportunities, and inadequate
access to shelter, food, water, fuel, and income generation can increase exposureto GBV like forced prostitution or survival sex.
2. Social, cultural, political factors
Discriminatory social, cultural or religious laws, norms and practices that disregard
women and girls, where by their rights are not respected. Failure of family, social and
communal structures and disrupted roles within the family often women and girls
to risk with limited coping mechanism avenues for protection and redress. Lack of
self-confidence and trust in social or public institutions, including law enforcement
and justice institutions that discourage victims from looking for redress.
3. Judicial barriers of factors
Lack of access to justice institutions and fairness, leading to cultural impunity for
violence and abuse.
Lack of suitable and affordable legal advice and presentation
Inadequate legal framework including national, traditional, customary and religious
law, that discriminate against women and girls, fails to guarantee their rights, or
exposes them to further harm and abuse like national law may fail to guarantee acertain right, fail to criminalise some acts like rape or narrowly explains it.
In some instances, national law criminalizes the survivor e.g. (rape defined as
adultery) or criminalizes acts that allegedly are primarily associated with women
like witchcraft or sorcery. In certain instances, victims face harassment, intimidationor severe punishment.
4. Individual barriers
There is fear of stigma, segregation and social exclusion, exposure to further
violence at the hands of the offender, the community or the authorities, including
arrest, detention, mistreatment and punishment. Lack of information on humanrights and on how and where to seek advice.
5. Humanitarian programing obstacles
Failure to address or prioritise GBV assessments, strategy development, planning
and programming because of a lack of information or understanding about the
extent or nature of GBV. Lack of gender-sensitive design programmes, services
like inadequate registration practices and distribution of food and other items.
Sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeepers, human rights and humanitarian
workers. Lack of confidentiality, confusing reports and referral mechanisms and
GBV committees that are isolated, under-resourced and weak, and lack of supportfrom the wider community.
6.2.1. Consequences of gender-based violence.
Gender-based violence can have severe long-term and life-threatening effects
or consequences for survivors or victims. The consequences can range from
temporary, permanent disability or death to a variety of physical, psycho-social and
health related issues that often destroy the survivor’s self-worth and quality of life,and expose her to further abuse. Below are some of the consequences.
The examples of fatal consequences in gender-based violence are: homicide,suicide, maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS.
Acute physical consequences in gender-based violence include: injury including
fistulas, shock, disease, infection
Chronic physical consequences: disability, chronic pain or infection,
gastrointestinal problems, eating or sleeping disorders, alcohol or drugs abuse
Reproductive consequences: miscarriage, unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion,
including HIV/AIDS, menstrual disorders, pregnancy complications, gynecological
disorders, sexual disorders
Emotional and psychological consequences: post-traumatic stress, depression,
anger, anxiety and fear, shame, self-hate and self-blame, mental illness, suicidal
thoughts and behaviour.
Social and economical consequences: blaming of the victim/survivor, loss of role
or functions in society, social stigma, rejection and isolation, feminization of poverty,
increased gender inequalities, loss of livelihood and economic dependency, arrest,
detention and punishment.
Self-assessment 6.2
a) Briefly mention the causes of gender-based violence in the society?
b) Using example, discuss how the GBV has impact on Social and economicalin the society?
6.3. Counselling in gender-based violenceLearning Activity 6.3
a. In your own understanding, explain the concept counselling?
b. Enumerate the aims of the counselling in gender-based violence?c. How can you provide the counselling in case of gender-based violence?
6.3.1. Introduction to Counselling in gender-based violence
GBV is a public health issue. Addressing GBV in a health care facility is one
important means of
intervening in this public health problem. In this context, the focus for the assessment,
intervention and treatment of GBV is on secondary and tertiary prevention. This
can involve screening for early intervention (secondary prevention) and intervening
to minimize the severity of long-term abuse (tertiary prevention). The health care
providers receive the victims in case of gender-based violence who need the
counselling.
