Topic outline
UMUTWE 1:KUBAKA UMUCO W’AMAHORO
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko ku kurwanya ihohotera no kugaragaza ingingo
z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- Gusesengura amagambo aturuka ku ikomora hagaragazwa uturemajambo
twayo.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Ushingiye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite, sobanura ihohoterwa, uko rivuka,
ibiritera, ingaruka zaryo n’ingamba zo kurikumira hubakwa umuco w’amahoro.
“Uriya mugore se ko mbona ari kwivugisha amagambo menshi yiyesura,
byamugendekeye bite? Cyo re! Dore aricara agahita ahaguruka akajya kurunguruka
mu idirishya akongera akicara. Uriya ni umurwayi pe! Noneho ndabona atangiye
kwishima mu mutwe, ubanza uyu munsi yacanganyikiwe! Cyangwa uburwayi bwo
mu mutwe abumaranye iminsi! Yewe, ubanza yataye umutwe, reka mwegere
nankundira tukaganira ndareba icyo namufasha.” Nkimara kugisha umutima inama,
nibaza uko ngiye kumwegera ngo muganirize. Mu gihe ntarahaguruka, atangira
kuvugira hejuru mu ijwi riranguruye asakuza cyane agira ati: “Ubu koko turerere
he? Mu ngo tubasigira abakozi bakabahohotera! Mu baturanyi na ho harimo
inyangabirama zibahohotera! Ku mashuri na ho hari abarezi bamwe na bamwe
babahohotera. Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye Leta igomba gukumira amazi atararenga
inkombe”!
Ibyo yabivugaga ubona ababaye ariko kubera ko nta muntu yavugishaga, abari aho
dukomeza kumuhanga amaso gusa dukeka ko yaba afite ikibazo cyo mu mutwe.
Yari yambaye ingutiya ndende n’agapira gusa. Nta nkweto yari yambaye ariko
bigaragara ko yari umuntu usanzwe ari umusirimu. Ibirenge bye byari byuzuyeho
uburimiro ndetse n’intoki zuzuye ibitaka boshye umuntu wahoze ahinga. Hashize
akanya gato arongera atangira gusakuza. Ati: “Abana bacu tubahungishirize he? Mu
ngo barahohoterwa, mu baturanyi ni uko, none n’abakabarinze barabahohotera! Ni
ishyano! Ni ishyano nta we naribwira weee! Sinamutanga weee! Oya!”
Uko yakomezaga gusakuza ni na ko yajyaga ahaguruka akongera agakubita ijisho
mu idirishya ryari hejuru y’aho yari yicaye. Hashize akanya hasohoka umuganga
wari wambaye itaburiya y’umweru tubona amuhereje imyenda yari asohokanye
asa n’umwihanganisha, arongera arinjira naho wa mugore akomeza kwicara
aho. Ngeze aho ndamwegera. Ku bibero bye yari ahafite imyenda muganga yari
amaze kumuhereza, nitegereje mbona ni agakariso kabaye ubushwangi n’akajipo
kakwira umwana w’imyaka itanu kacikaguritse kandi kahindutse amaraso. Mugeze
iruhande, ndamusuhuza anyikirizanya ishavu n’agahinda. Yari yataye umutwe ku
buryo ibyo namubazaga byose yansubizaga igisubizo kimwe gusa kidafitanye isano
n’icyo mubaza: “Ni se”. Nti: “Byagenze bite”? Ati: “Se”. Nyuma yo kumara umwanya
muvugisha akansubiza ibiterekeranye, mpitamo kumuhagurutsa aho yari yicaye
ndamusindagiza mugeza aho batangira ubufasha ku bahungabanye. Mwinjiza mu
nzu, tuhasanga umukobwa ubishinzwe amwereka aho yicara.
Mu gihe atangiye kumuganiza nge ndasohoka. Nkigera hanze mpahurira n’abagore
babiri bari bavuye gukingiza barimo baganira. Sininjiye mu kiganiro cyabo ariko
nkomeza kugikurikira. Baganiraga bavuga umugabo wahohoteye umwana we
wiga mu mashuri y’inshuke amusanze mu rugo wenyine nyina yagiye mu murima.
Nkimara kubyumva nsanisha iyo nkuru n’uko wa mugore yansubizaga, nibuka ko
yasaga nk’uvuye mu murima nkeka ko umwana bavuga ari uwe. Nsubira mu nzu
aho nari namusize nsanga yacururutse aganira na wa mukobwa.
Mpageze ashaka guceceka ariko wa mukobwa aramubwira ati: “ Komeza nta kibazo
uyu ni we wakuzanye aha”. Arakomeza aramutekerereza. “Bahise bampamagara
ndi guhinga ngo Karake, umugabo wange, yaje avuye mu kabari yasinze kanyanga
amufata ku ngufu. Nahise mva mu murima aho nufiraga amasaka nsanga umwana
aravirirana ni ko kumuzana kwa muganga. Nongeye kugarura ubwenge nisanga aha
tuganirira”.
- None se Karake asanzwe anywa kanyanga?
- Yayinywaga ariko nta kindi gihe yigeze akora ishyano nk’iryo.
- Wa mukobwa asa n’uguye mu kantu, aceceka akanya gato maze bimwanga
mu nda akomeza kumuganiriza.
- Buriya rero sinaba ngushinyaguriye nkubwiye ko ishyano ryaguye iwanyu nawe warigizemo uruhare. Iyo ubonye uwo ari we wese akoresha ibiyobyabwenge ntabwo uba ukwiye kumuhishira. Kwinumira ni nko kureka igitambambuga iruhande rw’umunyotwe. Kiwugeraho kikawusandaguza boshye ivu. Nyamara iyo uba warabigejeje ku bayobozi bari ku mugorora bakamugira inama akareka kanyanga. Ndakubwiza ukuri nta mubyeyi muzima wakorera umwana we ibya mfura mbi nka biriya. Ni ikibazo k’ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge. Ikindi kandi ni ngombwa kujya tuganiriza abana bacu tubigisha gutahura abantu bafite ingeso mbi, bashobora kubahohotera. Ibyo byatuma bamenya kuvumbura ufite umugambi mubisha wo kubahohotera bakamuhungira kure. Wa mugore yari yagaruye akenge yumva ibyo umukobwa amubwira atuje. Hashize
akanya abaza wa mukobwa.
- None se ubwo Leta izamuhanisha iki? Si ukumufunga burundu ngahinduka
umupfakazi?
- Leta nta nyungu iba ifite mu gufunga abantu burundu, icyo iba igamije ni
ukugorora umuhemu uba wakoze icyaha. Iyo amaze kwigishwa imyitwarire
ye ikagaragaza ko ibyatumye akora icyo cyaha atabisubira, baramufungura
akagaruka gufatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu. Si byiza rero guhishira uwakoze
ishyano nk’iryo kuko uba umutesheje amahirwe yo kugororwa ngo ahinduke
muzima. Umuzima arafungurwa naho umutindi unangira ntagaragaze ko
yicuza ibyo yakoze ni we ufungwa burundu.
- Urakoze kubera ibisobanuro umpaye n’inama ungiriye, ndumva nacururutse
reka nge kureba uko umwana ameze ubu muganga yanshatse arambura.
Akimara kumushimira, turasohokana twerekeza aho bakirira abarwayi baje ari
indembe; hamwe nari namukuye yataye umutwe. Tuhageze umwe mu baganga bari
bahari amubwira ko ategereza gato, ko umwana arimo gukurikiranwa n’abaganga
kandi ko ibizamini byafashwe babijyanye muri raboratwari kureba niba nta bundi
burwayi yaba yatewe n’ihohoterwa yakorewe.
I.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Umwana wahohotewe” ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe, hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko
wifashishije inkoranyamagambo
Imyitozo
1. 1. Simbuza ijambo (amagambo) ryanditse ritsindagiye, irindi bivuga
kimwe riri mu mwandiko.
a) Guhohotera umuntu ukamugirira nabi biragayitse mu muco nyarwanda.
b) Si byiza kwicecekera igihe habaye ihohoterwa.
c) Abafite ikibazo k’ikangarana bitabwaho ku buryo bwihariye.
d) Umwana agira agahinda iyo abuze umwitaho.
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ngufi zigaragaza ko wumva icyo
asobanura kandi ukore usanisha.
a) Inyangabirama
b) Kugwa mu kantu
c) Gusindagiza umuntu
d) Igitambambuga
3. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo avuye mu mwandiko.
a) Twamagane………rikorerwa ikiremwa muntu.
b) Umuco nyarwanda wamaganira kure ikoreshwa ry’…. mu muryango.
c) Umugiraneza arangwa no….indembe akayigeza kwa muganga.
d) Muri ……hasuzumirwa ibimenyetso by’ukuri.
4. Andika imbusane z’amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko:
a) Guta
b) Guhohotera
c) Abayobozi
d) Umuhemu
I.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Umwana wahohotewe”, maze usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Umugore uvugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’umwandiko yari he? Kubera iki?
2. Ni ibiki bigaragaza ko umugore uvugwa mu mwandiko yasaga
nk’uwataye umutwe?
3. Ni irihe hohoterwa rivugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Ni nde wahohoteye
undi? Yabitewe n’iki?
4. Ni he havugwa mu mwandiko hashobora gukorerwa ihohoterwa?
5. Ese mbere yo kuganira n’uriya mukobwa, uwo mugore yari afite
umugambi wo gutanga umugabo we? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
6. Muri uyu mwandiko baratanga inama y’uko twarwanya ihohoterwa.
Izo nama ni izihe?
I.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Umwana wahohotewe” maze usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zivugwa mu mwandiko?
3. Garagaza ubundi bwoko bw’ihohoterwa ritavuzwe mu mwandiko.
4. Ni izihe ngaruka uwahohotewe ashobora guhura na zo?
I.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Igikorwa
Wifashishije umwandiko “Umwana wahohotewe” n’ubumenyi rusange,
ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:
“Ingamba zafatwa kugira ngo hakumirwe ihohoterwa.”
I. 2. Ikomora: Ikomoranshinga
I.2.1. Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga n’ikomoranshinga mvazina
Igikorwa
Itegereze amagambo atsindagiye ari muri izi interuro zikurikira, ugire icyo
uyavugaho uhereye ku miterere n’inkomoko yayo. Uhereye ku miterere
n’inkomoko yayo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ikomoranshinga,
ugaragaze uko inshinga zivuka ziturutse ku mazina n’uturemajambo twazo.
1. Uko uwo mugore yakomezaga gusakuza ni ko yahagurukaga akareba
mu idirishya ryari hejuru y’aho yari yicaye.
2. Abayobozi bakunda kujanisha kugira ngo bamenye umubare
w’abahohoterwa muri rusange.
3. Iyo bwije, kumurika mu nzu bigabanya ubwoba.
4. Umuntu muzima arangwa no gutagatifuza ibikorwa bye.
I.2.1.1. Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga
Ikomoranshinga ni ihimba ry’inshinga nshya uhereye ku bicumbi by’andi magambo
asanzwe mu rurimi cyangwa imizi y’inshinga. Hari amatsinda abiri y’ikomoranshinga:
ikomoranshinga mvazina n’ikomoranshinga mvanshinga.
