S6: English

1. Compose your own article for a newspaper or magazine taking account

of its type and audience.

2. Conduct a research on the role of media firms especially newspapers and

magazines and write a 300 word proposal explaining why you would

wish to start such a project.

3. Project work: Introduce a weekly newspaper or magazine for your class

and schoolmates. Select its type according to the purpose and audience

you would wish to serve.

Text 3: Refined Carbs and Sugar
Read the following text and answer questions below:
What are refined, simple, or “bad” carbs?

Bad or simple carbohydrates include sugars and refined grains that have been
stripped of all bran, fiber, and nutrients, such as white bread, pizza dough, pasta,
pastries, white flour, white rice, sweet desserts, and many breakfast cereals. They
digest quickly and their high glycemic index causes unhealthy spikes in blood sugar
levels. They can also cause fluctuations in mood and energy and a build-up of fat,
especially around your waistline.

triggers a surge of insulin to clear the sugar from your blood. All this insulin can
leave you feeling hungry soon after a meal, often craving more sugary carbs. This
can cause you to overeat, put on weight, and over time lead to insulin resistance
and type-2 diabetes. Diets high in refined carbs and sugar have also been linked
to high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, hyperactivity, mood disorders, and
even suicide in teenagers.

For many of us, cutting back on sugary treats and overcoming our carb cravings
can seem like a daunting task. As well as being present in obvious foods such as
sugary snacks, desserts, and candies, sugar is also hidden in much of the processed
food we eat—from soda, coffee and fruit drinks to bread, pasta sauce, and frozen
dinners. But cutting back on these diet saboteurs doesn’t mean feeling unsatisfied
or never enjoying comfort food again. The key is to choose the right carbs. Complex,
unrefined, or “good” carbs such as vegetables, whole grains, and naturally sweet
fruit digest slower, resulting in stable blood sugar and less fat accumulation.

of sugar and simple carbs, keep your blood sugar stable, maintain a healthy weight,
and still find ways to satisfy your sweet tooth. You’ll not only feel healthier and more
energetic, you could also shed that stubborn belly fat so many of us struggle with.

Again, it’s unrealistic to try to eliminate all sugar and empty calories from your diet.
The American Heart Association recommends limiting the amount of added sugars
you consume to no more than 100 calories per day (about 6 teaspoons or 24 grams
of sugar) for women and 150 calories per day (9 teaspoons or 36 grams) for men. If
that still sounds like a lot, it’s worth remembering that a 12-ounce soda contains up
to 10 teaspoons of added sugar—some shakes and sweetened coffee drinks even
more.

How to cut down on sugar
Slowly reduce the sugar in your diet a little at a time to give your taste buds time to adjust
and wean yourself off the craving.
Adapted from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/healthy-eating.
htm retrieved on 8th September 2021.

Looking at the scene in the pictures below, as a journalist, describe what you

witnessed in form of a report.

If we want to tell somebody what happened in the past, we should include the place

and the time, the sequence of events, feelings and interruptions. Expressions such

as: It happened, ago, last…, yesterday, on, in, while, when, one day, etc. can be used.

In sequencing the events on a past event we use: at first, later, next, at the same

time, as soon as, before that, finally, at the same time, in the meantime, in the end,

the next thing I did was, It looked like ...

When we report, we also use the Past Perfect tense to describe the action which

happened before another past action in the Past Simple.

Example: We had left the party before Jenny called for the newspaper report.

Construct 10 complete sentences using bolded words from the text above.

The PNF accused the Zanu PF junta of overthrowing Mugabe, Zimbabwe’s

president.

• Once assigned a summary activity, the initial step should be critically

reading and reviewing the text to be summarised.

• Re-read it thoroughly and outline the article while taking notes of major

points you want to include in the summary.

• When writing the summary ensure the use of own words. Write a first draft

of the summary without consulting the article.

• Then, revise the draft to ensure its correctness, clarity and accuracy. Make

sure to use grammar, punctuation, and spelling correctly. Paraphrase

whenever writing a summary.

• Read the article to be summarised to ensure it’s clearly understandable.

• Whenever a phrase is extracted from the original text, ensure that it is put

in quotation marks.

• Your first draft should be approximately 1/4 the length of the original, and

keep downsizing it depending on the volume of the content.

