Topic outline
UNIT 1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ART THROUGH DIFFERENT ERAS
PART ONE
Key unit competence: To be able to describe the key points in the
evolution of Art through ages and carryout an appreciation of techniquesand works of renowned Artists in Africa and the world in general.
i) Modern Art
Modern Art means works produced during the approximate period 1870-
1970. Modern art is renowned for its avant-garde aesthetic and celebrated
for its forward-thinking artists. Developing over the course of roughly 100
years, it incorporates many major art movements and has inevitably seen a
diverse range of styles.
In order to trace modern art’s remarkable evolution, one must recognize
and understand the many genres that compose it. To do this, however, it is
helpful to come up with a modern art definition.
Works produced during this time showcase artists’ interest in re-imagining,
reinterpreting, and even rejecting traditional aesthetic values of precedingstyles.
Modern artists and their works
• Claude Monet is French painter who was a popular caricaturist. By the age
of 15, Monet had made something of a name for himself with his charcoalcaricatures.
• Paul Cézanne, in his paintings, often rejected realistic portrayals of space in
favor of more creative compositions. This is particularly evident in his still-life
depictions, which frequently feature fruit, bottles, and other everyday objectsbalanced on tilted, topsy-turvy tabletops
ii) Abstract Art
Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color and line to create
a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual
references in the world. Abstract art does not depict a person, place or thing
in the natural world.
The term ‘abstract art’ also called “non-objective art”, “non-figurative”,
“non-representational”, “geometric abstraction”, or “concrete art. The
Abstract Art movement is called Abstract Expressionism because, although
the art has no subject, it is still trying to convey some kind of emotion. The
Abstract Expressionism movement began in the 1940s in New York City
after World War II. However, the first real Abstract Art was painted earlier by
some Expressionists, especially Kandinsky in the early 1900s.
The main characteristic of abstract art is that it has no recognizable subject.
Some Abstract Artists had theories on the emotions that were caused bycertain colors and shapes.
Famous Abstract Artists
• Willem de Kooning was a Dutch artist who became a part of the New York
City Abstract Expressionist movement. His most famous painting is WomanIII which sold for over $137 million
• Joan Mitchell is an American who was born (February 12, 1925 and died
October 30, 1992) Mitchell is one of artists of “second generation” abstract
expressionist painters and printmakers. She was a member of the American
abstract expressionist movement, even though much of her career took place
in France. Her paintings and edition prints can be seen in major museums andcollections across the United States and Europe.
• Piet Mondrian is one of 20 century Dutch painters and was the one who
developed an Abstract painting style that involved straight lines and colored
rectangles. He called this type of painting “The Style”. Some of his artwork isComposition, 1916.
• Georgia O’Keeffe is American who was born November 15, 1887 and
died March 6, 1986. Georgia O’Keeffe is artist of Modernism which is artistic
and cultural movement which peaked between the two World Wars. It was
marked by a deliberate departure from tradition and use of innovative formsof expression. Her abstract Masterpiece: Forgotten sister (1926)
• Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957)
Romanian abstract sculptor, active in Paris. One of the great early exponents
of non-objective art. Pioneer of direct carving; emphasized ‘shape’
1.2. World-renowned Artists
Long time ego, artists have been innovating and improving their art day to day
and some of their works have influence in the history of art as new general try
to imitate techniques used these artists we include: Michelangelo, Leonardo Da
Vinci, Van Gogh, Rembrandt, Raphael, Picasso and O’Keeffe
i) Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, (6 March 1475 – 18
February 1564)
Known best as simply Michelangelo, he was an Italian sculptor, painter,
architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence,who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
He sculpted two of his best-known works, “the Pietà” and “David”, before
the age of thirty. Despite holding a low opinion of painting, he also created
two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes
from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and “The LastJudgment” on its altar wall
Michelangelo was the first Western artist whose biography was published
while he was alive.
ii) Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 1452 May 1519),
More commonly known as Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath of the
Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting,
sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature,
anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, paleontology, and cartography. He is
widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time; despite perhapsonly 15 of his paintings have survived.
He was a Dutch post-impressionist painter who is among the most famous
and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade
he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most
of which date from the last two years of his life. They include landscapes,
still lives, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterized by bold colors
and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the
foundations of modern art. He was not commercially successful, and his
suicide at 37 came after years of mental illness and poverty.