I.2.1.2. Inshoza y’ikomonshinga mvazina
Ikomoranshinga mvazina ni ihimba ry’inshinga uhereye ku bicumbi by’amazina
asanzwe ari mu rurimi.
a) Gukomora inshinga ku izina
Imyitozo
1. Komora inshinga ku magambo akurikira:
a) Ifoto b) Pyo c) Dumburi d)Re e)Ibiryo
2. Soma igika gikurikira maze ugaragaze aho inshinga ziri mu ibara
ry’umukara tsiri zakomotse:
Kanyana ni umwana urangwa n’imico myiza, agakundwa na buri wese
kubera ubupfura bumuranga. Umunsi umwe yagiye gusura nyirasenge wari
uzi kunezeza abamugana bose kuko yari yarakungahaye bitagira urugero,
maze bicara mu busitani butoshye baraganira bishyira kera. Bigeze mu
kabwibwi, amatara arabamurikira binikiza ikiganiro cyari cyuje impanuro.
Bidatinze, bumvise amakuru y’inshamugongo ko musaza wa Kanyana yari
agiye guhohotera umwana w’umukobwa ariko ngo babanje kugigira. Mu gihe
ataragera ku mugambi we yumvise abahuruye baje gutabara maze akizwa
n’amaguru arapyirika arenga atyo. Bakibaza ku bibaye bumva ijwi rihamagara
Kanyana, ariko we akomeza kwipfayonza nk’aho nta cyo bimubwiye.
3. Garagaza intego y’izo nshinga n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe
Bagenahirwe munyumve
Bagenategeko mumvune
Munyumvire iyi mvamutima
Navogerewe imvugiro
Muramvane mu makuba.
Navangiwe mu mvugo
N’abakagombye kunyumva
Bakamvana mu mahoro
Bakanjyana mu makuba
Kandi rwose ari bakuru.
Ngenda mpura n’amahano
Ngahohoterwa bahari
Ubwo ndatinya ngaceceka
Ngahora mpangayitse
Ngira ngo mwese muri bamwe!
Nahuye na muranduranzuzi
Aranzuyaza ngo aranduzi
Aranzenguruka ndazimira
Cyaruzi ubwo aranzonga
Yizimanira akayuzi kange.
Runyogozi, muhishwambuto
Atambuka apfutse ingohe
Ngo maze angushe mu mutego
Intege zange akirigita
Bindigisiriza ubuzima.
Ruzingabato yarateye
Ngo atahe itoto ryange
Yiteruzwa udutako
Nako udufaranga
Ngo antahire agahugu!
Agahugu kange ni gato
Abazingambuto baragateye
Baragatunduza mfite intimba
Murambe hafi birangoye
Ubuzima burizinga.
Intara zose yarazikwiye
Ntarumanga arazivuyanga
Atitaye ko zidakomeye
Akazisenya nta soni
Agera ikambere n’ibikari,
Bya bimamyi by’ibimama
Biguha imari y’amahano
Bikakunyunya nk’uwanyazwe
Bikakunyonga ubutanyurwa
Bikunyuza inyenga y’amarira.
Ba bisukari isiga ingese
Ntibasiba baraserutse
Kuko basanganywe isoni nke
Baragusekera bakagusoroma
Bakagusenya ugasiga isi.
Abanyumvise mubimenye
Ba bihehe mubamenye
Bakunyuza mu rihumye
Maze ukagenda utabimenye
Ugafumbira umunaba.
Banyamishinga mudufashe
Murashishoze dushobore
Ibyo kujisha shugadadi
Tujwigirize shugamami
Ishaba y’abato ishishe.
Umuhanzi
NSENGIMANA Cyriaque
I.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Muhishwambuto” ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe,
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo.
imyitozo
1. Andika inyito ebyiri z’ijambo “intege”.
2. Garagaza amatsinda y’amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje inyito no gupfa.
3. Andika impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira:
a) Ubuzima b)Intimba c) Imari d) Isoni
I.3.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Muhishwambuto”, maze usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Ni irihe hohoterwa rivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni ba nde umuhanzi asaba ko bamwumva muri iki kibazo k’ihohoterwa?
3. Ijambo “ Abazingambuto” risobanura iki?
4. Abazingambuto bahohoteye bate uvugwa mu mwandiko?
5. Ese hari aho bavuga ko muhishwambuto yakwiriye ahantu hose?
Byerekanishe amagambo yo mu mwandiko.
6. Hari abantu bavugwa ko bakwiye kwamaganwa bashukana bitwaje
imari. Abo ni ba nde?
I.3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Muhishwambuto”, maze usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Umwandiko «Muhishwambuto » uri mu buhe bwoko bw’umwandiko?
Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko?
3. Ni ba nde bashobora guhohotera umwana?
4. Ni izihe ngaruka uwahohotewe ashobora guhura na zo?
I.4. Ikomora: Ikomoranshinga mvanshinga
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze inshinga zitsindagiye hanyuma ugaragaze
intego yazo. Hera ku ntego y’izo nshinga maze usobanure uko inshinga zivuka
ku zindi kandi ugaragaze uturemajambo two mu ikomoranshinga mvanshinga.
a) Abantu bakunda kurwanya ihohotera barangwa n’umutima mwiza
b) Kugendererwa n’abashyitsi ni umugisha.
c) Uwahohotewe asabwa kuvugisha ukuri kugira ngo yitabweho.
d) Kunezerwa birakwiye ku bantu bose.
I.4.1. Inshoza y’ikomoranshinga mvanshinga
Ikomoranshinga mvanshinga ni ihanga ry’inshinga nshya uhereye ku mizi y’inshinga
zisanzwe mu rurimi. Iri komoranshinga rikoresha ingereka zitandukanye. Twabonye
ko ingereka ari uturemajambo tujya hagati y’umuzi n’umusozo tukazanira inshinga
ingingo nshya. Twabonye kandi ko iyo umuzi wiyunze n’ingereka bibyara igicumbi
gishya kitwa intima.
Ingero:
I.4.2. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga zo mu ikomoranshinga mvanshinga
Inshinga zishingiye ku ikomoranshinga mvanshinga na zo zifite uturemajambo dusa
neza n’utw’inshinga isanzwe.
Inshinga yavutse kubera ikomoranshinga mvanshinga ishobora kugira utwo
turemajambo twose cyangwa tumwe muri two nko mu ikomoranshinga mvazina.
Ingero:
a) Nibatazabimujanishiriza azabyibagirwa kuko azaba ari kwambarira urugamba.
b) Murakomangwa n’umutima ngo muge gufasha uwahohotewe
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza inshinga zishobora gukomoka ku mizi y’inshinga zikurikira:
a) Kuneza b)Guhemuka c) Kubaka d)Gufotora
2. Garagaza imizi y’inshinga zitsindagiye ziri mu mwandiko ukurikira: [...]
Akimara kumushimira, turasohokana twerekeza aho bakirira
abarwayi baje ari indembe hamwe nari namukuye yataye umutwe.
Tuhageze umwe mu baganga bari bahari amubwira ko ategereza gato ko
umwana arimo gukurikiranwa n’abaganga, kandi ko ibizamini byafashwe
babijyanye muri raboratwari kureba niba nta bundi burwayi yaba
yatewe n’ihohoterwa yakorewe.
3. Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi by’inshinga
zitsindagiye.
a) Umwana, umugore n’undi muntu wese bazira guhohoterwa.
b) Gukubitagura abantu ntibishimisha inyangamugayo ziharanira
amahoro.
Imyitozo
c) Kumanuza ni ugusaba umuntu ibyo adashoboye.
d) Kanyana aturanye n’abayobozi beza bita ku bo bayobora.
I.5. Imyitozo y’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ugendeye ku mabwiriza agenga ihangamwandiko, hanga umwandiko ufite
hagati y’imirongo mirongo itatu na mirongo ine ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:
“Gukumira ihohoterwa ni ishingiro ryo kubaka umuco w’amahoro arambye”.
Mu magambo agize uwo mwandiko hagaragaremo inshinga zikomoka ku
ikomoranshinga.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusoma neza nubahiriza utwatuzo n’isesekaza.
- Gukoresha mu nteruro amagambo nungutse.
- Gusesengura umwandiko ngaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Gusobanura intandaro y’ihohoterwa n’uburyo bwo kurikumira
- Gusesengura amagambo ashingiye ku ikomoranshinga ngaragaza
uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
Ubu ndangwa no:
- Kurwanya ihohoterwa aho nahura na ryo hose.
- Kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro.
e) Si byiza guserereza abandi
I. 6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere
Umwandiko: Turwanye ihohoterwa
Mu muco nyarwanda, kubaha ubuzima ni indangagaciro mpuzabantu kuko ubwo
buzima umuntu abwifuriza abandi, akabuhabwa n’abandi, na we akabuha abandi.
Kubaho mu mudendezo bishingira ku muco w’amahoro wubakwa mu muryango
uwo ari wo wose kandi bikagerwaho umuntu yiyushye akuya kuko binyura mu nzira
nyinshi harimo no kurwanya ihohoterwa. Guhohotera umuntu ni ukumwiyenzaho
atakwakuye cyangwa se ataguteyeho amahane, kumuvutsa ibyo afiteho
uburenganzira bitewe n’uko umurusha imbaraga cyangwa umufiteho ububasha.
Buri muntu wese agira agaciro ahabwa na kamere avukana maze uburenganzira
bwe ntibube umurage w’ababyeyi cyangwa undi muntu. Nta mpamvu n’imwe
ishobora gutuma hagira uhohoterwa kabone n’ubwo amategeko y’umuryango
runaka yaba abangamira ubwoko ubu n’ubu, abantu b’igitsina iki n’iki, idini,
ururimi, abo badasangiye igihugu, umutungo, ikiciro cy’abaturage bavukamo,
ibitekerezo byabo n’ibindi. Kurwanya ihohoterwa bishingira ku mahame amwe
n’amwe y’uburenganzira bwa muntu nko kwishyira ukizana, kugira umutekano
no kugira imibereho myiza. Uko byaba kose n’uko byagenda kose, agaciro ka
muntu ntikagabanywa, ntikanasubizwa inyuma kandi gashimangirwa n’amategeko
mpuzamahanga ibihugu biba byaremeye, bikanayashyiraho umukono. Nubwo
bimeze bityo, si ko hose byubahirizwa.
Burya koko nta kabura imvano, ibitera ihohoterwa ni imyumvire mibi, imyifatire
n’imyitwarire bitaboneye harimo ubusambanyi, kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, ubugizi
bwa nabi n’ibindi byinshi. Ihohoterwa kandi rigaragarira mu mvugo isesereza,
isebanya no mu bikorwa bitesha agaciro ikiremwa muntu nko gufata ku ngufu,
gukoresha imirimo ivunanye, gutoteza, n’indi migirire igayitse igira ingaruka ku
bato n’abakuru. Imvugo n’ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa bigira inkurikizi zitabarika ku
babikorewe nko kwiheba, gutakaza ikizere, kwiheza mu bikorwa bitandukanye,
kugira ipfunwe, kugira ihungabana n’izindi.
