Topic outline
IGICE CYA I: INTANGIRIRO RUSANGE
1.Imiterere y’igitabo
Iki gitabo kigenewe umwarimu wigisha mu mwaka wa gatanu mu mashuri y’abasha
b’abaforomo. Iki gitabo ni imwe mu mfashanyigisho zigomba kumworohereza
kwigisha amasomo atandukanye y’Ikinyarwanda. Iki gitabo kijyanye n’igitabo
cy’umunyeshuri. Ni yo mpamvu umwarimu atagikoresha ukwacyo; ahubwo
cyuzuzanya n’icy’umunyeshuri cyanditswe gihereye ku nteganyanyigisho
y’Ikinyarwanda ishingiye ku bushobozi y’abafasha b’abaforomo.
Iki gitabo kigabanyijemo ibice bitatu: Igice cya mbere kigizwe n’intangiriro rusange,
igice cya kabiri kigizwe n’imiteguro y’amasomo atandukanye, igice cya gatatu
kigizwe n’imbonezamasomo z’amasomo ari muri buri mutwe.
Iki gitabo kigizwe n’imitwe irindwi. Buri mutwe ufite insanganyamatsiko wubakiyeho.
Insanganyamatsiko zubakiye ku myandiko inyuranye. Izo nsanganyamatsiko ni
izijyanye n’umuco nyarwanda, kubungabunga ubuzima, umuco wo kuzigama,
kubaka umuco w’amahoro, ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge, gukunda Igihugu
n’iterambere. Muri buri mutwe harimo kandi ubumenyi bw’ururimi umunyeshuri
akeneye mu gukoresha ururimi yubaka interuro ziboneye, avuga cyangwa yandika.
Buri mutwe ugiye ugabanyijemo amasomo anyuranye. Buri somo rigenerwa imitota
mirongo inani (80), uretse amasomo abiri yo mu mutwe wa gatatu n’abiri yo mu
mutwe wa karindwi afite iminota mirongo ine (40). Buri mutwe usozwa n’isuzuma
rizafasha umwarimu gusuzuma ubushobozi bw’abanyeshuri kugira ngo arebe ko
ari ngombwa guhita atangira undi mutwe cyangwa se ko agomba gusubira mu
masomo atarumvikanye neza.
Muri iki gitabo harimo imyitozo myinshi n’ibisubizo byayo. Nyuma ya buri somo
hateganyijwe imyitozo ndetse na nyuma ya buri suzuma hateganyijwe imyitozo
nzamurabushobozi na nyagurabushobozi. Iyo myitozo ikurikirwa n’imyitozo
y’inyongera. Icyakora imyitozo iri mu gitabo si kamara umwarimu yayiheraho
agashaka indi akurikije ikigero abanyeshuri bagezeho n’aho ishuri rye riherereye.
Muri iki gitabo kandi hateganyijwe amasomo ntangarugero afasha umwarimu
gutegura no gutanga amasomo ye uko bikwiye. Harimo kandi n’ubumenyi
bw’inyongera ku mitwe imwe n’imwe bitewe n’aho bukenewe.
Iki gitabo kirimo imbonezamasomo ihishurira umwarimu uburyo bwo kwigisha
amasomo anyuranye ku buryo abanyeshuri babasha kugera ku bushobozi
busabwa muri ayo masomo. Mu kwigisha rero, umwarimu asabwa gusuzuma ko
intego yihaye zagezweho nyuma ya buri somo ndetse ko n’ubushobozi bw’ingenzibugamijwe muri buri mutwe bwagezweho.
Muri buri mutwe habonekamo isomo cyangwa amasomo yo gusoma, kumva no
gusesengura umwandiko, isomo ry’ubuvanganzo cyangwa isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo
cyangwa isomo ry’ubumenyi bw’ururimi.Mu mitwe imwe n’imwe habonekamo kandi
isomo ryo kuvugira imbere y’abandi ibyo umunyeshuri yateguye ku giti ke cyangwaibyo abanyeshuri bateguriye mu matsinda.
2.Imbonezamasomo
2.1 Imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi
Guhera mu mwaka wa 2015 mu mashuri y’inshuke, abanza n’ayisumbuye u Rwanda
rwasezereye imyigire n’imyigishirize yari ishingiye ahanini ku bumenyi, rwinjira mu
myigire n’imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi bukomatanya ubumenyi, ubumenyi
ngiro n’ubukesha. Bityo imyigire n’imyigishirize yahaga umwarimu umwanya munini
isimburwa n’imyigire n’imyigishirize iha abanyeshuri uruhare runini. Ni imyigire
iha umunyeshuri ubumenyi, ubumenyi ngiro n’ubukesha bimufasha gushyira mu
bikorwa ibyo yize no gutanga ibisubizo by’ibibazo ahura na byo mu buzima bwe
n’ubw’abandi.
Mu myigire ishingiye ku bushobozi, abanyeshuri ni bo bahabwa uruhare runini mu
myigire yabo. Umwarimu ahera ku byo abanyeshuri basanzwe bazi kandi bafitiye
ubushobozi, akabafasha kuvumbura ibindi bungurana ibitekerezo mu matsinda
yabo. Iyo abanyeshuri bakorera mu matsinda, umwarimu agenda abayobora atanga
ubufasha ku babukeneye. Iyo barangije kungurana ibitekerezo mu matsinda,
bamurika ibyo bagezeho, nyuma bagafatanya n’umwarimu kunonosora iby’ingenzi
basigarana. Abanyeshuri ntibagomba gufatwa nk’aho nta cyo bazi. Umwarimu
ntagomba kumva ko ari we ufite ubumenyi agomba kubapakiramo.
Ubushobozi nsanganyamasomo.
Iki gitabo cy’umwarimu cy’umwaka wa kabiri giteguye ku buryo hagaragaramo
ubushobozi nsanganyamasomo bukurikira: ubushishozi no gushakira ibibazo
ibisubizo, guhanga udushya, ubushakashatsi, gusabana mu Kinyarwanda,
ubufatanye, imibanire ikwiye n’abandi n’ubumenyi ngiro mu buzima bwa buri munsi,
kwiga no guhora yiyungura ubumenyi.
Ibibazo bimwe na bimwe byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko biba bisaba
umunyeshuri gutekereza byimbitse. Bimufasha gukemura ibibazo ahuye na byo
yifashishije ibyo yize. Mu bisubizo by’ibyo bibazo ni ho ubushobozi bwo gushakira
ibibazo ibisubizo bugaragarira. Ahandi ubwo bushobozi bugaragarira ni mu
myanzuro y’ibibazo byo kujya impaka no kungurana ibitekerezo. Ni mu gihe kandi
kuko biba ari ibibazo bituma abanyeshuri batekereza cyane uburyo bakemuraibibazo bashobora guhura na byo mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.
Muri iki gitabo kandi hakubiyemo imyitozo yo guhanga iha abanyeshuri urubuga
rwo guhanga imyandiko y’ingeri z’ubuvanganzo zinyuranye. Iyi myitozo ni yo ituma
abanyeshuri bimakaza umuco wo guhanga udushya.
Mu myitozo y’inyunguramagambo abanyeshuri basabwa gukoresha
inkoranyamagambo bashaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo badasobanukiwe, ni ho
ubushakashatsi bugaragarira. Iki gitabo kandi giteguye ku buryo umwarimu asaba
abanyeshuri kwitabira amasomero bagahabwa ibibazo bakwifashisha kugira ngo
basesengure ikibonezamvugo cyangwa ingeri y’ubuvanganzo runaka.
Abanyeshuri basabana kandi mu Kinyarwanda bajya impaka cyangwa bungurana
ibitekerezo na bagenzi babo. Umwarimu agomba kubatoza kuvugira mu ruhame no
kujora ibitekerezo bya bagenzi babo mu bwubahane.
Hakubiyemo kandi imyitozo isaba abanyeshuri gukorera mu matsinda anyuranye.
Iyi myitozo ituma abanyeshuri bagira ubufatanye, imibanire ikwiye n’abandi
n’ubumenyi ngiro mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
Mu gihe umunyeshuri yiga, ahabwa kandi imikoro inyuranye akorera ahandi hatari
ku ishuri nko mu rugo cyangwa mu isomero. Iyi myitozo ni yo imufasha kwiga no
guhora yiyungura ubumenyi.
Iyo umwarimu yigisha agomba kwita ku myitozo ikubiyemo ubu bushobozi
nsanganyamasomo kugira ngo intego zabwo zigerweho.
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zibanzweho muri iki gitabo ni umunani. Izo ngingo
nsanganyamasomo ni umuco w’amahoro, umuco wo kuzigama, umuco
w’ubuziranenge, ibidukikije, jenoside, ubuzima bw’imyororokere, uburezi budaheza,
uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Izi ngingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragarira mu
mashusho, mu myandiko, mu bikorwa by’umunyeshuri no mu myitozo itandukanye
kandi zigenda zigaragara mu mitwe itandukanye y’iki gitabo.4
2.2 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zibanzweho muri iki gitabo ni umunani. Izo ngingo
nsanganyamasomo ni umuco w’amahoro, umuco wo kuzigama, umuco
w’ubuziranenge, ibidukikije, jenoside, ubuzima bw’imyororokere, uburezi budaheza,
uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Izi ngingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragarira mu
mashusho, mu myandiko, mu bikorwa by’umunyeshuri no mu myitozo itandukanyekandi zigenda zigaragara mu mitwe itandukanye y’iki gitabo.
2.3 Kwita ku buryo bunyuranye bw’imyigire y’abanyeshuri
Mu myigire n’imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi bw’uwiga, umwarimu agomba
kuzirikana ko abanyeshuri yigisha barimo ingeri zitandukanye. Mu ishuri
abanyeshuri ntibanganya ubushobozi mu myigire yabo kandi n’uburyo bakoresha
mu myigire yabo buratandukanye. Buri wese agira uburyo bwihariye bwo kwiga
bumworohera kandi bumubangukira. Bamwe biga neza iyo bahawe ibisobanuro
birambuye intambwe ku ntambwe, mu magambo cyangwa mu nyandiko abandi
bakiga neza babonye ibisobanuro rusange cyangwa inshamake.
Hari abiga neza ari uko bakoze ubushakashatsi bakivumburira, abandi bakiga neza
bahereye ku mashusho, ibimenyetso no kureba uko ibintu bikorwa, mu gihe abandi
biga neza ari uko bahuje ibintu bakabona amasano bifitanye. Hari abakunda
guhanga udushya aho gusubira mu bintu bimwe naho abandi bakiga neza iyo bajya
impaka banasobanurirana n’abandi.
Umwarimu rero agomba kugira uburyo bwo kwigisha butandukanye bufasha abo
banyeshuri bose mu myigire yabo ariko yita buri gihe ku ihame ry’uko umunyeshuri
ari we pfundo ry’imyigire n’imyigishirize. Ibi kandi abikora ahereye ku miterere ya buri
somo, intego yaryo, imfashanyigisho zikoreshwa n’igihe rimara, uburyo bwihariye
buri munyeshuri akoresha mu myigire ye, ubushobozi bwe n’uko asobanukirwa
ibyo yiga.
2.4 Kwita ku bafite ibibazo byihariye
Mu ishuri, umwarimu asabwa kwita ku bafite ibibazo byihariye kugira ngo bashobore
kujyana n’abandi. Umwarimu akora ku buryo yandika ku kibaho imyitozo ikorwa
kugira ngo abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bayisome. Iyo umwarimu asoma,
arangurura ijwi kugira ngo afashe abatumva neza ndetse n’abafite ubumuga
bwo kutabona. Abatumva neza umwarimu abicaza hafi, akabasaba kumureba
avuga, agakoresha ibishushanyo aho bishoboka hose, agakoresha ibimenyetso
n’amarenga uko abishoboye.5
Abatabona neza abicaza akurikije imiterere y’ubumuga bwo kutabona bafite byaba
ari imbonahafi cyangwa imbonakure. Bityo abafite imbonahafi abicaza hafi naho
abafite imbonakure akabicaza ahitaruye. Abafite ubumuga bw’ingingo z’umubiri,
umwarimu abashakira umwanya bicaramo ubafasha mu myigire yabo.
Abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe umwarimu atangira abafasha mu byo bakora ariko
gahorogahoro akagenda agabanya ubufasha abagenera. Umwarimu arabareka
bagakorana n’abandi banyeshuri kandi akabatera umwete mu byo bagenda
bageraho n’imbaraga bakoresha.
Abagenda buhoro mu myigire yabo bagomba gushyirwa mu matsinda y’ababyumva
kurusha abandi kugira ngo babazamure, kandi umwarimu akabibandaho ababaza
n’iyo baba batateye urutoki kugira ngo basubize. Bahabwa kandi imyitozo yihariyeituma bazamura ubushobozi bwabo.
2.5 Uburyo isuzuma rikorwa
Umwarimu agomba kugenzura imyigire n’imyigishirize akusanya amakuru ajyanye
n’uburyo buri munyeshuri yiga ndetse no gufata umwanzuro ku byo umunyeshuri
yagezeho hashingiwe ku bipimo byagenwe mbere yo gukora isuzuma. Isuzuma
rero ni igice k’ingenzi mu myigire n’imyigishirize. Muri iki gitabo cy’umwarimu,
amasuzuma na yo yateguwe ashingiye ku bushobozi. Hakubiyemo ibibazo
binyuranye bijyanye n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi bituma umunyeshuri ashyira mu
bikorwa ibyo yize.
Amasuzuma ari muri iki gitabo ari ukubiri: imyitozo y’isuzuma umwarimu agomba
guha abanyeshuri nyuma y’isomo asuzuma ko intego z’isomo zagezweho. Hari
kandi n’imyitozo y’isuzuma risoza umutwe ituma umwarimu afata umwanzuro wo
gutangira undi mutwe. Kuri buri suzuma hategurwa kandi imyitozo nzamurabushobozi
ikorwa n’abanyeshuri bagaragaje ubushobozi buke mu isuzuma ryakozwe, hakaba
n’indi myitozo nyagurabushobozi igenerwa abanyeshuri bagaragaje ubushobozi
bwo kumva ibyo bize kurusha abandi ku buryo budasanzwe. Ibyo bifasha buri
munyeshuri gukomeza gutera intambwe ashingiye ku bushobozi amaze kugeraho.
Nyuma yo gukora isuzuma, umwarimu agabanya abanyeshuri mu byiciro bibiri.
Abatashoboye gutsinda isuzuma ryatanzwe akabaha imyitozo nzamurabushobozi
ibafasha gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo bize. Mu gihe barimo kuyikora, abagaragaje
ubushobozi bwo kumva ibyo biga kurusha abandi bo baba bakora imyitozo
nyagurabushobozi.
Isuzuma ritegurwa hashingiwe ku ntego zihariye z’isomo cyangwa ku bigenderwaho
mu isuzuma rya buri mutwe. Isuzuma riteguye ku buryo risaba umunyeshuri gushyira
mu bikorwa ibyo yize. Cyakora hagenda hagaragaramo n’ibibazo bike bimusaba
kugaragaza ubumenyi bw’ibyo yize. Mu itegurwa ry’iri suzuma ibibazo bikurikirana
hashingiwe ku nzego z’intego z’imyigire n’imyigishirize zagenwe n’umuhanga mu
iyigandero Bulumu (Bloom). Ni ukuvuga ko ibibazo biri ku ntera zo hejuru ku rwego
rw’intego ari byo bihabwa umwanya ugaragara muri iki gitabo kurusha ibibazo
bishingiye ku ntera zo hasi zijyanye n’ubumenyi.
2.6 Imyigishirize y’amasomo
2.6.1 Imbonezamasomo yo kwigisha gusoma, kumva no
gusesengura umwandiko
Muri iki gice hakubiyemo amasomo ajyanye no gusoma, gusobanura amagambo,
kumva no gusesengura umwandiko.
1. Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro, umwarimu abaza abanyeshuri ibibazo by’ivumburamatsiko biganisha
ku mwandiko bagiye gusoma. Ibyo bibazo bishobora gushingira ku mashusho
ari mu gitabo cyangwa ku buzima busanzwe. Ibibazo bishingiye ku mashushoabanyeshuri babisubiza babanje kwitegereza amashusho yo ku mwandiko bagiye
gusoma.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Iyo basoma umwandiko babanza kuwusoma bucece nyuma bakaza kuwusoma
baranguruye. Gusoma bucece bikorwa buri gihe iyo abanyeshuri bagiye gusoma
bwa mbere umwandiko mushya. Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko
bucece akagenda agenzura uko bikorwa. Umwarimu abatoza gusoma bucece
badahwihwisa.
Mu gihe basoma bucece umwarimu abasaba kugenda bandika amagambo batumva
neza kugira ngo baze kuyasobanura nyuma. Ubu buryo bwo gusoma ni ingenzi
ku munyeshuri kuko bumutegura kuza gusoma neza aranguruye adategwa. Iyo
barangije gusoma bucece umwarimu ababaza ibibazo basubiza bavuga. Ni ibibazo
byoroheje bidasaba kwinjira mu mwandiko cyane.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Iyo abanyeshuri barangije gusoma umwandiko bucece, umwarimu abasomera
by’intangarugero agaragaza isesekaza. Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gusoma
batajijinganya. Abanyeshuri basoma basimburana kugeza umwandiko urangiye.
Umwarimu agomba kugenda akosora abanyeshuri aho basoma nabi anagenzura
ubukesha bwabo mu kwitabira gusoma.7
Iyo basoma baranguruye, umwarimu akora ku buryo yita ku banyeshuri bafite
ibibazo byihariye. Buri wese amufasha bitewe n’ikibazo afite. Nk’iyo mu ishuri harimo
umunyeshuri ufite ikibazo cyo kutumva neza, umwarimu asaba umunyeshuri ugiye
gusoma kurangurura ijwi ku buryo na we yumva.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri kujya mu matsinda. Iyo bakora amatsinda bakora
ku buryo agenda anyuranya. Babiribabiri, batatubatatu cyangwa banebane. Si
byiza gukora amatsinda arengeje abanyeshuri batanu. Amatsinda kandi agomba
kuba arimo ibitsina byombi aho bishoboka kandi avanga abanyeshuri bumva vuba
kurusha abandi n’abagenda buhoro mu myigire yabo. Abagize buri tsinda bitoramo
umuyobozi w’itsinda ugenda yandika ibyo bumvikanyeho akaza kubimurika igihe
kigeze.
Iyo bamaze gukora amatsinda, umwarimu abasaba gusobanura amagambo
badasobanukiwe babonye igihe basoma hanyuma bagasubiza ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko biri mu bitabo byabo. Iyo ibibazo byatanzwe ari byinshi, umwarimu
arabibagabanya; amatsinda amwe agakora bimwe andi agakora ibindi. Umwarimuabaha igihe cyo kubikora.
Iyo igihe yabahaye kirangiye, umunyeshuri umwe muri buri tsinda wagiye yandika
ibyo bumvikanyeho ajya kubigaragaza imbere ya bagenzi be kandi abanyeshuri
bakajya basimburana muri icyo gikorwa. Mu gihe cyo kumurika ibyavuye mu
matsinda, amatsinda yose agenda asimburana mu kugaragaza bimwe mu byo
bagezeho, ibyo barangije kumvikanaho, abandi bakirinda kubisubiramo.
Bitewe n’igihe umwarimu afite, itsinda rimwe rimurika ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo
irindi rikamurika ibibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko. Ibisubizo bya buri tsinda
bigakorerwa ubugororangingo. Iyo ibibazo byatanzwe atari byinshi buri tsinda
ribisubiza byose ariko hakamurika itsinda rimwe ayandi agakora ubugororangingo,
bikandikwa.
3. Umwitozo
Iyo bamaze kumurika ibyavuye mu matsinda, umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gukora
umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Bashobora kuwukorera mu matsinda cyangwa buri
wese ku giti ke. Kuri buri mwitozo, ikibazo cya nyuma ni ikibazo gisaba abanyeshuri
gutanga ibitekerezo cyangwa kujya impaka. Icyo kibazo gishobora no gukomeza
nyuma y’isomo kigakorwa nk’umukoro.
2.6.2 Imbonezamasomo yo kwigisha isomo ry’ubuvanganzo
1. Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro umwarimu abaza abanyeshuri ibibazo bituma bibukiranya isomo
baheruka kwiga bikamufasha gushimangira ibyizwe mbere. Mu ntangiriro kandi
umwarimu ashobora gukosora umukoro niba hari uwo yahaye abanyeshuri.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Umwarimu yongera gusaba abanyeshuri kongera gusoma bitegereza imiterere
y’umwandiko w’ubuvanganzo. Akabasaba gutahura inshoza n’uturango byawo.
Umwarimu ahereye ku bisubizo by’abanyeshuri ababwira ubuvanganzo bagiye
kwiga ubwo ari bwo. Ahereye ku biri mu gikorwa cy’umwinjizo, umwarimu ashyira
abanyeshuri mu matsinda akabasaba gukora ubushakashatsi ku bibazo byatanzwe
ku nteruro cyangwa ku gika bivugwa mu mwinjizo. Kugira ngo ubushakashatsi
bwabo bugende neza, umwarimu arangira abanyeshuri ibitabo bakwifashisha
mu nzu y’isomero ndetse akanabaha ibindi bibazo bibayobora mu bushakashatsi
bwabo kugira ngo bashobore gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse. Umwarimu abaha
igihe cyo kubikora, cyarangira akabasaba kumurika ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi
bwabo.
3. Umwitozo1
Iyo bamaze kumurika ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi, umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri
gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Bashobora kuwukorera mu matsindacyangwa buri wese ku giti ke.
4. Umukoro
Inyuma y’umwitozo ku isomo ry’ubuvanganzo hakurikiraho umukoro abanyeshuri
bashobora gukora batashye cyangwa bakawukorera mu isomero mu masaha
atari ay’isomo. Uwo mukoro ubafasha gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo bize mu ihangery’ubuvanganzo.
2.6.3 Imbonezamasomo yo kwigisha isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo
1. Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro, umwarimu ashobora kubanza kugenzura uko abanyeshuri bakoze
umukoro mu gihe uhari. Iyo ibyo birangiye, abaza abanyeshuri isomo baheruka
kwiga. Umwarimu ashobora kandi gusaba abanyeshuri gusoma bitegereza interuro
cyangwa igika byavuye mu mwandiko baheruka kwiga birimo amagambo yanditse
aciyeho akarongo cyangwa atsindagiye yafasha gutahura ikibonezamvugo
bagiye kwiga. Umwarimu ashobora kubaza abanyeshuri ibibazo biganisha kukibonezamvugo kigiye kwigwa.11
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Iyi ntera itangirana n’igikorwa cy’umwinjizo. Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gukora
ibisabwa ku gikorwa cy’umwinjizo kiri mu bitabo byabo bari mu matsinda. Muri aya
matsinda, abanyeshuri bakora ubushakashatsi ku bibazo byatanzwe ku nteruro
cyangwa ku gika bivugwa mu mwinjizo. Kugira ngo ubushakashatsi bwabo bugende
neza, umwarimu arangira abanyeshuri ibitabo bakwifashisha mu nzu y’isomero
ndetse akanabaha ibindi bibazo bibayobora mu bushakashatsi bwabo kugira ngobashobore gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse.
Iyo igihe yabahaye kirangiye, umwarimu areba niba amatsinda yose yakoze
neza umurimo bahawe hanyuma agatoranya amatsinda make rimwe rikamurikira
abandi ibyo ryakoze ku gice runaka, irindi ku kindi, bityobityo. Iyo bamaze kunozaibyamuritswe, byandikwa ku kibaho abanyeshuri bakabyandika mu makayi yabo.
3. Umwitozo
Iyo bamaze kumurika ibyavuye mu matsinda, umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gukora
umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Bashobora kuwukorera mu matsinda cyangwa buriwese ku giti ke.
Ikitonderwa
Hari ubundi bumenyi bw’ururimi butavuzwe muri ibyo bice bufite imbonezamasomo
yihariye. Muri bwo twavuga guhanga no guhina umwandiko, kuririmba no gukinabigana n’ibindi.
Iyo ari uguhanga, umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri gusoma ikibazo kijyanye no
guhanga kiri mu bitabo byabo kikandikwa ku kibaho no mu makayi yabo. Iki
kibazo akibaha nk’umukoro. Umukoro ushobora gukorerwa mu matsinda cyangwa
gukorwa n’umunyeshuri ku giti ke. Umwarimu abaha igihe cyo kubikora, cyarangira
bagakosorera hamwe igihangano mu matsinda, buri tsinda rikagaragaza uko
ribona igihangano ryasomye. Umwarimu agenda akosora agaragariza buri tsinda
cyangwa buri wese ibitagenda neza mu gihangano yakoze.
Iyo ari ugukina bigana, umwarimu abanza gusobanurira abanyeshuri imiterere
ya bamwe mu bakina nkuru basabwa kwigana, akabasaba gukina babigana.
Umwarimu agenda abakosora kugeza igihe bagereye ku byo basabwa kwerekana
imbere ya bagenzi babo.
IGICE CYA II: INGERO Z’IMITEGURO Y’AMASOMO
NTANGARUGERO
II.1. Isomo ryo gusoma, kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Izina ry’ishuri: ........................................Amazina y’umwarimu: ....................................
II.2 Isomo ry’ubuvanganzo
Izina ry’ishuri: .........................Amazina y’umwarimu: ...........................
II.3 Isomo ry’Ikibonezamvugo Izina ry’ishuri: ................................
Amazina ................................ y’umwarimu:.................................
1. Isomo ryo gusoma, kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Izina ry’ishuri: ................................Amazina y’umwarimu: ......................