He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the public imagination as
the quintessential misunderstood genius, the artist “where discourses on
madness and creativity converge “Sunflowers, 1889” and “Wheatfieldwith crows, 1890” are some of his artworks
Known for his self-portraits and biblical scenes, Dutch artist Rembrandt is
considered to be one of the greatest painters in European history.
v) Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso was born in Spain in 1881, and was raised there before
going on to spend most of his adult life working as an artist in France.
Throughout the long course of his career, he created more than 20,000paintings, drawings, sculptures, ceramics and other items such as costumes
and theater sets. He is universally renowned as one of the most influential
and celebrated artists of the twentieth century.
Guernica is a large 1937 oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo
Picasso. One of Picasso’s best known works, Guernica is regarded by many
art critics as one of the most moving and powerful anti-war paintings inhistory. It is exhibited in the Museo Reina Sofia in Madrid.
1.3. Great artworks in the world
The frescoes on the side walls of the chapel were painted from 1481 to 1483.
On the north wall are six frescoes depicting events from the life of Christ as
painted by Perugino, Pinturicchio, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio,and Cosimo Rosselli.
The most important artworks in the chapel are the frescoes by Michelangeloon
the ceiling and on the west wall behind the altar. The frescoes on the ceiling,
collectively known as the Sistine Ceiling, were commissioned by Pope Julius
II in 1508 and were painted by Michelangelo in the years from 1508 to
1512. They depict incidents and personages from the Old Testament. The
Last Judgment fresco on the west wall was painted by Michelangelo forPope Paul III in the period from 1534 to 1541.
• The Rape of Proserpina (Italian: Ratto di Proserpina) is a large Baroque
marble sculptural group by Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini, executed
between 1621 and 1622. Bernini was only 23 years old at its completion. It
depicts theAbduction of Proserpina, who is seized and taken to the underworldby the god Pluto.
Figure 1.3.4: The rape of Proserpina (1621-1622) by Gian Lorenzo Berinini
• FERTILITY GODDESS
This is representation of a fertility Goddes. It is inspired by the idealization
of female fertility, drawn from the Venus of Wilendorf, believed to have beencarved 24,000-22,000B.C. today is in Vienna, Austria
AFRICAN ART
• Ancient Egyptian art refers to paintings, sculptures, architecture, and
other arts produced in ancient Egypt between the 31st century BC and the
4th century AD. It is very conservative; Egyptian styles changed remarkably
little over time. Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments,
which have given more insight on the Egyptians’ belief of the afterlife. This
has caused a greater focus on preserving the knowledge of the past. Wall art
was not produced for people to look at but it had a purpose in the afterlife andin rituals. Egyptian art considered as a mother of art in whole world civilization
Nok art is art made by people from Nok empire in our days this region is made
by West Africa countries. Art of this society referred to making the sculpture
of huge human, animal and other figures made out of terracotta pottery, made
by the Nok culture and found throughout Nigeria. The terracotta’s representthe earliest sculptural art in West Africa and were made between 900 BCE
and 0 CE, co-occurring with the earliest evidence of iron smelting in Africa
south of the Sahara desert.
• Nok Terracottas
The famous terracotta figurines are made of local clays with coarse tempers.
Although very few of the sculptures have been found intact, it is clear that they
were nearly life-sized. Most are known from broken fragments, representing
human heads and other body parts wearing a profusion of beads, anklets,
and bracelets. Artistic conventions recognized as Nok art by scholars include
geometric indications of eyes and eyebrows with perforations for pupils, anddetailed treatment of heads, noses, nostrils, and mouths.
A possible precursor to the art are figurines depicting cattle found throughout
the Sahara-Sahel region of North Africa beginning in the 2nd millenniumBCE; later connections include the Benin brasses and other Yoruba art.
It is renowned for prehistoric parietal cave art featuring charcoal drawings
and polychrome paintings of contemporary local fauna and human hands. The
earliest paintings were applied during the Upper Paleolithic, around 36,000
years ago. The site was only discovered in 1868 by Modesto Cubillas.
Altamira is located in the Franco-Cantabrian region and declared a World
Heritage Site by UNESCO as a key location of the Cave of Altamira andPaleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain.
• Lascaux Cave is a Paleolithic cave situated in southwestern France, near
the village of Montana in the Dordogne region, which houses some of the
most famous examples of prehistoric cave paintings.