Kugira ngo hirindwe izo ngaruka, buri wese akwiye kuba umusemburo w’amahoro,
ayasakaza mu bandi mu migirire ye ya buri munsi. Bajya bavuga ngo: “Kwirinda
biruta kwivuza.” Ni ngombwa gufata ingamba zikumira ihohoterwa bigizwemo
uruhare n’inzego z’ubuyobozi ku bufatanye n’abaturage n’imiryango yigenga. Ibyo
byagerwaho habayeho gushyiraho amategeko n’ibihano bikwiye ku bahohotera
abandi, guhugura abantu b’ibyiciro binyuranye, gutegura amarushanwa yamagana
ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose, gushyiraho amatsinda n’ibigo byihariye bishinzwe
gukumira no kurwanya ihohoterwa n’ibindi.
Bityo rero, umuco w’amahoro ugomba guhera ku muntu ubwe, akawusakaza mu
bandi, ugakwira igihugu ndetse n’isi yose kuko “Ijya kurisha ihera ku rugo”. Buri
wese ahamagariwe kuba ijisho rya mugenzi we, akagaragaza hakiri kare imyitwarire
yatuma umuryango uhungabana ntugere ku iterambere rirambye.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Uburenganzira bwa muntu bugaragazwa n’iki?
2. Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora kuba ku muntu wahohotewe?
3. Ni izihe ngamba zafatwa kugira ngo hakumirwe ihohoterwa?
4. Tanga ingero byibura eshanu zigaragaza ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa.
5. Wafasha ute uwahohotewe?
6. Ni ba nde bakwiye kurwanya ihohoterwa?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Simbuza ijambo (amagambo) ryanditse ritsindagiye, impuzanyito iri mu
mwandiko.
a) Uwahohotewe ntabaho mu mahoro.
b) Mu muco nyarwanda birabujijwe kwambura umuntu uburenganzira bwe.
c) Ufashwe ku ngufu ashobora gukurizamo kugira ikangarana rikomeye.
d) Dutozwa kwirinda gukoresha imvugo ibabaza umuntu.
5. 2. Kora interuro ngufi ukoresheje amagambo akurikira:
a) Umurage
b) Kwishyira ukizana
c) Ibiyobyabwenge
d) Ipfunwe
5. 3. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo avuye mu mwandiko.
a) Umuntu muzima arangwa n’…..mwiza wo guha …….buri muntu.
b) U Rwanda rwashyizeho……. arengera ikiremwa muntu.
c) Kurwanya….ni inshingano yacu twese.
III. Ikibonezamvugo
1. Tanga ingero ebyiri z’inshinga zifite imizi yakomotse ku bwoko bw’amagambo
bukurikira:
a) Ntera b) Inyigana c) Izina
2. Garagaza uturemajambo tw’inshinga zitsindagiye ugaragaze n’amategeko
y’igenamajwi.
a) Twirinde gusesagura ubuzima budatangwa na muntu.
b) Ibimenyetso byose birafotorwa.
c) Gukazanura byaracitse mu muco nyarwanda.
d) We anezwa no kwitabwaho
UMUTWE 2:UMUCO NYARWANDA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe :
- Gusesengura zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda hagaragazwa
uturango twazo.
- Gusobanura iminozanganzo no kuyikoresha ahanga.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Tekereza, maze ugaragaze bimwe mu bintu biranga umuco nyarwanda
byanyuraga mu buvanganzo nyarwanda. Urebye nk’igihe bakosorana mu
biganiro byabo, nk’ibyakorerwaga ibwami, mu muryango nyarwanda nk’igihe
bungutse umwana, mu misango y’ubukwe n’ahandi
II.1. Umwandiko: Babyirukanye ingoga mu gutamira
Babyirukanye ingoga mu gutamira
Abana ba Kigeri abyiruye
Bene Rwigurangoma rwa Ngoboka ya Rwangoruke
Aba bana se yabyaye bakuranye icyusa mu irya
Barasagambye nka Bisu bya Nyamihana
Baza guhanwa na nde ngo bitonde mu gutamira
Uwakabahannye ko ari mukuru wabo
Bakaba bakoma ku ngeso yawe!
Iyo ngeso barayibyariye abami
Ba Bwimandubaruba na Bwimanduga
Barabishyuhaguza ibihaza!
Rutarindwa
Ati: “Ndi igisoka singihazwa n’agasate,”
Ndi umutware w’Ibisumizi
Ibyo mwumva ge nzigira mu Gisigari
Iyo bahinga mu Rukubye, na rwo rukoroha
Nkamenya guhangira inyama!
Sharangabo
Agira imandwa ikaba indubizi
Ati: “Munyijyanire i Nyakabanda ka Kigali
Bandebere cya giti kiri aho kikitwa umuvure
Bacyuzuze amazi n’imineke ngumye kubayagura
Sinteze guhezera na mugenzi wange!”
Nshozamihigo
Yariye kandore y’ i Nduga
Ayimiragura ayivanga n’ ibivuzo
Bigeze mu nda biragugara
Ati: “Munyegereze ibitoke n’ibijumba n’umubanji
Ngumye nkomere mu nda yange
Ngana Mugaza wa nzovu.
Gashamura
Abona ubwato ntazihazine
Akazengerezwa nk’uwasinze
Rutarindwa yagira ngo ariyubanganya
Akabimyoza aho imbere ye
Ibisumizi bimukobye
Ati: “Ngira umusongozi gito
Akantekera imiranzi y’inyama
N’imitura y’ibishyimbo
Ntagomba guhisha aragapfa azamenya ingeso”.
Rukangirashyamba aje kumuhana
Ati: “Ni ukuri mwana wange
Ni uko nyine uruzi nisaziye
Umuganura waramuka waje ntiwansumbya umuhogo.
Bisangwa ni mukuru utabakoma
Iyo akubirije imvuruge y’isogi
N’imitura y’ibishyimbo ntareka bihora
We aravunjagura agacisha ruguru
Ati: “Nagabanye ibigega
Mumpakurire umutsima munini
Ungana cya kigega kerekeye mu Koko
Nge ndabasumbya mu kurya!”
Rwayitare yatamiye intore
I Bunganyana rya Nyirabitero
Aracyatamba gusaba imyuko
Rwangeyo ati: “Ndi Umunyiginya mukuru
I Kundamvura ya Bitero, nkikundisha isogi
Yamara kuyirya akaganya mu mabondo ikagugara”.
Rukangamiheto yakangase amenyo ku magufwa
Arahunja n’igitondora, ndamureba ndamugaya
Nti: “Mbe nyamuhunja ko utarobanura”?
Ati: “Sinabona akanya nasiga inyuma
Muryamo yarateye, byantera agahinda”.
Yenda ibihaha byayo arakoranya n’imyijima
Ahinduka rugara mu nzu
Ntiyabona ibitotsi byo kuryama
Ruyimbo ararenza n’umugongo
Inda iramugora arahemuka.
Nzirabatinyi yagugunnye ingoma
Imikoba iramwica mu bijigo
Muzarebe Rubanda rwa Rwingwe
Acuma amabondo
Sezikeye ati: “Ge ngira iryinyo rikaba intorezo
Narikomanga ku nkoro inkono iri ku ziko”.
Nti: “Muranyongere inyama
Akaba umwaka atarabaga
Yamara kubaga bugatuma yiyegura imiryango
Akaba ukwe!
Kamarashavu yishinze inkori z’i Kigali
I Bugagara bwa Nyiragasogwe
Bashyizemo amavuta n’umunyu
Aragumya yoreza iyo!
Karunganwa ati: “Ndi umwana w’Umwami
Mvuka mu nda y’ingoma
Simenya guterera mira bunguri”.
Cyitatire yariye ubushaza i Shegama
Maze se aramwanga ngo yamucuze impamba.
Musinga yamiraguye imitura y’ibishyimbo
Bahutira ihene ku nda barakubita n’ububaya
Yaguye impishyi bacisha mu bigega.
Muhigirwa yahigiye ingundu y’abatunzi
Agaca mu cyanzu
Nahace arahakwiye
Agatsinda yameze aye menyo
Yo kubagira ibimasa mu Nyamagana.
Rwabirinda yarindiriye abicaye ku ziko
Bahembwe ngo bararinda cyane
Ashakira inzira mu mwinjiro
Arabiyogoza mu buriri.
Ati: “Ndi mukuru nkabahenda
Twatigirira ibyo kwiba nabananize cyane”.
Kayijuka bamuhaye ikibo, icyansi, n’icyabya
Byose asa na cya Nyarwaya
I Nyarubuye hari ibigoryi bibiri
Hari n’undi nabwiwe
Ngo ntibagisumbanya ingeso
Mubashyiremo na nyirabo Rwabizamurego
Cya gicuba k’i Bumbogo cyaramuka cyaje
Rugoma rubuganizwa ijana yagabanywa ite?
Ariko nayanywe arabikwiye
We uhora azizana akazongera mu ze!
Yazinyaze ibindi bihugu.
(Cyahimbwe na Senkabura ya Kibaba wo mu Rusenyi.)
II.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Babyirukanye ingoga mu gutamira”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko
wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
imyitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro
wihimbiye:
a) Guhakura umutsima
b) Umusongozi
c) Indubizi
d) Guhunja
2. Buri jambo ritsindagiye risimbuze iryo bivuga kimwe riboneka mu
mwandiko kandi usanishe neza interuro wahawe:
a) Kampayana ngo yaba yarahuhuwe n’ivutu yatewe n’ibikeregete
by’imitura.
b) Aba bana koko babyirukanye imbaraga mu kubasha rukacarara.
c) Kabutura yakurikije ingeso ya se
d) Rutamizabiri umiragura yokerwa ibisogi bishyushye ubutunguruza
asangira ate na ba Kazehe?
II.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Babyirukanye ingoga mu gutamira” hanyuma
usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Hari imyifatire y’umunyenda mbi igaragara mu mwandiko? Yivuge.
2. Hari ibihemu bivugwa mu mwandiko. Bivuge.
3. Mu buse nta we batinya na busa. Bigaragaze utanga ingero mu
mwandiko.
4. Shaka muri uyu mwandiko ingingo zisekeje usobanura n’impamvu
zisekeje.
5. Shaka muri uyu mwandiko amazina y’abana (ibikomangoma)
bavuzwemo bakomoka kuri Kigeli IV Rwabugiri.
6. Hari amwe mu mazina y’abantu n’ay’ahantu avugwa mu mwandiko.
Yashake muri iki kinyatuzu ujya iburyo, ibumoso, hasi cyangwa hejuru.
Urugero rw’ibibazo n’ibisubizo:
II.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Babyirukanye ingoga mu gutamira” hanyuma
usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Uyu mwandiko ushobora kugira inyito y’umutwe urenze umwe, tanga
ingero zawubera umutwe.
2. Tanga inama kuri ba rutamizabiri bashobora kuboneka mu bigero
byose by’abantu.
3. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
4. Muri uyu mwandiko, ukurikije inyurabwenge, umuhanzi agamije
gusebya abatware? Sobanura.
II.2. Igisigo cy’ubuse
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Babyirukanye ingoga mu gutamira” ugereranye
ibivugwamo n’ibyavugwaga mu yindi myandiko wize, maze ukore
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’igisigo cy’ubuse, ugaragaze uturango
twacyo n’akamaro ko kukiga.