2. Isomo ryo gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Izina ry’ishuri: ......................Amazina y’umwarimu: ................
3. Isomo ry’ubuvanganzo Izina ry’ishuri: ...............................
Amazina y’umwarimu: ...................
4. Isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo Izina ry’ishuri: ........................
Amazina y’umwarimu:................................
IGICE CYA II: INGERO Z’IMITEGURO Y’AMASOMO NTANGARUGERO
1. Isomo ryo gusoma no kumva umwandiko Izina ry’ishuri: ...............................
Amazina y’umwarimu: .........................
2. Isomo ryo gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Izina ry’ishuri: ...........................Amazina y’umwarimu: .................
3. Isomo ry’ubuvanganzo Izina ry’ishuri: ...................................
Amazina y’umwarimu: ...................
4. Isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo Izina ry’ishuri: .......................
Amazina y’umwarimu:............................................
UMUTWE WA 1 UMUCO NYARWANDA
1.1 Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
– Gusesengura igitekerezo k’ingabo agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi.
– Kurondora no gusobanura ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo
nyabami.
– Gusesengura raporo no kuyikora.
– Kuzuza neza impapuro zagenewe kuzuzwa.
1.2 Ibyo umunyeshuri asanzwe azi kuri uyu mutwe
– Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
– Gukora umwandiko ntekerezo.
1.3 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa kibinjiza mu nsanganyamatsiko y’umutwe.
Urugero rw’igikorwa n’urugero rw’ibisubizo:
Uhereye ku bumenyi ufite, kora ubushakashatsi:
– Ugaragaze ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo nyabami;
– Usobanure raporo icyo ari cyo n’uko ikorwa;– Ugaragaze zimwe mu mpapuro zagenewe kuzuzwa n’uko zuzuzwa
– Mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo nyabami, twavuga ibitekerezo
nyabami (ibitekerezo by’ingabo), amazina y’inka, ibisigo nyabami, ubwiru,
ubucurabwenge, ibyivugo, inanga zivuga iby’ibwami, indirimbo z’ingabo.
Muri rusange, ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami zirangwa no kuba ari imyandiko
ivuga abami, imiryango yabo n’ingoma zabo.
– Raporo ikorwa n’umuntu wahawe ubutumwa ubu n’ubu. Iba ifite intego igamije,
ikajyamo ibitekerezo bwite bya nyiri ukuyikora, kandi ikarangira atanga
ibitekerezo ku myanzuro igomba gufatwa. Raporo iba igenewe umuyobozi
ugomba gufata ibyemezo ku bitekerezo byamugejejweho.
– Gukoresha imvugo itunganye kandi yumvikana neza. Kugaragaza ibyerekeye
icyo uvuga muri raporo yawe: itariki, isaha, igihe, abari bahari n’abo ari
bo, ingingo zizweho cyangwa ikindi gikorwa cyari cyajyanye ukora raporo,
ibyemezo byafashwe… Kugaragaza ibitekerezo by’ingenzi kugira ngo
uyisoma abone vuba ibyo uwakoze raporo aha agaciro kanini. Gushyirahoamazina n’umukono by’uwakoze raporo.
1.5 Amasomo ari mu mutwe wa mbere n’igihe yagenewe
1. 5.1 Isomo rya mbere: Gusoma no gusengura umwandiko
“Igitero k’i Butembo”
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo”
bagiye gusoma akayibabazaho ibibazo.
Urugero rw’ibibazo yabaza n’urugero rw’ibisubizo :
a) Mwitegereje iyi shusho murabonaho iki?
Turahabona abantu bafite ingoma, imiheto, amacumu n’ingabo.Turahabona kandi
izu ya kera (inzu y’ibyatsi) ndetse n’umwami utetse.
b) Murabona se bakora iki?
Barimo babyinira umwami. Bigaragara ko bari kwiyereka.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandike amagambo
badasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
Urugero rw’ibibazo n’ibisubizo:
a. Inka z’inyambo zivugwa mu mwandiko, zagishishiorizwaga hehe?
Izo nka bazigishishiriza i Kamuronsi.
b. Ni hehe umwami yamaze iminsi mbere yo kujyana na ba Barundi i Kigali?
Umwami yamaze iminsi i Kabuye.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandiwita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda maze ubasabe gukora igikorwa 1.1 kiri mu gitabo
cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri, ureba ko abanyeshuri
basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utange ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure
wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
Niba igihe wabahaye kirangiye, basabe kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe rimurike
ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo, irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza bisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Sobanura intandaro y’igitero k’i Butembo.
2. Ni nde wafashe iya mbere mu gushoza urwo rugamba?
3. Ni ikihe gihembo cyari giteganyirijwe umwamikazi uzarusha abandi kwitegura
umwami?
4. Shaka ibintu cyangwa ibikorwa byavuzwe mu mwandiko bibangamiye
ibidukikije.
5. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigaragara mu mwandiko.
6. Garagaza ingingo z’umuco n’amateka zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko.
d) Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora babiribabiri umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo uri mu
bitabo byabo. Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Ibabazo n’ibisubizo by’umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Koresha amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro wihimbiye:
a) Kugishisha inka
b) Amakoro
c) Abatasid) Ingando
Tanga nk’umukoro ikibazo cya kabiri”Uhereye ku mwandiko gararagaza ibindi
bikorwa by’ubutwari bya Kigeri IV Rwabugiri”. Kizakosorwe mu ntangiriro y’isomorikurikiraho.
1.5.2. Isomo rya kabiri: Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuribabyandike mu makayi yabo.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 1.2 kiri mu bitabo
byabo.
Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyabami andi urondore ingeri
z’ubwo buvanganzo, andi na yo ahabwe kugaragaza uturango twazo.Bahe igihe cyo
gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe
ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” ugereranye ibivugwamo
n’ibyavugwaga mu yindi myandiko wize, maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure
inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyabami, urondore ingeri z’ubwo buvanganzo n’ uturango
twazo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Ubuvanganzo nyabami ni ibihangano byose byerekeranye n’abami, ingoma
zabo, ibitero byabo, abakurambere, abatware n’imihango by’ibwami.Ni ingeri
y’ubuvanganzo itari igenewe buri wese nk’uko ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda
bwari bumeze. Bityo igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo nyabami ntawashoboraga kugira
icyo agihinduraho atabyemerewe.
1.2.2 Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami
Mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo nyabami, twavuga ibitekerezo
nyabami (ibitekerezo by’ingabo), amazina y’inka, ibisigo nyabami, ubwiru,
ubucurabwenge, ibyivugo, inanga zivuga iby’ibwami, indirimbo z’ingabo. Muri
rusange, ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami zirangwa no kuba ari imyandiko ivuga
abami, imiryango yabo n’ingoma zabo.
1. Ibitekerezo
Ni imyandiko yafatiraga ku bantu babayeho (abami n’ab’ibwami, abatware) cyangwa
ibikorwa byabayeho bizwi ikavuga uko byagenze nk’ibitero ariko hakongerwamo
amakabyankuru. Ibitekerezo byo mu buvanganzo nyemvugo nyabami birimo
amoko abiri:
a) Ibitekerezo nyabami
Ibitekerezo nyabami cyangwa iby’imiryango ikomeye byavugaga umuntu ukomoka
ibwami cyangwa ukomoka ibutware, bikavuga amateka ye ariko bakongeramo
amakabyankuru.
Ingero:
– Bwiza bwa Mashira na Gahindiro.
– Ruganzu na Kimenyi umwami w’i Gisaka.
b) Ibitekerezo by’ingabo
Ibitekerezo by’ingabo byavugaga imitegurire n’imigendekere y’ibitero ingabo
z’umwami zagabye mu bindi bihugu bakongeraho amakabyankuru. Ibitekerezo
by’ingabo ni ibihangano byabaga bikubiyemo uko urugamba rwagenze.
Byahimbwaga n’abatekereza b’ibwami bafatiye ku byavuzwe n’abavuzi b’amacumu
babaga bakubutse ku rugamba. Abo bavuzi b’amacumu bari abantu bazwihoubuhanga mu kuvuga neza no gufata mu mutwe bagakoresha imvugo nziza kandi
batajijinganya. Mu bitekerezo by’ingabo havugwamo inkuru y’igitero n’abakigizemouruhare cyanecyane ab’intwari.
2. Amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka ni imivugo irata inyambo n’umwami. Ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo nyabami
irangwa n’itondeke ripimye (umubare w’utubangutso ungana), ikeshamvugo
n’amagambo yabugenewe. Yagiraga imiterere yihariye.
Amazina y’inka yagereranywa n’ibyivugo by’inka. Inka z’inyambo batangiye kuzirata
cyane mu mivugo kuva kera, ariko imihimbire y’amazina y’inka yaje kwamamara
ku ngoma ya Yuhi Gahindiro ahagana mu mwaka wa 1800. Kuva icyo gihe ni
bwo abahanga mu byo kwita inka (abisi) batangiye kurebera inka mu bwenge,
bakaziremesha ingamba. Inka baziremyemo imitwe bakayirwanisha. Buri mutwe
wari ubangikanye n’umutwe w’ingabo ushinzwe kuzirinda.
3. Ibisigo nyabami
Ibisigo nyabami ni imivugo yasingizaga abami n’ingoma zabo ikoresheje amagambo
y’indobanure. Byabanjijwe n’ibyo bitaga ibinyeto. Ijambo ibinyeto riva ku nshinga
kunyeta bivuga gusingiza cyangwa kurata. Abahanzi b’ibinyeto babitaga abenge.
Ibinyeto byabaga ari imivugo irata buri mwami ukwe. Bikaba bigufi, muri rusange
bitarengeje imikarago makumyabiri. Ibisigo nyabami birangwa n’ikeshamvugo,
amagambo y’indobanure kandi ntibyahindagurikaga mu miterere yabyo.
Ku ngoma ya Ruganzu II Ndoli nibwo umugabekazi we w’umutsindirano Nyirarumaga
yahurije ibinyeto mu gisigo kimwe yise “Umunsi ameza imiryango yose”. Kuva ubwo
ibinyeto ntibyongera kubaho, ahubwo hatangira ibisigo. Ni ukuvuga ko umuntu wa
mbere wemewe mu Rwanda nk’umusizi ari Nyirarumaga. Guhera ubwo abasizi
batangiye guhimba ibisigo birebire bisingiza abami, banahabwa agaciro gakomeye
ibwami ndetse barema umutwe wabo (inteko y’abasizi) uyoborwa n’intebe y’abasizi.
4. Ubwiru
Ijambo “ubwiru” risobanura ibanga rikomeye cyane iryo ari ryo ryose. Mu
buvanganzo nyabami ubwiru ni imihango yakorwaga n’umwami n’abiru. Iyo
mihango yakorwaga mu ibanga kandi ikagira amagambo yihariye agendana na
yo. Iyo mihango bayitaga inzira z’ubwiru. Ubwiru bwari bukubiyemo amategeko
yagengaga imihango y’ibwami, bwakoreshaga ikeshamvugo n’andi magambo
yabugenewe kandi ntibwahindagurikaga.
5. Ubucurabwenge
Ni umuvugo muremure wavugaga ibisekuru by’abami n’abagabekazi. Abawufataga
mu mutwe bitwaga abacurabwenge. Ubucurabwenge burangwa n’uko buvuga
ibisekuru by’abami n’abamikazi mu buryo buryoheye amatwi. Ubucurabwengebwakorwaga n’abacurabwenge.
6. Ibyivugo
Kwivuga: ni ukuranga icyo uri cyo, uwo uri we mu rwego rw’intambara, rimwe na
rimwe umenyesha abakumva uwo ukomokaho byo guhimba, ukavuga ibyakuranze
ku rugamba. Ibyivugo ni imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bisingiza intwari n’ubutwari bwazo ndetse n’intwaro zifashishwaga.
Ibyivugo ni ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwahimbirwaga kurata ubutwari bw’ingabo.
Nyiri ukwivuga yashakaga kugaragaza ubutwari yagize ku rugamba cyangwa
umugambi yiyumvamo wo kuzaba intwari mu bihe bizaza, akihimbira ikivugo
cyangwa agashaka ukimuhimbira, akagitora kikagaragaramo ubutwari bwe. Ibyo
bishaka kuvuga ko abagabo bose batari abahanga mu guhimba ibyivugo. Hariho
intiti kabuhariwe zahimbiraga n’abandi ibyivugo. Ibyivugo birangwa n’ibigwi
n’ibirindiro.
Ibigwi: Ni umubare cyangwa se amazina y’abanzi nyiri ukwivuga yatsinze ku
rugamba ndetse n’aho yabatsinze.
Ibirindiro: Ni ibikorwa by’akataraboneka uwivuga yagaragarije ku rugamba nko
kwimana no kugarukira ingabo bagenzi be (kuzirengera) gutahana iminyago,
kwibasira abanzi…
7. Inanga zivuga iby’ibwami
Mu buvanganzo nyabami, inanga zaherekezwaga n’indirimbo z’ingabo zigahishura
uko abakurambere batekerezaga, akari kabari ku mutima n’uko bari bameranye
mu mibanire yabo. Inanga tuzisangamo uturango tw’ubusizi nyarwanda
(isubirajwi, imibangikanyo, injyana...) Zahimbirwaga kurata no gusingiza abami.
Zacurangirwaga mu bitaramo binyuranye.
8. Indirimbo z’ingabo
Ni indirimbo zaririmbwaga mu bitaramo by’imyiyereko ingabo zitabarutse ku
rugamba. Izo ndirimbo zafatiraga ku bantu babayeho (abami, ab’ibwami n’abatware
cyangwa ibikorwa byabayeho bizwi nk’ibigwi, ibirindiro...)
Imyitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo iri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke. Yoboraabanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda ?2. Ni akahe kamaro ko kwiga ubuvanganzo nyabami muri iki gihe ?
1.5.3 Isomo rya gatatu: Raporo
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo ku isomo baheruka kwiga
Ubushize twize isomo rivuga uko igitero cyagendaga mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
b) Ni bande bagiraga uruhare mu gitero mu Rwanda rwo hambere?
Umwami, umugabekazi, umugaba w’ingabo, umugaba w’igitero, ibitsimbanyi,
abanyamihango b’ibwami, abakoni, abavuzi b’amacumu n’Abanyarwanda bose
muri rusage.
c) Uwabaga yabaye intwari ku rugamba mu bitero u Rwanda rwabaga
rwagabye, yagororerwaga iki?
Uwabaga wabaye intwari yahabwaga impeta y’ubutwari.
Umwarimu ahera ku bisubizo by’abanyeshuri akababwira ko bagiye kureba impeta
z’ubutwari mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa
1.3 kiri mu bitabo byabo.
Amatsinda amwe atahureinshoza ya raporo, andi agaragaze uko ikorwa hanyuma
andi yerekane imiterere yayo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda
mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utange
ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Iyo umuntu agiye mu butumwa ahantu runaka agamije kwereka uwamutumye ko
icyo yagiye gukora yagikoze, amukorera raporo. Kora ubushakashatsi utahureinshoza ya raporo, uko ikorwa n’imiterere yayo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
a) Inshoza ya raporo
Raporo ikorwa n’umuntu wahawe ubutumwa ubu n’ubu. Iba ifite intego igamije,
ikajyamo ibitekerezo bwite bya nyiri ukuyikora, kandi ikarangira atanga ibitekerezo
ku myanzuro igomba gufatwa. Raporo iba igenewe umuyobozi ugomba gufata
ibyemezo ku bitekerezo byamugejejweho.
b) Imbata ya raporo
Raporo, igira imbata nk’iy’umwandiko usanzwe. Ni ukuvuga umutwe, intangiriro,
igihimba n’umusozo.
– Umutwe : Umutwe wa raporo uba ari nk’inshamake y’ibikubiye muri raporo.
– Intangiriro: Muri iki gice, ukora raporo yandikamo icyo agiye gukorera raporo
n’impamvu ayikora ndetse n’agaciro iyo raporo ifite.
– Igihimba: Muri iki gice ukora raporo agaragaza ku buryo burambuye uko abona
ibyo akorera raporo; abivuga abitondekanya nk’ugambiriye kubisobanura mu
buryo bw’inyurabwenge. Ukora raporo agomba gutanga ibisobanuro biza
gutuma uwo aha raporo adashidikanya ku myanzuro aza kumugezaho. Ibyo kandi ukora raporo abikora atabogamye.
– Umusozo: Muri iki gice ukora raporo atangamo ibitekerezo by’uburyo ikibazo
k’ibyo yakoreye raporo abona cyakemuka. Mbere yo gutangira kwandika
raporo uba wabanje gutekereza ku byo uvuga mu myanzuro. Raporo nziza
igomba gutuma uwo yandikiwe yemera ibitekerezo biyikubiyemo, agafata
ibyemezo ku myanzuro yagejejweho, ariko ntigomba kubogama.
c) Uko raporo ikorwa
Ukora raporo agomba kwita kuri ibi bikurikira:
– Gukoresha imvugo itunganye kandi yumvikana neza.
– Kugaragaza ibyerekeye icyo uvuga muri raporo yawe: itariki, isaha, igihe,
abari bahari n’abo ari bo, ingingo zizweho cyangwa ikindi gikorwa cyari
cyajyanye ukora raporo, ibyemezo byafashwe…
– Kugaragaza ibitekerezo by’ingenzi kugira ngo uyisoma abone vuba ibyo
uwakoze raporo aha agaciro kanini.– Gushyiraho amazina n’umukono by’uwakoze raporo.
Imyitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo iri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke. Yobora
abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.b) Sobanura ibyo wagenderaho ukora raporo.
1.5.4 Impapuro zagenewe kuzuzwa
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo ku isomo baheruka kwigaUmwarimu abaza abanyeshuri ibibazo ku isomo baheruka kwiga.
Isomo duheruka kwiga ni raporo, uko bakora raporo.
b) Ni ryari umuntu akora raporo?
Umuntu akora raporo iyo yoherejwe mu butumwa akaba agomba kubwira uwa
mutumye uko yakoze ibyo yatumwe, uko igikorwa yatumwemo cyagenze.
c) Imbata ya raporo iteye ite?
Imbata ya raporo igizwe n’umutwe, intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 1.4 kiri mu bitabo byabo.
Amatsinda amwe agaragaze impapuro zuzuzwa, andi asobanure uko zuzuzwa n’
ibyuzuzwaho. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba
ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utange ubufasha ahobukenewe.
Igikorwa
Ushingiye ku byo usanzwe uzi cyangwa ubona, garagaza impapuro zuzuzwa, uko
zuzuzwa n’ ibyuzuzwaho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza ibisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,
abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Mu nzego z’ubuyobozi bwite bwa Leta hari impapuro zagenewe kuzuzwa
zitumanyirazo ahabwa serivisi runaka. Zimwe muri izo mpapuro ni izi zikurikira:
– Ikemezo cy’amavuko;
– Ikemezo gisimbura ikarita ndangamuntu by’agateganyo;
– Icyangombwa cyo gushyingirwa;
– Icyangombwa cy’ubupfakazi;
– Ikemezo cy’ubugaragu;
– (…)
Mu buryo bwo gutanga serivisi inoze impapuro zimwe na zimwe zuzuzwa
hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga. Ni muri urwo rwego zimwe muri izi mpapuro zisabwa
hifashishijwe urubuga “www.irembo.gov.rw”
Imikorere y’urubuga Irembo
Uru rubuga rukora nk’uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga butunganya ibikorwa
bigamije gutanga serivisi hagati y’Ibigo bya Leta n’abaturage. Imikoreshereze
n’imitunganyirize y’urwo rubuga ikaba igengwa n’Ihuriro ry’Imirongo Nyarwanda
(Rwanda Online Platform Ltd).
Ukeneye impapuro z’ubuyobozi, ajya ku rubuga www.irembo.gov.rw agakurikiza
amabwiriza bitewe n’urupapuro akeneye, agahabwa inomero yishuriraho.
Kwishyura serivisi ku rubuga Irembo bishobora gukorwa mu uburyo bukurikira:
terefoni ngendanwa, ikarita yo kubitsa no kubikuza n’andi makarita akoreshwa mu
mabanki bakorana n’ubundi. Usabye serivisi agomba kumenya ko umwirondoro wewinjijwe neza.
Uko basaba ikemezo bakoresheje Irembo
Kugira ngo ubone ikemezo bisaba kuba ufite mudasobwa cyangwa terefoni irimo
murandasi. Wifashisha inshakisho (browser) hanyuma ukandika ahabugenewe“www.irembo.gov.rw.”, hagahita haza ibi bikurikira:
ukanyura mu ntambwe zikurikira:
a) Intambwe ya mbere: Gusaba
– Gukoresha Irembo: Niba utariyandikishije ku rubuga Irembo, kanda ahanditse
“Kwiyandikisha” hejuru iburyo maze wiyandikishe ukoresheje indangamuntu
yawe na nomero ya terefoni igendanwa ibaruye ku ndangamuntu yawe.
– Gusaba ukoresheje terefoni igendanwa (USSD): Kanda *909# ukurikize
amabwiriza, cyangwa ushobora no kwegera uhagarariye Irembo
akabigufashamo.
Nyuma yo kohereza dosiye isaba, wohererezwa ubutumwa bugufi kuri terefoni
cyangwa imeri (Email) yawe byemeza ko dosiye yoherejwe kandi ugahabwa kode
yo kwishyuriraho.
b) Intambwe ya kabiri: Kwishyura
– Ushobora guhita wishyura unyuze ku rubuga Irembo ugakoresha amakarita
(VISA cyangwa MasterCard), cyangwa se ugahitamo kwishyura ukoresheje
terefoni, mobikashi (Mobicash), cyangwa ukajya ku ishami rya Banki ikorana
n’irembo ukishyurira yo hifashishijwe kodi wahawe.
– Nyuma yo kwishyura, wohererezwa ubutumwa bugufi kuri terefoni cyangwa
kuri imeri (Email) bwemeza ko wishyuye. Nutabona ubutumwa bugufi kuri
terefoni cyangwa imeri mu gihe k’iminota 30, wahamagara kuri 9099 umukoziw’Irembo akagufasha.
c) Intambwe ya gatatu: Igihe cyo kujya gufata ikemezo
Iyo umukozi ubishinzwe abonye dosiye yawe, arayisuzuma akayemeza cyangwa
akayihakana hanyuma ukohererezwa ubutumwa bugufi kuri terefoni cyangwa imeri
(Email) bukumenyesha ko dosiye yawe yemewe cyangwa yanzwe.Iyo utabonye
ubutumwa bugufi nyuma y’iminsi itatu y’akazi wohereje dosiye isaba, uhamagara
ku biro by’abashinzwe serivisi wasabye.
d) Intambwe ya kane: Kujya gufata icyangombwa
Iyo ubunye ubutumwa bukubwirako dosiye yawe isaba yemejwe, ujya ku rubuga
rw’Irembo ugakuraho icyangombwa cyawe wifashishije kode wishyuriyeho.Urugero rw’ikemezo wahabwa umaze gukoresha Irembo:
Sheki ni urupapuro rwuzuzwa muri banki kugira ngo nyira rwo cyangwa uwo aruhaye
abikuze amafaranga kuri konti. Iby’ingenzi byuzuzwa kuri sheki ni ibi bikurikira:
– Umazina y’uri bubikuze akoresheje iyo sheki.
– Umubare w’amafaranga abikuzwa.
– Itariki sheki itangiweho.– Umukono wa nyiri konti.
Urugero rwa sheki
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo iri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke. Yobora
abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Imyitozo
Ishyire mu mwanya w’ushaka icyangombwa gisimbura irangamuntu cyangwa ikindi
cyangombwa maze uge kurubuga irembo wuzuze ibisabwa kugira ngo ugihabwe.
1. Intangiriro
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuri
babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Umukoro n’urugero rw’ibisubizo:
Ni izihe ngaruka z’indwara z’ibyorezo ku iterambere ry’umuryango n’iry’igihugu
muri rusange? Gira abaturage inama zabafasha kwirinda indwara z’ibyorezo.
Ingaruka z’indwara z’ibyorezo ku muryango:
Ingaruka z’indwara z’ibyorezo ku gihugu:
Inama zafasha abaturage kwirinda indwara z’ibyorezo:
2. Uko isomo ritangwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 1.4 kiri mu bitabo byabo.
Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri
basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Ifashishe umwandiko “Indwara z’ibyorezo”, ukore ubushakashatsi maze usubizeibibazo bikurikira:
- Tahura ubwoko bw’umwandiko “Indwara z’ibyorezo”.
- Tahura inshoza, uturango n’imbata byawo.
- Ni ayahe mabwiriza agenga ubu bwoko bw’umwandiko.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza ibisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bose
babyandike mu makayi yabo. Ibisubizo byanogejwe
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukorera mu matsinda umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Uwo
mwitozo ni uyu ukurikira: Kurikirana imbwirwaruhame yafashwe kuri radiyo maze
uyijore.
Shaka imwirwaruhame iri mu majwi cyangwa mu majwi n’amashusho hanyuma
uyumvishe abanyeshuri. Saba abanyeshuri kuyijora bashingiye ku byo bize maze
bagaragaze ibyakozwe neza n’ibigomba kunozwa muri iyo mbwirwaruhame.
Saba abanyeshuri, buri wese ku giti ke, kuzakora umukoro uri mu gitabo cyabo
maze bazawumurike mu isomo rizakurikira.
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .
Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Ikibazo cy’umwitozo
Ishyire mu mwanya w’ushaka icyangombwa gisimbura irangamuntu cyangwa ikindicyangombwa maze uge kurubuga irembo wuzuze ibisabwa kugira ngo ugihabwe.