1. The Chief Editor must have thought no one knew what he was doing.

2. He must have scanned the advertisement.

3. According to some newspapers, the road might have been broken.

1. The Chief Editor must have thought before writing an article.

2. He might have taken much more money from the company even though

he had not been caught.

3. Clear instructions must have been given to the writers.

4. The school magazine, that we have introduced , might have been

sponsored.

5. He might have seen people approaching that public library.

6. The Secretary might have been well instructed.

7. The designer must have been busy today.

8. The reporters might have got information from the field.

9. Editors must have read through the articles.

Sometimes the information a relative clause provides is essential for the identification

of the noun. Without the relative clause, the reader or listener will have difficulties

identifying the noun or pronoun.

Look at the following example

The reporter who went to the field interviewed the minister.

In this sentence, the relative clause is essential. Without it, some information will be

missing and one will not be able to tell ‘which reporter interviewed the minister’.

Thus, this type of relative clause defines the noun or pronoun referred to. It is a

defining relative clause.

Defining relative clauses are also called restrictive relative clauses. They tell us which

person or thing is being referred to. They define the noun or pronoun by restricting

the members of the larger group included. The clause who went to the field, for

example, restricts the group of reporters referred to; it is not all the reporters, but

only the one who went to the field.

1. The woman who published this news article was one of my relatives.
2. I saw the author who was outside our publishing house.
3. 3. They wanted the picture that cost two pounds.

1. London, which is the capital city of England, is one of the largest cities in

the world and with a lot of publishing houses.

2. The book that she read was important for her literature review.

3. Walden university, which is entirely online, has main administrative

offices in Baltimore.

4. The participants who were interviewed volunteered to be a part of the

study.

5. The office I have just rented for my publishing house is near my home.

This is the newspaper that they have banned recently.

6. The musician, who is a well-known pop star, used to read brochure.

7. Our speaker who explored many electronic sites, gave an interesting talk.

8. The message that my aunt sent yesterday has arrived.

9. The journalist whose story I read yesterday, has won prizes for her work.

2.7. UNIT SELF- ASSESSMENT
2.7.1. Reading Comprehension
Read the article below and answer questions that follow:
Uhuru-Raila truce a window to carry out radical surgery
Hats off to whoever designed the mediation efforts that led to the sudden
rapprochement between President Uhuru Kenyatta and the opposition leader,
Mr Raila Odinga.

From what I gather and what I have observed, the template followed by the
mediators was as follows.

First, isolating the hardliners from both sides of the divide and limit engagement
to as few people as possible.

Second, remembering that breakthroughs in sensitive mediation efforts tend
to happen when

proceedings are through informal processes where negotiations are conducted
behind the scenes.

Third, not involving too many major political players; dealing mainly with nonpartisan types such as family friends, business partners, church leaders and top
public officers sworn to secrecy.

The more private sessions and one-on-one meetings secured for the
protagonists during mediation, the better chances of success.

They followed the template to the letter and pulled what is clearly the most
momentous political event of our time.

Going forward, eyes will focus on the two key men who have been given the
responsibility of putting flesh around the deal — Mr Martin Kimani and Mr Paul
Mwangi.

Who are they, and how did they come into the picture?

Mr Mwangi is a radical-leaning lawyer who has, over the years, become a
confidant of Mr Odinga.

He is, perhaps, one of the few remnants of the technocrats who worked in the
Prime Minister’s office during the Grand Coalition Government.

He was one of the background advisers to Mr Odinga during the Eurobond
investigations and played a key role in the successful election petition against
President Kenyatta last year.

Mr Kimani has emerged as a highly regarded diplomat with deep domain
knowledge and

experience in the conduct of negotiations between political adversaries. He
was one of the main backroom players at the time Kenya was negotiating
peace between South Sudan’s President Salva Kiir and his erstwhile deputy Dr
Riek Machar in 2015.

Having worked with the high-profile US security think-tank the Atlantic Council,
in Washington, and the Institute of Security Studies, in Ethiopia, he also had a
short stint at IGAD before his appointment as Kenya’s Ambassador to UNDP in
2014.

Details of the institutional framework which the duo are expected to craft to
steer the reform agenda agreed by President Kenyatta and Mr Odinga are still
scanty.