II.2.1. Inshoza y’igisigo cy’ubuse
Abasesenguye neza ibisigo by’ubuse bagaragaje ko igisigo cy’ubuse ari umwandiko
w’ubuvanganzo uba uhimbitse nk’ibisetso ndetse birenze ibisetso bigasa
n’ibisebanyo. Ni inganzo yaba yaravukiye mu matorero y’intore, aho wasangaga
abantu biga kuvuga neza, bagacyocyorana ntihagire urakara; uwarakaraga mu
biganiro bakamwita igifura kitazi kuba mu bandi cyangwa akitwa umunyamusozi.
Abantu batazi gutarama barakazwaga n’ibyo bisigo babitaga ibifura. Ubusanzwe
ubuse ni umushyikirano w’abase n’abantu bo mu bwoko bubamarira urubanza,
ukarangwa no gushotorana basa n’abatukana ariko ntibigire uwo birakaza.
II.2.2. Uturango tw’igisigo cy’ubuse
Ibisigo by’ubuse birangwa no kuba bisetsa ariko bisa n’ibisebanya cyangwa
bisesereza. Usanga kandi bakoreshamo tumwe mu turango tw’ubusizi.
Abahimbaga ibisigo by’ubuse, babaga bagambiriye gusetsa abandi bahungu. Mu
basizi bazwi baba barakenetse inganzo y’ibisigo by’ubuse harimo Musenyeri
Alegisi Kagame. Yaje guhimbazwa n’iyi nganzo y’ibisigo by’ubuse maze arayigana
ahimba umuvugo muremure yakubiye mu gatabo yise “Indyoheshabirayi”. Muri
ako gatabo Kagame atera ubuse umwami Mutara Rudahigwa n’abatware be. Ako
gatabo kasohotse bakiriho ariko ntawamurakariye kuko bose bari bamenyereye iyo
nganzo.
Kagame arondoramo ubusambo bw’abatware ku nyama y’ingurube, agaragaza ko
abanyaporitiki bo hejuru (umwami n’abatware) ari abantu nk’abandi bashobora
gucuranwa. Agaragaza kandi ko no mu bwami hatakiri ibintu by’ibanga bituma
ibihakorerwa bitamenyekana muri rubanda.
II.2.3. Akamaro ko kwiga igisigo cy’ubuse
Kwiga ibisigo by’ubuse bifite akamaro kuko bituma umuntu yongera ubushobozi mu
by’ubuhanzi. Bituma kandi akeneka iyi nganzo yo guseka ingeso z’abantu bamwe
na bamwe kugira ngo bikosore. Binatoza kandi abantu kuba intyoza mu biganiro
n’ibitaramo ndetse no kutaba ibifura ngo barakazwe n’ibiganiro birimo inganzo
y’ubuse.
Umwitozo
Garagaza uturango tw’ibisigo by’ubuse n’akamaro ko kubyiga.
Umwitozo
II.3. Umwandiko: Ukwibyara
1. Ukwibyara gutera ababyeyi ineza,
Batambira b’ineza,
Munozandagano wa Nsana ya Buhanzi,
Mukuva iwa Nyamuhanza,
5. Muhanuzi wadutsindiraga amahano,
Muhumuza, Umuhozi
Waturiha ibyo yagurwa i Kiganda
Kigeli cya Ngerekera.
Uko muturuka isoko imwe,
10. Ni ko musangiye ingeso.
Muri Imisumba yo ku Rusumamigezi
Kwa Gisanura amasugi yanyu
Azira igisasa.
Mwarashatse birabakundira,
15. Mumera amaboko arabakamira
Inka mukoye mu Byaguka
Zitugwiriza imihana
Imfura nzima isubiza ku izina rya se,
Basanganizwa b’impundu.
20. Yakura impuha
Mpangarijekure
Ya Mwuhirakare we, Mukanganwa
Yari yagishiye i Bunyambo Nyarume;
Rumeza nyiri uburezi
25. Buzamagana amacwa,
Aca inka mo amaziri,
Mazina ya Gasenga
Adusendera imisaka ya Rusenge
Mwahonotse mwese.
30. Kurya mucurwa n’inyundo ziramye
Muri abarenzi
Bo mu mirinzi ya Cyarubazi
Abanyakirima muzira icyangwe mu minwe
Mwameze ibiganza bitatugwabiza
35. Mugira amaguru atugabira
Abagabe b’i Ruganda
Mwitwa ingendutsi
Mwatubereye imbyeyi n’imazi,
Muri abami b’akamazi
40. Tuzi icyo mwamaze.
Muri imanzi z’uburezi
Muri ibirezi byamye i Buriza na Buremera
Muri abaremere b’i Tanda
Muri abature b’i Tenda
45. Muri abo ku isi itengerana
Ku Rutambamitavu,
Muri intwari zitarutana,
Muri bene iteka ritahava,
Muri bene umutungo mwiza
50. Mwaraduhatse muraturemaza,
Mutwubakira amarembo y’intungane
Tubita inturarwanda
Nta byikamize urakimana
Wadukamiye amata angana imvura,
55. Ntitugira umuvuro
Tubyuka dusenga
Ugasukiranya urugwiro
Sango, ba so na ba sogokuru,
Bakwangiye isange
60. Ngo abazakwanga
Uzabakuze umusanzu n’umuganda,
Abagusigaranye imbuto n’intanga
Bakuraze izi ntarama
Zo ku Rutambamyato
65. No ku Rutambabiru
Kwa Matungiro mu Ntaho ndende
Data Cyilima nyiri Ikinguge
Kigirira cyo mu nzeru,
Mazina yarakwigeze
70. Ngo urabe mugenzi we
Ngo uzarasanire ingoma nka we,
Uzagabe nka Gisanura,
Uzadusubiranye uko wadusanze
Ny’ebisu by’emisango
75. Umugabekazi waduhekeye
Aduhaka nk’umugabo
Ntidusunikwa mu rugo rwa Mudasobwa
Yadutunze nka Nyiratunga
Nacuriye n’amahari
80. Nzi ko mutazacibwa inka:
Duhorana inshungu,
Mucana umuriro utazima
Muri inzungu za Bwima
N’iwa Bwagiro ku Buyumbu.
85. Nimugarishye mwaraganje
Mwagagaze mukuze uruharo
Umwami uhawe uruharo
Arwigiza imbere.
Mwambereye igisaga
90. Ntimugira igisasa, Mbasenge:
CYILIMA I RUGWE
Na we musenge, musagurire
Mumuhe urubanza
Mureke abanze
95. Nabanze Muhongerwa
Muhoranampongano
Buhoro buzira igihunga
Buhatsi bw’impundu n’imposha,
Samukuru wa Samukondo
100. Mukozi wa Rugwizabisiza
Nyamugisha
Wandururaga imigisha y’abandi bami
Yasanze bahinze arasarura.
KIGELI I MUKOBANYA
Mukobanya ni we mukuru
105. Na we musenge musagurire
Mumuhe urubanza
Mureke abanze
Nabanze mugabo mu nka
Nyirazo azirimo
110. Bazigama ingoma
Bazigura se ku ngoma,
Bazindukira intambara
Bitambara nyiri urutete
Uwatanyaga umunyabutatu
115. Umushi yatambitse ingabo mu nzira
Mumuhe rugari atambe imyato
Mumuhe agasongoro k’ubugabo
Agira uMusanago w’ingoma
Mu Musanadura yaraharindiye
120. Arinduza Umugoyi.
MIBAMBWE I SEKARONGORO I MUTABAZI
Gisamamfuke, umurasanyi
Na we musenge, musagurire
Mumuhe urubanza
Mureke abanze.
125. Nabanze Mabarabiri
Nkovu imbere, Mbogoye
Nyiri imbuga mu mbone
Rutsinda, nyiri urutsike
Rwatuviramo urutsiro
130. Adutsindira inzimu
Kizimiza, Nzogoma
Rugasira rwarasanaga mu nka za se.
Amahindu azihungiye
Arazihumbiririza
135. Rutukuzandoro, umwami w’intwari
Mumuhaye ubugabo
Mumuhingure ingoma
Mu murongo uje
Yarwaniye Nyamurunga.
YUHI II GAHIMA
140. Gahima, Mihayo y’ingoma
Na we musenge musagurire,
Mumuhe urubanza
Mureke abanze
Nabanze wa Mukundwa
145. Wa Mukomeza w’inkuna
Wa mwami wo mu Makungu
Mutoramakungu, Rwinkindi
Nkomyerume ya Misaya
Wadusendera inkundwakazi ya Nkozurugendo
150. Uwo ni inyamibwa mu ntwari
Zamuhaye ubutware
Zimuterekaho imfizi ya Bicaniro
Ngo azabacira imihigo.
NDAHIRO II CYAMATARE
Nshe abami urubanza
155. Mbasenge bose
Na we musenge, musagurire,
Mumuhe urubanza
Mureke abanze,
Nabanze Bugiri, umwigire,
160. Wagira ingoma z’ingombe
Ngo afite umugombozi.
Atanga ibyo atunze
Atega ibizaza ngo azigire Ndoli
165. Ndahiro aruhira
Ngo Rubyukiranyangoma nabyukire,
Nabyukuruka yinikize inka
Zitaretsa ntiziranze
Ngo yaziziburiye imoko.
RUGANZU II NDOLI
170. Kibabarira, wa mwami
Watugirira ibambe.
Avuye iw’abandi
Na we musenge, musagurire
Mumuhe urubanza
175. Mureke abanze
Nabanze Gacamukanda
Bicuba, umuci w’inzigo
Nyabuzima, umuzimurura
W’ibyari byazimiye;
180. Umuzahura w’ibyo asanze
Nyamushinga aturasanira ubutazadushira,
Yica abanzi barashira.
Cyungura umwami wo ku Cyuma
Azanye Cyubahiro
185. Yitwa Kihabugabo.
Karuhura we yarushwa ate
Ko yahoreye se ashishikaye,
Ingabo ye akayagagaza mu Bugara?
Umuganda akawigiza mu rumira
190. Bagabo aho mutaragera
Uwo mugabo mwamugera nde?
MUTARA I NSORO II SEMUGESHI
Ngabo yica ingome
Na we musenge musagurire
195. Mumuhe urubanza
Nabanze Rwirabanzarwe
Wa mwami w’i Buziga, Nzogera
Wa mwami w’i Butazika, Nyonga,
Nyiri inyumba, Munyundo.
200. Nyunga ya Ruganzu
Wa mwami wahabwa Karinga
Akayambika karindwi
Mirindi shebuja wa Nyamiringa,
Ruyenzi rwasiye
205. Isugi yo mu Byanganzara
Ntimwamuzimba ubugabo
KIGELI II NYAMUHESHERA
Bugabo burimo ubugongo
Na we musenge, musagurire
Mumuhe urubanza,
210. Mureke abanze
Nabanze Umwami w’i Shunga
Nyiri ishya ry’inka n’ingoma
Nyiri ingabo itagwabiza Mucuzi
Nyiri icumu ryica Abahunde
215. Nyiri iminyago cumi
Yari acaniye
Imbere ya Bwambaramigezi
Mudasongerwa ari ku isonga y’ingabo
Muhundwa ingoma yahawe
220. Yarayihunze ayinyagira ibihumbi.
MIBAMBWE II SEKARONGORO II GISANURA
Na we musenge, musagurire
Mumuhe urubanza,
Mureke abanze
Nabanze Nyamugenza
225. Umwamiw’i Muganza,
Rugabishamaguru
Maboko atanga atagabanya
Bwobabuke, Bwanzabuke,
Burega bwa Mutima,
230. Yari atetse imbere ya Mwumba
Cyubahiro amahanga yamutinyiye ubugabo
Ubwo akangiye icyanya
Cyanwa azanye ikeyi
Inkoni zimwasa agahama.