Igisubizo:...................
1.5.6 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere
Ifashishe ibibazo biri mu gitabo cy’umunyeshuri hanyuma utegurire abanyeshuri
isuzuma. Saba abanyeshuri kwitegura gukora isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereburi wese ku giti ke.
1. Ni ubuhe buryo Kimenyi I Musaya umwami w’i Gisaka yakoresheje kugira
ngo bamushyingire Robwa?
Kimenyi I Musaya umwami w’i Gisaka yakoze uko ashoboye agirana
umubano na Nkorokombe muramu wa Nsoro kugira ngo azabe ariwe acaho
asaba ko bamushyingira Robwa.
2. Kubera iki Bwimba yategetse ko Abasinga batagombaga gusubira ku ngoma
imyaka agahumbi?
Bwimba yategetse ko Abasinga batagombaga gusubira ku ngoma
imyaka agahumbi kubera ko Nyina wakomokaga mu Basinga ari we wari
waragambaniye u Rwanda abuza bwimba gutera i Gisaka, agashyingira
Robwa mu Gisaka, akanoshya Nkurukumbi kwanga kuba umutabazi.
3. Kubera iki umugabekazi Nyakanga na musaza we Nkorokombe bashyigikiye
umugambi wo gushyingira Robwa mu Gisaka?
Ngo kunywana n’i Gisaka byari gutuma kitazabatera kuko cyabarushaga
amaboko.
4. Uhereye kuri Robwa na Ruganzu Bwimba, gira icyo uvuga ku buryo abana
bafataga umurage basigiwe n’ababyeyi babo wifashishije ingero.
5. Ibyo Robwa na Bwimba bakoze mu gihe cyabo byabagize intwari kandi
bibaha indangagaciro yo gukunda Igihugu. Ni iki wowe wakora kugira ngo
ugaragarweho n’idangagaciro yo gukunda Igihugu muri iki gihe?
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira
a) Umucengeri
– Umucengeri ni igikomangoma cyabaga cyerewe n’indagu y’i bwami kikajya
mu gihugu bashaka gutera, kikagenda kitarwana ariko cyiyenza, kikagwayo,
bikaba uburyo bwo kukigarurira.
– Umutabazi: umuntu wabaga werejwe n’indagu y’ibwami akitanga ku rugamba
rwaremeye ishyanga, amaraso ye agatsindira urwanda igihugu aguyemo,
yabaga ari umugabo wo munda y’ingoma cg ukomoka mu batsobe.b) Kuberana
c) Muramu (w’umuntu)
d) Rukurura
2. Koresha mu nteruro amagambo akurikira:
a) Umugabekazi
b) Indagu
c) Umweko
d) Imiziro
III. Ibibazo kuri raporo no ku mpapuro zuzuzwa
1. Ni ubuhe buryo bukoreshwa mu kubikura amafaranga kuri banki?
2. Ni ayahe makuru yingenzi yuzuzwa kuri sheki?
3. Usibye sheki n’ikemezo cy’amavuko ni izihe mpapuro zindi muzi buzuza?
Tanga nibura ingero eshanu.
4. Kubera iki umuntu yandika raporo?5. Sobanura ibyakwitabwaho mu kujora raporo yakozwe.
UMUTWE WA 2 KUBUNGABUNGA UBUZIMA
2.1 Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
– Gusesengura ikinamico agaragaza ingingo ziyikubiyemo n’uturango twayo.
– Guhanga ikinamico ku nsanganyamatsiko yahawe no kuyikina.
– Gukoresha neza ibinyazina mu nteruro.
2.2 Ibyo umunyeshuri asanzwe azi
– Abanyeshuri bize uburyo bunyuranye bwo kwita ku buzima binyuze mu
myandiko inyuranye basomye. Bize ibijyanye n’inkingo, isuku ndetse no
kurya indyo yuzuye.
– Abanyeshuri bafite ishusho ku ikinamico.– Abanyeshuri bize ibinyazina mu myaka ibanza.
2.3 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
Umwarimu aha abanyeshuri igikorwa kibinjiza mu nsanganyamatsiko y’umutwe.
Urugero rw’igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma
uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo kandi usubize n’ibibazo
byawubajijweho.Ibisubizo bigenda biboneka uko isomo ritera imbere.
2.5 Amasomo ari mu mutwe wa Kabiri n’igihe yagenewe
2. 5.1 Isomo rya mbere: Gusoma no gusengura umwandiko
“Ugira Imana agira umugira inama”
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Ugira Imana agira
umugira inama”, bagiye gusoma akayibabazaho ibibazo.
Urugero rw’ibibazo yabaza n’urugero rw’ibisubizo :
a) Mwitegereje iyi shusho murabonaho iki?
Abantu bicaye mu nzu bigaragara ko bakurikiran ibyo ushinzwe umutekano avuga.
b) Muratekereza ko baganira ku ki? Sobanura.
Baraganira ku kibazo cy’umutekano kuko hagaragaramo ushinzwe umutekano.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandika amagambo
badasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandi
wita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda. Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa 2.1 kiri
mu gitabo cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure
wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe
rimurike ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza bisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Gusobanura amagambo
1. Gushinga akavumu: Gushinga urugo cyangwa gushaka umugore/ umugabo.
Kubaka urugo.
2. Imikizi
3. Kuzinduka iya Marumba: Kuzinduka kare cyane.
4. Kurara rwa ntambi : Kurara nabi
Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Urugero rw’ibibazo n’ibisubizo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Rubundakumazi ava mu kabari yatashye gihe ki ?
2. Ni iki cyatumye Rubundakumazi akubita Nyinawumuntu ?
3. Ni izihe mpanuro Bahame yahaye Rubunda ku mazi ?
4. Gereranya imyitwarire ya Rubundakumazi, iya Nyinawumuntu n’ubuzima
busanzwe bw’Abanyarwanda.
5. Wavuga iki ku myumvire ya Rubundakumazi ku bijyanye no kuboneza
urubyaro ?
6. Garagaza ingaruka ziterwa no kubyara indahekana ku buzima bw’umuryango
n’ubw’igihugu muri rusange.
d) Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora babiribabiri umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo uri mubitabo byabo. Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
b) Indaheka:
c) Kuboneza urubyaro:
d) Bwaki:
Tanga nk’umukoro ikibazo cya kabiri “Ni ngombwa kuganira n’urubyiruko ku buzima
bw’imyorokere? Vuga icyo utekereza kuri iyi ngingo.” Kizakosorwe mu ntangiriroy’isomo rikurikiraho.
2.5.2 Isomo rya kabiri: Ikinamico
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuribabyandike mu makayi yabo.
kuriiyi ngingo.
Kuganiriza urubyiruko ku buzima bw’imyororokere ni ingenzi kuko bifasha umuntu
kwimenya no kumenya uko yitwara mu buzima. Bituma umuntu amenya uburyo
butandukanye bwo kwirinda indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina. Ikindi
kandi , bifasha umuntu kumenya uburyo butandukanye bwo kuringaniza urubyaro
ku buryo aba ashobora kubyara abo ashoboye kurerera.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 2.2 kiri mu bitabo byabo.
Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’ikinamico andi akore ku turangotw’ikinamico.
Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri
basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Uhereye ku bumenyi ufite, sobanura inshoza y’ikinamico kandi ugaragaze uturango
twayo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Ikinamico ni umukino ushingiye ku gikorwa abantu berekanira imbere y’abandi,
abantu bihindura ukundi, bagerageza gusa na bo cyangwa ibyo bakina haba mu
mvugo, mu mico no migirire kandi bagamije gushimisha abababona rimwe na rimwe
bagaherwamo inyigisho zishobora kuba intandaro yo gukira bimwe mu bikomere
by’umutima umuntu agendana buri munsi cyangwa gukemura bimwe mu bibazo
bihora biziritse bagenzi bacu mu miryango natwe ubwacu tutiretse.
Mu ikinamico, abakinnyi bashobora gutebya, gusakuza, guca imigani, kuririmba,
guhoza abageni n’abana, kuvugira inka, yewe n’abahigi bashobora kuzitura intozo
zabo, nyuma amahigi bakayaroha. Ikinamico ni akayobera iravura; ikuramo abantu
ububabare baba bafite, ikagerageza na none gukemura bimwe mu bibazo baba
bafite ku mutima.
b) Uturango tw’ikinamico
Ikinamico ihimbye neza, igomba kuba igaragaramo uturango dukurikira:
Umutwe w’ikinamico: umutwe w’ikinamico ugomba kuba ari mugufi kandi uteye
amatsiko.Insanganyamatsiko rusange igomba kuba ifitanye isano n’umutwe. Biba
byiza iyo usomye umutwe adahita yumva neza ibikubiye mu ikinamico.
Umwinjizo: ni amagambo atangira umukino, aba asa n’akebura abagiye gukurikira
ikinamico, ndetse abakururira gukurikira neza umukino.
Abanyarubuga: ni abantu cyangwa inyamaswa bakora ibikorwa mu ikinamico
cyangwa bakabikorerwaho. Bagaragaza imyifatire itandukanye igenda yumvikana
kandi igaragara mu mukino. Mu ikinamico si byiza ko amazina y’abanyarubuga
ahita agaragaza imyitwarire yabo, n’ubwo ahenshi mu ikinamico nyarwandausanga
ariko bimeze.Umunyarubuga atandukanye umukinnyi kuko umukinnyi we ari
umuntu uzwi ukina yigana umunyarubuga uvugwa mu ikinamico.
Urugero:
Bushombe uvugwa mu Runana ni umunyarubuga. Nyamara Ayirwanda Jean
Claude ukina yigana Bushombe ni umukinnyi.
Ibice by’umukino: ni umukino wose uba ugabanyijemo ibice bitandukanye, bitewe
n’uko umuhanzi yabigennye.
Agakino: igice cy’umukino, gishobora kugira imiseruko itandukanye, bitewen’igitekerezo gikubiye mu gice cy’umukino.
Urukiniro/akabugankuru: ni aho agakino cyangwa igice cy’umukino kiba
kiri bukinirwe. Urukiniro baruha umuteguro, bakarutaka cyangwa bakaruha
imirimbishirize, bitewe n’ibyifuzo by’umuhanzi cyangwa umutoza.
Umuseruko: tuvuga umuseruko, iyo hari umukinnyi mushya winjiye mu rukiniro
cyangwa igihe hari usohotse mu rukiniro. Mu makinamico avugirwa kuri tereviziyo
cyangwa kuri radiyo, si ngombwa ko urukiniro rurangiriraho igice cyose cy’umukino
kuko ho biba byoroshye kubikora. Mu mikino yerekanwa, ntabwo washobora
kwerekana abantu bari mu Kiriziya, ngo mu kanya wongere uberekane baryamye
imbere y’imbaga ibarebera kandi ari mu gice kimwe. Aha ngaha byagusaba kubanza
gufunga umwenda, ugategura akandi kabugankuru. Amategeko y’ikinamico avuga
ko bafunga umwenda gusa iyo igice cy’umukino kirangiye.
Inyobozi: ni ibisobanuro bigaragara mu ikinamico, biyobora abanyarubuga uko
bari bwitware mu mukino. Bikunze gushyirwa mu dukubo.
Imvugo nkana: ni amagambo umunyarubuga ashobora kuvuga mu gihe ari kugirana
ikiganiro na mugenzi we, ariko mugenzi we akigiza nkana ko atayumvise.
Imvugano: ni ikiganiro kiba hagati y’abanyarubuga igihe bahererekanya amagambo.
Inyishyu: ni amagambo umunyarubuga runaka asubiza mugenzi we mu ikinamico.
Umwivugisho: ni amagambo avugwa n’umunyarubuga igihe ari wenyine yivugisha.
Ururondogoro: ni imvugo itinze y’umunyarubuga runaka.
Iherezo: ikinamico igira iherezo. Iherezo ry’ikinamico rishobora kumara amatsiko
abayikurikiye, cyangwa rigasiga abayikurikiye mu gihirahiro bibaza uko byagenze
cyangwa uko bizagenda
c) Ishushanyabikorwa mu ikinamico
bikorwa bigaragara mu ikinamico bishingira ku bakinnyi cyanecyane ab’imena.
Abakinnyi b’imena bafatanyije n’abungirije bayobora imigendekere y’ibikorwa mu
ikinamico kugeza ku ndunduro y’ikinamico. Bityo rero nk’uko bimeze mu nkuru
ngufi cyangwa ndende, umusesenguzi ashobora gushushanya ibikorwa yifashishijeigishushanyo giteye gitya:
bagamije cyangwa ntibayigereho.
Ugenerwa: ni umuntu wese waba afite inyungu ukurikije ikivugwa mu ikinamico.
Abafasha: ni abakinamico cyangwa ibindi bintu bishobora gutuma nyir’ubwite
cyangwa ba nyir’ubwite mu ikinamico bagera ku kigamijwe cyangwa ntibakigereho
ariko byagaragaye ko ba nyir’ubwite bari bashyigikiwe.
Ugenera: ni umuntu cyangwa ikintu gituma nyir’ubwite agira intego runaka mu
ikinamico.
Ikigamijwe: ni intego abakinamico b’ingenzi baba bahawe n’umuhimbyi w’ikinamico.
Imbogamizi: ni abakinamico cyangwa ibintu bishobora kubangamira umukinnyi
cyangwa abakinnyi b‘imena kugera ku ntego cyangwa ku kigamijwe.
Impugukirwa:
Mu ikinamico birashoboka ko ibikorwa byagenda bikurikiranye nk’uko byagiye
bibamu njyabihe yabyo. Ibi si ihame. Bitewe n’ubuhanga bw’umuhanzi w’ikinamico,
hariubwo usanga ibikorwa bidakurikiranye uko byagiye biba mu mateka yabyo.
Imyitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo iri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke. Yoboraabanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’imyitozo.
1. Gereranya ikinamico n’inkuru?2. Umunyarubuga atandukaniye he n’umukinnyi?
2.5.3 Isomo rya gatatu: Ibinyazina
1. Intangiriro
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo ku isomo baheruka kwiga
a) Ni rihe somo twize ubushize
Ubushize twize ikinamico.
b) Abanyarubuga ni iki mu ikinamico ?
Abanyarubuga ni abantu cyangwa inyamaswa bakora ibikorwa mu ikinamico
cyangwa bakabikorerwaho
c) Ni iki umusesenguzi w’inkuru ashobora gushingiraho umurimo we?
Ashobora gushongira kuri ibi bikurikira: Nyiri ubwite, ugenerwa, abafasha,ugenera,
ikigamijwe n’imbogamizi:
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 2.3 kiri mu bitabo byabo.
Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Amatsinda amwe agaragaze inshoza, andi
agaragaze uturango tw’ibinyazina. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri
basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, usobanure imiterere y’amagambo y’umukara tsiri kugira
ngo ubashe gutanga inshoza n’uturango by’ikinyazina.
1) Yewe ibyawe byakomeye ubwo usigaye uvuga amacuri.
2) Nagira ngo yenda uba uri hamwe n’abandi bagabo mujya inama!
3) Nyinawumuntu yabyaye ba Nyabyenda, ba Nyiramabumba, ba Nyiramisago
na ba…
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Ikinyazina ni ijambo risobanura izina. Gishobora kugaragira izina cyangwa
kikarisimbura.Ibinyazina birimo amoko menshi bitewe n’ingingo bibumbatiye ndetse
n’imikoreshereze yabyo mu nteruro.
b) Amoko y’ibinyazina n’uturango twabyo
Hakurikijwe uko ibinyazina bikoreshwa mu nteruro n’ingingo bibumbatiye, ibinyazina
bifite amoko atandukanye. Hari ibishobora kubanziriza izina cyangwa inshinga,
hakaba ibijya hagati y’amazina abiri afitanye isano, hakaba n’ibishobora gukurikira
izina.
– Ikinyazina nyereka
Ikinyazina nyereka ni ijambo ryerekana irindi jambo rigaragiye. Ikinyazina nyereka
kibanziriza ijambo kigaragiye, kikarisimbura cyangwa kikariherekeza. Ikinyazina
nyereka kerekana cyangwa kibutsa ijambo giherekeje kikaba gishobora kujya
imbere cyangwa inyuma yaryo. Iyo kigiye imbere y’izina, iryo zina ritakaza indomo,
naho inyuma y’izina kerekana icyo uvuga yerekana.
Ingero:
Abo baturanyi ba Rubundakumazi barumirwa.
Ziriya nama zo kuboneza urubyaro ni nziza cyane.
Nyinawumuntu uwo yari yaragowe.
Rubundakumazi yashimye uwo wamugiriye inama.
Ibinyazina nyereka bishobora gushyirwa mu matsinda hashingiwe ku uwerekana,ikerekanwa n’uwerekwa.
Ikinyazina nyereka gishobora kubanzirizwa n’akajambo “ng-” imbere yacyo mu
gihe gitangiwe n’inyajwi cyangwa se “nga-” mu gihe gitangiwe n’ingombajwi
kakacyongerera inyito yo gutsindagira.
Ingero:
Nguriya
Ngiyo
Ngakariya
– Ikinyazina mbanziriza
Ikinyazina mbanziriza ni ikinyazina gisimbura izina ribanjirije inshinga itondaguye
mu buryo bw’insano ni ukuvuga inshinga isobanura izina ikurikiye. Kitwa mbanziriza
kuko buri gihe gihora kibanjirije inshinga.
Ingero:
Umwana dukunda ararwaye. Uwô dukunda ararwaye.
Mwibuke ko ibintu twavugiye mu nama bigomba kubahirizwa. Mwibuke ko ibyô twavugiye mu nama bikwiye kubahirizwa.Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina mbanziriza
Ikinyazina mbanziriza mu nyandiko isanzwe gisa n’ikinyazina nyereka gifite igicumbi
/-o ndetse n’ikinyazi ngenera gifite igicumbi /-o. Aho bitandukaniye ni uko mu mvugo
no mu nyandiko yubahirije ubutinde n’amasaku, ikinyazina nyereka kigira isaku
nyesi naho ikinyazina mbanziriza kigahorana isaku nyejuru. Ikinyazina ngenera
n’ikinyazina mbanziriza bitandukanywa n’uko ikinyazina mbanziriza kibanziriza
inshinga itondaguye naho ikinyazina ngenera kikabanziriza inshinga idatondaguye.
Ingero:
Iyo ndwara iterwa n’umwanda nabaganirijeho ni impiswi. (Iyo iterwa n’umwanda.)
“Iyo” ni ikinyazina nyereka
Iyo nabaganirijeho iterwa n’umwanda ni impiswi. (Indwara nabagejejeho…) “Iyo”
ni ikinyazina mbanziriza.
Iyo guteka bayibitse. (Imyumbati yo guteka…). “Iyo” ni ikinyazina ngenera.
– Ikinyazina ngenera
Ikinyazina ngenera ni ikinyazina gihuza ijambo n’irindi ririkurikira. Kibumbatiye
ingingo yo kugira, guteganyiriza no kugenera, kugaragaza ubwoko cyangwa
inkomoko. Gikurikira izina cyangwa kiarisimbura.
Ingero:
Urugo rwa Kagabo rurakomeye. Urwa Kagabo rurakomeye.
Amazi yo kunywa arakonje. Ayo kunywa arakonje.
Umuceri w’umutanzaniya urahenda.Imipira y’umuhondo yarabuze.
Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina ngenera
– Ikinyazina ngenga
Ikinyazina ngenga gihagararira uvuga, ubwirwa n’ikivugwa.Ni cyo kinyazina
cyonyine kiboneka muri ngenga zose uko ari eshatu. Muri ngenga ya mbere mu
bumwe no mu bwinshi, kerekana uvuga. Muri ngenga ya kabiri mu bumwe no mu
bwinshi kerekana ubwirwa naho muri ngenga ya gatatu mu nteko zose kikerekana
uvugwa cyangwa ikivugwa. Ikinyazina ngenga kandi gishobora gufata umusuma
(-mbi, -se, -nyine, -bwe na -we) kandi cyandikwa gifatanye n’ibyungo “na” na
“nka” muri ngenga ya mbere y’iya kabiri.
Ingero:
Nge ndaza mukanya
Mwe muzaza ejo mu gitondo
Uyu we azaze mu kwezi gutaha.
Iki giti cyo azakibungabunge.
Mwebwe mwige.Ukore nkange.
Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina ngenga
– Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga ni ikinyazina ngenera kiyunze n’ikinyazina ngenga.
Kerekana nyiri ikintu n’icyo atunze. Iki kinyazina gikurikira izina ariko gishobora no
kurisimbura. Ibinyazina ngenera ngenga ni byinshi cyane kubera ko buri ngenga
iba ishobora kwiyunga n’izindi zose kandi mu nteko zose.
Ingero:
Inka yabo yarabyaye.→Iyabo yarabyaye.Inka zabo zirarisha. →Izabo zirarisha.
Imbonerahamwe y’ibinyazina ngenera ngenga
– Ikinyazina ndafutura /ndasigura
Ikinyazina ndafutura ni ijambo rijyana n’izina rikarisobanura ku buryo
bwutumvikanisha neza uvugwa cyangwa ikivugwa. Ikinyazina ndafutura kirimo
ikigufi n’ikirekire. Ikinyazina ndafutura gishobora kubanziriza izina, kurikurikira
cyangwa kurisimbura kandi gishobora no gukoreshwa kisubiyemo.
Ingero:
Undi muntu naze.
Indi misozi irera.
Amata yandi bayajyanye.
Uwundi mugabo yaratashye.
Abandi bana barakina.
Iyindi bayiziritse.Uwundiwundi yabasekeje.
Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina ndafutura
– Ikinyazina kibaza / mbaza
Ikinyazina kibaza ni ijambo rigaragira izina, ririherekeza, riribanziriza cyangwa
rikarisimbura rikagira icyo riribazaho. Iki kinyazina kandi kiba kibumbatiye ingingo
yo gushaka kumenya ibisobanuro, inkomoko, ingano, umubare cyangwa akarere
ikivugwakirimo.
Ingero:
Mwana wuhe mwahuye?
Ni abahe bantu bitabiriye inama?
Mwahuye n’abantu bangahe? Ese baguze imyenda ingahe?Ni i Kigali hagana he? Hagana Kacyiru.
Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina kibaza (mbaza)
Ikinyazina nyamubaro ni ijambo riherekeza izina cyangwa rikarisimbura rigaragaza
umubare w’ikivugwa ku buryo bufutuye. Kigabanyijemo amatsinda arindwi. Gihera
ku mubare rimwe kugeza kuri karindwi. Ikinyazina nyamubaro gishobora gusimbura
izina kandi gishoborakwisubiramo. Ibinyazina nyamubaro bikomoka ku mubare
rimwe bikoreshwa mu nteko z’ubumwe gusa naho ibikomoka kuva kuri kabiri
kugeza kuri karindwi bikoreshwa mu nteko z’ubwinshi gusa.
Ingero:
Abantu babiri bavuye mu nama.
Abana batandatu bagiye kuvoma.
Inka eshatu zahutse.
Ababiri bashyize hamwe baruta umunani urasana.
Bwira abo bana hinjire umwumweMuzane ihene eshateshatu
Ikinyazina nyamubaro gikurikiye izina ribara kuva ku icumi, gisanishwa n’ijambo
rivuga ibibarwa.
Ingero:
Abana cumi na batatu (batatu ni ikinyazinna nyamubaro).
Ibiti ijana na birindwi (birindwi ni ikinyazina nyamubaro).
a) Imibare y’inyuma ya karindwi si ibinyazina nyamubaro ahubwo ni amazina
nyamubaro kuko adashobora kwisanisha n’izina ryerekezwaho igisobanuro.
b) Inteko ya cumi na gatanu ni inteko y’ubumwe ariko ibinyazina by’ubwinshi
biyisanishamo ku ijambo “ukuntu” ryonyine.
Ingero:
Rubundakumazi yabyaye abana barenga umunani. (izinanyamubaro)
Yatemye ibiti ikenda mu ishyamba ryange. (izina nyamubaro)
Babikoze ukuntu kubiri gutandukanye. (ikinyazina nyamubaro)Imbonerahamwe y’ibinyazinanyamubaro.
– Ikinyazina mboneranteko / ndanganteko
Ikinyazina mboneranteko ni ijambo rikora imbere y’amazina rusange adafite indomo
cyangwa adafite indomo n’indandanganteko n’imbere y’amazina bwite, rikerekana
ubwinshi bwayo, rigatubura cyangwa rigatubya.Iki kinyazina kiboneka mu nteko ya
2; 7; 8; 10; 11; 12; 13 na 14 ku bayikoresha batubya. -Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina mboneranteko
– Ikinyazina mpamagazi
Ikinyazina mpamagazi ni ijambo rituma uhamagarwa yumva ko bashaka ko aza
cyangwa ko bashaka ko atega amatwi kugira ngo bamubwire. Ikinyazina mpamagazi
kibanziriza izina ry’igihamagawe. Iryo zina kandi rikurikirwa buri gihe n’ikinyazina
ngenga bityo kikagira inyito ishimangira. Ikinyazina mpamagazi kiba muri ngenga
ya kabiri gusa. Gifata ubumwe cyangwa ubwinshi bitewe n’ijambo gisobanura.
Ingero:
Wamugabo we, watashye ko bwije!
Mwabana mwe, ntimugasibe ishuri.
Ikitonderwa:
Ikinyazina mpamagazi buri gihe gikurikirwa n’izina kigaragiye hagakurikiraho
ikinyazina ngenga.Akenshi na kenhi kibanzirizwa n’akajambo gahamagara “yewe/
yemwe”.