6.3.2. Concept of counselling
Counselling, also translated as “helping relationship, consists of engaging in a
sequence of verbal or non-verbal interventions with the aim of making it easier for
victim the expression, understanding and management of his or her experience. It
must make it possible to create between the victim and the service provider a climate
of trust and of interaction allowing the victim to feel comfortable in discussing the
violence suffered without shame or guilt.
Aim of counselling:– Decrease emotions that destroy the victim6.3.3. Rights of gender-based violence victims/ survivors
– Be an objective mirror: help to understand the extent of the problem as it
actually is
– Make responsible without feeling guilty
– Build new values, convictions that will permanently change your life
– Help to understand his role– Support and accompany for social reintegration
Before engaging in the counselling process, it should be noted that the victim has
the right on:
Information: Being informed of the advantages of the availability of management
of GBV and its use.
Access: To benefit from services without distinction of sex, age, religion, race,
origin, marital status or place of residence.
Safety: Refer her to an authority or a place that ensures her safety physical and
psychological
Intimacy: Having a consultation in private
Confidentiality: Be guaranteed that professional secrecy will be respected
Dignity: Being listened to and treated with respect
Comfort: Benefit from suitable reception conditions and services
Continuity: Benefit from follow-up services for as long necessary
Opinion: Freely expressing one’s opinion on the services provided
6.3.4. Elements of counselling in gender-based violence
When counselling the victim of gender-based violence, the counsellor
should consider the elements following:• Preparatory phase (suitable location, availability of everything necessary,6.3.5. Techniques used in counselling of gender-based violence
• Reception and maintenance
• Say hello, welcome and offer a seat
• Introduce yourself and others if present to put the client in confidence and
comfortable
• Reassure the victim and assure him of your willingness to help and
confidentiality of your interview (speak without raising your voice, have a
place discreet and recall the private nature of the interview).
• Ask the victim what happened
• Encourage the victim to speak up
• Listen and reassure the victim and those accompanying them
• Show availability and demonstrate attentive listening
• Ask for details on the circumstances of the acts of violence and their
frequencies
• Ask the victim if she has no questions to ask
• Assess and try to meet the needs of the victim in order to alleviate the effects
• Collect useful information
• Explain to the victim and those accompanying them the importance of urgent
PEC for the survivor and inform about the services available.
victims
Several Communication counselling techniques in gender-based violence
are used as follows:
What is encouraging: effective communication?
Look at the person appropriately
Encourage him with nods, smiles, gestures
Make small noises of encouragement (“Hmm… hmm”) and restart the story
with little words (“And after?”, “And then?– Be empathetic, patient, tolerantAsk questions to clarify a subject, ask for details
– Show interest, listen carefully
Facilitate the victim to make good decisions (concrete and specific)– Do not interruptWhat is discouraging (to avoid)
– Do not judge or criticize
– Be neutral
– Arouse the evidence that we can trust you
– Maintain an adequate physical distance• Stare with a “hard”, insistent, investigative gazeIt is important to be aware that you are expressing yourself at these two levels!
• Being apathetic
• Be aggressive
• Listening distractedly or not asking questions
• Interrupt
• Criticize and judge
• Being embarrassed or uncomfortable when emotions are expressed (verbally
or non-verbally)
• Talking instead of listening
• Contradict
• Argue, try to convince
• Talk about yourself, your experience, cite yourself as an example
• Taking care of other things while listening
• Joking or laughing inappropriately
• Keeping too much or too little distance
• Forgetting what the person said previously
How to listen well?
It is important to listen to the other person on two levels: verbally and non-verbal.
It is important to observe whether there is consistency between verbal and nonverbal messages.