YUHI III MAZIMAPAKA
235. Gashirabwoba wa mwami
Mukuraho ubushongore n’ubushami
Na we musenge, musagurire,
Mumuhe urubanza
Mureke abanze.
240. Nabanze Kamarampaka, Mudahakana
Muhakanaguhonga
Muhanankamwa
Mukanza, Umwami w’Abakaraza
Yakandagiye Nyiri i Nkoma
245. Yamwikoreje
Amukura ku ngoma
Ngo mbahe yari yubatse
Mu bitwa bya Muhima
Umuhinza wari uhanze
250. Yuhi aramuhangamura.
CYILIMA II RUJUGIRA
Ruhungurabirwa,
Ruhakamiryango
Na we musenge, musagurire
Mumuhe urubanza
255. Mureke abanze
Nabanze Rwezamariba
Murerampabe, Bihubi
Ruhugukira mbare rwa Kibonwa
Wa mwami wa Gisanura na Gisago
260. Rusagurirandekezi
Mutazimbwa yica Mazuba
Arimburirako inzigo
Muzigirwa, ibindi bihugu
Yabizimbye ubugabo
265. Abizingazingira rimwe.
KIGELI III NDABARASA
Ya ntwari y’igisaga, sogokuru,
Se w’ababyazi bawe bombi
Na we musenge, musagurire
Mumuhe urubanza
270. Mureke abanze
Nabanze Nyemazi
Rwemarika rwa Munyagampenzi
Watunyagira impenda
I Bugabe bwa Muruzi
275. Uruzi izi ngoma zigeze ku ijana
Abakoni barakuya
Iminyago ya Rusumbamitwe
Ntizirava inyuma
Iza Mirego ya Bugabo.
MIBAMBWE MUTABAZI SENTABYO
280. Rugababihumbi
Na we musenge, musagurire
Mumuhe urubanza,
Mureke abanze
Nabanze Ruhanga rutsinda amahanga,
285. Umudahinyuka, Umutanguha
Mutambisha batimbo
Mutandi wa Birasana
Sabuhanzi, Umuhangurabashonji
Buriza burese ubugabo
290. Yahanuye Nsoro,
Atunyagira inka i Bwongera,
Yongeramo n’izo mu Bugote
N’izo yavana mu Bwiriri
Bwimba bwa Misakura.
YUHI IV GAHINDIRO
295. Sohoringoma so wawe
Na we musenge musagurire,
Mumuhe urubanza,
Mureke abanze.
Nabanze Zingazinywe
300. Shoza yuhire,
Rwuhanyanzira
Mazina, Maza
Yica Nyiri u Buzi
Nyina amuzana ko mpiri
305. Abo bahinza yabateyemo umukenya
Ntawacaniye
Ntawasize akana,
Yuhi abacukuza umuriro
Micomyiza umuci w’inkamba
310. Umurasanira w’ingoma
Yayanganiye n’amahari
Ayinyagira amahanga
Aho yaherewe iminyago irishya.
MUTARA II RWOGERA
315. Aho ga nawe Nsoro mu bo nsenga
Sinagusiga inyuma!
Uri Biyamiza mu nzoza,
Ruziga, nyiri ibizinzo by’inka
Nyiri inkoni za Rusugi na Rusanga
320. Ushubije ku gihe cya Ruyenzi:
Ko wandikiye ubutwari
Ukiri muto
Ukaba uhotoye Ukiri umutavu
325. Nugera mu za bukuru
Wabaye ubukombe
Serukiramapfa
Amahanga atagukeje kare
Azagukirira he?
330. Kavunanka
Ugumye uvunye unyumvire
Wumve ayo nkuvuga
Nkwiture ineza!
N’ingoma yawe yandajeho umuzindu
335. Ngo karekare
Bakurire umwami ubwatsi
Umwogabyano ahaye Rwogera
Sinijanye, sinabajije
Ineza yawe intaha mu nda
340. Ababuzaga ge nari namenye
Ge wagusanganiye
Nsusurutse, Sango
Ndora usagurira rubanda rwawe
Ko amatwi yumva byiza,
345. Ko amaso abera kubona!
Ge wasanze ingoro y’Umwami
Isetse, isusurutse
Isa n’ingwa yera!
Nsanga Umwami mu ijabiro
350. Ari umutaho w’ijuru
Atamuye inzobe
Asa na Nzobe ikeye
Burakenkemura
Ngira imandwa nari nsanganywe
355. Ngira n’izo nshubije ku mutwe
Iyo myishywa ndayitambana
Sinatendwa mu mbare
Ubu Rukanira ntungire urukara
Winyita impezi
360. Sindi uwo guhera
Winkeka ubutati
Sinagaye umutungo w’umwami!
Ni uruharo rwambereye ikibuza!
Amage yo guhora mpingiriza arantinza
365. Isuka yinkura ku ngeso
Nimumburane!
Amaganya ntabangikana n’amagambo y’Imana!
Wandinze iyi manga,
Mana ibamburwa n’izindi
370. Imana yamaze amazinda
Nzigama ikoro ryawe
Nzi ko ndi umunyarukano
Nzigama n’impuhwe zawe
Zirimo urukundo n’urukumbuzi rwinshi
375. Bukombe bwa Mukanza
N’ubwo natebye
Sinatakaje imbare yawe
Sinata umwanya
Ntiwandobanuye mu nyuma
380. Mu mbare ndi uw’imbere
Ndi umupfumu wa Nyamurorwa
Mpora nkwereza nkaburengwa
Abo turata narabarushije
Abahayi b’ishyanga narabahojeje
385. Ngira impaka Umwami umpatse,
Mpakanya Rubyutsa
Ikinyoma kiramuhera
Umurundi twahize
Yuhi anshira imihigo
390. Mutimbuzi Nyiri i Ntora
Yica Mutaga,
Intiti zo kwa Mutaga ndazitetereza.
Nihanure amahanga
Nyabwire rwose ntazampaka
395. Sinakwisunga amahari
Narakeje Yuhi akankundira
Ni cyo banzirira
Ngo mpora mbaca urusa
Rwo kubaca urutsi.
400. Nzi ko barindiye ku busa
Urabahungure ubuhake
Izo mpezabwoko
Ntibagira amavu
Ntibagira amajyo
405. Ntibagira imbuto izaberera
Bararumbije
Bokamwe n’umuvumo n’umwikomo,
Yuhi abakomye ku ngoma
Nshe abami urubanza.
410. Nicariye inkoni
Nkomere nkomereho
Ndagiye imfizi itari ubwoba
Iziri ubwoba zirayihunga
Iziyishyamiye irazishyambya
415. Irashyira ku mutima zigatemba
Imfizi ya Kirira
Yarazuriye irazirambika
Biru b’imirama
Muhimbye imiriri
420. Muvugirize imirenge
Turamye iyi ngoma yacu
Yagomoroje imihana
Mbasenge mwese,
Mbasobanure, murasigiye
425. Ntimuvuka igisumbane
Muri Abagabe b’i Bukomasinde na Busakarirwa
Ngizo impundu mbahaye
Nzihaye abageni b’i Ngange
No mu Bugamba n’Abanyakayanza
430. No mu Nyazi za Kavumu
Zatubyariye Imfizi n’insumba
Mugasanura iyi miryango
Mpumurize Nyamarembo
Induba nzivuze
435. Nzigeze i Butara kwa Nyirantare,
N’iwa Ntagawe, mu mirinzi ya Kinyoni,
Muragahorana uruyundo
Rubyara izi nyonga
Izi nyundo zejeje imana
440. Ko muhora mubyarira ingoma
Mukazayibyirurira.
Bifatiye ku byavuye mu gitabo k’Ikinyarwanda, umwaka wa Gatandatu, 2008, urup. 18-24
II. 3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ukwibyara”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
1. Uzurisha interuro zikurikira amwe mu magambo/inyunge z’amagambo
akurikira avuye mu mwandiko: ubushongore, ubwanza, sinijanye,
impenzi, amahano, umuhozi, agasongoro k’ubugabo, imisumba.
a) ................... z’umwami Kigeli II Nyamuheshera zatsinze abahunde.
b) Gisanura yari umwami utagira ................... ni yo mpamvu bamwitaga
Rugabishabirenge.
c) Ruganzu II Ndoli yabaye umwami w’ ................... kuko yahoreye ingoma
ya se Cyamatare.
d) Ingabo zitwaraga neza ku rugamba zahabwaga ................... zitabarutse.
2. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro zikurikiye impuzanyito
zayo kandi ukore isanisha rikwiye aho ari ngombwa.
a) Mu karere kacu haguye imvura y’amahindu yangiza imyaka.
b) Yamuvuriye umwana amuhigura inka y’insumba.
c) Intiti z’iwacu zigira umuco.
3. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro imbusane zayo.
a) Yashoreye inka y’insumba agiye kuzigororera uwamugiriye neza.
b) Mu muryango wabo ntibagira igisasa.
c) Mu biganza bye ntihabamo ubwanza.
d) Mu muco nyarwanda umukobwa yagombaga gushaka umugabo ari isugi.
4. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ku buryo wumva ibisobanuro
byayo: amaziri, gusenda, impenda, abakaraza.
5. Andika igwizanyito z’ijambo “isugi”
II.3.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ukwibyara” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Umwami uvugwa ku mukarago wa gatandatu ni nde? Kuki uwo mwami
bamwita umuhozi?
2. Iyo usomye igisigo “Ukwibyara” kuva ku mukarago wa mbere kugeza ku
wa mirongo kenda wumva havugwamo iki?
3. Mu mwandiko bagaragaza ko ari iki cyatumye Mibambwe II Sekarongoro
II Gisanura bamwita Rugabishabirenge? Byerekanwa n’uwuhe
mukarago?
4. Ni iki umusizi avuga ko yazigamiye umwami wari wimye ingoma?
5. Ni iki umusizi avuga cyatumye atinda gutambira ishimwe Umwami?
6. Muri iki gisigo hari aho bavuga akamaro k’umugore, bigaragaza ko kera
umugore yahabwaga agaciro. Andika imikarago ivugwamo abagore,
maze uvuge abo bagore bavugwaga.
II. 3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ukwibyara” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
Urugero rw’ibibazo n’ibisubizo byanogejwe:
1. Ukurikije ibivugwa ku bami batandukanye, vuga umwami wagushimishije
kurusha abandi n’impamvu yagushimishije.
2. “Ukwibyara gutera ababyeyi ineza”. Sobanura uyu mukarago werekeza
ku muco nyarwanda hanyuma utange n’urugero rw’umugani
w’umugenurano wemeza igisubizo utanze.
3. Mukore ubushakashatsi ku mateka abafasha gusobanura igisigo
“Ukwibyara” mugaragaze ubwoko bw’igisigo, umuhanzi wacyo n’ibindi
bisigo yaba yarahanze.