Ingero:
Yewe wa mwana we, urajya he?
Wa mwana we, watashye ko bwije!Yemwe mwa banyeshuri mwe, ntimugasibe ishuri.
Imyitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo iri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke. Yoboraabanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
1) Ikinyazina ni iki?
2) Vuga nibura uturango tubiri tw’ibinyazina.
3) Tanga amoko ane y’ibinyazina kandi ukore interuro imwe kuri buri bwo.
2.5.4 Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Mpogazi na
magaramake
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Mpogazi na
magaramake”, bagiye gusoma akayibabazaho ibibazo.
Urugero rw’ibibazo yabaza n’urugero rw’ibisubizo :
a) Mwitegereje iyi shusho murabonaho iki?
Ibiribwa by’ubwoko butandukanye ndetse n’umugore .
b) Muratekereza ko uyu mugore akora iki muri ibi biribwa bitandukanye?
Sobanura.
Biragaragara ko uyu mugore ashaka gutoranya ibiribwa ateka.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandika amagambobadasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
a) Ni inde uvugwa mu mwandiko?
Ni Mpogazi, Kirezi, Bwiza, Sheja, Sangwa na Magara make.
b) Ni iki kivugwa mu mwandiko?
Mu mwandiko haravugwamo ibijyanye no kurya indyo yuzuye.
c) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandi
wita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
d) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda. Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa 2.4 kiri
mu gitabo cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma
uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo kandi usubize n’ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe
rimurike ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza bisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
a) Mpogazi
b) b) Ibibondo
c) c) Isheja
d) d) Ikirezi
e) e) Guhuta
Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni bande bavugwa muri uyu muvugo?
2. Mpogazi yakundaga iki?
3. Magaramake atandukaniye he na Mpogazi?
4. Ni nde wahinduye imyitwarire? Yabitewe n’iki?
5. Uhereye ku nsanganyamatsiko nyamukuru, tahura ingingo z’ingenzi uyu
muvugo ubumbatiye.
6. Ni irihe somo uyu muvugo ugusigiye?Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke.
Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Ibabazo n’ibisubizo by’umwitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ebyiri ku buryo adahuza inyito:
a) Gutota
b) Guseseka
c) Umuryango.
2. Andika ku gafishi ibiribwa n’ibinyobwa wategura mu ndyo yuzuye ugakora
ifunguro rya mu gitondo, irya saa sita n’irya nimugoroba.
Saba abanyeshuri, buri wese ku giti ke, kuzakora umukoro uri mu gitabo cyabo
maze bazawumurike mu isomo rizakurikira.
Umukoro
Fata umuvugo “Mpogazi na magaramake” mu mutwe maze uwuvugire imbere yabagenzi bawe ugaragaza isesekaza.
2.5.5 Isuzuma rusoza umutwe wa kabiri
isuzuma. Saba abanyeshuri kwitegura gukora isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereburi wese ku giti ke.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesenguraumwandiko
1. Ni ikihe kibazo kivugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Cyatewe n’iki?
2. Cyaje gukemuka se? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Hari amafunguro abujijwe cyangwa se ay’agatangaza? Sobanura igisubizo
cyawe.
4. Tanga ingero ebyiri z’ibiribwa bikomoka ku mata.
5. Tanga ingero ebyiri z’indwara Mukankusi na Munana bashobora kuba
barwaye usobanure n’impamvu.
6. Ni irihe somo uyu mwandiko ukwigishije?
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Koresha mu nteruro amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira:
a) Itetu
b) Guhozagara
c) Imbata
d) Indwara za “twibanire”
2. Sobanura imvugo zikurikira uzihuza n’umwandiko:
a) Ikizaba nzanywa umuti.
b) Agapfa kaburiwe ni impongo.
c) Amagara ni nk’amazi araseseka ntayorwe.
III. Ibibazo ku binyazina
Tahura mu ibinyazina munteruro zikurikira maze uvuge ubwoko bwabyo
1. Ubu tugiye kubungabunga ubuzima bwacu, tubishishikarize n’abandi.
2. Nge nikundira inyama.
3. Mu byo munywa muge munywa amazi menshi.
4. Bagiye kwa muganga.
IV. Ibibazo ku ikinamico
1. Tandukanya umunyarubuga n’umukinnyi mu ikinamico.
2. Mu mwandiko w’ikinamico ni iki gifasha umuntu ushaka kwitoza kuyikina ku
buryo abikora nk’uko umwanditsi yabyifuje?
3. sobanura aya magambo akoreshwa mu bugeni bw’ikinamico:
a) Imvuganob) Ururondogoro
UMUTWE WA 3 UMUCO WO KUZIGAMA
3.1 Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
– Gusesengura inkuru ngufi hagaragazwa ingingo z’ingenzi ziyikubiyemo
n’uturango twayo.
– Guhanga inkuru ngufi yubahiriza uturango twayo.
3.2 Ibyo umunyeshuri asanzwe azi
– Gusesengura imyandiko ntekerezo
– Guhanga umwandiko ntekerezo
3.3 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
3.4 Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Umwarimu aha abanyeshuri igikorwa kibinjiza mu nsanganyamatsiko y’umutwe.
n’ibiranga inkuru ngufi.
Abanyeshuri barasubiza kandi umwarimu akagendaabayobora mu kunoza ibisubizouko imyigire igenda itera imbere.
3.5 Amasomo ari mu mutwe wa gatanu n’igihe yagenewe
3. 5.1 Isomo rya mbere: Gusoma no gusengura umwandiko: “
Ubwenge burarahurwa”
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Ubwengeburarahurwa” bagiye gusoma akayibabazaho ibibazo.
Abantu bicaye mu ruganiriro imbere ya tereviziyo.
b) Muratekereza ko ari bande, bari gukora iki?Ni umushyitsi na ba nyiri urugo. Baraganira.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandika amagambo
badasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
Umuryango uvugwa mu mwandiko ni uwande?
Umuryango uvugwa mu mwandiko ni uwa Bugingo na Nyiramucyo.
Uyu mushyitsi asura Bugingo na Nyiramucyo, yari agamije iki?
Yashakaga kumenya inzira banyuzemo kugira ngo bagere ku bukire.
Umushyitsi yasanze ari ki irihe banga nyamukuru ryabatumye Bugingo na
Nyiramucyo biteza imbere ku buryo bugaragara?
Ibanga ni ugukorana n’ibigo by’imari.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandi
wita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda. Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa 3.1 kiri
mu gitabo cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ubwenge burarahurwa”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko,
usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe
rimurike ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza bisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Gusobanura amagambo
Umwarimu agenzura ko abanyeshuri bakora neza ibyo bahawe gukora hanyuma
akabafasha kubinoza.
Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni izihe gahunda zitandukanye Leta yashyizeho mu rwego rwo guteza
imbere abaturage?
2. Ni iki umubarankuru yigiye ku muryango wa Bugingo na Nyiramucyo?
3. Gukorana n’amabanki bimarira iki umuntu?
4. Sobanura bimwe mu bigize iterambere bigaragara mu mwandiko.
5. Vuga ingamba umuntu yafata kugira ngo abashe kuzigama.
6. Ni bande bagerwaho n’ibyiza byo kwihangira umurimo?
d) Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora babiribabiri umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo uri mubitabo byabo. Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
interuro mbonezamvugo.
bo irabareba? Sobanura.” Iki kibazo kizakosorwe mu ntangiriro y’isomo rikurikiraho.
3.5.2 Isomo rya kabiri: Inkuru ngufi
1. Intangiriro
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuri
babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Umukoro n’urugero rw’ibisubizo:
Ese gahunda yo kuzigama abanyeshuri na bo irabareba? Sobanura..
Iyi gahunda ireba buri muntu wese kuko uko umuntu akura ni ko akuza umuco
n’ingeso afite. Umwana rero utojwe gahunda yo kuzigama no kwiteza imbere,
arabikurana maze akazavamo umushoramari ukomeye.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 3.2 kiri mu bitabo byabo.
Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’inkuru andi ku turango twayo. Bahe igihe cyo
gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe
ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Iteregereze imiterere y’umwandiko “ubwenge burarahurwa”, ukore ubushakashatsi
maze utahure inshoza y’inkuru n’uturango twayo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Inkuru ni igihangano kigufi cyanditse mu buryo bw’umudandure, gifite abanyarubuga
bashushanya cyangwa bigana abantu babaho mu buzima busanzwe, bakorera
ibikorwa byabo ahantu runaka, kikagaragaza imyifarire yabo, icyo bagamijen’ingorane bahura na zo mu buzima.
Inkuru ziri mu buvanganzo nyandiko. Inkuru ni inkuru iba ari ngufi, yandikwa ku
mpapuro nke, ibarwa mu gihe gito igahita irangira, nta gatebe gatoki nyinshi ziba
zirimo, iba igiye umujyo umwe. Inkuru ngufi ishobora kuvuga ibyabayeho cyangwa
ikaba ari inkuru mpimbano ariko ariko bigaragara nk’ibishobora kubaho.
b) Uturango tw’ inkuru ngufi
Inkuru ngufi irangwa n’imiterere yayo, abanyarubuga, akabuga nkuru, ibarankuru,
imvugo y’ibiganiro ndetse ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa.
– Imiterere y’inkuru ngufi
Inkuru igira intango, ihindagurika, umwanzuro n’iherezo.
Intango: mu ntango ibintu biba ari ibisanze, ubuzima bumenyerewe, bwaba bwiza
cyangwa bubi.
Ihindagurika: ritangirana na kidobya iza guhindura ibyari bimenyerewe hanyuma
hakaza inkubiri y’ibikorwa, aho umunyarubuga mukuru atangira guhangana na
kidobya, agashyigikirwa cyangwa akabangamirwa, akagera ku ntego cyanga
ntayigereho.
Umwanzuro: ni igisubizo kiboneka ku kibazo cyari gihari.
Iherezo: ni uburyo ibintu bikomeza nyuma y’umwanzuro. Bishobora gusubira uko
byahoze mbere cyangwa bigahindura isura ubuzima bugakomeza.
– Abanyarubuga
Inkuru ngufi irangwa no kuba ifite abanyarubuga bake, bashobora kuba abantu
cyangwa inyamaswa. Mu banyarubuga haba harimo umunyarubuga mukuru umwe,
akaba ari we pfundo n’ihuriro ry’ibikorwa. Ni we intego y’inkuru n’insanganyamatsiko
rusange biba bishingiyeho.
Mu nkuru ngufi kandi habamo abanyarubuga bungirije. Ni bo bafasha umunyarubuga
mukuru kugera ku ntego cyangwa bakamubera imbogamizi. Aba banyarubuga
ni na bo insanganyamatsiko zungirije ziba zishingiyeho. Umunyarubuga mukuru
n’abanyarubuga bungirije bashinzwe kuyobora imigendekere y’ibikorwa byo mu
nkuru kugeza ku mpera yayo.
Mu nkuru ngufi kandi ushobora gusangamo abanyarubuga ntagombwa cyangwa
b’indorerezi, ku buryo kuba mu nkuru kwabo cyangwa kutayibamo nta cyo
byahindura ku kivugwa mu nkuru kuko nta nsanganyamatsiko iba ibashingiyeho.
– Akabuga nkuru
Akabuga nkuru ni ahantu inkuru ibera cyangwa ibarirwa. Hashobora kuba hazwi
neza cyangwa se hatazwi. Ni ukuvuga ko mu nkuru umuhanzi ashobora gukoreshaakabuga nkuru k’ahantu habayeho cyangwa akabuga nkuru gahimbano.
– Imvugo y’ibiganiro
Inkuru ngufi irangwa na none n’imvugo y’ibiganiro aho usanga hakoreshwa cyane
ibinyazina ngenga bigaragaza uvuga n’ubwirwa (ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri mu
bumwe cyangwa mu byinshi) amagambo agaragaza igihe n’ahantu: hano, none,
ejo, mu minsi ibiri iri imbere, mu mwaka utaha, … amagambo agaragaza ibitekerezoby’uvuga n’uruhande abogamiyemo, n’ibindi.
– Ibarankuru
Ibarankuru ni kimwe mu biranga inkuru. Ibarankuru mu nkuru ngufi rigenda umujyo
umwe, umuhanzi ntavangavanga ingingo, ibikorwa byose bikurikirana neza munjyabihe. Ibarankuru rishobora gukorwa ku buryo bune:
a) Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru na we ubwe akinamo. Ni muri urwo
rwego usanga akoresha ngenga ya kabiri cyangwa iya mbere.
b) Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ari hanze yayo. Aha usanga akoresha
ngenga ya gatatu asa n’uvuga ibintu yareberaga iruhande mu gihe byabaga.
c) Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ye ubwe. Ni muri urwo rwego usanga
akoresha ngenga ya mbere kuko ibyo avuga aba abivuga kuri we.
d) Umubarankuru ubona byose nk’Imana. Usanga azi byinshi kurusha
abanyarubuga, amenya ibyo abanyarubuga batekereza, uko biyumva, aba
azi ibyabaye n’ibizaba, ndetse akamenya n’ibiri kubera ahantu hatandukanye.
Ikitonderwa: Umubarankuru atandukanye n’umwanditsi w’inkuru. Umwanditsi
w’inkuru ni umuhanzi wanditse inkuru ibarwa mu gitabo ke. Muri uko kwandika
inkuru ye agena uburyo ibarwa. Muri ubwo buryo ibarwamo haba hari umuntu
ugenda uyibara, uwo akaba ari we mubarankuru. Cyakora hari igihe umwanditsi
ashobora kuba ari na we mubarankuru igihe abara inkuru y’ubuzima bwe.
– Ishushanyabikorwa mu nkuru ngufi
Inkuru iyo ari yo yose irangwa no kuba ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa
rishingira ku bintu bikurikira:
a) Nyiri ubwite/ruhamwa: ni we munyarubuga mukuru inkuru iba ishingiyeho,
aba afite intego agamije kugeraho muri iyo nkuru. Aba ashobora kuyigeraho
cyangwa ntayigereho.
b) Ikigamijwe/intego: ni icyo umunyarubuga mukuru aba agamije kugeraho mu
nkuru.
c) Ugenera/nyakugaba: ni igituma umunyarubuga mukuru agera ku ntego ye.
Ashobora kuba undi munyarubuga cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora gutumaagera ku ntego.
d) Ugenerwa/nyiri inyungu: ni uwo ari we wese mu nkuru wagira icyo yunguka
mu gihe umunyarubuga mukuru ageze ku cyo yari agamije.
e) Abafasha/inyunganizi: ni abanyarubuga cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora
gutuma umunyarubuga mukuru agera ku cyo yari agamije, cyangwa
ikigerageza kumushyigikira mu rugendo rwe rwose, kabone n’iyo atagera ku
ntego ye.
f) Imbogamizi: ni abanyarubuga cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora, gutuma
umunyarubuga mukuru atagera ku cyo yari agamije, cyangwa ikigerageza
kumubangamira mu rugendo rwe rwose, kimubuza amahirwe kabone
nubwo yagera ku cyo yari agamije mu irangira ry’inkuru, ariko kikabacyamubangamiraga.
Dore uko ishushanyabikorwa ry’abakinankuru riteye ku gishushanyo
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
ugaragaza imiterere yayo, imyubakire yayo n’ishushanyabikorwa ryayo.
Umwarimu arafasha abanyeshuri kubnoza ibisubizo batanga bitewe n’inkurubasomye.
3.5.3 Isomo rya gatatu: Ihangamwandiko
1. Intangiriro
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo by’isubiramo ku isomo riheruka kugira ngo bibafashekwinjira mu isomo rishya.
Isomo duheruka kwiga ni inkuru ngufi.
Ni iki kiranga inkuru ngufi?
Inkuru ngufi irangwa n’imiterere yayo, abanyarubuga, akabuga nkuru, ibarankuru,
imvugo y’ibiganiro ndetse ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa.
2. Uko isomo ritangwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 3.3 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi maze utahure inshoza y’ihangamwandiko, imbata yawo kandi
ugaragaze intambwe zo gukora umwandiko uboneye.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
a) Inshoza y’ihangamwandiko
Guhanga umwandiko ni uburyo bwo kubaka ibitekerezo bishingiye ku nsangamatsiko
runaka, ukayirambura ku buryo bw’umudandure ugenda ukurikiranya ibitekerezo
byubakiye ku gitekerezo k’ingenzi mu buryo bw’ inyurabwenge.
Uhanga umwandiko agomba kubanza kubaka ibitekerezo cyangwa kubishushanya
mu bwenge nyuma akabishyira mu nyandiko.
b) Imbata y’umwandiko
Imbata y’umwandiko igizwe n’ibice bine by’ingenzi ari byo umutwe, intangiriro,
igihimba n’umusozo (umwanzuro).
– Umutwe
Mbere yo kwandika uhitamo umutwe ushingiye ku nsanganyamatsiko ushaka
kwandikaho. Umutwe ugomba kuba mugufi kandi ujyanye n’insanganyamatsiko.
Ugomba kuba witaruye ibindi bice by’umwandiko kandi wanditse mu buryo
butandukanye na byo.
– Intangiriro
Muri iki gice, werekana ko wumva insanganyamatsiko wahawe, maze ugatera
amatsiko ku byo ugiye kwandika. Ni ukuvuga ko intangiriro igomba kuba iteye
amatsiko ku buryo uyisoma agira amatsiko yo gusoma ibikurikiyeho. Urondora muri
make ingingo ziri buvugwe utazisobanuye. Si byiza guhita ugaragaza ibitekerezo
byawe ukiri mu ntangiriro. Igice k’intangiriro kigomba kuba kigufi ugereranyije
n’ibindi bice by’umwandiko.
– Igihimba
Igihimba ni igice utangamo ibitekerezo bisobanuye cyangwa biherekejwe n’ingero.
Muri iki gice ni ho uvuga yisanzura agasobanura ibyo yamenyesheje mu ntangiriro.
Yirinda kuvangavanga ibitekerezo ashyiramo ibyo atavuze mu ntangiriro. Mu
gihimba utanga ibitekerezo gusa ukirinda kugaragaza umwanzuro. Mu gutanga
ibitekerezo muri rusange, ibyiza ni uguhera ku gitekerezo wowe ubwawe uha
agaciro gato ugasoreza ku gitekerezo kiremereye kurusha ibindi.
Mu gihimba, biba byiza buri ngingo igize igika kihariye kandi ikavugwaho mu
buryo butarondogoye. Iyo urangije kuvuga ku ngingo imwe, uvuga ku yindi. Mu
rwego rwo gukurikiranya ingingo mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge, hari amagambo
yabugenewe ugomba gukoresha wunga ibitekerezo cyangwa ibika. Twavuga
nka: byongeye kandi…, nakongeraho ko…, nta n’uwakwirengagiza ko…, ntan’uwakwibagirwa ko…, ikindi kandi… n’andi menshi.
– Umusozo
Umusozo ni igice kigaragaramo inshamake y’ibyavuzwe mu gihimba. Muri iki gice
ni ho utanga igisubizo k’ikibazo umusomyi aba yibajije mu ntangiriro cyangwa se
umumara amatsiko yari afite atangira gusoma. Mu gusoza, uwandika avuga muri
make ibyavuzwe mu gihimba agaragaza ko ari ko byagombaga kurangira cyangwa
se agatanga inama igihe ari ngombwa. Iyo ari umwandiko usaba kugaragaza aho
umwanditsi abogamiye, ni muri iki gice agaragarizamo umwanzuro we.
c) Uko umwandiko uhangwa
Kugira ngo umwandiko ukorwe neza, ni byiza gukurikiza itambwe zikurikira:
– Guhitamo insanganyamatsiko.
Mbere yo kwandika ubanza gutekereza ku nsanganyamatsiko ushaka kwandikaho.
– Guhitamo ubwoko bw’umwandiko
Mbere yo kwandika ugomba gihitamo ubwoko bw’umwandiko kugira ngo ugene
imisusire yawo kuko imyandiko itaba iteye kimwe.
– Gusesengura no kumva neza insanganyamatsiko.
Kuyisoma witonze, ukayisesengura, ushaka inyito z’amagambo ayigize. Impamvu
ni uko ijambo rimwe rishobora kugira inyito nyinshi. Gushakamo kandi ijambo
cyangwa amagambo fatizo yaguha inzira n’imbibi by’insanganyamatsiko. Iyi
ntambwe ni ingenzi kuko ntushobora kubona ibitekerezo utanga ku bintu nawe
ubwawe utumva neza.
– Gukusanya ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko.
Iyo umaze kumva neza insanganyamatsiko, utangira kwandika ku rupapuro rwo
guteguriraho ibitekerezo. Ukusanya ingero, amagambo meza yavuzwe n’abandi,
ibyawe ubwawe waba uzi, n’ibindi. Biba byiza iyo insanganyamatsiko wandikaho
uyiziho byinshi, kandi ugashingira ku bintu bifatika.
– Guhitamo ibitekerezo by’ingenzi.
Iyi ntambwe igufasha guhitamo ibitekerezo by’ingenzi, ukegeranya ibihuye,
ukabikurikinya mu buryo bwuzuzanya kandi hitawe ku njyabihe y’ibikorwa.
– Gukora imbata y’umwandiko.
Iyi ntambwe igufasha kumenya uko ukurikiranya ibitekerezo byawe mu gihewandika.
– Kwandika
Mu kwandika uwandika yubahiriza insanganyamatsiko, imbata yateguye n’amategeko
y’imyandikire. Ni ukuvuga: imvugo ikwiye kandi iboneye, kutavangavanga indimi,
kudasubira mu magambo, isanisha ry’amagambo, kubahiriza ikibonezamvugo
n’ibindi. Yandika kandi akurikiranya ibitekerezo mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge kandi
yubahiriza indeshyo y’umwandiko.
Kwandika bishobora gukorwa ntibirangire ako kanya bitewe n’insanganyamatsiko
wandikaho, ubwoko bw’umwandiko wandika cyangwa uburebure bw’umwandiko
ushaka kwandika. Kwandika rero bishobora gufata igihe kirekire kugira ngo
ushobore kunoza umwandiko wawe. Ibyo bituma ubona umwanya uhagije wo
gusubira mu byo wanditse, ugakuramo ibitari ngombwa, ibyisubiramo, ndetse
ukongeramo ibyaba bibuzemo. Muri iki gice kandi, ni ho ushakisha amagambo
yabugenewe kandi aryoshye ndetse ukaba washyiramo ibitekerezo n’ingero
zishimishije, izisekeje, ariko byose bigusha ku ngingo ugambiriye kuvugaho.
Umukoro
Saba abanyeshuri, buri wese ku giti ke, kuzakora uyu mukoro uri mu gitabo cyabo
maze bazawumurike mu isomo rizakurikira.
Ikibazo cy’umukoro
Hanga inkuru mbarankuru kuri imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:
a) Ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda.b) Nasuye Pariki y’Akagera
3.5.4 Isuzuma rusoza umutwe wa gatatu
isuzuma. Saba abanyeshuri kwitegura gukora isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereburi wese ku giti ke.
1. Iterambere ryo mu muryango wa Kamana rikomoka ku ki?
2. Ni izihe ndangagaciro nyanyarwanda dusanga muri uyu mwandiko?3. Sobanura ibyiza byo kuzigama bivugwa mu mwandiko.
4. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
5. Ushingiye ku mwandiko, ni izihe ngamba wafata kugira ngo uzarusheho
kwiteza imbere?
6. Gereranya imyitwarire y’abanyarubuga n’ubuzima busanzwe bw’aho utuye.
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira ukurikije
inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Kwiyuha akuya
b) Ikigega
c) Kugarizwa n’inzara
d) Guca inkoni izamba
2. Huza ijambo riri mu ruhushya A n’igisobanuro cyaryo kiri mu ruhushya B.
III. Ibibazo ku nkuru ngufi
1. Sobanura imiterere y’inkuru ngufi.
2. Abanyarubuga mu nkuru bashobora gushyirwa mu matsina atatu. Yavuge.
3. Ibarankuru ry’umubarankuru ufite uruhare mu nkuru n’umubarankuru udafite
uruhare mu nkuru ritandukanira he?4. Garagaza igishushanyo cy’ishushanyabikorwa ry’inkuru.
UMUTWE WA 4 KUBAKA UMUCO WA MAHORO
4.1 Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
– Gusesengura imyandiko ijyanye n’umuco w’amahoro agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziyigize.
– Gukoresha mu mvugo no mu nyandiko amazina y’urusobe no kuyasesengura agaragaza ibiyaranga.
– Kwandika ibaruwa mbonezamubano.
4.2 Ibyo umunyeshuri asanzwe azi
– Amakuru ku mazina y’inyunge
– Imbata y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi4.3 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
KUBUNGABUNGA UBUZIMA
4.4 Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Umwarimu aha abanyeshuri igikorwa kibinjiza mu nsanganyamatsiko y’umutwe.
Urugero rw’igikorwa n’urugero rw’ibisubizo:
Uhereye ku bumenyi usanzwe ufite kora ubushakashatsi ugaragaze ingaruka
za jenoside, uko yakumirwa, ubwoko bw’ihohoterwa rikorwa mu muryango
n’uburyo ryakumirwa..
Jenoside igira ingaruka nyinshi cyane ku muryango kuko isiga ubukene kukabije
mu gihugu. Abantu bagapfa, abandi bagahunga bityo ugasanga imbaraga z’igihuguzirahashirira. Isiga kandi urwikekwe mu muryango...
Jenoside yakumirwa hahanwa abayikoze kugira ngo bihe isomo n’abandibabitekerezaga.