Close to 600 paintings mostly of animals - dot the interior walls of the
cave in impressive compositions. Horses are the most numerous, but deer,
aurochs, ibex, bison, and even some felines can also be found. Besides these
paintings, which represent most of the major images, there are also around
1400 engravings of a similar order
The museum was founded by Mary Leakey and is now under the jurisdiction
of the Tanzanian Government’s Department of Cultural Antiquities. It is a
museum dedicated to the appreciation and understanding of the OlduvaiGorge and Laetoli fossil sites
UNIT 2 DIGITAL DRAWING AND PAINTING STILL LIFE AND NATURE
Key unit competence: To be able to make digital painting of still life and
nature studies by applying different techniques, media and tools.
Drawing tools refer to applications with built-in tools that allow users to create
artwork from scratch. With the help simple tools such as a mouse and key board,
users can draw virtually anything depending on the available features. Users can
create, edit, and delete their drawings. They can also save their work and load
existing projects in different formats such as JPEG, GIF and PDF among others.
A variety of digital devices like computers, laptops, tablet, and Smart phones
...can be used for Drawing and painting with window program or downloadable
software programs or online drawing tools. The best drawing tools on the market
today can run on various platforms including windows Mac Os, Linux and Android.
Your choice will depend on the device you are using the features you are looking
for, and what you want to achieve.
Software like paint, Microsoft office publisher, adobe Photoshop, and adobe
illustrator and in design is most popular to be used for drawing and painting
Basic and Advanced Toolsets:
All drawing tools have a basic toolset with the necessary drawing tools such as a
drawing area , pencil ,markers ,paintbrushes, text tools, ink tools, rubbers etc Most
drawing tools also come with a color palette that is easy to customize depending
on the user’s needs. The most advanced features found on some modern drawing
tools includes 3D effects, 3D brushes ,animation and clone tools.
Built-in Effects:
Usually, drawing tools come with all kinds of effects to enhance your drawing
with a single click.
For example, you can choose the appropriate texture/gradient, blur your drawing,
use filters, and add shadows to your drawing. You can also change parameters
such as brightness and contrast levels.
Integration tools
Drawing tools my integrate with the tools you use every day such as design tools,
Photo editing application, MS word, and M S Power PowerPoint. Some application
allow users to integrate external devices such as electronic sketchpads thattranslate images onto the screen to make their work
DRAWING AND PAINTING SOFTWARE
i) Adobe Photoshop
When it comes to creative software, Adobe has dominated the scene for
decades, and Photoshop CC (CC stands for Creative Cloud) is loved by
artists and designers across the world. It provides creative types with a
plethora of cloud-based tools to create and enhance photos, illustrations
and 3D visuals.
This software isn’t just about editing photos. If you’re a professional designer,
you can use it to create packaging, banners, websites, logos and icons. Not
only can you come up with your own creations, but you’re also able to make
use of intuitive templates if you’re more of a beginner, or you’re working to
a tight deadline.
You can design your own illustrations and turn images into paintings as well,
with the option of switching between animate and print-style options. When
you’ve created a piece, you can enhance it with a range of built-in effects
ii) Adobe Illustrator
It can sometimes be thought of as being the little brother to the more
powerful Photoshop, but don’t overlook its possibilities. While Photoshop
was originally built for photo editing, Adobe Illustrator has always been
designed around illustration and drawing. You don’t need to choose between
one or the other, however, as if you subscribe to even the basic level Adobe
creative apps plan, you can have both Photoshop and Illustrator together.
iii) Microsoft Paint
This is a basic art package that comes with every Windows install, and has
done so since at least Windows 3.x. The release of Windows 10 has seen
3D editing tools added to it, but let’s be fair-it’s still a simple program that
isn’t going to rival anything else on this list. However, because of the easy
availability of MS Paint it’s worth mentioning - if nothing else because it
does have a basic toolkit that is expanded on by other software.
AS an artist, designer or illustrator, it is important to use drawing tools with
features that will help you achieve the desired results. whether you want
to draw sketches, illustrations, flowcharts, Network diagram, or shapes, the
ability to achieve good results will not only depend on your artistic skills, butalso the kind of drawing tool you choose
b) Adobe illustrator or photoshop
Welcome to the Get Started with Illustrator series of tutorials that teaches you
the basic tools and techniques of Adobe Illustrator. This first tutorial introduces
you to the Illustrator workspace and shows you how to open and save your
images.