4. Ni iki umusizi ashima muri rusange abami bavugwa mu gisigo
“Ukwibyara”? Bihuriye he n’ibikwiye gukorwa mu buzima busanzwe?
II. 3.1. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku ngingo z’amateka zo mu
gisigo “Ukwibyara”
Igikorwa
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku ngingo z’amateka zikurikira zo mu gisigo:
“Ukwibyara”.
Ingingo z’amateka zo mu gisigo: “Ukwibyara”.
Imwe mu mikarago y’igisigo “Ukwibyara” n’amateka ayirimo.
1. Waturiha ibyo yagurwa i Kiganda Kigeli cya Ngerekera
(umukarago 7-8): Biributsa ko Nyirangabo nyina wa Ndahiro wa II
Cyamatare wari umugabekazi, abaja be n’abandi bagore bafatiwe mu Rubi
rw’inyundo (i Kiganda) bakicwa urubozo. Kuva ubwo aho biciwe hitwa “Mu
miko y’abakobwa”.
2. Mpangarije kure (...) Yari yagishiye i Bunyambo Nyarume
(umukarago 21, 23): Uvugwa aha ni Ruganzu II Ndoli. Mu mateka
biributsa ko Ruganzu II Ndoli yari yarahungishirijwe i Karagwe kwa Karemera
I Ndagara umugabo wa nyirasenge Nyabunyana. Icyo gihe Nsibura Nyebunga
yari yayogoje u Rwanda,
Ndahiro II Cyamatare se wa Ruganzu II Ndoli aricwa ndetse n’ingoma Rwoga
iranyagwa.
3. Nyamugisha wandururaga imigisha y’abandi bami, Yasanze
bahinze arasarura (umukarago 101-102):
Uvugwa aha ni Cyilima I Rugwe. Cyilima I Rugwe yari yaragurije umugeni
uzatuma agira amahirwe akanakomera. Bamuraguriye Nyanguge ya Sagashya
Umwami w’u Bugufi maze asanga yarasabwe na Nsoro I Bihembe Umwami
w’u Bugesera. Ubwo bamugiriye inama yo kuzakora uko ashoboye kugira ngo
abe ari we umurongora mbere. Ubwo yashatse ubucuti kuri Nsoro Bihembe
abifashwamo n’umukono witwa Nkima wari utuye i Nyamweru, mwene wabo
wa rwihishwa. Nsoro yabanye na Nyanguge ariko yaratewe inda na Cyilima
I Rugwe. Nyanguge ageze igihe cyo kubyara inda y’uburiza yacitse Nsoro
Bihembe asanga Cyilima I Rugwe. Iyo nda yavutsemo Kigeli I Mukobanya,
wazunguye Cyilima I Rugwe.
4. Nabanze mugabo mu nka nyirazo azirimo (umukarago 108-
109): biributsa ko Kigeli I Mukobanya se Cyilima I Rugwe yamuraze ingoma
ku mugaragaro igihe yari amaze kwica Murinda wategekaga hakurya ya
Nyabarongo. Icyo gihe ni bwo Cyilima I Rugwe yahaye Mukobanya izina rya
Kigeli.
5. Bazindukira intambara Bitambara nyiri urutete (umukarago 111-
112): Kigeli I Mukobanya yari umunyentambara. Yagabye ibitero byinshi:
Yateye Nkuba ya Nyabakonjo wari utuye i Jabana rya Kabuye n’i Nyamisanga
ya Jari, atera Kigina watwaraga mu Buriza atera Sambwe rya Cyabugimbi
watwaraga u Bumbogo n’u Busigi, anatera Ruyenzi na Kinyambi.
6. Uwatanyaga umunyabutatu Umushi yatambitse ingabo mu nzira
(umukarago 114-115): Umushi uvugwa nanone ni Mulinda wishwe na
Kigeli I Mukobanya.
7. Nabanze Mabarabiri Nkovu imbere, Mbogoye Nyiri imbuga mu
mbone (umukarago 125-127): Uvugwa muri iyo mikarago ni Mibambwe
I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi wakomeretse mu gahanga mu gitero Abanyoro
bateye mu Rwanda maze amaraso agashoka, akagira amabara abiri,
iry’umubiri n’iry’amaraso. Yagize inkovu mu gahanga kubera kuraswa, bivuga
ko batamurashe ahunga. Muri icyo gitero Mibambwe I yagerageje kwitabaza
u Bugesera, i Gisaka n’i Nduga ariko ibyo bihugu byanga kumutabara.
Mibambwe ahitamo guhungana n’ingabo, abaturage ndetse n’amatungo.
Yahungiye mu Bushi kuri ubu ni Bukavu. Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi
n’ abantu be bahungutse bumvise ko Cwa I, Umwami w’Abanyoro yatanze.
8. Nkomyurume ya Misaya: Nkomyurume ni Yuhi II Gahima
Wadusendera inkundwakazi ya Nkozurugendo (umukarago 148-
149): inkundwakazi ivugwa hano ni Shetsa wari umugore wa Mibambwe
I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi. Yari yaramukundwakaje cyane maze bimutera
kwigira igishegabo kugera ubwo yategetse umwami ko banywana kandi
bitabaho, ahubwo ari ukugira ngo umuhungu we Hondi azabe ari we uragwa
ingoma. Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I abibonye atyo yashatse undi
mugore rwihishwa ari we Matama ya Bigega w’i Buha, umusizi yita Misaya.
Yamutungiye kure ya Shetsa ariko abiziranyeho n’abiru. Matama rero ni we
wabyaye Gahima. Mibambwe yaje gutanga Shetsa n’urubyaro rwe baricwa.
9. Wagira ingoma z’ingombe (umukarago 160): Uyu mukarago
uributsa ko Ndahiro II Cyamatare yagize ubwami burimo ibibazo byinshi:
Abavandimwe be Bamara, Juru, Bwimba, Karangane, Mutezi, na Binama
wari waravutse kwa Samukende, Umwami w’i Bungwe barwaniye ingoma
banga kuyoboka Ndahiro wa II Cyamatare, u Rwanda rucikamo ibice
bibiri: Juru yigarurira igice cyo hakurya ya Nyabarongo (u Buriza), naho
uburengerazuba buyoboka Ndahiro II Cyamatare. Juru amaze gupfa, kimwe
na Mutezi na Bwimba, Bamara ashaka gusimbura uwo Juru. Kugira ngo
abigereho, yiyemeza gutatira abavandimwe, yitabaza Nsibura Nyebunga,
Umwami w’umushi wari umaze kwigarurira Ijwi. Nsibura Nyebunga yateye u
Rwanda Ndahiro II Cyamatare ari ku ngoma, urugamba rukomeye ruremera
i Gitarama. Ingoma y’Ingabe Rwoga iranyagwa. Ndahiro II Cyamatare agwa
ahitwa Rugara amaze kwambuka umugezi wa Kibirira aho bise i Rubi rw’i
Nyundo.
10. Watugirira ibambe, avuye iw’abandi (umukarago 171-1710):
Ruganzu II Ndoli yimye ingoma avuye i Karagwe kwa nyirasenge Nyabunyana
aho yari yarahungishirijwe.
11. Nyabuzima, umuzimurura w’ibyari byazimiye (umukarago 178-
179): Biributsa ko Ruganzu II Ndoli ari we wahanze ingoma y’ingabe Karinga
ngo isimbure Rwoga yari yaratwawe na Nsibura Nyebunga umushi.
12. Nyabuzima, umuzimurura w’ibyari byazimiye; Umuzahura w’ibyo
asanze (umukarago 178-180): Bavuga ko Ndahiro II Cyamatare amaze
gutanga, amapfa yateye, imvura ikanga kugwa, inka zikanga kubyara, inkoko
zikanga guturaga. Ruganzu II Ndoli ageze mu Gihugu imvura yaraguye, inka
zirabyara, imbyeyi ziravumera, imfizi zirivuga, inkoko ziraturaga. Ni we
wagaruye ubuzima mu Gihugu.
13. Ko yahoreye se ashishikaye Ingabo ye akayagagaza mu Bugara?
(umukarago 187-188): Igitero cya mbere cya Ndoli ni icyo yagabye
i Bunyabungo kwa Nsibura Nyebunga ahorera se Ndahiro II Cyamatare.
Yahereye ku mpugu z’umweya w’i Kivu uteganye n’Ijwi nyuma na ryo
ararinesha. Icyo gihe yishe Nsibura Nyebunga Umwami w’u Bunyabungo
ahorera se atyo. Ruganzu II Ndoli ntiyarekeye aho, yarakomeje atera Nzira
ya Muramira Umwami w’u Bugara wari waratabaye Nsibura atera Ndahiro.
Amaze kwica Nzira ni bwo abasizi bamwise izina rya Cyambarantama,
kigaruriye u Bugara. Yateye abami b’igihugu cy’u Buhoma cyategekwaga
n’ Ababanda b’abahinza. Icyo gihugu yagihinduye umusaka, anyaga
inka, abagore n’abana. Ingoma y’ingabe yabo Nkandagiyabagome na yo
arayinyaga, ingoma y’u Buhoma izima ityo. Ibyo bitero byose Ruganzu II
Ndoli yagabye yabifatanyije n’ingabo ze zitwa Ibisumizi. Amateka avuga ko
Ruganzu II Ndoli ari we mwami wa mbere watangiye kugaba ibitero byinshi
byo kwagura Igihugu.
14. Nabanze rwirabanzarwe (umukarago 196): Uyu mukarago uributsa
ko ba Mutara bari abami b’inka, ni bo bakoraga umuhango w’ubwiru w’Inzira
y’ishora.
15. Wa Mwami wahabwa Karinga: Akayambika karindwi
(umukarago 201-202): Biributsa ko Mutara I Nsoro II Semugeshi ari we
wanyaze Abenengwe igihugu k’i Bungwe. Icyo gihe u Bungwe bwari bugizwe
n’u Busanza bw’amagepfo, u Bufundu, Nyaruguru, Bashumba, Nyakare, u
Buyenzi.
16. Nyiri icumu ryica Abahunde (umukarago 214): ibi biributsa ko Kigeli
II Nyamuheshera yateye u Buhunde akabuvogera.
17. Nyiri iminyago cumi (umukarago 215): ibi biributsa ko mu minyago
y’ibitero bya Kigeli II Nyamuheshera hatarimo inka gusa; hajemo n’ihene
zari ndende cyane zisumba izari zisanzwe mu Rwanda. Izo hene yazizanye
ibwami baziha umushumba bazita n’izina “Akamenesho.” Mu minyago
hajemo n’ibishyimbo bivuye i Bushengere ho muri Kigezi. Ibyo bishyimbo
byasimbuye ibiharo. Mu mateka kandi Kigeli II Nyamuheshera afatanyije
n’ingabo ze zitwa Inkingi yabaye umurwanyi cyane.Yaguye u Rwanda
yigarurira uturere twinshi: Kinyaga cya Bukunzi na Busozo; u Bwanacyambwe
bwari bwarajyanywe n’i Gisaka.
18. Rugabishamaguru Maboko atanga atagabanya (umukarago
256-127): Umwami Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura azwiho kugira
ubwitonzi, kugira ubuntu, guha amata abakene begereye ibwami. Azwiho
no kuba umucamanza utabera kandi wangaga ibihano bidakwiriye umuntu.