Kwigisha inyigisho nziza ziganisha ku bumwe n’ubwiyunge. Kurwanya buri wese
uhakana kandi agapfobya jenoside. Kurwanya no kurandura ingengabitekerezo yajenoside mu bantu...
Ihohoterwa ni igikorwa cyose kigambirira kugiririra undi nabi haba ku mubiri
cyangwa mu bitekerezo. Bimwe mu bishobora kuba intandaro y’ihohoterwa:
ibiyobyabwenge, itoteza, inzangano n’amakimbirane mu miryango. Habaho rero
ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mubiri nko gukubitwa, gufatwa ku ngufu, gukoresha imirimo
ivunanye (kuvunisha abandi)...Haba kandi ihohoterwa rikora ku marangamutimanko gutukana no kubwira amagambo mabi. Ibi bitera ubwigunge no kubura ikizere.
Ibisubizo bizatangwa, bizajya bigenda binoizwa ku bufatanye bw’abanyeshurin’umwarimu uko isomo rizajya ritera imbere.
4.5 Amasomo ari mu mutwe wa kane n’igihe yagenewe
Gukumira no kurwanya jenoside
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Ubwengeburarahurwa” bagiye gusoma akayibabazaho ibibazo.
a) Mwitegereje iyi shusho murabonaho iki?
Abantu bafite ibikoresho binyuranye bigaragara ko bavuye mu muganda.
b) Umuyobozi wabo ari gukora iki?
Ari gutanga ikiganiro ku buzima.
c) Ni iki kigaragaza ko ari gutanga icyo kiganiro?
Abaturage bose bamuteze amatwi, ikindi kandi hari icyapa cyanditseho ngo:
Dusobanukirwe zimwe mu ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda dufatanye kuzirwanya.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandika amagambobadasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
Uyu mwandiko uravuga kuri jenoside n’uburyo bwo kuyirwanya no kuyikumira.
Ijambo jenoside, ryatangiye gukoreshwa ryari ? Hari habaye iki?
Ijambo jenoside ryatangiye gukoreshwa mu 1944, igihe habaga ubwicanyi
bwibasiye Abayahudi i Burayi.
Ni gute umuntu yakumira jenoside?
Ni ukwamagana abafite ingengabitekerezo yayo, abayihakana n’abayipfobya.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandi
wita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda. Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa 4.1 kiri
mu gitabo cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma
uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi
usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe
rimurike ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza bisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
1) Kurimbura abantu: ubundi kurimbura igiti ni ukugikurana n’imizi, gushinguza
ikintu mu butaka ukagitembagaza. Kurimbura abantu rero ni ugutsemba
abantu, kwicira abantu kubamara.
2) Kwibasira umuntu: kubonerana umuntu umukorera ibintu bibi ubutaruhuka
cyangwa kwikoma umuntu.
3) Ubumuntu: kamere muntu.
4) Gutesha agaciro umuntu: kumwambura ubumuntu, gusubiza umuntu
inyuma mu kamaro cyangwa mu gushima.5) Guta agaciro: gusubira inyuma mu kamaro cyangwa mu gushimwa.
6) Kubura agaciro: kubura uburyo; kwigira imburamumaro.
7) Umugambi mubisha: inama yo gukora ikintu cy’ubugome.
8) Guhana umugambi: kumvikana n’umuntu ku kintu mushaka gukora, ku
buryo cyangwa ku gihe kizakorwa
icyo bahuriyeho, bugamije kuyirimbura hashyirwa mu bikorwa umugambi
ubawarateguwe.
2. Kuki jenoside itandukanye n’ubundi bwicanyi? Jenoside itandukanye
n’ubundi bwicanyi kubera ko haba hari umugambi n’ubushake byo kurimbura
abantu bazira icyo bari cyo; bukaba bukorwa na Leta kuko ari yo ifite uburyo
n’ubushobozi bwo kurimbura itsinda ry’abantu runaka.
3. Kuvuga ko jenoside ari icyaha kidasaza bishatse kuvuga iki? Kuvuga
ko jenoside ari icyaha kidasaza ni ukuvuga ko gihanirwa aho ari ho hose ku
isi n’igihe icyo ari cyo cyose.
4. Intambwe jenoside inyuramo kugira ngo igerweho ni zingahe?
Zivuge uzikurikiranyije. Intambwe jenoside inyuramo kugira ngo igerweho
niumunani.Izo ntambwe ni izi: gutandukanya abaturage babacamo ibice;
guhabwa izinaryihariye hatangwa inyigisho z’urwango; kwamburwa
ubumuntu; guteguraabazayikora banigishwa hanashakwa ibikoresho;
kwibasira abatagiraaho babogamiye; kugaragaza abagomba kwicwa
bakora urutonde; kwicahagamijwe kubamaraho; guhakana no kwibasira
abatangabuhamya.
5. Vuga nibura uburyo butatu bwo gukumira jenoside bugaragara mu
mwandiko.Ubuyo bwo gukumira jenoside ni ugushyiraho itegeko muri buri
gihugu rihana buri wese wambura ubumuntu mugenzi we; kwirinda ivangura
iryo ari ryo ryose; kwigisha uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu.
6. Ni iyihe nama wagira buri muntu mu rwego rwo kwirinda no kurwanya
jenoside? Mu rwego rwo kwirinda no kurwanya jenoside buri wese akwiye
gukunda mugenzi we, kumva ko ari ikiremwa k’Imana no kwamagana
ubuyobozi bucamo ibice abaturage.
7. Garagaza uburyo bunyuranye bwo gukumira no kurwanya jenoside
butavuzwe mu mwandiko. Aha umwarimu areba niba uburyoabanyeshuribatanze bushoboka akabafasha kubunonosora.
d) Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora babiribabiri umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo uri mubitabo byabo. Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
kwibasira, agaciro.
– Si byiza kwambura abandi ubumuntu.
– Uriya mugabo yibasiwe n’ubukene.
– Karake yataye agaciro aho bamwirukaniye ku kazi.
Tanga nk’umukoro ikibazo cya kabiri “Garagaza ingaruka Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi
mu Rwanda mu wa 1994 yagize ku buzima bw’Igihugu”. Iki kibazokizakosorwe muntangiriro y’isomo rikurikiraho.
4.5.2. Isomo rya kabiri: Amazina y’urusobe
1. Intangiriro
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuribabyandike mu makayi yabo.
yagize ku buzima bw’Igihugu”.
– Gutakaza imbaraga ku gihugu
– Urwikekwe mu bantu
– Ihungabana, ubupfubyi, abappfakazi, ubukene...
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 4.2 kiri mu bitabobyabo. Amatsinda amwe, akore ku nshoza andi ku turango n’andi ku bwoko
by’amazina y’urusobe. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri
ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha
aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza amagambo aciyeho umurongo maze utahure
inshoza, uturango n’ubwoko by’amazina y’urusobe.
a) Jenoside ishobora kwibasira abantu bahuriye ku ubwenegihugu
b) Iyo jenoside irangiye, abayikoze bakunze kwibasira abatangabuhamya
c) Ababiba inzangano bakoresheje uburyo bw’isakazamakuru bagomba kubihanirwa.
d) Abanyarwandakazi bafite uruhare runini mu kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro.
e) Nyirasenge wa Semuhanuka yari atuye i Nyamure.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Izina ry’urusobe ni izina rifite uturemajambo turenze dutatu tw’ibanze tw’amazina
mbonera. Izina ry’urusobe akenshi riba rigizwe n’izina risanzwe ryiyongeyeho
akandi karemajambo cyangwa rikiyunga n’ubundi bwoko bw’ijambo.
b) Ubwoko bw’amazina y’urusobe
Amazina y’urusobe tuyasangamo amoko atandukanye:
– Amazina y’inyunge
– Amazina y’urujyanonshinga
– Amazina y’akabimbura
– Amazina y’umusuma
– Amazina agaragaza amasano
1. Amazina y’urujyanonshinga
Aya mazina y’urujyanonshinga aba ashingiye ku nshinga yiyunze n’icyuzuzo cyayo,gishobora kuba izina, inshinga, ikinyazina, umugereka, bigakora izina rimwe.
Ingero:
– Umucamanza (guca imanza)
– Ikirirahabiri (kurumira habiri)
– imberabyombi(kubera byombi)
– Umurwanashyaka (kurwana ishyaka)
– Inshamake (guca make)
– Inyigaguhuma (kwiga guhuma)
– Umugiraneza (kugira neza)
2. Amazina y’akabimbura
Amazina y’akabimbura ni amazina y’urusobe afite akaremajambo(akabimbura)
kihagika imbere y’izina risanzwe. Akabimbura gashobora gutangira izina cyangwa
kakabanzirizwa n’utundi turemajambo.
Ingero:
– Ikinyamateka,
– Umunyeshuri
– Nyirumuringa
– Nyiramana
– Semahoro
– Samusure
– Benimana
– Umwenegihugu
– Mukamacumu
– Kamanzi
– Rwamagana
3. Amazina y’imisuma
Amazina y’umusuma ni amazina y’urusobe agizwe n’izina risanzwe ryiyongeraho
akandi karemajambo (umusuma).
Ingero:
– Inkokokazi,
– Umurundikazi,– Umugabekazi
4. Amazina y’urusobe afatiye ku masano
Amazina y’urusobe afatiye ku masano ni amazina agizwe n’amazina agaragaza
amasano yiyongeraho andi mazina cyangwa ubundi bwoko bw’amagambo.
Ingero:
– Databukwe
– Nyirabukwe
– Mabuja
– Sogokuru
– Nyirarume
– Nyogosenge
– Nyirakuruza
– Sekuru
5. Amazina y’impindurarwego
Amazina y’impindurarwego ni amazina y’urusobe yongeweho andi moko
y’amagambo. Ashobora kandi kuba agizwe n’andi moko y’amagambo yabaye
amazina.
Ingero:
– Mwanankundi
– Mugabonake
– Sinamenye
– Kwizera
– Uzamukunda
– Mutimukeye
– Uwimpuhwe
– Manirakiza
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
a) ry’urujyanonshinga: amaburakindi, ingaramakirambi, indiragukinduka...
b) ry’akabimbura: umunyeshuri, nyirabukwe, sembwa...
c) ry’umusuma: umunyarwandakazi, umwamikazi, umugabekazi...
d) ry’impindurarwego: hakizimana, uwimana, girinka...
2. Vuga ubwoko bw’amazina akurikira:
a) Munyakazi: izina ry’akabimbura
b) Umutegarugori: izina ry’urujyanonshinga
c) Rwandekwe: izina ry’akabimburad) Nsanzubuhoro: zina ry’impindurarwego
4.5.3 Isomo rya gatatu: Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Rubundakumazi
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Rubundakumazi”bagiye gusoma akayibabazaho ibibazo.
Abantu bafite ibikoresho binyuranye bigaragara ko bavuye mu muganda.
b) Umuyobozi wabo ari gukora iki?
Umuyobozi wabo arimo kubasomera inyandiko.
c) Ni iki kigaragaza ko ari gutanga icyo kiganiro?
Abaturage bose bamuteze amatwi.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandika amagambo
badasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
Iyi nkuru yerekeye umugabo Rubundakumazi ukunda kunywa no guhohotera
abana ababuza kwiga.
Ni iki cyatumye Rubundakumazi afatwa akajyanwa i mabuso?
Impamvu yabiteraga ni uko Rubundakumazi yahohoteraga umuryango.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandi
wita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda. Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa 4.3 kiri
mu gitabo cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma
uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko, usubize
n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe
rimurike ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza ibisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
– Kwibasira imbaga
– Gufata ingamba
– Indiri
– Intandaro– Gucurwa inkumbi n’indwara
2. Ihohoterwa rivugwa mu mwandiko riterwa n’iki?
3. Abahohoterwa ni ba nde?
4. Ni uruhe ruhare rw’ubuyobozi mu gukemura amakimbirane yo mu muryango
rugaragara mu mwandiko?
5. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw’ihohoterwa bugaragara mu Gihugu cyacu?
6. Ni izihe ngamba zafatwa kugira ngo abantu birinde ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo
ryose?
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke.Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
abo uhohotera, indembe, badahuhurwa, abana, agahinda, ugakubita, uyobora)
– Urataha ugahonda.
– Ugahindura intere.
– Ngo badasongwa bashonje.
– Urubyaro wabyaye.
Saba abanyeshuri, buri wese ku giti ke, kuzakora umukoro uri mu gitabo cyabo
maze bazawumurike mu isomo rizakurikira.
UmukoroSobanura ihohoterwa rigaragara mu muryango nyarwanda n’ingaruka zaryo.
4.5.4 Ibaruwa mbonezamubano
1. Intangiriro
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuribabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Ihohoterwa ryo ku mubiri. Hari abagore ndetse n’abana bakubitwa, bafatwa ku
ngufu, abakoreshwa imirimo ivunanye....
Hari kandi ihohoterwa rishingiye ku marangamutima.
2. Uko isomo ritangwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 4.4 kiri mu bitabo byabo.
Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri
basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma inyandiko ikurikira maze utahure inshoza n’uturango by’ibaruwa
mbonezamubano
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Ibaruwa mbonezamubano, ibaruwa isanzwe cyangwa ibaruwa ya gicuti, ni ibaruwa
umuntu yandikira umubyeyi, umuvandimwe we, inshuti n’abandi, agamije kumubwira
cyangwa kumubaza amakuru. Kubera ko urupapuro ruba ari ruto, umuntu wandika
ibaruwa agomba kuvuga iby’ingenzi, akirinda kurondogora.
b) Ibiranga ibaruwa mbonezamubano
Ibaruwa mbonezamubano irangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
– Aderesi y’uwanditse: amazina y’uwanditse n’aho abarizwa.
– Ahantu yandikiwe n’itariki: uwandika agaragaza aho yanditse ari n’itariki.
– Uwandikiwe: Uwandika agaragaza isano afitanye n’uwo yandikiye cyangwa
agashyiraho amazina y’uwandikiwe.
– Indamutso: Uwanditse asuhuza uwo yandikiye.
– Ubutumwa bw’ibaruwa: Buba bukubiyemo ibyo uwandika ashaka kugeza
ku wo yandikiye.
– Umusozo: Ugaragaramo gusezera n’intashyo.
– Izina ry’uwanditse n’umukono we: Uwanditse ibaruwa mbonezamubano
asoza yandika amazina ye agashyiraho n’umukono.
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukorera mu matsinda umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Uwo
mwitozo ni uyu ukurikira:
Wifashishije ibaruwa iri mu gikorwa gitangira garagaza ibi ibikurikira:
1. Aderesi y’uwanditse
2. Ahantu n’igihe ibaruwa yandikiwe
3. Ubutumwa bukubiye mu gihimba k’ibaruwa.
Saba abanyeshuri, buri wese ku giti ke, kuzakora umukoro uri mu gitabo cyabo
maze bazawumurike mu isomo rizakurikira.
Umukoro
Andika ibaruwa mbonezamubano, uyandikire umuntu wihitiyemo mu bavandimwebawe cyangwa inshuti wubahirizaamabwiriza y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda.
4.6 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
isuzuma. Saba abanyeshuri kwitegura gukora isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereburi wese ku giti ke.
1. Rondora ingaruka za Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi ku Gihugu cy’u Rwanda
zivugwa mu mwandiko.
2. Vuga ibintu by’ingenzi Leta y’u Rwanda yakoze ngo igarure ubumwe
n’amahoro mu Banyarwanda?
3. Wifashishije umwandiko ubona ari izihe mpamvu abakoze jenoside
bahakana bakanapfobya jenoside?
4. Tanga izindi ngaruka za Jenoside Yakorewe mu Abatutsi mu 1994 zitavuzwe
mu mwandiko.
5. Ubona ari izihe ngamba zafatwa mu rwego mpuzamahanga kugira ngo
ntihazongere kuba jenoside ku isi?
6. Iterambere ryihuse u Rwanda rugenda rugeraho nyuma ya Jenoside
Yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ubona rikomoka kuki? Ni iki cyakorwa ngo
risigasirwe?
II. Inyunguramagambo Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira
ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko:
a) Ihungabana
b) Ipfobya
c) Inshike
d) Kuzima k’umuryango
2. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje inyito n’aya akurikira:
a) Kwishishanya, umwe yumva ko undi yamugirira nabi.
b) Kwisanga nta kintu ugifite bitewe n’icyago runaka cyaguteye.
c) Gukumirwa kubera ko wanzwe.
d) Nyinshi ku buryo bukabije.
3. Garagaza imbusane z’aya magambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko:
a) Ipfunwe
b) Rwarasenyutse
4. Uzuza interuro zikurikira wifashishije amagambo yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
a) Kana yariye umwenda w’abandi none agira .................... ryo kujya mu bandi.
b) Icyaha cya .................... kiri mu byaha byibasira inyoko muntu.
c) Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho amategeko ahana abagaragayeho ....................
d) Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’ .................... n’ .................... yagize uruhare rukomeye
mu kunga Abanyarwanda.
III. Ibibazo ku mazina y’urusobe
1. Tahura ubwoko bw’amazina y’urusobe akurikira:
a) Nyogokuru
b) Nyirinkwaya
c) Nyirabizeyimana
d) Rwankubebe
e) Nzamukosha
f) Ikoranabuhanga
2. Tahura amazina y’urusobe mu gika cya mbere cy’umwandiko “Ingaruka za
jenoside”.
IV. Ihangamwandiko
Andikira inshuti yawe ibaruwa umubwira ibyo wungukiye mu mahugurwa wakozeku bijyanye no kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro.
UMUTWE WA 5 INGARUKA Z’IBIYOBYABWENGE
5.1 Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
– Gusesengura inkuru ishushanyije agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziyikubiyemo.
– Guhanga inkuru ishushanyije ku nsanganyamatsiko zitandukanye.
– Gukoresha inshoberamahanga mu mvugo no mu nyandiko.
5.2 Ibyo umunyeshuri asanzwe azi
Umunyeshuri afite amakuru kuko yize imyandiko ku biyobyabwenge.5.3 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
Umwarimu aha abanyeshuri igikorwa kibinjiza mu nsanganyamatsiko y’umutwe.
bw’umuntu. Ese wakumira ute ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge?
– Ushingiye ku bumenyi bwawe, gira icyo uvuga ku buvanganzo bw’inkuru
ishushanyije no ku nshoberamahanga.
Ibiyobyabwenge bifite ingaruka nyinshi kandi mbi cyane. Bitera ubukene bukabijeku babiromokeyemo no ku muryango muri rusange. Byangiza ubuzima bw’ubinywa
ndetse bikanamwica. Ibiyobyabwenge kandi bitera umwiryane, amahane nde
tse n’intonganya za buri munsi mu muryango. Bitera ubujura kugira ngo haboneke
amafaranga yo kubigura.
Ibiyobyabwenge kandi bitera ubugizi bwa nabi nko kguhogotera abantu, gufata ku
ngufu haba ku gitsina gore cyangwa ku gitsina gabo.
Ubuvanganzo bw’inkuru ishushanyije bufite akamaro kuko bworohera ababusoma
bityo bukageza ubutumwa ku rubyiruko. Ubutumwa bugera kuri benshi kuko
abasoma inkuru baba bishimiye amashusho ndetse n’ubutumwa buyaherekeje.
Gukoresha inshoberamahanga rero ni ingenzi nk’umuntu wamaze gukeneka
ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda. Ni yo mpamvu rero no mu buvanganzo butandukanyeharimo n’ubw’inkuru ishushanyije, hakoreshwamo izo nshoberamahanga.
5.5 Amasomo ari mu mutwe wa gatanu n’igihe yagenewe
5. 5.1 Isomo rya mbere: Gusoma no gusengura umwandiko
“Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge “
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza amashusho ari mu gitabo cy’umunyeshuri ajyanye
n’umwandiko “Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge” akayababazaho ibibazo bitumabavumbura inkuru bagiye gusoma
z’ibiyobyabwenge”?
Abagaruka kenshi ku mashusho ni urubyiruko rugizwe n’abahungu babiri
n’umukobwa umwe uba uri kumwe n’abo bahungu.
b) Murabona urwo rubyiruko ruhuriye ku ki?
Turabona urwo rubyiruko ruhuriye ku kunywa ibiyobyabwenge.
Nyuma yo gusubiza ibyo bibazo cyangwa ibindi yababaza biganisha ku mwandiko
bagiye gusoma, umwarimu abwira abanyeshuri ko bagiye gusoma umwandiko
uvuga ku biyobyabwenge.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandika amagambobadasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
Mu mwandiko haravugwamo ikibazo cy’abanyeshuri bishoye mu biyobyabwenge
maze bigatuma basiba ishuri uko bishakiye maze bakajya bambura abahisi
n’abagenzi utwabo kugeza igihe porisi yabafatiye bakajya guhanwa.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandi
wita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda. Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa 5.1kiri
mu gitabo cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure
wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe
rimurike ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza bisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
– Ibiyobyabwenge: ni ibintu byose ushobora kunywa, kurya, guhumeka
cyangwa kwitera mu mubiri bikaba byahindura imikorere y’umubiri bikawangiza
kandi bigatera indwara. Mu yandi magambo, ibiyobyabwenge, ni ibintu
byose byinjizwa mu mubiri w’umuntu hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye,
bigahindura imikorere y’ubwonko n’imyanya y’ibyiyumviro ntikore neza,
bigatuma umuntu ahindura imyifatire mu buryo budahwitse
– Anyihunza: agenda amva iruhande, agenda yigirayo.
– Umuviye: ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rikomoka ku rurimi rw’igifaransa
risobanura umuntu ukuze, umusaza.– Ako ku mugongo w’ingona: urumogi cyangwa kanabisi.
– Umutware: umuyobozi cyangwa ukuriye abandi mu muryango cyangwa mu
buyobozi runaka.
– Wana: ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rifite inyito ya shahu.
– Icyomanzi: izina baha umuntu w’urubyiruko ugenda araraguzwa cyangwa
wigize inzererezi kandi akaba afite imyitwarire ikemangwa.
– Bakanirwe urubakwiye: bahabwe igihano kingana n’uburemere bw’ibibi
bakoze.
– Uburoko: ahantu bafungira abantu, gereza, muri kasho.
– Amaniga: Ni imvugo nyandagazi isobanura bagenzi bawe, urungano.
Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni izihe mpamvu zitera urubyiruko kwishora mu biyobyabwenge zivugwa mu
mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe ngaruka zo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge zivugwa mu mwandiko?
3. Garagaza icyo ababyeyi basabwa gukora kugira ngo abana babo bareke
kwishora mu biyobyambwenge?
4. Nk’umufasha w’abaforomo, wafasha ute umuntu uje akugana kandi
yarabaswe n’ibiyobyabwenge?
5. Sobanura uko icuruzwa n’inyobwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge bishobora kudindiza
iterambere.
6. Ibiyobyabwenge biba bitujuje ubuziranenge. Hakorwa iki kugira ngo ubinywa
asobanukirwe n’ububi bwo gukoresha ibintu bitujuje ubuziranenge?
d) Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora babiribabiri umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo uri mubitabo byabo. Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Nimugoroba nahuye na Kagabo aranyihunza kuko yasanga n’uwasinze.
b) Uburoko
Sekidende bamufatanye ibiyobyabwenge none bamujyanye mu buroko.
c) Icyaka
Mu Mpeshyi abantu benshi bagira icyaka bakanywa amazi menshi.
d) GushoberwaKizungu yashatse amafaranga ye arayabura none yashobewe.
e) Gukeka
Myasiro arimo gukeka ko indwara arwaye yayitewe no kunywa urumogi.
f) Icyomanzi
Ntabyera yabaye icyomanzi yirirwa azerera mu nzira nta cyo akora iwabo.
Tanga nk’umukoro ikibazo cya kabiri” Ibiyobyabwenge ni ikibazo cyugarije
urubyiruko rw’Igihugu cyacu. Nk’umufasha w’umuforomo wakora iki kugira ngo
ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge ricike?” Iki kibazokizakosorwe mu ntangiriro y’isomorikurikiraho.
5.5.2 Isomo rya kabiri: Inkuru ishushanyije
1. Intangiriro
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuribabyandike mu makayi yabo.
w’umuforomo wakora iki kugira ngo ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge ricike?
Ibisubizo binyuranye bigenda bitangwa n’abanyeshuri maze nk’umwarimu
ukabafasha kubinoza.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 5.2kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’ inkuru ishushanyije andi akore ku
turango twayo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba
ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Shingira ku miterere y’inkuru “Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge” maze utahure inshoza
n’uturango by’inkuru ishushanyije.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Inkuru ishushanyije ni inkuru iteye nk’ikiganiro aho abantu babiri cyangwa benshi
baganira. Bene izi nkuru zishushanyije, zibangikanya amagambo n’amashusho
y’abanyarubuga. Inkuru ishushanyije itera amatsiko ashingiye ku ibangikana
ry’amagambo n’amashusho.
b) Uturango tw’inkuru ishushanyije
Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
– Umurambararo: uruhererekane rutambitse rw’amashusho.
– Igipande: urupapuro rwose rugizwe n’imirambararo.
– Urukiramende: umwanya wanditsemo ibisobanuro bitangwa n’umubarankuru.
Ibyo bisobanuro byitwa imvugo ngobe.
– Agatoki: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga gasongoye gahuza amagambo
n’uyavuga.
– Akazu: ni umwanya w’ishusho utangiwe n’idirishya.
– Idirishya: imbibi z’ishusho cyangwa z’akazu.
– Uruvugiro: ni umwanya urimo ikiganiro cy’abanyarubuga.
– Akarangandoto: ni agashushanyo k’akaziga kariho akarongo kagizwe
n’utudomo kerekera ku muntu kagaragaza ibyo arota cyangwa atekereza.