Illustrator workspace
Menu bar (at the very top) shows the File, Edit, and other menus that give you
access to a variety of commands, adjustments, settings, and panels.
Tools panel (on the left) contains tools for creating and editing artwork. Similar
tools are grouped together. You can access them by clicking and holding a tool
in the Tools panel.
Panels (on the right) include Properties, Layers, and other panels that contain
a variety of controls for working with artwork. You can find a full list of panels
under the Window menu.
Document window (in the middle) displays the file you’re currently working on.
Multiple open documents appear as tabs in the Document window.
Zoom and Pan
The Zoom tool, located in the Tools panel, can be used to show you more detail
of a document. To change from Zoom In to Zoom Out, press Alt (Windows) or
Option (macOS).
The Hand tool, found by clicking and holding the Zoom tool in the Tools panel,
allows you to pan across a document.
Create a new document
The Start screen appears when there are no documents currently open in
Illustrator. It lists your recent files, Learn content, and presets. You can also
access various resources and search Adobe Stock from here.
Choose File > New. In the New Document dialog box, start by choosing a
preset. For example, the Print preset shows various sizes and document options
you can set for a new document. The New Document dialog box is where you
can access free and paid Adobe Stock templates, which are a great starting
point for your designs.
The basics of creating new artwork with the Pen tool
The Pen tool, found in the Toolbar, is one of the most powerful drawing tools inIllustrator. With it, you can create and edit anchor points and paths
Set stroke and fill before drawing
To start with the Pen tool, select the Pen tool in the Toolbar and, in the Properties
panel, set the stroke weight to 1 pt, the color to black, and the fill to none.
Create straight lines
To create straight lines with the Pen tool, click and release to create an anchor
point. Move the pointer, and you’ll see a preview of the path you are creating.
Click and release to create another anchor point. You can continue clicking
and releasing in different areas to create more anchor points for the path.
To close a path, move the pointer over the original anchor point and, when a
circle shows next to the pointer, press the Shift key and click the end point. To
stop drawing a path without closing it, press the Escape key.
Create curves
To draw a curve when creating an anchor point, drag to create direction
handles, and then release. The more you drag when creating or editing anchor
point handles, the more curve the path has.
Create corner points (change path direction)
To change the direction of a path while drawing, drag to create a smooth
point (a curve). Release the mouse button. Move the pointer over the end of a
direction handle, press the Option key (macOS) or Alt key (Windows), and drag
the end of the handle to split them.
Remove direction handles
To remove a direction handle as you draw with the Pen tool, so that you can
go from a curve to a straight line, click back on the last anchor point created toremove the handle. Then continue drawing
Process of drawing using adobe illustrator
Nature drawing done with illustrator software
Quiz: 1Files: 2UNIT 4 GRAPHIC DESIGN
Key Unit competence: To be able to create various designs withillustrations and different letters styles using digital devices
i) Lines
Lines are used as roadmaps to direct the viewer’s eye movements. They
can exist on their own or be employed to create texture and movement to
connect information, to demarcate space or even to create a desired mood.
Lines can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, circular, patterned, free form or
solid/bold
iii)Texture
Texture is a powerful graphic design tool used to enhance design with details
necessary for creating visual impact. It delivers a sense of feel, especially
with two-dimensional images. In graphic design, texture can take the form
of layers or gradation of text, lines or shapes.
iv)Space
In design expression; white space is called negative space. It can be used
to connect, separate or maximize the relationship between the elements
making up the design. Negative space creates groupings, enhances
expressions and emphasizes hierarchies. Space can also be used to givethe illusion of depth or multi-dimension
vi)Value
This refers to how dark or light (in terms of color) something is. In a
monochromatic image, value is used to define the shape and texture of a
design element. Value comes in handy when you want to convey the illusion
of movement or bring one element into sharp focus while another recedesinto the background.
vii) Color
People process color subconsciously. To establish mood, create appeal,
generate interest and get a message across, color is the most potent tool inyour graphic design arsenal
Aspects/qualities of design
Layout in graphic design deals with the arrangement of visual elements so as to
achieve specific communication objectives.
When designing, the graphic designers should rely on the required information
to present the layout properly, such as rotating and resizing the images, which
requires time and efforts. In order to be able to design quickly, it is necessary
to plan the layout in advance to save time and create a consistent look for your
design.