19. Ubwo akangiye icyanya Cyanwa azanye ikeyi Inkoni zimwasa
agahama (umukarago 232-234): Iyi mikarago iributsa ko Ntare III
Kivimira w’i Burundi yigeze gutera u Rwanda ari kumwe n’abantu bake
agashaka kunyaga inka ziragiwe n’uwitwaga Rugaju. Icyo gihe Rugaju
yamukubise inkoni ku gakanu yitura hasi. Ibyo Rugaju yakoze umusizi
abyitirira Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura
20. Mukuraho ubushongore n’ubushami (umukarago 236): Yuhi III
Mazimpaka yabaye ikirangirire bitewe n’ubwiza bwe.
21. Yakandagiye Nyiri i Nkoma Yamwikoreje (umukarago 244-245):
mu mateka Yuhi III Mazimpaka yishe Ntare III Kivimira, Umwami w’i Nkoma
(i Burundi).
22. Mutazibwa yica Mazuba (umukarago 261): Mu mateka, ingabo
za Cyilima II Rujugira zishe Umwami w’i Burundi Mutaga II Sebitungwa,
zamutsinze i Nkanda (mu Karere ka Nyaruguru). Icyo gihe hari hakiri ah’u
Burundi; ni na ho hari umurwa wa Mutaga III Sebitungwa.
23. Watunyagira impenda i Bugabe bwa Muruzi (umukarago 273-
274): Twabonye ko impenda ari inka nyinshi. Mu mateka, iyo mikarago
iratwibutsa ko Kigeli Ndabarasa yateye i Bugande, mu Ndorwa anyagayo
inka nyinshi ndetse aturayo.
24. Yahanuye Nsoro Atunyagira inka i Bwongera, Yongeramo
n’izo mu Bugote N’izo yavana mu Bwiriri (umukarago 290-
293): Mibambwe Mutabazi Sentabyo yazinyaze Nsoro IV Nyamugeta.
Rukombamazi n’iyo mfizi ni byo byarangaga ubwami bw’i Bugesera. Muri
ibyo bihe Nsoro Nyamugeta yabanje guhungira i Gisaka kwa Kimenyi IV
Getura. Bari bafitanye isano. Nyuma yashatse kugaruka n’ingabo ze ngo
yigarurire igihugu ke ariko ntibyamuhira kuko yafashwe akicwa. Icyo gihe ni
bwo u Bugesera bwegamye burundu ku Rwanda ariko igice cy’amagepfo y’u
Bugesera Ntare IV Rugamba w’i Burundi yari yaragifashe, kikanahera gityo.
25. Nabanze zingazinywe shoza yuhire (umukarago 299-300):
Biributsa ko ba Yuhi ari abami b’inka.
26. Yica Nyiri u Buzi Nyina amuzana aho mpiri (umukarago 303-304):
Biributsa ko Yuhi IV Gahindiro yishe Karinda umutegeka w’u Buzi, agahugu
ko mu Buhunde mu majyaruguru y’ikiyaga cya Kivu maze nyina Nyirakarinda
akamuzana mu minyago ari muzima.
27. Abo bahinza yabateyemo umukenya Yayanganiye n’amahari
(umukarago 305, 311): Mu mateka, Gatarabuhura wari mwene se wa
Sentabyo yohereje intumwa ngo zice Yuhi IV Gahindiro ngo ahereko yime
mu Rwanda; ubwo Sentabyo yari amaze gutanga maze umwiru Rusuka
aramuhungisha. Uyu Gatarabuhura yari yarigometse kuri Sentabyo amaze
kwima ashaka gufata ubutegetsi ariko ntibyamuhira ahungira i Burundi.
Ikindi amateka atubwira kuri Yuhi IV Gahindiro ni uko yimye ari muto se
Sentabyo amaze gutanga maze ategekerwa na nyina Nyiratunga.
28. Ko wandikiye ubutwari ukiri muto Ukaba uhotoye uruti ukiri
umutavu ( umukarago 321-324): Biributsa ko Mutara II Rwogera yimye
akiri muto. Icyo gihe ni bwo u Rwanda rwagabye igitero i Burundi kiswe
“Igitero cya Rwagetana”(kugeta bivuga gutema ugakuraho). U Rwanda
rwayoborwaga n’umugabekazi Nyiramavugo Nyiramongi. Ariko igitero
kitiriwe Mutara II Rwogera.
29. Mpumurize Nyamarembo: Nyamarembo uvugwa hano ni nyina wa Yuhi
III Mazimpaka Nyirayuhi III Nyiramarembo. Uyu Nyirayuhi III yari umukono.
Yicishije abana b’umwami babiri b’impanga, bituma umuhungu we atanga
itegeko ryo kurimbura Abakono. Nyamarembo na we ubwe yariyahuye.
Umusizi arahumuriza Abakono ababwira ko na bo bazakomeza kubyara
abami.
II.4. Ibisigo nyabami
II.4.1. Inshoza, ibiranga ibisigo nyabami n’amako yabyo
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ukwibyara” ugereranye ibiwuvugwamo
n’ibyavugwaga mu yindi myandiko wize, maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure
inshoza y’ibisigo nyabami, ubwoko bwabyo n’ibibiranga.
1. Inshoza y’ibisigo nyabami
Ibisigo nyabami ni imivugo yasingizaga abami n’ingoma zabo ikoresheje amagambo
y’indobanure. Byatangiriwe n’ibyo bitaga ibinyeto. Ijambo ibinyeto riva ku nshinga
kunyeta bivuga gusingiza cyangwa kurata. Abahanzi b’ibinyeto babitaga abenge.
Ibinyeto byabaga ari imivugo irata buri mwami ukwe. Bikaba bigufi, muri rusange
bitarengeje imikarago makumyabiri.
Ku ngoma ya Ruganzu II Ndoli nibwo umugabekazi we w’umutsindirano Nyirarumaga
yahurije ibinyeto mu gisigo kimwe yise “Umunsi ameza imiryango yose”.
Kuva ubwo ibinyeto ntibyongera kubaho, ahubwo hatangira ibisigo. Ni ukuvuga ko
umuntu wa mbere wemewe mu Rwanda nk’umusizi ari Nyirarumaga.
Ibisigo nyabami rero byatangiwe n’umugabekazi Nyirarumaga ku ngoma ya
Ruganzu II Ndoli. Icyo gihe igisigo cyabaga ari kirekire gisingiza umwami umwe
cyangwa benshi. Abenge batangiye ubwo na bo bakajya bahimba ibisigo birebire
bisingiza abami, noneho bahabwa agaciro gakomeye ibwami ndetse barema
umutwe wabo (inteko y’abasizi) uyoborwa n’intebe y’abasizi.
2. Amoko y’ibisigo nyabami
Ibisigo nyabami bigabanyijemo amoko atatu: ikobyo (ikungu), ibyanzu n’impakanizi.
a) Ibisigo by’ikobyo/ikungu
Ibisigo by’ikobyo cyangwa ikungu ni ibisigo bigufi (ugereranyije n’impakanizi
cyangwa ibyanzu) bihurutuye, bigiye umujyo umwe kuko bitagira ibika.
Bigira interuro (intangiriro) n’umusayuko. Igisigo k’ikobyo gisingiza umwami umwe.
Ingero
- None imana itumije abeshi, cyasizwe na Mutsinzi agitura Kigeri IV Rwabugiri.
- Umpe icyanzu cyasizwe na Gahuriro ku ngoma ya Mutara III Rudahigwa.
b) Ibisigo by’ibyanzu
Ibisigo by’ibyanzu ni ibisigo bigira ibika. Ibyo bika bitandukanywa n’inyikirizo. Mu
bisigo by’ibyanzu umusizi avuga amateka y’abami ariko ntabakurikiranya uko bagiye
basimburana ku ngoma. Ibisigo by’ibyanzu ni bigufi ugereranyije n’impakanizi.
Ibyanzu na byo bigira ibice bitatu: interuro, igihimba n’umusayuko.
Ingero: - Naje kubara inkuru cya Sekarama ka Mpumba, cyatuwe
Kigeri IV Rwabugiri.
- Ndi intumwa y’abami cya Ngorane.
c) Ibisigo by’impakanizi
Ibisigo by’impakanizi ni ibisigo bivuga amateka y’abami bibakurikiranya uko bagiye
bazungurana ku ngoma, hagaheruka umwami utuwe igisigo. Ibisigo by’impakanizi
bigira ibice bitatu: Interuro, impakanizi n’umusayuko.
Interuro
Mu nteruro, umusizi avuga muri make abami agiye gusingiza atabakurikiranya,
ndetse atanabavuga amazina ahubwo agenda akomoza ku bikorwa byabo,
akanagaragaza ko aje kurabukira umwami uriho.
Impakanizi
Mu mpakanizi, umusizi asingiza abami abavuga amazina uko bagiye bakurikirana ku
ngoma, bose bagahurira ku nyikirizo imwe itangirira igisingizo cyabo. Iyo nyikirizo
na yo yitwa impakanizi.
Umusayuko
Mu musayuko, umusizi asingizamo umwami atuye igisigo kandi aba ari we uri
ku ngoma. Mu musayuko kandi umusizi atura umwami ubukene bwe kugira ngo
agororerwe. Ibi ni byo bamwe bitaga «kwisabira umuriro».
Ibisigo by’impakanizi rero birangwa no kuba bikurikiranya abami uko bagiye
basimburana ku ngoma no kuba bigira inyikirizo ari yo yitwa impakanizi.
Ingero: - Ukwibyara cya Nyakayonga ka Musare, cyatuwe umwami Mutara II
Rwogera.
- Bantumye kubaza umuhigo cya Nyabiguma bya Sanzige, cyatuwe
umwami Kirima II Rujugira.
3. Ibiranga ibisigo nyabami
Ibisigo nyabami birangwa no gusingiza abami n’ingoma zabo. Birangwa kandi
n’indezi. Indezi ni ijambo cyangwa agatsiko k’amagambo asingiza cyangwa ataka
umwami. Indezi ni nk’umutako umusizi ashyira mu gisigo kugira ngo kiryohere
abacyumva.
Urugero rw’indezi mu gisigo “Ukwibyara”: Ny’ebisu by’emisango (umukarago wa
Ibisigo nyabami kandi birangwa n’imikeshamvugo/iminozanganzo
itandukanye. Iminozanganzo ikoreshwa mu bisigo ni ishingiye ku njyana, imizimizo/
imivugo n’imigoronzoranganzo itandukanye.
Injyana iboneka iyo umusizi yakoresheje amajwi asa mu magambo yegeranye
mu nteruro, kugira ngo igire inshurango inogeye amatwi kandi yoroshye kuyifata
mu mutwe. Injyana nk’uko twabibonye ishobora kuba isubirajwi/isubiramugemo
cyangwa isubirajambo.
Imizimizo/Imivugo ni amagambo avugitse ku buryo bujimije, ku buryo
bw’amarenga umusizi akoresha mu kuboneza imvugo ye atitaye ku byerekeranye
no kuboneza amajwi cyangwa iyubakanteruro; ahubwo agashishikazwa no guha
inyito isanzwe indi ntera (urundi rwego) bituma ihinduka inyito yindi.