– Imvugondoto: ni amagambo umuntu ashobora gusoma ku gipande
aranga icyo umunyarubuga atekereza cyangwa se aranga umwivugisho
w’umunyarubuga.
– Agakino: ni uruhererekane rw’amashusho ari mu muteguro umwe. Ni ukuvuga
abanyarubuga bamwe hatagize usohokamo cyangwa undi winjiramo.
– Abanyarubuga: ni umuntu, ikintu cyangwa inyamaswa bifite icyo bikora mu
nkuru.
Muri rusange inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’uko amagambo avugwa n’abanyarubuga
ashyirwa mu tuziga dufite uturizo dufite ikerekezo cy’aho umunyarubuga uyavuga
aherereye (uruvugiro n’agatoki.) Inkuru ishushanyije Kandi ntishyirwa mu bika
ahubwo amashusho y’abakinankuru n’amagambo bavuga bishyirwa mu tudirishya
tugenda dutondekwa bahereye ibumoso bajya iburyo. Umukinankuru iyo agaragazaimbamutima ze, amashusho arabigaragaza.
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke.Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
urukiramende, uruvugiro, wifashishije inkuru ishushanyije “Ingaruka
z’ibiyobyabwenge?Urafasha kunoza ibisubizo bitangwa n’abanyeshuri.
5.5.3 Isomo rya gatatu: “Inshoberamahanga “
1. Intangiriro
Umwarimu abaza abanyeshuri ibibazo bibafasha kwinjira mu isomo rishya.
Duheruka kwiga inkuru ishushanyije, inshoza n’uturango twayo.
b) Inkuru ishishanyije itumariye iki?
Inkuru ishushanyije idufasha kwisanzura no gutanga ibitekerezo mu binyuze mu
nkuru.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 5.3kiri mu bitabo byabo.
Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’ inshoberamahanga andi atange n’ingero zazo.
Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri
basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Ikinyarwanda, Igitabo cy’Umwarimu, Umwaka wa 5 133
Kora ubushakashatsi, utahure inshoza n’uturango by’inshoberamahanga kandi
utange n’ingero zazo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Inshoberamahanga ni imvugo umuntu utarakenetse ururimi adahita yumva
igisobanuro cyayo iyo bayivuze. Akenshi na kenshi abumva bene izo mvugo
ntibazisobanukirwe ni abanyamahanga kuko baba batazi umuco cyangwa amateka
y’u Rwanda kandi inshoberamahanga ari byo zishingiyeho. Aho ni na ho haturutse
kwita bene izo mvugo “Inshoberamahanga”.
b) Uturango tw’inshoberamahanga
Inshoberamahanga irangwa no kuba igizwe n’inshinga n’icyuzuzo cyayo. Irangwa
kandi no gukoresha imvugo shusho itandukanye n’ibisobanuro by’amagambo
ayigize.
c) Ingero z’inshoberamahanga
Inshoberamahanga zifatira ku nshinga zinyuranye: guca, gufata, kugwa, kurya
guha...
Ingero z’inshoberamahanga
Guca igihugu umugongo
Guca igikuba
Guca imihini migufi
Guca inkeramucyamo
Guca iryera
Gufatwa mpiri
Kugwa mu mutego
Gucisha mu misoto
Guca i Kibungo
Gufata nk’amata y’abashyitsi
Gufata undi mu mugongo
Gufatana urunana
Gufata iry’iburyo
Gufatirwa mu cyuho
Kugwa gitumo
Kugwa isari
Kugwa ivutu
Kugwa ku nzoka
Kugwa miswi
Kugwa mu matsa
Kugwa mu ntege
Kugwa ruhabo
Kugwa mu kantuKugwa mu mazi abira
Kurya akara
Kurya indimi
Guha undi intera
Guhabwa akato
Gukama ikimasa
Gukanga Rutenderi
Gukanja amanwa
Gukizwa n’amaguru
Gukura ubwatsi
Gukurayo amaso
Gupfa undi agasoni
Guseta ibirenge
Gushya amaboko
Guta muri yombi
Gutaba mu nama
Gutega zivamo
Gutera isekuru
Gutererayo utwatsi
Kugenda runono
Kotsa igitutu
Kumesa kamwe
Kumira bunguri
Kuryamira amajanja
Kuvomera mu rutete
Kuziba icyuho
Kwesa umuhigo
Kwivamo nk’inopfu
Kwizirika umukanda
Gucurangira abahetsiGukora umuntu mu nda
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke.Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
a) Kwizirika umukanda
Umuntu ushaka gutera imbere agomba kwizirika umukanda
b) Kwirya ukimara
Kugira ngo wubake inzu bisaba kwirya ukimara.
c) Guhabwa akato
Si byiza ko umurwayi wa sida ahabwaakato.
d) Guca mu rihumyeYamuciye mu rihumye maze amutwara umutungo we wose.
e) Guca iryera
Nakubwiye ko ntigeze muca iryera.
Abanyeshuri baratanga ibisubizo bitandukanye maze nk’umwarimu ugendeubafasha kubinoza
5.5.4 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu
isuzuma. Saba abanyeshuri kwitegura gukora isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereburi wese ku giti ke.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwadiko
1. Ni ubuhe ububi bwo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge buvugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Sobanura ibyiza byo kwirinda gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge uhereye ku
mwandiko.
3. Ni izihe ngamba zo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko?
4. Tahura ingingo z’ingenzi z’umwandiko.
5. Mu buzima busanzwe, ubona ari iyihe mpamvu ituma urubyiruko rwishora
mu biyobyabwenge?
6. Ni iki wakora kugira ngo umwana wamaze kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge
ahinduke, abireke?
VII. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije umwandiko.
a) Impuzankano
b) Kubatwa n’ikintu
c) Imvugo nyandagazi
d) Gucururuka
e) Guhuza urugwiro
2. Ubaka interuro zawe bwite ukoresheje amagambo akurikira.
a) Imvugo nyandagazi
b) Gucururuka
c) Guhuza urugwiro
d) Kubatwa n’ikintu
III. Ibibazo ku nkuru ishushanyije no ku nshoberamahanga
1. Ushingiye ku kamaro katwo, tandukanya akarangandoto n’agatoki.
Akarangandoto kerekana umunyarubuga uri gutekereza cyangwa uri kurota ibintu
na ho agatoki kakerekana uri kuvuga ibintu.
2. Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’iki muri rusange?
Muri rusange inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’uko amagambo avugwa n’abanyarubuga
ashyirwa mu tuziga dufite uturizo dufite ikerekezo cy’aho umunyarubuga uyavuga
aherereye (uruvugiro n’agatoki.) Irangwa kandi no kutagira ibika ahubwo
amashusho y’abakinankuru n’amagambo bavuga bigashyirwa mu tudirishya
tugenda dutondekwa bahereye ibumoso bajya iburyo.
3. Tahura inshoberamahanga zakoreshejwe mu mwandiko “Na we ashobora
guhinduka”
4. Sobanura inshoberamahanga zikurikira kandi uzikoreshe mu nteruro.
a) Gukora umuntu mu nda: Kumwicira uwo yabyaye
b) Gufata nk’amata y’abashyitsi: Gufata neza cyangwa guha agaciro
c) Kugwa isari : Gusonza cyane
d) Guca igikuba: Kuvuga inkuru wongera ubukana bwayo ku buryo bitera abantuubwoba.
UMUTWE WA 6 GUKUNDA IGIHUGU
6.1 Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
– Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku nsanganyamatsiko yo gukunda Igihugu
agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi.
– Gutegura, kuyobora inama no kuyikora inyandiko mvugo.
– Gukoresha amagambo yabugenewe mu mvugo no mu nyandiko.– Kwandika amagambo n’interuro agaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku.
6.2 Ibyo umunyeshuri asanzwe azi
– Bimwe mu bikorwa bigaragaza gukunda Igihugu.
– Amakuru ku gukora inyandiko mvugo.
– Gukoresha ikeshamvugo ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe.
6.3 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
6.4 Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Umwarimu aha abanyeshuri igikorwa kibinjiza mu nsanganyamatsiko y’umutwe.
uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu
mwandikokandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho
Abanyeshuri batanga ibisubizo bitandukanye maze wowe nk’umwarimu ukagendaubafasha kubinoza.
6.5 Amasomo ari mu mutwe wa gatandatu n’igihe
yagenewe
6. 5.1 Isomo rya mbere: Gusoma no gusengura umwandiko
“Umurenge wa Rebero “
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Inkingi z’iterambere”bagiye gusoma akayibabazaho ibibazo.
– Imisozi iteye amabengeza kuko iriho ibihingwa bitandukanye.
– Abantu babiri bahagararanye bigaragara ko ari abayobozi.
– Hari kandi modoka biboneka ko ari yo yajemo umushyitsi.
b) Uwo muyobozi w’umushyitsi, mutekereza ko aje gukora iki?
Uwo mushyitsi aje gusura ako gace karimo ibyo bihingwa.
c) Mutekereza ko uyu mwandiko uraza kuvuga ku ki?
Uyu mwandiko uraza kuvuga ku iterambere ry’abaturage basuwe n’umuyobozi.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandika amagambobadasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
a. Ni nde wasuye Umurenge wa Rebero?
Ni Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Bwiza.
b. Uyu Muyobozi amaze kugera mu Murenge wa Rebero yakirkiwe n’iki
cyamutangaje?
Yakiriwe n’uruyange rw’ibishyimbo bya mushingiriro, ibirayi by’imishishe…
c. Ni iki Umuyobozi w’Akarere yashimangiye mu gusoza urugendo
rwe?
Yashimangiyegahunda y’umuganda n’ubudehe ari inkingi z’iterambere.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandi
wita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda. Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa 6.1 kiri
mu gitabo cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma
uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu
mwandikokandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe
rimurike ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza bisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
a)
b)
c)
d) Ubudehe: ni imwe muri gahunda za Leta y’u Rwanda igamije kurwanya
ubukene bishingiye ku ihame ry’ibikorwa umuturage afitemo ijambo.
Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Umuyobozi w’ Akarere ka Bwiza asura Umurenge wa Rebero yari agamije
iki?
2. Uretse umuganda n’ubudehe ni ibihe bikorwa bindi bigaragaza gukunda
Igihugu byavuzwe mu mwandiko?
3. Ni iki Umuyobozi w’akarere yashoje yibutsa abenegigihugu?
4. Shaka ingingo z’ingenzi zigaragara mu mwandiko.
5. Kora ubushakashatsi ugereranye ibikorwa by’ubudehe byo hambere
n’ibikorwa by’ubudehe by’iki gihe.
6. Ni bihe bikorwa n’indangagaciro bitavuzwe mu mwandiko bigaragaza ko
umuturage akunda Igihugu ke.
d) Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora babiribabiri umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo uri mubitabo byabo. Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Imyitozo
1. Huza ijambo riri mu rushya A n’igisobanuro cyaryo kiri mu ruhusa Bukoresheje akambi.
a) Ubudehe
b) Gushinga imizi.
Tanga nk’umukoro ikibazo cya kabiri “Tanga ibitekerezo ku kamaro k’umuganda
n’ubudehe mu iterambere ry’Igihugu.”Iki kibazokizakosorwe mu ntangiriro y’isomorikurikiraho.
6.5.2 Isomo rya kabiri: Inama
1. Intangiriro
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuribabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Ibisubizo bizatangawa n’abanyeshuri kandi umwarimu abafashe kubinoza.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 6.2 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’inama andi ku buryo itegurwa n’andi
ku miyoborere yayo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri
ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha
aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n’inama maze utahure inshoza y’inama, uko
itegurwa n’uko iyoborwa.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Ibisubizo bizatangawa n’abanyeshuri kandi umwarimu abafashe kubinoza.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 6.2 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’inama andi ku buryo itegurwa n’andi
ku miyoborere yayo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri
ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha
aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n’inama maze utahure inshoza y’inama, uko
itegurwa n’uko iyoborwa.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Inama ni ikoraniro ry’abantu bateraniye hamwe bafite ingingo bigaho. Hashobora
kubaho inama idasanzwe, iba itateguwe bihambaye cyangwa inama isanzwe, ibayateguwe cyane kubera ko idatunguranye.
b) Uko inama itegurwa
Igihe umuntu ategura inama isanzwe, agomba kwita cyangwa gutekereza ku ntego
zayo; icyo inama izaba igamije, icyo izageraho na gahunda y’ibizigirwamo. Ni yo
mpamvu agomba gutegura ibikoresho bizamufasha kuyinoza. Bimwe mu bigomba
kwitabwaho ni ibi bikurikira:
– Gutegura aho inama izabera mbere, hakurikijwe umubare w’abazayizamo.
– Gutegura icyumba k’inama (intebe, ameza ndetse no kuhagirira isuku)
ukurikije aho abazaza mu nama bazicara nko mu ishuri, ku ruziga, ku gice
cy’uruziga n’aho abayobozi bicara.
– Guteganya icyo kwandikaho niba ari ngombwa, ikibaho, amakaye cyangwa
ikindi kintu cyose cyatuma abari mu nama bashobora gukurikira (nko
kwitabaza ikoranabuhanga niba ari ngombwa).
Nyuma yo gutekereza no gutegura ibikoresho bikenewe, utegura inama akurikizaho
gutegura inama nyirizina. Agomba kwibanda ku bintu bikurikira:
– Gutegura ibizigirwa mu nama, bikorwa n’umuyobozi cyangwa se bigakorwa
n’akanama runaka yashyizeho.
– Mu gutegura ingingo z’ingenzi, ni byiza kuzitondekanya uhereye ku zifite
agaciro kurusha izindi kuko iyo igihe kibaye gito, iby’ingezi biba byarangiye.
– Gutumiza inama no kohereza gahunda yayo mbere y’igihe (hari igihe
abatumiwe batanga ibitekerezo cyangwa bakibutsa indi ngingo yagombaga
kuzigirwamo.)
– Ni byiza ko hagati yo gutumiza inama n’inama ubwayo habonekamo igihe
kugira ngo abantu babashe kuyitegura.
c) Uko inama iyoborwa
Kuyobora inama, ni umurimo ukorwa na nyiri ukuyitumiza cyangwa umubereye mu
mwanya (umuyobozi mu rwego rwe). Buri muntu wese uba witabiriye inama aba afite
icyo ashinzwemo: abayitumiwemo baba bafite inshingano zo kumva no gutanga
ibitekerezo byabo. Umuyobozi w’inama atangiza inama kandi akanayiyobora.
Inama igira ibice by’ingenzi bigenda bikurikirana, kandi uyiyoboye akaba agomba
gukurikirana neza ngo hatagira igisimbukwa, cyanecyane ko ari we ugomba
kurangiza kimwe agatangiza ikindi.
Muri rusange ibice by’inama bikurikirana bitya:
– Gusuhuzanya no gutanga ikaze;
– Kuvuga igihe inama iza kumara no kuvuga urwego inama yatumiwemo;
– Kurebera hamwe ko umubare w’abayitumiwemo bahageze uhagije kugira
ngo ibe yatangira byemewe n’amategeko (iyo bitatu bya kane by’abatumirwabahari nta cyayibuza gutangira);
– Kumva impamvu z’abataje niba bahari;
– Gutangira inama nyirizina: kuganira ku mirongo mikuru no kubyemeranyaho.
Abitabiriye inama bashobora no kongeraho izindingingo iyo bisabwe.
– Inama nyirizina irakomeza ari nako ikorerwa inyandikomvugo, byarangira
gusuzumwa hakigwa ku ngingo imwe ku yindi.
– Uwatumije inama cyangwa umuhagarariye atanga inshamake y’ibyemezo
byumvikanyweho mu nama.
– Inama isozwa n’uwayitumije cyangwa umuhagarariye igihe uwayitumije
yabimuhereye uburenganzira: ashimira abayitabiriye akanabasezerera
ndetse akabanza kubaha amatangazo iyo ahari.
Ikitonderwa:
1. Kugira ngo inama ishyirwe mu bikorwa, uyobora inama agomba kugira izi
ndangagaciro:
– Kwirinda kuba umunyagitugu
– Kutagira uruhande abogamira
– Kumva ibitekerezo by’abatumirwa akabijora kandi akabigorora igihe ari
ngombwa;
– Agomba kuba ari umuhanga mu byo avuga adahuzagurika icyo atazi agasaba
ukizi mu batumirwa kugisobanura.
2. Imyanzuro y’inama ifatwa nk’aho ari ikemezo cya buri wese mu baje mu
nama.
3. Inama igomba kurangwa n’ikinyabupfura, ubworoherane n’umusanzu wa
buri wese mbega inama ntabwo ari igihe cy’amatangazo.
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Erekana uko wategura inama n’uko wayikoresha.
Abanyeshuri baratanga ibisubizo bitandukanye kuri iki kibazo maze umwarimu
abafashe kubinoza.
Abanyeshuri baratanga ibisubizo bitandukanye kuri iki kibazo maze umwarimuabafashe kubinoza
6.5.3. Isomo rya gatatu: Inyandiko mvugo
1. Intangiriro
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo ku isomo baheruka kwiga kugira ngo bibafashe kwinjiramu isomo rirya.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 6.3 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’inyandiko mvugo andi agaragazeibice
byayo ndetse n’uburyo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri
ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha
aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku bijyanye n’inyandiko mvugo maze utahure
inshoza, ibice byayo n’uko ikorwa.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Inyandiko mvugo ni umwandiko uvuga ibyakozwe, ibyabaye cyangwa ugasubira
mu byo uwandika yabonye cyangwa se yanagizemo uruhare mu nama. Iyo urebye
abo inyandiko mvugo igenewe, usanga hari uburyo bubiri ikorwamo:
Inyandiko mvugo ishobora kuba igenewe umuntu wari uhari igihe ibikorwaho
inyandiko mvugo byabaga kugira ngo atibagirwa ibyabaye abone uko abyigaho
neza cyangwa ashyire mu bikorwa ibyumvikanweho. Inyandikomvugo igenewe
umuntu utari uhari kugira ngo amenye ibyavugiwe cyangwa ibyakorewe aho atariari.
b) Ibice bigize inyandiko mvugo n’uko ikorwa
Inyandiko mvugo y’inama igaragaza ibice bine by’ingebikurikira:
– Umutwe
Ugaragaramo iyo nama iyo ari yo n’igihe yabereye mu magambo make.
– Abari mu nama
Muri iki gice, inyandiko mvugo igaragaramo urutonde rw’abitabiriye inama bose.
Iyo atari benshi cyane, bagaragazwa mu ntagiriro y’inyandiko mvugo. Ariko iyo
abitabiriye inama ari benshi cyane, bashyirwa ku mugereka w’inyandikomvugo
y’iyo nama. Muri iki gice kandi hashobora no gushyirwamo abatarayitabiriye bafite
impamvu cyangwa batayifite.
– Ibyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa
Muri iki gice, ukora inyandiko mvugo, arondora ibyo inama yagombaga kwigaho
byose nk’uko biba byavuzwe n’umuyobozi w’inama. Hagaragaramo kandi n’ibindi
byifujwe n’abari mu nama ko byajya mu tuntu n’utundi.
– Uko inama yagenze
Muri iki gice ukora inyandiko mvugo yandika muri make icyo bumvikanye kuri buri
ngingo. Ntiyandika ibyo buri muntu yavuze, ahubwo yandika gusa umwanzuro
wafashwe kuri buri ngingo yari ku murongo w’ibyigwa kandi bikandikwa ku buryo
bwumvikana neza adashyiramo ibitekerezo bye.
Ikitonderwa
Ibindi bigomba kugaragara mu nyandiko mvugo ni aho inama yabereye, urwego
inama yateranyemo, impamvu y’inama, igihe yatangiriye n’igihe yarangiriye.
Inyandikomvugo ntajyamo ibitekerezo bwite by’uyikora. Ni umwandiko uvuga
ibyabaye utagize icyo uhindura.
Imyitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo iri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke.
Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’imyitozo.
Ibabazo n’ibisubizo by’imyitozo
1) Inyandiko mvugo ni iki?
2) Garagaza ibice bigize inyandiko mvugo kandi usobanuro uko ikorwa
Abanyeshuri baratanga ibisubizo bitandukanye kuri iki kibazo maze umwarimuabafashe kubinoza.
6.5.4 Amagambo yabugenewe
1. Intangiriro
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo bibafasha kwinjira mu isomo rishya.
bashaka gukora ibikorwa bikurikira?
a) Gukama no kubika amata: ibyansi
b) Gusya impeke zitandukanye: urusyo/ isekuru
c) Guhanagura inka: inkuyo
2. Uko isomo ritangwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 6.4 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi maze utahure amagambo yabugenewe akoreshwa ku nka,
ku mata, ku ngoma, ku mwami, ku gisabo, ku isekuru no ku rusyo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
runaka bitewe n’agaciro izo ngingo zihabwa mu muco nyarwanda. Amagambo
yabugenewe akoreshwa, hagamijwe gukoresha imvugo inoze kandi yuje
ikinyabupfura. Iyo habayeho gutandukira, hagakoreshwa ijambo ritanoze, ni ho
bagira bati: “Ntibavuga…;bavuga...” Ibi bituma umuntu abasha gutandukanya
imvugo ikoreshwa ku mwami, ku ngoma, ku nka, ku mata ku gisabo ku isekurun’ibindi.
Saba abanyeshuri gukorera mu matsinda umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Uwo
mwitozo ni uyu ukurikira: Kosora iyi nteruro ikurikira:
Umwami Kigeri Rwabugiri amaze gupfa, yasimbuwe n’umwana we
Rutarindwa. Rutarindwa yaje gupfa, asimburwa na Yuhi Musinga ategekana
na nyina Kanjogera.
Saba abanyeshuri, buri wese ku giti ke, kuzakora ikibazo cya kabiri nk’umukoro urimu gitabo cyabo maze bazawumurike mbere yo gutangira isomo rizakurikira.
Umukoro
Himba ikiganiro kigufi ku muco nyarwanda n’ibikoresho gakondo ugaragazemo
nibura amagambo atatu yabugenewe ku nka, ku mata, ku ngoma, ku mwami, kugisabo no ku isekuru.
6.5.5 Ubutinde n’amasaku ku magambo no munteruro
1. Intangiriro
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuri
babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Umukoro n’urugero rw’ibisubizo:
Abanyeshuri baratanga ibisubizo ku mukoro bakoze maze umwarimu abafashe
kubinoza hanyuma na bo babyandike mu makayi yabo
2. Uko isomo ritangwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 6.5 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Shingira ku bumenyi ufite, ukore ubushakashtsi maze utahure inshoza y’ubutinde
n’amasaku kandi ugaragaze uburyo bwo gushyira ubutinde n’amasaku ku magambo
n’interuro by’Ikinyarwanda.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
a) Inshoza y’ubutinde n’amasaku
Ubutinde n’amasaku mu Kinyarwanda ni indatana kandi bikagaragarizwa ku nyajwi
igize umugemo. Ubutinde n’amasaku mu Kinyarwanda bifite agaciro gakomeye
kimwe nk’inyajwi n’ingombajwi kuko iyo bihindutse mu ijambo bihita bihidura
gitekerezo cyangwa bikagitakaza.
Mu butinde, dusangamo imigemo itinda n’ibanguka. Iyo umugemo ubanguka,
handikwa inyajwi imwe igize uwo mugemo naho umugemo utinda, ukandikishwa
inyajwi ebyiri zisa zigize uwo mugemo.
Ku bijyanye n’amasaku, umugemo ubanguka ushobora kugira isaku nyesi cyangwa
nyejuru naho ku mugemo utinda ukagira ushobora kugira imwe mu nyunge
y’amasaku kurikira: isaku nyesi nyesi, nyesi nyejuru, nyejuru nyejuru, nyejuru
nyesi cyangwa nyesi nyejuru.Mu kwandika aya masaku, inyajwi ivugirwa hejuru
igira akamenyesto kameze nk’akagofero (^) gashyirwa hejuru yayo naho inyajwiivugirwa hasi, ikandikwa uko yakabaye nta kamenyetso gashyizweho.
Ingero:
b) Ubutinde n’amasaku ku magambo
Kugira ngo imyigire y’ubutinde n’amasaku igende neza, ni byiza ko hifashishwa
amagambo fatizo. Ayo magambo agenda agereranywa n’andi hashingiwe kumivugirwe yayo.
Amagambo fatizo n’ingero zayo
c) miterere y’ubutinde n’amasaku mu nteruro
Mu nteruro, amagambo agenda ahindura amasaku kamere bitewe n’andi magambo
biri kumwe. Aya masaku yitwa amasaku mboneezanteruro.
Ingero:
- Kibûungo: Saavê ituuwe nka Kîbuungo. - Saavê: Ntuye i Sâavê
- Mutêsi: Umukôro wa Mûtesi - Kigalî: Umujyî wa Kîgalî urasukuuye.
- Umugabo: Umugorê n’ûmugabo - Abakoôbwa: Abâana b’âbakoôbwa
- Intwâari: Afatwa nk’îintwâari. - Intêbe: Miniisîtiri w’îintêbe yasuuye.
- Iki: Abatô bageendane n’iîki gihe. - Aba: Yiitwaara nk’aâba babyêeyi bê.
- Si: Amasuunzu sî amasakâ. - Ni: Uwô nshâakâ nî uwo.
Imyitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo iri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
a) Umugaanda b) Umugabo
c) Umwâana d) Imbêehê
e) Gorê
2. Garagaza ubutinde n’amasaku ku magambo akurikira:
a) Umuduri b) Amabati
c) Umuganda d) Imyakae) Ibyatsi
3. Soma neza kandi wandike izi nteruro ugaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku
a) Gutera ibiti biranga umuturage w’ibikorwa by’impuhwe n’ineza.
b) Iterambere rirambye turigezwaho no kurinda ikirere ibigihumanya.
c) Ni ngombwa kugabanya ibyotsi biva mu modoka n’ikoreshwa ry’inkwi.6.5.6 Isuzuma rusoza umutwe wa gatandatu
isuzuma. Saba abanyeshuri kwitegura gukora isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereburi wese ku giti ke.
I. Ibibazo byo gusoma no kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Umugabo uvugwa mu mwandiko yakoraga murimo ki?
Umugabo uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko yari umuhinzi wa kawa.
2. Ni bihe bintu bitatu by’ingenzi bigomba kuranga umunyarwa byavuzwe mu
mwandiko.
Ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi bigomba kuranga umunyarwanda ni ugukunda
Igihugu, gukunda umurimo no kubana neza n’abantu.
3. Ni izihe ngaruka za ruswa zavuzwe mu mwandiko?
Ruswa imunga ubukungu bw’Igihugu, iteranya abantu, itesha agaciro kandi
ikabangamira ubwisanzure n’uburenganzira bw’abaturage.
4. Ni iki cyakubwira ko umuntu akunda Igihugu?
Icyambwira ko umuntu akunda igihugu ni uko uwo muntu yaba yitabira
gahunda zose za Leta nko gukora umuganda, gutanga ubwisungane mu
kwivuza, gutanga umusoro n’ibindi. Ikindi kandi ni uko yaba atanga serivisiinoze akirinda kandi akamaganira kure ruswa n’akarengane.
5. Uhereye ku mwandiko, sobanura uburyo gukorera ku mihigo bigira uruhare
mu iterambere ry’umuntu ku giti ke n’iry’ Igihugu muri rusange?
Imihigo ni intego cyangwa imigambi y’ubutwari umuntu yiyemeza kugeraho.
Ni ibikorwa by’ibanze umuntu ateganya kuzakora, bikarangira abigezeho.
Kwiha intego rero, bituma umuntu amenya aho aganisha ibikorwa bye,
akamenya ibikenewe n’aho abikura, igihe akorera igikorwa runaka. Ibi
rero bituma umuntu atajarajara, yirinda gukora ibidakenewe kandi akirinda
gutakaza igihe bityo akagera ku ntego ye vuba. Iyo abaturage bateye imbere,
n’Igihugu gitera imbere kuko Igihugu ari abaturage bacyo.
6. Ni izihe ngamba ufashe umaze gusoma uyu mwandiko?
Maze gusoma uyu mwandiko mfashe ingamba zo gukunda umurimo (
nkorera ku mihigo, ntanga serivisi inoze...) gukunda Igihugu (nkora ibikorwa
by’ubutwari, ndwanya ruswa n’akarengane...) kubana neza n’abandi
(mvugisha ukuri, ngira ikinyabupfura, mba inyangamugayo...)
II. Inyunguramagambo
Uzurisha amagambo akwiriye dusanga mu mwandiko (ruswa, inyangamugayo,
imihigo, igihe, umusanzu)
a) ...yihutisha iterambere
b) Kuvugisha ukuri, umurava n’ubutwari ni byo biranga...
c) Ni byo koko …imunga ubukungu bw’Igihugu.
d) Iyo dukoresheje neza …, tugatanga amakuru ku gihe bituma dutera imbere.
e) Gutanga …mu kubaka Igihugu ni inshingano za buri wese.
III. Ibibazo ku nama no ku nyandiko mvugo
1. Vuga bimwe mu bigomba kwitabwaho mu gutegura inama.
– Gutegura aho inama izabera mbere, hakurikijwe umubare w’abazayizamo.
– Gutegura icyumba k’inama (intebe, ameza ndetse no kuhagirira isuku)
ukurikije aho abazaza mu nama bazicara nko mu ishuri, ku ruziga, ku gice
cy’uruziga n’aho abayobozi bicara.
– Guteganya icyo kwandikaho niba ari ngombwa; ikibaho, amakaye cyangwa
ikindi kintu cyose cyatuma abari mu nama bashobora gukurikira (nko
kwitabaza ikoranabuhanga niba ari ngombwa).
2. Tondeka neza izi nteruro ukurikije igitekerezo gikwiye kubanzan’icyakurikiraho.
Ibisubizo
a) Inyandiko mvugo y’inama ya Komite Nyobozi y’Akarere na Bwakira yo ku wa
12 Gashyantare 2016.
b) Abitabiriye inama
c) Ibyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa
d) Uko inama yagenze
e) Gusuzuma raporo z’ubwitabire bw’umuganda
f) Gukora igenagaciro ry’umuganda mu kwezi kwa Mutarama
g) Gusuzuma imikorere y’abayobozi b’imirenge
h) Utuntu n’utundi
Iv. Ikibazo ku magambo yabugeneweUzuza iyi mbonerahamwe
V. Ibibazo ku butinde n’amasaku
1. Garagaza imiterere y’ubutinde n’amasaku ku magambo akurikira:
a) Urukwavu d) Imbata
b) Ikibabi e) Ikibuga
c) Urugendo shuri
2. Andika interuro zikurikira wifashishije ubutinde n’amasaku.
a) Mu muco nyarwanda kirazira gukora ubushakashatsi wangiza ibidukikije.
b) Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho ingamba zo kubungabunga ahantu nyaburanga.
c) Ibyotsi biva mu nganda n’imodoka bihungabanya ibinyabuzima n’umwukaduhumeka.
d) Iby’iki gihe bisaba gusigasira ubuzima bwacu.
e) Nyiri ibyago ni rubanda rugufi rutazi iby’umutungo kamere.
V. Ibisubizo ku butinde n’amasaku
1. Garagaza imiterere y’ubutinde n’amasaku ku magambo akurikira:
a) Urukwavu: urukwâavu b) Imbata: imbaata
c) Ikibabi: ikibabi d) Ikibuga: ikibûga
e) Urugendo shuri: urugendo shuûri
2. Mu mucô nyarwaanda kirazira gukôra ubushaakashaatsi bwaangîiza
ibidûkiikije.
3. Leeta y’û Rwaanda yashyîzehô ingaâmba zô kubûungabuunga ahaantu
nyaburaanga.
4. Ibyôotsi bivâ muu ngaânda n’îimôdokâ bihuungabanya ibinyabuzima
n’ûmwuûka duhuumêeka.
5. Iby’iîki gihe bisaba gusîgasira ubuzima bwâacu.6. Nyirî ibyâago nî rubaanda rugufî rutaazî iby’ûmutûungo kamerê.
UMUTWE WA 7 ITERAMBERE
7.1 Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
– Gusesengura indirimbo agaragaza uturango twayo.
– Guhanga indirimbo yubahiriza uturango twayo no kuyiririmba.
– Kwandika neza ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi, umwirondoro, amatangazo n’ubutumire.
– Gukora interuro yubahiriza isanisha rikwiye.
7.2 Ibyo umunyeshuri asanzwe azi
– Bazi indirimbo kandi baranaziririmba.
– Ibigize ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi.
– Ubushobozi bwo gukora interuro yuzuye.
7.3 Ingingo nsanganyamasomo
7.4 Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Umwarimu aha abanyeshuri igikorwa kibinjiza mu nsanganyamatsiko y’umutwe.
Sobanura impamvu gukunda umurimo ari ingirakamaro mu mibereho
y’abantu no mu iterambere ry’Igihugu.
Garagaza akamaro k’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi, umwirondoro, amatangazo
n’ubutumire.
Gukunda umurimo ni ingirakamaro kuko bituma abantu batera imbere ari na
byo bituma Igihugu gitera imbere muri rusange. Iyo abantu biteje imbere,bituma
abantu babana mu mahoro kuko akenshi iyo abantu badafite icyo bakora ubukene
burabokama maze ugasanga abantu bishora mu bikorwa by’urugomo n’ubugizi
bwa nabi basagarira abagize icyo bafite. Ni yo mpamvu buri wese akangurirwa
gukora n’udafite icyo akora akagishakisha yihangira umurimo.
Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ifite akamaro kanini cyanecyane mu gusaba akazi cyangwa
se mu gihe hari ikintu runaka ushaka kumesha inzego runaka cyangwa umuntu
runaka.Iyo ikozwe neza ituma icyo wifuza gishobora kumvikana neza kandi ukabona
igisubizo mu gihe bishoboka.7.5 Amasomo ari mu mutwe wa karindwi n’igihe yagenewe
7. 5.1 Isomo rya mbere: Gusoma no gusengura umwandiko
“Umurunga w’iminsi”
1. Intangiriro
Saba abanyeshuri kwitegereza ishusho ijyanye n’umwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi”bagiye gusoma akayibabazaho ibibazo.
Turahabona umusaza ufite inanga aririmbira umwana wicaye ku musambi.
b) Mushingiye ku mutwe w’umwandiko n’ibyo mubona kuri iyi shusho,
muratekereza ko uyu mwandiko uza kuvuga ku ki?
Uraza kuvuga ku ndirimbo.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
a) Gusoma bucece
Saba abanyeshuri gusoma umwandiko bucece badahwihwisa, bandika amagambobadasobanukiwe hanyuma ubabaze ibibazo byo kugenzura ko basomye.
– Ni bande bavugwa mu mwandiko? Ni umusaza ubwira umwana we.
– Ni iki umwana ashishikarizwa gukora? Uyu mwana arashishikarizwa
kwitabira umurimo.
b) Gusoma baranguruye
Somera abanyeshuri by’intangarugero ugaragaza isesekaza hanyuma ubasabe
gusoma baranguruye basimburana. Genda ubakosora aho basoma nabi kandi
wita ku banyeshuri bafite ibibazo byihariye. Fasha buri wese bitewe n’ikibazo afite.
c) Gusobanura amagambo no gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda. Saba abanyeshuri gukora igikorwa 7.1 kiri
mu gitabo cyabo ubahe n’igihe cyo kugikora. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko
abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma
uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo kandi usubize n’ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Itsinda rimwe
rimurike ibijyanye n’inyunguramagambo irindi rimurike ibijyanye n’ibibazo byabajijwe
ku mwandiko. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no kuzuza bisubizo
byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Gusobanura amagambo
a) Umurunga: umugozi uboshye kandi ufite umugongo munini.
b) Gusahurwa: kwamburwa ibyo wari utunze ku gahato cyangwa ku mbaraga.
c) Kwiyuha akuya: kunanirwa kubera ko wakoze cyane ugira ngo ubashe
kugera kuri byinshi.
d) Intwaro: ikintu umuntu yitwaza cyangwa se kikaba cyaragenewe kurwanishwa
nk’umuhoro, umuheto,icumu, inkoota, ubuhiri, imbunda... Igikoresho cyangwa
ibikoresho umuntu yifashisha kugira ngo abashe gutsinda urugamba runaka.
Uregero hano mu mwandiko urugamba ruvugwa ni urwo gutsinda ubukene .
Kugira ngo utsinde ubukene rero ni ngombwa kwifashisha umurimo.
e) Imikaka: amenyo y’inyamaswa y’inkazi.f) Ubukaka: ubutwari, ishema.
Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
2. Umusaza arigisha iki umwana mu gitero cya gatatu?
3. Ni iyihe mpamvu ituma uyu musaza agira inama umwana we?
4. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi dusanga mu mwandiko?
5. Uyu mwandiko urakwigisha iki?
6. Ni gute umurimo ugira uruhare mu iteramber y’Igihugu?
d) Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora babiribabiri umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo uri mubitabo byabo. Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
a) Umurunga b) Ikibondo
c) Gusahurwa d) Kwiyuha akuya
e) Intwaro
Tanga nk’umukoro ikibazo cya kabiri”Garagaza akamaro k’indirimbo mu iterambere
ry’umuryango n’iry’Igihugu muri rusange.” Iki kibazo kizakosorwe mu ntangiriro
y’isomo rikurikiraho.7.5.2 Isomo rya kabiri: Indirimbo
1. Intangiriro
Yobora abanyeshuri bakosore umukoro batahanye. Baza bamwe mu banyeshuri
batange ibisubizo, abandi babigorore byandikwe ku kibaho hanyuma abanyeshuribabyandike mu makayi yabo.
rusange.
Umwarimu arafasha abanyeshuri kunoza ibisubizo byatanzwe mbere yo kubyandika
mu makayi yabo.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 7.2 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Amatsinda amwe atahure inshoza y’indirimbo andi agaragaze uturango
twayo hanyuma andi asobanureakamaro k’indirimbo mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri
basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi” witegereze imiterere yawo maze
ukore ubushakashatsi, utahure inshoza, uturango n’akamaro by’indirimbo mu
buzima bwa buri munsi.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Indirimbo ni imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda. Ni amajwi afite
injyana yungikana n’amagambo. Indirimbo zivuga ku ngingo zitandukanye zigusha
ku buzima bwa buri munsi. Hari indirimbo z’urukundo, indirimbo zisingiza umuntu
cyangwa ikintu, hari izigisha, izibara inkuru n’izindi.
b) Uturango tw’indirimbo
Indirimbo irangwa n’imiterere yayo ndetse n’ikeshamvugo.
– Imiterere y’indirimbo
Ahanini indirimbo irangwa n’ibice bibiri by’ingenzi: ibitero n’inyikirizo. Uko igitero
kirangiye, umuririmbyi ashyiraho inyikirizo ariko hari indirimbo zitagira inyikirizo.
Urugero rw’indirimbo ifite inyikirizo: Umurunga w’iminsiUrugero rw’indirimbo itagira inyikirizo: Indirimbo yubahiriza Igihugu
Uburyo ibi bice bihimbwa, usanga ari nk’umuvugo ariko byo bigashyirwa mu majwi
aryoheye amatwi no mu njyana runaka yatoranyijwe. Indirimbo ishoborakuba
iy’amajwi y’umuntu cyangwa urusobe rw’amajwi y’abantu.
– Ikeshamvugo mu ndirimbo
Ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa mu ndirimbo, ni rimwe n’iryo mu mivugo: uzasangamo
isubirajwi, isubirajambo, imizimizo y’ubwoko bunyuranye bitewe n’urwego
rw’ihanikarurimi umuhanzi yashatse gushyiramo indirimbo ye.
c) Akamaro k’indirimbo
Indirimbo zifite uruhare rukomeye mu mibereho y’umuntu muri rusange.
Ubushakashatsi bunyuranye bwemeza ko indirimbo zongerera ubushobozi
ubwonko bwo gutekereza neza mu buryo bwiza kandi bworoshye.
Indirimbo zorohereza abana bakiri bato bafite ikibazo cyo kuvuga no kwandika.
Birumvikana ko bituma umwana agerageza gusubiramo ibyo yagiye yumva ndetse
no kubisobanukirwa mu buryo bworoshye.
Bitewe n’ikivugwa mu ndirimbo, uzasanga indirimbo zigira uruhare rukomeye mu
guhindura imyumvire y’abantu ndetse no kubakangurira gukora ibikorwa runaka.
Ingero:
Indirimbo zivuga kuri Sida ndetse n’ibindi byorezo, uburyo byandura n’uko
byakwirindwa, zituma abantu birinda kwandura virusi itera Sida.
Indirimbo zivuga ku butwari zituma abazumva bagira ubutwari bakagira ishyaka
n’umurava wo gukunda Igihugu...
Indirimbo zivuga ku murimo, zituma abazumva bitabira umurimo.
Imyitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
2. Erekana uturango tw’indirimbo.
3. Sobanura akamaro k’indirimbo mu mibereho y’abantu.
4. Sesengura indirimbo umurunga w’iminsi ugaragaza uturango twayo.5. Ririmba indirimbo “Umurunga w’iminsi” wubahiriza injyana yayo.
7.5.3 Isomo rya gatatu: Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
1. Intangiriro
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo ku isomo baheruka kwiga kugira ngo bibafashe kwinjiramu isomo rirya.
n’akamaro kayo.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 7.3 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’ibaruwa y‘ubutegetsi andi agaragaze
imiterere yayo. Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba
ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho
bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Shingira ku bumenyi usanzwe ufite cyangwa ukore ubushakashatsi maze
utahureinshoza n’uturango by’ibaruwa y‘ubutegetsi kandi ugaragaze imiterere
yayo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Kuri buri
ngingo hamurike itsinda rimwe. Fatanya n’abagize andi matsinda kugorora no
kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma ibisubizo by’ingenzi byandikwe ku kibaho,abanyeshuri bose babyandike mu makayi yabo.
Ibaruwa y‘ubutegetsi, ni ibaruwa yandikwa n’umuyobozi cyangwa uyoborwa mu
rwego rw’akazi. Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igira amategeko igomba kubahiriza kuko igirauko yandikwa byihariye. Igomba kuba ngufi kandi ikarasa ku ntego.
Uwandika agira amagambo yabugenewe yitaho kandi atagomba kubura mu
ibaruwa.
Hari amagambo yabugenewe akoreshwa mu gutangira ibaruwa. Ayo ni nk’aya
akurikira:
– Nyakubawa - Bwana
– Madamu - Madamazera,
– Nejejwe no kubandikira, - Mbandikiye ibaruwa ngira ngo…
Mu gusoza ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi, hashobora gukoreshwa amwe muri aya magambo
akurikira:
– Mu gihe ngitegereje igisubizo cyanyu, mbaye mbashimiye…
– Mu gihe ntegerezanyije ikizere, mbaye mbashimiye…
– Mbashimiye uko mwakiriye….
Ikitonderwa
Igika gishobora gutangirira mu cya kabiri cy’urupapuro mu mpagarike yarwo
cyangwa ku ntangiriro y’umurongo. Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igomba kugira impamvu
yayo yihariye bitewe n’igitumye yandikwa kandi hagacibwa akarongo ku ijambo
“impamvu”.
b) Imiterere y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igizwe n’ibice by’ingenzi bitatu kandi buri gice na cyo kigira
ibice byacyo. Ibice by’ibaruwa ni ibi bikurikira:
– Umutwe
Umutwe ni igice k’ibaruwa kigizwe n’ibice bikurikira:
Aderesi: Aderesi ni igice kigaragaza amakuru y’ingenzi y’uwanditse ibaruwa.
Hagaragaramo amazina ye, aho atuye ndetse n’andi makuru yose yafasha uwo
yandikiye kumenya aho yamubariza aramutse amushatse. Iki gice gifata umwanya
wo hejuru ibumoso ku rupapuro.
Itariki n’ahantu: Uwanditse ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi, aba agomba kugaragaraza
itariki n’ahantu yandikiye.Iki gice cyo kijya hejuru iburyo ku murongo wa mbere
ahateganye n’izina ry’uwandika.
Uwandikiwe: Uwandikiwe ni igice gishyirwa munsi y’itariki n’ahantu, kikagaragaza
uwo ibaruwa igenewe. Si izina rye bwite rigaragaramo, ahubwo ni izina ry’icyubahiro
rigaragaza umwanya afite mu kazi. Cyakora hashobora no kugaragazwa izina iyo
ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igenewe umukozi runaka.
Binyujijwe: Ni igice kigaragara mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi munsi y’aderesiy’uwandikiwe.
Gishyirwaho iyo hari abo iyo baruwa igomba kunyuzwaho mbere yo kohererezwa
uwayandikiwe
Uwo ibaruwa inyuzeho, aba agomba kuyisinyaho.
Impamvu: Uwandika ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi, aba agomba kugaragaza impamvu
imuteye kwandika. Ingero z’impamvu zashyirwa mu’ibaruwa: gusaba akazi, gusaba
ibisobanuro, kohereza raporo... Ijambo“impamvu” rirandikwa kandi rigacibwaho
akarongo. Iki gice kiba kiri munsi ya aderesi y’uwanditse.
– Igihimba
Igihimba k’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi, ni igice kigaragarizwamo ubutumwa bugenewe
uwandikiwe. Iki gice kigizwe n’ ibice bikurikira:
Intangiriro: Uwandika, avuga muri make impamvu imuteye kwandika igirwa n’igika
kimwe kandi ikagaragaza icyo uwandika agamije. Iyo ari nk’ibaruwa isaba akazi
agaragazamo ko azi neza ko uwo mwanya uhari.
Igihimba: Ni igice kigaragara nk’aho ari kirekire kurusha ibindi, kuko gishobora no
kugira ibika birenze kimwe bitewe n’ingingo zigize ubutumwa. Ni cyo gice cyonyine
gisobanura mu mugambo arambuye ibyavuzwe mu ntangiriro, kikabisesengura,
kikanakurikiranya ibitekerezo. Icyo gihe buri gika kiharira ingingo yacyo, na none
ukirinda gusubiramo ibyo wavuze.
Umwanzuro: Uwandika ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi, asoza ashimira uwo yandikiye. Ni
cyo gice kirangiza ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi kandi kigirwa n’igika kimwe. Uwandika
arangiza ashimira uwo yandikiye.
– Umusozo
Umusozo w’ibaruwa ugizwe n’ibice bikurikira:
Amazina n’umukono: Ni igice gisoza ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi kigizwe n’amazina
ndetse n’umukono wa nyiri ukuyandika.
Bimenyeshejwe: ni igice kijya mu mpera y’ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi ku ruhande
w’ibumoso. Kijya mu ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi iba igomba kugira abandi bamenyeshwaibyanditswe.
mbonezamubano?
2. Andikira umuyobozi w’umurenge utuyemo ibaruwa umusaba ikemezo
cy’amavuko kuko ugikeneye mu kuzuza ifishi izaguhesha uburenganzirabwo gukora ikizamini cya Leta gisoza amashuri yisumbuye.
7.5.4 Umwirondoro
1. Intangiriro
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo ku isomo baheruka kwiga kugira ngo bibafashe kwinjiramu isomo rirya.
n’akamaro byayo.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 7.4 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’umwirondoro andi agaragaze ibiranga
umwirondoro ahnyuma abandi berekane ibice biwugize. Bahe igihe cyo gukora
icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe ibyo
bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Ushingiye ku bumenyi usanganywe, tahura inshoza y’umwirondoro, ibiranga
umwirondoro n’ibice byawo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
Umwirondoro ni inyandiko itanga amakuru ahagije ku muntu. Iyi nyandiko ikunze
gukenerwa
n’ umukoresha kuko imufasha guhitamo umukozi akeneye bitewe n’amakuru
agaragaramo.
Umwirondoro unoze, ugomba kuba wanditse ku rupapuro rwiza kandi uzira
amakosa. Ugomba kandi kuba wuzuye kuko uwusaba aba akeneye amakuru
yuzuye kugira ngo arusheho kumenya nyiri umwirondoro. Ugomba kwandikwa
mu nteruro ngufi kandi zisomeka neza. Umwirondoro ugomba kuvuga ukuri kandi
ukaba uhuye n’aho ukenewe.
b) Ibice bigize umwirondoro
Umwirondoro ntukorwa uko nyirawo yiboneye. Ugomba kuba ufite uburyo buboneye
bwo kuyikora kandi ugakurikiranya neza ibice bikurikira:
- Umutwe
- Ibiranga umuntu
- Amashuri
- Uburambe
- Ubundi bumenyi
- Indimi avuga
- Ibyo akunda
- Abantu bamuzi
- Kwemeza ko ari ukuri no gushyiraho
umukono we.
– Umutwe
Umutwe w’umwirondoro wandikwa hejuru ukitwa umwirondoro
– Ibiranga umuntu
Ibiranga umuntu, ni igice gitangira umwirondoro, kikaba kigamije kugaragaza muri
make uwo ari we. Kigomba kuba cyumvikana kandi kirasa ku ntego.
Muri iki gice, uwandika agaragazamo ibi bikurikira:
– Amazina y’umuntu
Ni byiza kwandika izina ry’umuryango mu nyuguti nkuru z’icyapa maze iry’idini
rikajya mu nyuguti nto, ariko ritangiwe n’ inyuguti nkuru.
– Amazina y’ababyeyi
Mu kwandika amazinay’ababyeyi, naho biba byiza kwandika amazina ry’umuryango
mu nyuguti nkuru z’icyapa maze ay’idini akajya mu nyuguti nto, ariko agatangizwan’ inyuguti nkuru.
– Imyaka umuntu afite
Uwandika, aba agomba kugaragaza igihe yavukiye aho kwandika imyaka nyirizina.
Mu kwandika amatariki, ukwezi kwandikwa mu magambo.
Urugero: 2 Nzeri 1988
– Aho umuntu yavukiye
Aha, uwandika ashobora kugaragaza intara, akarere, umurenge, akagari cyangwa
umudugudu yavukiyemo.
– Aho umuntu aherereye
Aha uwandika ashobora kugaragaza intara, akarere, umurenge, akagari cyangwa
umudugudu atuyemo.
– Irangamimerere
Aha uwandika agaragaza ko ari ingaragu cyangwa se ko yubatse. Twibutse ko
uwubatse aba abana n’uwo bashakanye mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko.