Legibility: the artist should choose the kind of lettering that will be easy to read
at a glance. It should not be too congested or condensed. The words should have
proper spacing, a good background color and illustrations should be seen clearly.
Placement: don’t overlap your images over your font, but make sure they are
next to any wording that helps explain them. You shouldn’t be using these just to
fill a giant empty space. All of your images should have purpose.
Illustration: are those images or pictures that accompany the text to explain
it, illustrations help the viewer to understand well and quickly the message. On a
poster it is better when the illustration takes a big place at least 60% of the wholeplace.
• Serifs
The serifs – small decorative strokes added at the end of the letterforms
The different thickness in the strokes – not every stroke has the samethickness.
Poster making using digital tools
A poster is a large notice or picture that you stick on a wall or board, often in order
to advertise something. Synonyms: notice, bill, announcement and advertisement
Steps for designing a professional poster
• Determine you poster format
• Brainstorm the content
• Pick a suitable template
• Use colours to grab attention
• Choose graphics and typography
• Clean up any clutter
Example of a poster with machine software design
Figure 4.18: Applying colours in font style
UNIT 5 MOSAIC WORK
Key Unit competence: To be able to make mosaic piece of works by
using colouring small pieces of different mediums.
Mosaic is an artwork piece made by using only one medium. Piece of one type of
material are cut into small pieces and closely stuck together to produce a pattern
or design. It differs from collage in that while mosaic uses one type of medium, a
collage uses different kinds of media on the same picture.
Color and Shape are very important elements in mosaic.
The cut out pieces that are used to make the decorative designs in mosaic are
referred to as tesserae. The original tesserae used were of glass, and stone
embedded into motor. Other materials that can be cut into tesserae include dry
banana fibers, egg shells, colored paper, beads and seeds.
Mosaic works can be used to decorate wall, pavements, floors and also kitchens
and bathrooms in modern building technology. Household items can be decorated
using this style of art. Wall hangings and pictures are also made.
5.1.1. Materials, Tools and Equipment used in making mosaic.
The materials used in making mosaic depend on the theme of the artwork. The
one thing to remember here is that only one type of material is needed to create
a mosaic work of art. Creative exploration of different materials could produce
interesting surprises in mosaic. Experimentations on types of papers, seeds,
pebbles, plastic pieces, egg shells, broken glass, tile and ceramic pieces can
produce interesting designs. An artist should be as free as possible in exploring
materials in the environment. When mosaic is done using stone or glass as
strong cardboard, wood, or plywood base should be used. Cement or plaster is
to be applied and then tesserae embedded onto it. For paper mosaic, one needs
firm paper or cardboard to withstand the wetness of the adhesive. This is to say
that, the base of any mosaic work depend is dependent on the type one type of
materials being used.
In order to produce different color effects, paint could be used.
Mosaic art requires few tools. They include, hammer, saw, for the wooden frame.
Glass cutters for the glass tesserae, knives and blades, scissors for the paper,
glues, cement and other soft materials.
Containers and brushes are used for painting and vanishing.
5.1.2. Process of making mosaic work
1. Collect as many different kinds of materials as possible.
2. Make sketch of the desired design and color scheme.
3. Sort out the materials and put each type in a different container.
4. Colour them if desired or sort them according to the color.
5. Apply the available adhesive onto the surface.
6. Stick the materials taking great care of the interstices.
7. Vanish the mosaic work to finish it.
8. Mount and display the work
5.1.3. Process of making Stone and Glass mosaic.
1. Make sketch of design to be produced showing the respective colors
(color scheme)
2. Break the stones or glass using wood or plywood.
3. Paint the tesserae if required.
4. Make wood frame and fix the base using wood or plywood.
5. Make the sand and cement mixture and pour it onto the base.
6. Embed the teseserea onto the cement mixture and create the desired
design according to the sketch.
7. Leave to dry and cure before moving the work to its display position.
5.1.4. Decoration forms using mosaic art.
Mosaic art can be used to make domestic forms beautiful. Artists use seeds to
beautify picture frames and wall hangings. Flower vases, handles and frames and
door frames are also made to look beautiful using mosaic art. Clay pots can be
covered with thin clay or cement, and then glass tesserae or beads embedded
into them. Traditional gourds and materials culture are covered with adhesive andthen different seeds and other materials stuck on them
Remember that mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assembling
of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It is often used in
decorative art or as interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat,
roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of especially floor mosaics, are made ofsmall rounded pieces of stone and called pebble mosaic
UNIT 6 MODELLING SIMPLE CLAY FORMS AND FIGURES
Key Unit competence: To be able to make clay object by using different
techniques of modeling.