Non-verbal communication
Much of communication is non-verbal. This non-verbal communication takes
different paths
6.3.6. Principles of the counselling in gender-based violence.
In order to reach the aims of fulfilling needs of traumatized victim, it is important
to follow very precise particular principles of counselling. They are three basic
principles:• Trust women’s experience
• Women victims are not guilty for the violence they experienced
• Counselling means not giving advices but trusting victim’s self- determination
• Confidentiality, implies absolute word to client that her story will not go out -
experience of each woman is equally valued
• Ethics of difference: working with victim with awareness of discrimination they
are exposed to: race, ability/disability, nationality, sexual orientation, rural/
urban, poverty.
• Ethics of care, implies caring of oneself and the others equally.
• Holistic approach of service, implies taking in account all dimensions ofvictim’s live, and supporting her in realizing different needs.
Self-assessment 6.3
a. What is the aim of counselling?b. Explain 5 rights of gender-based violence’s victims.
6.4. Advocacy in gender-based violence
Learning Activity 6.4
How do you understand the concept of advocacy?
6.4.1. Introduction of advocacy in gender-based violence
Advocacy is referred to any action that speaks in favor of others, recommends,
argues for a cause, support or defends or pleads on behalf of others and helping
people find their voice. Gender based violence affects women and men of all ages
and backgrounds. Women and girls are the primary victims like rape and other
forms of sexual violence. Also, men and boys are frequently targeted as well, as
they however face different forms of violence like to be forcibly recruited into armed
forces
Advocacy in Gender based violence should be done to the relevant actors, including
national and local authorities, traditional, cultural or religious bodies, armed forces
and security forces, law enforcement officials, civil society groups, and others, to
ensure effective prevention and response, also include advocacy with non-state
actors. For advocacy to be effective, the following points should be emphasized
on:
Assessment and analysis
Advocacy should be done to victims to have appropriate assessments must be
undertaken by trained staff with expertise in the area of gender-based violence,identification of major causes for GBV
Coordination
Ensure that GBV is addressed by the protection working group and other relevant
coordination structures. This may include appointing a focal point or a working
group on GBV. Standard operating procedures, outlining roles and responsibilities
of relevant actors, should be agreed upon and implemented. Advocacy is done with
other groups/sectors to ensure that gender concerns are taken into account and
integrated in planning and programming activities at all levels.
Information and communication activities
Ensure that information about GBV prevention and response, including how and
where to access relevant assistance and services, is readily available for all
survivors of GBV.
Referral and response mechanism.
Ensure that adequate referral and response mechanisms are put in place, including
clear and acceptable referral and reporting mechanisms that respect confidentiality
and the rights of the victim/survivor.
Physical safety and security.
Advocacy should be done to improve safety and security in and around camps,
settlements, villages and other areas, like food distribution sites, water points,
areas for firewood collection, schools, public spaces, etc. Ensure that mechanisms
are in place to guarantee the security of victims/survivors and witnesses in order to
protect them against further harm.
Health
Ensure that adequate and confidential basic health care, including physical,
reproductive and psycho-social health care, is available and fully accessible to all
women and girls, particularly victims/survivors of GBV.
Community mobilization
Build the capacity of individuals to protect themselves and recover from
acts of GBV, for instance by encouraging and promoting equal participation
of men and women in all community activities and supporting education
and vocational training program, income-generating activities and literacy
program that empower women and girls.
Livelihoods
Advocate for self-reliance and sustainable livelihood program and ensure that these
are available to victims/survivors of GBV. Such program can reduce the risk of
GBV and mitigate its effects by facilitating rehabilitation and reintegration of victims/survivors.
Shelter and physical planning
Advocate for the establishment of safe shelter for victims of GBV, in particular
single women and unaccompanied children. Where individuals or families are
provided with shelter material, ensure that gender concerns are considered.
As an example, women or girls should not have to travel long
distances to collect the material and should have the ability to erect the
shelter themselves or receive adequate assistance to do so, without being
exposed to pressures for transactional sex.