– Uburyo uwamushaka yamubonamo
Uwandika agaragaza uburyo uwamukenera yamubona. Ashobora gutanga
umurongo wa terefoni na aderesi ya interineti cyangwa bumwe muri ubwo buryo.
c) Amashuri
Iki gice kigaragaza aho nyiri umwirondoro ahagaze mu rwego rw’ubumenyi. Ni yo
mpamvu uwandika, agomba guhera ku mpamyabumenyi nini afite agakomereza
ku zo yahereyeho ariko akazitondeka akurikije uko zikurikirana uhereye ku ya
vuba kugeza ku ya kera. Mu kwandika umwirondoro, amashuri ntatandukana
n’impamyabumenyi. Ugaragaza amashuri yize, avuga umwaka, aho yigaga, ibyo
yigaga n’impamyabumenyi yahakuye. Hari igihe amashuri ajyana n’ibitabo umuntu
aba yaranditse. Icyo gihe si ngombwa kubishyiraho keretse iyo bigira icyo byongera
ku kizere umuntu ashobora kugirirwa n’abo ashyikiriza umwirondoro.
d) Uburambe
Iki, ni igice cyo kwitonderwa kuko uwandika, aba agomba kwereka uwo yandikiye
icyo azi gukora n’igihe amaze agikora. Iyo yakoze mu myanya myinshi, ayishyiraho
ahereye ku wa nyuma aherukaho agenda agaragaza igihe yagiye ayimaraho. Hari
igihe umuntu aba yarakoze iyimenyerezamwuga. Ni ngombwa ko abishyiraho
cyanecyane iyo ataramara igihe kinini akora cyangwa se ari bwo bwa mbere yatse
akazi. Ibyo bishobora kumwongerera amahirwe imbere y’uwo aha umwirondoro.
e) Ubundi bumenyi
Kumenya ibintu byinshi nta cyo bitwaye kuko ibyo umuntu azi byose bishoborakumugirira akamaro mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi. Iyo rero umuntu afite ubundi
bumenyi, ntashidikanya kubigaragaza ku mwirondoro we cyanecyane iyo bifitanye
isano n’akazi asaba.
Urugero: Kuba azi mudasobwa, kuba afite uruhushya rwo gutwara ikinyabiziga...
f) Indimi
Hari igihe umwanya umuntu ashaka, uba usaba ubumenyi mu indimi z’amahanga.
Ni ngombwa rero ko uwandika umwirondoro, ashyiramo indimi zose azi. Mu kazi
ako ari ko kose,ubumenyi mu ndimi z’amahanga bwongerera amahirwe ugasaba.
Ukora umwirondoro rero, agaragaza urwego aziho urwo rurimi atabeshya. Ashobora
kuvuga ati: “Ururimi runaka nduzi neza cyane, nduzi neza, nduzi bihagije, biciriritse”
kuko kubeshya byamugiraho ingaruka mu gihe k’ikizamini k’ibiganiro.
g) Ibyo akunda
Iki gice, kigizwe n’ibyo umuntu akunda, akora kandi bimushimisha. Ariko na none
ukora umwirondoro,agomba kumenya ko ibimushimisha bishobora no kumubera
imbogamizi yo kubona umwanya yifuza. Ni yo mpamvu kumenya ibyo ushyiramo,
byashingira ku kumenya amakuru ahagije y’uwagusabye umwirondoro. Bityo nawe
ukamenya aho ushyira imbaraga.
h) Abantu bamuzi cyangwa abahamya
Iyi ngingo y’abantu bazi nyiri umwirondoro, si ngombwa buri gihe. Ariko hari
ababisaba mu mwirondoro bikaba ngombwa ko ijyamo. Abazi umuntu baba
bakenewe, ni abarimu bamwigishije cyangwa abakoresha bamukoresheje kuko
ukeneye umwirondoro wawe aba ashobora kubabaza ku bijyanye n’ubumenyi ufite
cyangwa se ubushobozi n’imyitwarire byawe mu kazi.
i) Kwemeza ko ibyo uvuze ari ukuri no gushyiraho umukono
Iki ni cyo gice gisoza umwirondoro. Nyiri ukuwandik,a agomba gusoza yemeza
ko amakuru yatanze ari ukuri ko anashobora kugenzurwa. Hanyuma agashyiraho
itariki n’umukono we.
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukorera mu matsinda umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo. Uwo
mwitozo ni uyu ukurikira: Kurikirana imbwirwaruhame yafashwe kuri radiyo maze
uyijore.
Shaka imwirwaruhame iri mu majwi cyangwa mu majwi n’amashusho hanyuma
uyumvishe abanyeshuri. Saba abanyeshuri kuyijora bashingiye ku byo bize maze
bagaragaze ibyakozwe neza n’ibigomba kunozwa muri iyo mbwirwaruhame.
Saba abanyeshuri, buri wese ku giti ke, kuzakora umukoro uri mu gitabo cyabomaze bazawumurike mu isomo rizakurikira.
c) Urugero rw’umwirondoro
Ibiranga umuntu
Nitwa:MUBERUKA Gaston
Data: KARIMANYI Joel
Mama: KABERA Marigueritte
Igihe navukiye: 2 Nzeri 1984
Aho navukiye: Intara ya Kumuhigo, Akarere ka Kagano, Umurenge wa Cyabayaga,
Akagari ka Mwungu.
Aho ntuye: Intara ya Kumuhigo, Akarereka Burehe, Umurenge wa Mataba, Akagari
ka Gaseke.
Irangamimerere: Ndubatse, mfite abana bane
Terefoni: 0788881111
E-mail: muberuka-gaston@yahoo.fr
Akarere ka Burehe, Umurenge wa Mataba, Akagari ka Gaseke.
Amashuri nize
- 2003-2007: Amashuri makuru muri Kaminuza nkuru y’ u Rwanda. Impamyabushobozi
y’ikiciro cya kabiri mu Ndimi n’Ubuvanganzo Nyafurika.
- 1989-1994: Amashuri yisumbuye muri Seminari ya Runaba. Impamyabumenyi
y’amashuri yisumbuye mu ishami ry’Ikiratini n’indimi zivugwa.
- 1981-1988: Amashuri abanza mu Ishuri Ribanza rya Mataba. Ikemezo k’ikigo
cy’Amashuri Abanza cya Mataba.
Uburambe mu kazi
- 2011-2017: Umwarimu w’indimi muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda ishami rya Huye.
- 2008-2010: Umwarimu w’ Igiswayiri n’Ikinyarwanda mu Iseminari Nto ya Runaba.
- 2003-2004: Umwarimu w’Igifaransa n’Ikinyarwanda mu ishuri ryigenga APEDER
Mataba.
- 2000-2003: Umwarimu w’Igifaransa n’Ikinyarwanda mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya
Gakurazo.
Ubundi bumenyi
- Nziporogaramu ya mudasobwa yitwa “Word, Excel, Power Point, Access na
Publisher.
- Mfite uruhushya rwo gutwara imodoka kategori ya B, nkaba nzi no kuyitwara.
Umukoro
Ishyire mu kigwi cy’umujyanama w’ubuzima wandike imbwirwaruhame ku ndwara
y’igituntu, uyigenere abaturage b’umudugudu runaka hanyuma uzayigeze kuri
bagenzi bawe.Indimi nzi kuvuga
Ibyo nkunda
Nyuma y’akazi, nkunda gusoma ibitabo. Nkunda umukino wo koga no gukina
umupira w’amaguru.
Abantu banzi:
- UMUHIRE Jean: Umwarimu wange muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, Tel: 0788..........
- Padiri KARAKE Samuel: Umukoresha wange igihe nigishaga muri Seninari Nto ya
Rubare Tel: 076................................
- HAKIZIMANA Paul: Umuyobozi w’Ishami ry’Indimi muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda
aho nigisha ubu, Tel: 0789......................
Ngewe MUBERUKA Gaston ndemeza neza ko ibyo maze kuvuga ari ukuri kandi ko
bishobora kugenzurwa.
Bikorewe i Kagano, ku wa 25 Nyakanga 2017
MUBERUKA Gaston
Umwitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
Ubu urangije mu mwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye. Andika umwirondoro
wawe ukurikije ingingo twabonye zigize umwirondoro.
Abanyeshuri batanga ibisubizo binyuranye kandi umwarimu akabafasha kubinoza
mbere yo kubyandika mu makayi yabo.7.5.5 Amatangazo
1. Intangiriro
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo ku isomo baheruka kwiga
Umwirondoro n’uko bawukora.
b) Imbata y’umwirondoro ugizwe n’ibihe bice?
Umwirondoro ugizwe n’ibice bikurikira:
– Umutwe
– Ibiranga umuntu
– Amashuri
– Uburambe
– Ubundi bumenyi
– Indimi avuga
– Ibyo akunda
– Abantu bamuzi
– Kwemeza ko ari ukuri no gushyiraho umukono we.
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 7.5 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’itangazo andi agaragaze ibiranga
itangazohanyuma abandi berekane ubundi bwoko bw’amatangazo. Bahe igihe cyo
gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri basobanukiwe
ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’itangazo kandi ugaragaze
ubundi bwoko bw’amatangazo.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
a) Inshoza n’uturango by’itangazo
Itangazo rero ni inyandiko irimo ubutumwa bamanika ahantu, buca mu kinyamakuru
cyangwa kuri radiyo kugira ngo bumenyekane hagamijwe kwamamaza, kurangisha
cyangwa kumenyesha. Itangazo ni inzira cyangwa uburyo bwo kugeza ku bantu
amakuru runaka. Itangazo rirangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
Mu itangazo, hagomba kubonekamo ibi bikurikira:
- Umutwe w’itangazo.
- Utanze itangazo.
- Uwo rigenewe.
- Ahantu igikorwa rimenyesha kiri, cyabereye cyangwa kizabera.
- Itariki igikorwa rimenyesha cyabereyeho cyangwa kizabera.
b) Ubwoko bw’amatangazo
Amatangazo arimo amoko anyuranye: amatangazo yo kubika, amatangazo yo
kumenyesha, amatagazo yo kwamamaza, amatangazo yo kurangisha n’ubutumire.
– Amatangazo yo kubika
Amatangazo yo kubika ni amatangazo atabaza agamije kumenyesha abantu kohari umuntu witabye Imana akanavuga igihe azashyingurirwa.
Urugero:
Itangazo
Umuryango wa Mporanyi Claudien ubarizwa mu Murenge wa Gashwi uramenyesha
inshuti n’ abavandimwe ko umubyeyi wabo Kanamugire Roger wari urwariye mu
bitaro bikuru bya Kinihira yitabye Imana none Ku wa gatatu tariki ya 23/5/2017.
Bimenyeshejwe inshuti n’ abavandimwe batuye mu murenge wa Gishamvu,
abakirisitu basengana na nyakwigendera muri paruwasi ya Mukingo n’ abo
bakoranaga ku bitaro bya Munini. Itariki yo gushyingura ni Ku wa gatandatu tariki
ya 26/5/2017. Inshuti n’ abavandimwe bihutire gutabara
Bikorewe Gashwi ku wa 23/05/2017
– Amatangazo yo kumenyesha
Amatangazo yo kumenyesha ni amatangazo amenyesha abayumva amakuru
atandukanye nk’inama, akazi, isoko ry’ibintu, cyamunara...
Urugero:
Itangazo ryo kumenyesha
Mu rwego rwo kwizihiza icyumweru cyahariwe ubuzima kizatangira ku wa 12 kugeza
ku wa 15/8 ,Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gasenyi bunejejwe no kumenyesha
abaturage bose bo mu Murenge wa Gasenyi ko batumiwe mu gikorwa cyo
kwipimisha ku bushake indwara ya Sida kizabera mu busitani bw’ uwo umurenge.
Iki gikorwa cyateguwe ku bufatanye bwa Minisiteri y’ ubuzima n’ umuryango utabara
imbabare Croix-rouge. Muri ki cyumweru cyahariwe ubuzima, iki gikorwa kizajya
gitangira saa mbiri z’ igitondo gisoze saa kumi n’ imwe z’umugoroba. Abaturage
basabwe kwitabira kuko burya amagara araseseka ntayorwa.
Bikorewe i Gitaha ku wa 6/08/2015
Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gasenyi.
– Amatangazo yo kwamamaza
Amatangazo yo kwamamaza ni amatangazo atangwa agamije kwamamaza
ibikorwa by’umuntu ku giti ke, by’ishyirahamwe, by’inganda, amashuri, kugira ngo
bimenyekane bibone ababigana mu buryo bwo kubiteza imbere.
Urugero:
Itangazo ryo kwamamaza
Uruganda rukora amasabune ruherereye mu cyanya k’ inganda i Masoro
ruramenyesha abantu bose ko rubafitiye amasabune ya “Urakeye” y’ ubwoko
bwose: ay’ amazi, ay’ ifu n’ ay’ imiti ku ngano yose wakwifuza. Ayo masabune
murayasanga mu masoko hose , mu maduka no ku ruganda. Ushaka kurangura
cyangwa utwara byinshi turagutwaza tukakugeza iwawe. Gana uruganda rw’
amasabune“Urakeye” uce ukubiri n’ umwanda.
– Amatangazo yo kurangisha
Amatangazo yo kurangisha ni amatangazo atangwa igihe umuntu yatakaje ikintu,
yabuze umuntu kugira ngo ababimuboneye babimuhe cyangwa yatoye ibintu kugira
ngo nyirabyo abashe kubibona.
Urugero:
Itangazo ryo kurangisha
Nzirorera Jemus utuye mu murenge wa Kinyoni ararangisha ibyangombwa
bye yabuze ku wa mbere tariki ya 01/11/2015, saa tatu za mu gitondo (09h00).
Ibyo byangobwa byaburiye mu mu muhanda Kigali- Butare. Bikaba ari ikarita
ndangamuntu, uruhushya rwo gutwara imoboka n’uruhushya rwo kujya mu
mahanga. Uwabibona yabimugereza ku buyobozi bw’ umurenge wa Kinyoni
cyangwa agahamagara kuri izi numero za telefoni 078.......akazahabwa ibihembo
bishimishije.
Bikorewe Kinyoni ku wa 2/11/2015
– Amatangazo atumira/ubutumire
Ubutumire ni inyandiko ngufi itumira umuntu cyangwa abantu kwitabira umunsi
mukuru runaka. Bene izi nyandiko twazigereranya n’amabaruwa y’ubucuti nubwo
zo zidakurikiza imiterere y’ayo mabaruwa. Ubutumire bukoreshwa mu minsi mikuru
inyuranye nko gushyingirwa, kubatirisha, kwizihiza isabukuru runaka, gutaha
igikorwa runaka, gusangira ku meza, kwishimira kugera ku gikorwa runaka nko
gufata impamyabumenyi...
Ubutumire burangwa n’imiterere yabwo yo kuba hagaragaramo ibintu by’ingenzi
bikurikira:
- Umutwe w’ubutumire
- Amazina y’utumira,
- Utumirwa,
Igikorwa umutumiramo,
Aho igikorwa kizabera.Umunsi n’isaha kizaberaho
Imyitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo
a) Itangazo ryo kubika
b) Itangazo ryo kumenyesha
2. Ishyire mu kigwi cy’umuyobozi w’ishuri ryisumbuye wigamo, wandike
ubutumire bw’umuhango wo gutanga impamyabumenyi ku banyeshuribarangiza no kwizihiza isabukuru y’ imyaka 25 ikigo kimaze gishinzwe.
7.5.6 Interuro yoroheje
1. Intangiriro
Baza abanyeshuri ibibazo ku isomo baheruka kwiga
Ubushize twize inshoza, uturango n’ubwoko bw’amatangazo.
b) Ni iki uwandika itangazo yitaho? Uwandika itangfazo yita kuri ibi
bikurikira:
– Umutwe w’itangazo.
– Utanze itangazo.
– Uwo rigenewe.
– Ahantu igikorwa rimenyesha kiri, cyabereye cyangwa kizabera.
– Itariki igikorwa rimenyesha cyabereyeho cyangwa kizabera.
c) Ni ubuhe bwoko bw’amatangazo waba uzi?
Amatangazo ashobora kuba ayo:
– Kubika
– Kumenyesha
– Kwamamaza
– Kurangisha
– Gutumira
2. Uko isomo ryigishwa
Shyira abanyeshuri mu matsinda, ubasabe gukora igikorwa 7.6 kiri mu bitabo
byabo. Amatsinda amwe akore ku nshoza y’isanishaandi agaragaze ubwoko
bw’isanisha hanyuma abandi berekane imimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro yoroheje.
Bahe igihe cyo gukora icyo gikorwa. Gendagenda mu ishuri ureba ko abanyeshuri
basobanukiwe ibyo bagomba gukora kandi utanga ubufasha aho bukenewe.
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi, utange inshoza y’isanisha, ubwoko bw’isanisha kandi
ugaragaze imimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro yoroheje.
Igihe wabahaye kirangiye, saba abanyeshuri kumurika ibyo bakoze. Amatsinda
asimburane amurika buri tsinda ingingo imwe. Yobora abagize andi matsinda kunoza
no kuzuza bisubizo byatanzwe hanyuma byandikwe ku kibaho, abanyeshuri bosebabyandike mu makayi yabo.
igizwe n’amagambo abiri cyangwa arenga ahuriye ku nshinga imwe itondaguye
yumvikanisha ubutumwa bumwe, budasobekeranye. Amagambo agize interuro
yoroheje, agirana isano kandi akagira imimaro itandukanye muri iyo nteruro.
a) Isanisha
Isanisha ni uburyo bwo guhuza amagambo mu irema ry’interuro ku buryo ijambo
ry’ibanze riha amagambo aryungirije akarango karyo. Isanisha rigira amoko
atandukanye:
– Isanisha nyantego
Isanisha nyantego, ni isanisha aho ijambo ry’ibanze riha amagambo aryungirije
intego ya kamwe mu turemajambo twaryo.
Ingero:
Iki gikamyo kinini gitwara imizigo myinshi.
Icyambu kinini gifasha mu bwikorezi.
– Isanisha nyanyito
Isanisha nyanyito, ni isanisha rishingira ku kivugwa n’ijambo ry’ibanze. Rikoreshwa
akenshi ku magambo adafite indomo n’indanganteko cyangwa afite indanganteko
zumanye (zidatandukana) n’igicumbi (Mugabo, Bahizi, Rukundo, mukecuru…). Iyo
ikivugwa ari umuntu cyangwa abantu, isanisha ribera mu nteko ya mbere cyangwa
iya kabiri. Iyo ikivugwa ari inyamaswa cyangwa ikindi kintu, isanisha rikorwa munteko ya kenda cyangwa iya cumi.
Ingero:
Bihogo aratashye.
Ba Bihogo baratashye.
Bihogo iratashye.
Za bihogo ziratashye.
– Isanisha nyurabwenge
Isanisha nyurabwenge,ni isanisha rikorwa iyo ibivugwa ari inshinga iri mu mbundo
cyangwa uruvangerw’amagambo adahuje inteko. Isanisha nyurabwenge rikorerwa
mu nteko ya 8.
Ingero:
Kurya birashimisha
Gutwarana abantu n’ibintu birabujijwe.
Bakame n’impyisi birazirana.
Umugabo, ihene n’igare byahuriranye.
– Isanisha nyazina
Isanisha nyazina, ni isanisha rishingira ku ndanganteko yumanye n’igicumbi.
Ingero:
Rutegaminsi rwa Tegera yari inyangamugayo.
Bikungero bya Murema afite ibihangano byiza.
Nyakayonga ka Musare.
– Isanisha mpisho
Isanishampisho, ni isanisha rikorwa igihe ikivugwa kitazwi cyangwa kitagaragajwe.
Ingero:
Karabaye noneho.
Umugore n’umugabo rwambikanye.
Karahanyuze twarabyinnye biratinda.
– Uruvange rw’isanisha
Uruvange rw’isanisha ni isanisha rigengwa n’inteko zitandukanye kandi rigengwan’ijambo rimwe.
Ingero:
Igisonga cya Papa arahagurutse. (nt7 na nt1)
Nyina w’iki kimasa irashaje. (nt1, nt9)
b) Imimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro.
Imimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro yoroheje ni itatu.
– Ruhamwa
Ruhamwa ni ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo rigaragaza ukora igikorwa
cyangwa uwerekezwaho imimerere n’imico bivugwa n’inshinga iri mu nteruro.
Ingero:
Abana barakina umupira. Umuhungu n’umukobwa bakuru baze.
Bake barabona ibihembo. Niyonkuru yicaye ku ntebe.
Uyu natahe. Kwiga birananiza.
Usakuza arasohoka. Haragenda abahinzi gusa.
– Izingiro ry’interuro cyangwa ipfundo ry’ubutumwa
Izingiro ry’interuro cyangwa ipfundo ry’ubutumwa, ni igice k’interuro kigira icyo
kivuga kuri ruhamwa. Iki gice kigaragazwa n’inshinga mu nteruro.
Ingero:
Umurimo utugeza kuri byinshi. Aba bana babereye ubutore.
Ibitabo byabo birashaje. Abaporisi benshi baritonda.
Abana be barabyibushye.
– Icyuzuzo
Icyuzuzo ni ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo rijyana n’inshinga rikayisobanura
cyangwa rikayuzuza.
Ingero
Kabayiza arubaka inzu. Urukwavu rurya kimari.
Wa mugabo arahinga cyane. Uyu mwana yiga mu gitondo.
Kagabo avuga buhoro cyane. Bagenda amaterekamfizi.
Uze kunsanga haruguru. Umwana yabaye mu nzu biratinda.Nagiyeyo kenshi. Ibyo bintu twabyumvise rimwe.
Imyitozo
Saba abanyeshuri gukora imyitozo uri mu bitabo byabo buri wese ku giti ke .Yobora abanyeshuri bakore ikosora rusange ry’umwitozo.
a) Uyu mugabo mugufi afite imbaraga. b) Amatungo n’ibikoresho byahenze.
c) Karababonye.
2. Tanga urugero rw’interuro ikoreshejwemo:
a) Uruvange rw’isanisha. b) Isanisha nyazina.
c) Isanisha nyanyito.
3. Mu nteruro zikurikira erekana ruhamwa.
a) Imineke irya abana. b) Igikombe k’ibihugu kizakinirwa he?
4. Erekana ibyuzuzo mu nteruro zikurikira
a) Uyu mwana akunda imineke. b) Inkwavu zawe zirahenda cyane.
c) Twabasuye kenshi. d) Baririmbye indirimbo ndende.7.5.7 Isuzuma rusoza umutwe wa karindwi
isuzuma. Saba abanyeshuri kwitegura gukora isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereburi wese ku giti ke.
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Andika interuro imwe kuri buri jambo ushingiye ku nyito rifite mu
mwandiko
a) Kutagira urwara rwo kwishima
Uriya mu ryango ntugira n’urwara rwo kwishima kubera ubukene.
b) Umukungu
Iyo umuntu afite ibitekerezo byubaka aba umukungu.
c) Igishoro
Babonye igishoro batangira gucuruza.
d) Guca inshuro
Baca inshuro buri munsi kubera kutagira isambu.
2. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro zikurikira andi ari mu
mwandiko bisobanura kimwe:
a) Wa muhungu yakurikiranywe n’umuvumo wa se.
Wa muhungu yokamwe n’umuvumo wa se.
b) Mahoro yarakize none yubatse inzu ndende cyane nyinshi.
Mahoro yarakize none yubatse imiturirwa myinshi.
3. Simbuza amagambo ari mu nteruro zikurikira imbusane zazo.
a) Mariya asigaye ari we mukungu mu kagari kabo.
Mariya asigaye ari we mukene mu kagari kabo.
b) Abagore na bo biteje imbere.
Abagabo na bo biteje imbere.
II. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Sobanura uburyo kujya guca inshuro kwa Mahoro ari byo byaba
byaramuhesheje amahirwe. Kujya guca inshuro kwa Mahoro ni byo byaba
byamuhesheje amahirwe kuko ni ho yahuriye Kabonero maze amugira
inama yo gukora imbabura za canamake, aba ari ho bahera bihangira
umurimo basezerera guca inshuro batyo.
2. Ni iyihe mirimo abavugwa muri uyu mwandiko bihangiye? Abavugwa muri
uyu mwandiko bihangiye imirimo inyuranye: gukora imbabura no gukoraamasabune.
3. Ni irihe somo abatishoboye bakwigira kuri Mahoro na Kabonero?
Isomo abatishoboye bakwigira kuri Mahoro na Kabonero ni iryo kwihangira
imirimo bagakora cyane kugira ngo biteze imbere.
4. Sobanura uko umushinga wa Mahoro na Kabonero wabungabunze
ibidukikije?
Umushinga wa Mahoro na Kabonero wabungabunze ibidukikije kubera
ko imbabura bakoraga zakoreshaga amakara make bityo amashyamba
ntatemwe cyane.
5. Umutwe w’inkuri ni “Si karande”. Ese ni iki bavuga ko atari karande ukurikije
ibivugwa mu nkuru Icyo bavuga ko atari karande ni ubukene.
6. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
Ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko:
– Ubukene bwa Mahoro
– Kujya guca inshuro kwa Mahoro mu majyaruguru.
– Guhura na Kabonero kwa Mahoro mu majyaruguru.
– Gutangira umushinga wo gukora imbabura mu makoro kwa Mahoro na
Kabonero.
– Kwaguka ku mushinga wa Mahoro na Kabonero.
– Gutera imbere kwa Mahoro na Kabonero.
– Gushinga uruganda rukora amasabune k’umugore wa Mahoro n’umugore wa
Kabonero.
– Kuba ikitegererezo kwa Mahoro na Kabonero ku baturanyi babo.
7. Vuga ubundi buryo bwo kwihangira umurimo butavuzwe mu mwandiko.
Ubundi buryo bwo kwihangira umurimo butavuzwe mu mwandiko:
– Gukora ifumbire
– Kudoda inkweto
– Kubumba amatafari
– Kubaza ibikoresho binyuranye.
III. Ibibazo ku kibonezamvugo
1. Kora interuro zigaragaramo:
a) Isanisha nyantego
b) Isanisha nyanyito
c) Isanisha nyurabwenged) Isanisha nyazina
2. Garagaza imimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro zikurikira:
– Iyi nama yabereye Arusha.
– Ubwikorezi buzanira u Rwanda imisoro myinshi.