Decorating clay figures is one of the most rewarding aspects of working in clay. It
is the time when you can add color and life to a bare clay surface that can show
your creative talents. Decorations can be made before or after firing the clay
figure. Firing can be done by putting the clay object in a kiln and fired so as to
harden it.
There are different techniques you can use to decorate clay object like; incision,impression, marking, grazing and varnishing, painting…
• Painting
Painting of surface is done using water color paints. Oil paint may be used on
object made in clay.
Let the pot dry completely. Painting the pot while it is still wet will cause the
paint not to stick, so set it out to dry. If it’s a sunny day, put it outside to dry the pot
faster. The time it takes to dry may depend on the size of the pot.
Use foam brushes to paint the pot. Bristled brushes tend to leave streaks,
so using a foam brush will give you a more even coat. You may want a couple
brushes of different sizes, especially if you want to paint any kind of patterns on
the pot.
Tape off stripes or sections You can paint the pot one solid color, but for more
variety or for fun designs, painters tape is a great option. With this variation, you’ll
tape and paint over the tape for the first coat. Once the paint dries, you’ll take the
tape off and paint the areas that were under the tape before.
Paint the outside and 1-2 inches down the inside. You can use any paint
you want for the main coats. It’s cheapest to use leftover paint you already have
around. Exterior or interior paints are both fine, as well as acrylic craft paint. Spray
paint works well, too.
a) Vanishing Process
Varnish can provide a beautiful finish to clay projects and paintings. Before
applying varnish to clay, sand your piece and clean your workspace. Apply the
varnish in several thin layers, letting each one dry thoroughly before proceeding
to the next.
b) Incising process
1. Make an object using clay.
2. Before drying object, make design you need on it.
3. Incise the design into the object.4. Let the object dry
c) Impression Process
There are times you can transfer a pattern from one source to another by
impression. Patterns from hard surface as biscuits, rocks, stones, tree bark,
coin, shoe sole, prepared clay with different patterns etch are needed to use
this method.
1. Make an object using clay
2. Choice any source that you will use for impression
3. Impress source on wet object before drying4. Let object dry
UNIT 7 WEAVING USING BASIC LOCAL MATERIALS
Key Unit competence: To be able to decorate weaved items.
Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns
or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods
are knitting, crocheting, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads
are called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft or filling. (Weft is an old
English word meaning “that which is woven”; compare leave and left. The method
in which these threads are inter-woven affects the characteristics of the cloth.
Cloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place
while filling threads are woven through them. A fabric band which meets this
definition of cloth (warp threads with a weft thread winding between) can also be
made using other methods, including tablet weaving, back strap loom, or other
techniques without looms.
The way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave.
The majority of woven products are created with one of three basic weaves: plain
weave, satin weave, or twill. Woven cloth can be plain (in one colour or a simplepattern), or can be woven in decorative or artistic design.
Process and terminology
In general, weaving involves using a loom to interlace two sets of threads at right
angles to each other: the warp which runs longitudinally and the weft (older woof)
that crosses it. One warp thread is called an end and one weft thread is called
a pick. The warp threads are held taut and in parallel to each other, typically in a
loom. There are many types of looms.
Weaving can be summarized as a repetition of these three actions, also called the
primary motions of the loom.
Shedding: where the warp threads ends are separated by raising or lowering
healed frames (heddles) to form a clear space where the pick can pass.
Picking: where the weft or pick is propelled across the loom by hand, an air-jet,
a rapier or a shuttle.
Beating-up or battening: where the weft is pushed up against the fell of thecloth by the reed.
7.2. Various design patterns in decorating different weaved
items
UNIT 8 MOTIFS AND PATTERNS IN EMBROIDERY, BATIK AND TIE-DYE
Key Unit competence: To be able to create different patterns on textiles
by using and manipulating various techniques, materials and tools.
By using a variety of tying methods, you can create interesting patterns with your
tie dye.