Ensure that gender concerns are taken into account in physical planning
of camps and in the design and implementation of services, such as health
care, education, water/sanitation and food distribution
Justice
Advocate for the victims/survivors to have access to free and confidential
counselling services, legal and/or other avenues for redress. This can, for instance,
include assistance with legal fees, translation, and travel to and from court, and/or
measures to ensure the safety and security of the victim/survivor. Monitor and follow
up on cases of GBV to ensure that these are investigated, prosecuted and resolved
in accordance with established laws and procedures. Help build the capacity of the
justice sector, including police, prosecutors, lawyers and judges, to deal with issuesrelated to GBV
Education
Advocate for full and equal access for internal displaced people (IDPs) and other
affected individuals to safe education, vocational and trainings that can strengthen
Self-reliance and economic independence. Promote a safe learning environment
both within and around schools and other educational facilities. This may include
awareness raising among children, parents, teachers and other educational staff,
and relevant local authorities.
Children
Ensure that child victims/survivors are provided with special care and assistance
as appropriate. Such interventions should be guided by the key principles of the
convention on the rights of the child, namely the best interests of the child and the
child’s right to life, survival and development, non-discrimination, and participation.
Durable solutions
Advocate with relevant actors to encourage attention to GBV in all return, relocation
and reintegration frameworks, developmental action plans, and disarmament,
demobilization and reintegration program. Such frameworks and action plans
should contain measures to prevent and respond to GBV and provide adequatecare, treatment and support to victims/survivors.
Self-assessment 6.4
a. List 5 points to focus on for effective advocacy.
b. Give an example where one can advocate for gender-based violence.
6.5. End of unit assessment 6
End of unit assessment
1. What do you understand by the term gender-based violence?
2. Explain the following types of gender-based violencea. Physical violence3. Briefly mention the causes of gender-based violence in the society?
b. Sexual violence
c. Emotional and psychological violence
4. Enumerate the consequences of gender-based violence?
5. What are the rights of victim in case of GBV before engaging in the
counselling process?
6. When counselling the victim of GBV, what are the elements that the
counsellor should consider?
7. Explain how the counsellor has to listen well to the victim in case of GBV?
8. How do you understand the concept of advocacy?
9. Discuss the points that counsellor should be emphasized on in order to
make advocacy to be effective:
Section two: Multiple choice questions
1. Gender based Violence can take place in the following places;
a) In homes
b) Schools
c) Work place
d) All of the above
2. Gender based violence base on many factors
a. educational factors, age factors, status factors and cultural factors.
b. religious factors, political factors, humanitarian factor and Gender factors.
c. Cultural factors, legal factors, social- economic factors and political factors.
d. None of the above
3. The consequences of gender-based violence are except
a. chronic physical consequence, acute physical consequence
b. reproductive consequences, social and economic consequences.
c. Answer is a and b
d. Answer is b only
4. counselling aims at:
a. Decrease emotions that destroy the victim, be an objective mirror: help to
understand the extent of the problem as it actually is
b. Make responsible without feeling guilty, build new values, convictions that
will permanently change your life
c. Help to understand his role, Support and accompany for social reintegration
d. All the above
5. The victims or survivors of gender-based violence has the following rights
a. Being informed of the advantages of the availability of management of GBV
and its use, to benefit from services without distinction of sex, age, religion, race,
origin, marital status or place of residence.
b. Refer her to an authority or a place that ensures her safety physical and
psychological, Having a consultation in private
c. Be guaranteed that professional secrecy will be respected., Being listened to
and treated with respect
d. All of the above
6. Advocacy in Gender based violence is defined as;
a. Advocacy is any action that speaks in favors of others, recommends, argues
for a cause, support or defends or pleads on behalf of others and helping people
find their voice.
b. Gender based violence affects women and men of all ages and backgrounds.
Women and girls are the primary victims like rape and other forms of sexual
violence.
c. Answer is ad. Answer is a and b
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