The steps involved in mixing dyes for tie and dye are:
• Boiling water
• Dissolving the dye powder with a small amount of hot water
• Add the mixture that you have got to a larger amount of hot water
• Add salt in the mixture to make colours more permanent on the fabric.
The following images are the design and the finishing of tie dye technique made
of folding technique.
Figure 8.2.2: Apply the dye with your bottles.
Let it dry: place project in a plastic bag and leave overnight (24hours).
Wash and dry the fabric.
Batik is a method of producing designs on fabric by using a wax resist. Once the
fabric is painted with wax designs, it is placed in a dye bath where only the areas
with no wax are dyed.
Back Stitch
Back stitch is similar to running stitch except it creates a solid line. Depending
on what kind of thread you use, it can make delicate or heavy lines. Back stitch is
commonly used for outlines and borders but it’s also great for embroidering textor filling in small spaces.
Split Stitch
Split stitch also creates a solid line, but with a bit of added texture. I use split stitch
when I want a to add something extra to my outlines. Trees, leaves, flower petals,
and anything else that could benefit from extra texture look great with split stitch.
Varying the stitch length will result in different looks. Small stitches give a nubbytexture while long stitches look more like a braid.
Stem Stitch
Stem stitch is similar to split stitch except instead of coming up in the middle of
the stitch, you come up next to it. The result is a twisted stitch that turns corners
beautifully and makes excellent lettering. Stem stitch can also be worked in rows
or a continuous circular shape to create a really interesting filler.
REFERENCES
1. Kenya Literature Bureau (2007). Distinction Creative Arts, For Primary
Teacher Education.
2. Kenya Literature Bureau (2010). Distinction Creative Arts, For Primary
Teacher Education.
3. Studio technology revision question and answers 2016.
4. Arts, crafts &design a piratical guide for teachers’ key strategies 1&2 1997.
5. Graphic art Baker Apollo 2010.
Online references:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira
2. https://www.instructables.com/id/Digital-Painting-Lesson-1-The-basicsof-using-a-gr/https://www.designhill.com/design-blog/top-9-tips-forcreating-surface-pattern-designs-on-your-own/https://sewguide.com/
fabric-stamping-techniques
3. https://www.techradar.com/news/best-drawing-and-painting-software
4. http://www.prochemical.com/directions/Folding.htm
5. https://www.ritstudio.com/techniques/creative-techniques/how-to-tiedye-using-the-bucket-method/
6. http://www.dharmatrading.com/gifts/the-spiral-tie-dye-basics.html
7. http://www.prochemical.com/directions/Folding.htm
8. http://www.skiptomylou.org/how-to-spiral-tie-dye/
9. http://www.dharmatrading.com/gifts/the-spiral-tie-dye-basics.html
10.http://www.prochemical.com/directions/Folding.htm
11.http://www.prochemical.com/directions/Folding.htmUNIT 1 COMPLEX TIME SIGNATURE
PART TWO: MUSIC
Key unit competence: Be able to sol-fa respecting complex time
signatures
The time signatures that do not fit the usual duple, triple or quadruple categories
are called complex, asymmetric, irregular, unusual, or odd. They are subdivided
into beat patterns that make them easier to count and they contain both simpleand compound beats. Hence, they are called “complex time signatures.”
Since a quavers is equal to one beat, the semiquavers is equal to half a beat, and
the beat will be subdivided accordingly.Practice five eight time
1.3. Seven-eight time signature
1.4. Eight-eight time signature
2) How does 4/4 differ from 8/8
3) Draw the conducting pattern of the following time signatures
a) Eight-eight meter
b) Five-eight time
c) Ten-eight meter
d) Seven-eight-time signature
4) Sing the following melodies respecting the time signature
UNIT 2 CHORDS
A chord, in music, is any harmonic set of superposed notes sounding simultaneously.
The most frequently encountered chords are triads, so called because they consist
of three distinct notes: the root note, and intervals of a third and a fifth above the
root note. There are also the seventh chords that are rarely found in music, those
are made by adding another third above the fifth of the triad
The triads built on the tonic, subdominant, and dominant are often referred to as
the primary triads because of their strong relationship to each other. The tonic
stands in the center of the tonal system, with the dominant a perfect fifth above
and the subdominant a perfect fifth below.
The roots of these triads begin on the first, fourth, and fifth degrees (respectively)
of the diatonic scale, otherwise symbolized: I, IV, and V (again, respectively).
Primary triads, “express function clearly and unambiguously. The other triads of
the diatonic key include the supertonic, mediant, sub-mediant, and leading-tone,
whose roots begin on the second, third, sixth, and seventh degrees (respectively)
of the diatonic scale, otherwise symbolized: ii, iii, vi, and viio (again, respectively).
They function as auxiliary or supportive triads to the primary triads
Apart from the primary triads, name the secondary triads
2.1.1. Types of triads
There are four types of triads in common use. They are identified by their quality
names: major, minor, diminished and augmented. They are named so basing on
the qualities of intervals that are between the three notes that make a triad. So, it
is based on the number of semi tones where a major third has four semi tones, a
minor has 3 semi tones, a perfect 5th has 7 semi tones and when a semi tone is
increased on them, it becomes augmented and when reduced by a semi tone it
becomes diminished.
a) Major triad
A major triad consists of a major third and a perfect fifth. M3 + P5 = Major
Triad M3
d) Augmented triad
An augmented triad consists of a major third and an augmented fifth. M3 + A5
= Augmented Triad.
2.1.2. Triad name
You can construct a triad on any of the scale degrees. The triad has the same
function name as the individual pitch. Both the pitch C and the C major triad are
the Tonic, Supertonic, Mediant, Subdominant, Dominant Submediant, LeadingTone and Tonic.
UNIT 3 MUSICAL PERFORMANCE TECHNIQUES
Key unit competence: Be able to sing respecting the performance
techniques
Tempo refers to the speed at which a piece of music is to be played. Tempo is
measured in beats per minute or BPM. So if we talk about a piece of music being
“at 120 BPM,” we mean that there are 120 beats (pulses) every minute. Some
types of musical patterns have a very clear underlying beat, while others have amore subtle or implied one. To hear a steady beat, add notes on the Kick line at
Tempo can also be indicated by using the Italian words to approximate the speed.
Some of them are shown in the following table:
3.4.2. Alternate Endings (1st and 2nd ending)
A bracket and number are used to show the performer that there are multiple
endings for a piece of music. You should play/sing though the first ending, and
then return to the beginning. Then play/sing through the piece again skipping the
first ending; play/sing the second ending until the end. Third and higher ending
are also possible.
UNIT4 PIANO PRACTICE
Key unit competence: Be able to play triad chords on the piano
4.2.2. Playing the chord of D minor
This triad is played by pressing the supertonic, the sub-dominant and the sub
mediant simultaneously. It is a minor triad because the interval between the tonic
and the mediant form a minor interval (minor third).On a staff, we get:
4.2.4. Playing the chord of F major
This triad is played by pressing the sub-dominant, the sub-mediant and the tonic
simultaneously. It is a major triad because the interval between the sub-dominant
and the sub-mediant form a major interval (major third).
4.2.6. Playing the chord of A minor
This triad is played by pressing the sub-mediant, the tonic and the mediant
simultaneously. It is a minor triad because the interval between the sub-mediant
and the tonic form a minor interval (minor third)
4.3.1. The scale of F major
As it was done in C scale, the scale of F major is made of different chords. So it is
just to play them on the piano keyboard following their accompaniment as shownin the following staff:
4.3.2. The scale of G major
The scale of G major is made of different chords and they are shown on thefollowing staff with their accompaniment
4.3.3. The scale of D major
D major scale is played respecting different chords that are accompanied as
shown in the following staff
4.3.4. The scale of A major
The scale of A major is obtained by playing the following chords:
Additional songs with complex time signatures
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Burton, Anthony (2002). A Performer’s Guide to the Music of the Classical
Period. London: Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. p. 3.
ISBN 978-1-86096-1939.
2. Downs, Philip G. (1992). Classical Music: The Era of Haydn, Mozart, and
Beethoven, 4th vol of Norton Introduction to Music History. W.W. Norton &
Company. ISBN 0-393-95191-X (hardcover)
3. Tim Emmons, Odd Meter Bass: Playing Odd Time Signatures Made
Easy(Van Nuys: Alfred Publishing, 2008): 4. ISBN 978-0-7390-4081-2.
4. Stephen E. Hefling. “Dotted rhythms”. In Deane L. Root (ed.). Grove Music
Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press
5. Taylor, Eric (2011). The AB Guide to Music Theory Part I. ABRSM. p. 18.ISBN 978-1-85472-446-5