Imigoronzoranganzo: Ishingiye mu gukina n’interuro n’amagambo aho umusizi
ahinduranya amagambo y’interuro, arondora, akomora ijambo ku rindi n’ibindi.
Imyitozo
1. Ibisigo nyabami birimo ubwoko bungahe? Bugaragaze werekane
n’itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubwo bwoko bw’ibisigo.
2. Erekana bimwe mu biranga ibisigo nyabami
II.4.2. Abasizi n’ibisigo byabo n’akamaro k’ibisigo nyabami
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi ugaragaze abasizi n’ibisigo byabo maze usobanure
n’akamaro k’ibisigo nyabami.
1. Abasizi n’ibisigo byabo
Imyitozo
1. Ibi bisigo byasizwe na nde? a) Naje kubara inkuru, b) Bantumye kubaza
umuhigo.
2. Tanga urugero rw’igisigo kuri buri musizi muri aba bakurikira:
a) Musare, b) Mutsinzi
3. Sobanura akamaro k’ibisigo nyabami.
Imyitozo
II.5. Iminozanganzo
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ukwibyara” witegereze imikoreshereze y’imvugo
n’imyubakire y’interuro, maze ukore ubushakashatsi ugaragaze inshoza
n’amwe mu moko y’iminozanganzo ikoreshwa mu buvanganzo nyarwanda.
II.5.1. Inshoza y’iminozanganzo
Iminozanganzo ni uburyo bw’imvugo bukoreshwa mu buhanzi mu rwego rwo kunoza
igihangano kugira ngo kiryohere abazacyumva cyangwa abazagisoma. Ni nk’imitako
itatse igihangano. Iminozanganzo ishobora kuba ishingiye ku mikoreshereze
y’amajwi, imyubakire y’interuro cyangwa se ku nshoza (igisobanuro).
II.5.2. Amwe mu moko y’iminozanganzo
1. Iminozanganzo ishingiye ku njyana
a) Injyana ishingiye ku isubirajwi/isubiramugemo
Isubirajwi ni isubiramo rya hafi ry’ijwi rifite irindi riribanziriza bisa cyangwa bijya
gusa ku buryo bibyara ikintu cy’urujyano mu kuryohera amatwi. Hari ingeri nyinshi
z’isubirajwi: Isubirajwi ritagenerwa buri gihe umwanya runaka, isubirajwi ku
ntangiro y’imikarago, isubirajwi ryo mu bice bihera, isubirajwi ry’umushumi. Mu
gisigo «Ukwibyara», umusizi Nyakayonga ka Musare akoresheje izo ngeri z’injyana
ishingiye ku isubirajwi.
Ingero:
Biru b’imirama
Muhimbye imiriri
Muvugirize imirenge. (umukarago 418-420)
Mwitwa ingendutsi
Mwatubereye imbyeyi
Muri abami b’akamazi (umukarago 37-39)
Mumuhe urubanza
Mureke abanze
Nabanze Nyamugenza
Umwami w’i Muganza (umukarago 222-225)
Cyungura Umwami wo ku Cyuma
Azanye Cyubahiro
Yitwa kihabugabo. (Umukarago184-185)
b) Injyana ishingiye ku isubirajambo
Umusizi akoresha isubirajambo iyo isubirajwi rigaruka mu ijambo bihuriye
ku gicumbi kimwe n’iryaribanjirije cyangwa se ijambo ryose uko ryakabaye
rikagaruka.
Ingero:
Ukwibyara gutera ababyeyi ineza
Batambira b’ineza. (umukarago 1-2)
Ntibagira amavu
Ntibagira amajyo
Ntibagira imbuto izaberera (umukarago 403-405)
2. Imizimizo/imivugo
a) Igereranya
Umusizi afata ibintu bifite icyo bihuriyeho akabisobanuza ikindi agereranya
akoresheje uko bisangiye imisusire, imigenzereze, umumaro n’ibindi. Igereranya
rikoresha amagambo: nka, boshye, kimwe na... Ashobora kugereranya ikintu kimwe
n’ikindi, cyangwa ikintu kimwe n’ibindi byinshi.
Ingero:
Wadukamiye amata angana imvura (Umukarago 54)
Yadutunze nka Nyiratunga (umukarago 78)
b) Imibangikanyo
Umunozanganzo w’umubangikanyo urakoreshwa cyane mu bisigo. Umusizi
akurikiranya amabango (imikarago) nibura abiri cyangwa se amagambo abiri
yuzuzanya, avuguruzanya cyangwa akurikiranya ibitekerezo bisa ku buryo
bw’umusubizo. Habaho umubangikanyo w’umusubizo, umubangikanyo wuzuza/
nsobanuzi n’umubangikanyo w’inshyamirane/imbusane.
- Umubangikanyo w’umusubizo: umusizi akurikiranya imikarago ku buryo
ikivugwa kiri mu mukarago ubanza cyangwa mu gice kimwe cy’umukarago
gisubirwamo mu mukarago ukurikira cyangwa mu gice gikurikira cy’uwo
mukarago.
Urugero:
Winyita impezi
Sindi uwo guhera. (Umukarago wa 359-360)
- Umubangikanyo wuzuza/nsobanuzi: Umusizi akurikiranya imikarago
cyangwa ibice by’imikarago ku buryo ikintu yavuze mu mukarago wa mbere
cyangwa mu gice cy’umukarago cya mbere agisobanura cyangwa se akavuga
impamvu yakivuze mu mukarago ukurikira cyangwa mu gice cy’umukarago
gikurikira.
Urugero:
Ndi umupfumu wa Nyamurorwa
Mpora nkwereza nkaburengwa. (Umukarago 381-382)
Umusizi aratanga ingingo mu mukarago ubanza ukurikiyeho agatanga impamvu.
- Umubangikanyo w’inshyamirane: umusizi akurikiranya imikarago
cyangwa ibice by’imikarago ibitekerezo biri muri iyo mikarago cyangwa ibyo
bice by’imikarago bivuguruzanya.
Ingero:
Umuhinza wari uhanze
Yuhi aramuhangamura (Umukarago wa 249-250)
Umwanzi agucira akobo
Imana igucira akanzu.
c) Iyitirira
Umunozanganzo w’iyitirira ufata ikintu ukakitirira ikindi kubera ko bifitanye
isano. Icyo gihe ijambo rifata umwanya w’irindi rikagira inyito nshya kandi n’iyo
ryari risanganywe ritayitakaje. Ukoresha iyitirira ashobora gufata agace kamwe
k’ikintu akakitirira icyo kintu cyose, gufata ikintu cyabaye akakitirira impamvu
yacyo, gufata ikintu akakitirira igikoresho kirimo n’ibindi. Mu gisigo «Ukwibyara»
Nyakayonga ka Musare yakoresheje iyitirira cyane.
Ingero:
Cyungura umwami wo ku Cyuma (umukarago 183)
Ku Cyuma: ni ku Nyundo. Inyundo iba ari icyuma. Bayitiriye icyo ikozemo maze
ahantu hitwa i Nyundo bahita ku Cyuma.
Mutazimbwa yica Mazuba (umukarago 261)
Mazuba: ni Umwami Mutaga III Sebitungwa w’i Burundi. Umutaga bivuga umunsi
(amanywa); noneho bigashyirwa ku zuba kuko izuba riva ku manywa maze Mutaga
akitwa Mazuba. I Bugabe bwa Muruzi (umukarago 274)
Muruzi: ni mu Ndorwa. Kurora bivuga kimwe n’igicumbi k’inshinga nkene -ruzi.
Harimo umuzimizo w’iyitirira kuko “-rora” na “-ruzi” bifite igisobanuro kijya kuba
kimwe.
d) Ihwanisha
Ihwanisha rijya kumera nk’igereranya. Mu ihwanisha ikigereranywa n’ikigereranyo
biba bihuje maze ugasa n’ubinganyisha. Kimwe gishobora gufata umwanya w’ikindi
cyangwa kikagisimbura. Mu gisigo “Ukwibyara”, umunozanganzo w’ihwanisha
warakoreshejwe cyane:
Urugero:
Muri imanzi z’uburezi
Muri ibirezi byamye i Buriza na Buremera
Muri abaremere b’i Tanda
Muri abature b’i Tenda (umukarago 41-44)
Muri iyo mikarago ikigereranywa ni abami. Abami barahwanishwa n’imanzi
z’uburezi n’ibirezi byamye i Buriza na Buremera, n’abaremere b’i Tanda, n’abature
b’i Tenda.
e) Ishushanya
Iyo urebye usanga ishushanya ari ryo rigize umutima wo gusiga kuko ari ryo rikoreshwa
cyane. Ni uburyo bwo gusobanura cyangwa kwerekana ikintu wifashishije imvugo
isa n’ica amarenga ukurikije uko icyo usobanura giteye cyangwa se uko ukiyumvisha.
Ingero:
Mumera amaboko arabakamira (umukarago 15)
Muri uyu mukarago harimo ishushanya: amaboko ntamera. Bishushanya ko
bagize umuryango.
Kurya mucurwa n’inyundo ziramye (umukarago 30)
Ni ishushanya kuko abantu badacurwa ahubwo barabyarwa. Bishatse kuvuga
ko babyarwa n’ibihangange”.
Abagusigaranye imbuto n’intanga (umukarago 62)
Bishushanya abagusigiye kubyara no kororoka…
f) Igerura cyangwa impirike
Ni ukuvuga ikintu ugabanya cyangwa wongera agaciro kacyo usa n’ushyiramo
ikinyabupfura. Urugero, aho kugira ngo uvuge ko ikintu ari kibi, ukavuga ngo si
kiza, ikintu kinuka ukavuga ngo gihumura nabi, umuntu wangana ukavuga ngo
agira urukundo ruke. Nyakayonga ka Musare, mu gisigo “Ukwibyara” yakoresheje
igerura.
Urugero:
Bwobabuke, bwanzabuke (umukarago 228)
Umusizi ashaka kuvuga ko Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura atagira ubwoba,
atagira ubugugu ahubwo agira ubuntu.
g) Itizabuntu
Ni umunozanganzo ufitanye isano cyane n’ishushanya. Gusa mu itizabuntu umusizi
aha ishusho ibintu cyangwa inyamaswa, imyumvire, imikorere nk’iy’umuntu:
Urugero:
Adusendera imisaka ya rusenge (umukarago 28)
Imisaka ntishobora gusendwa. Ubundi hasendwa umugore. Harimo itizabuntu.
Harimo kandi n’ishushanya. Birashushanya ko Umwami Ruganzu II Ndoli yabakuye
mu bwirabure.
h) Umusarabiko:
Ni umunozanganzo ukoresha interuro ku buryo agace gatangira intondeke ya mbere
usanga ari ko gasoza intondeke ya kabiri, agasoza intondeke ya mbere kakaba ari
na ko gatangira iya kabiri. (Ku buryo usanga izo ntondeke zombi zisa n’izikora ikintu
kimeze nk’umusaraba cyangwa ikimenyetso cyo gukuba).
Urugero:
Kera isake yari isaha
Kera isaha yari isake
i) Ikabya:
Ni uburyo bwo gukabiriza igitekerezo ku buryo umuntu yumva ibivuzwe bisa n’aho
bitashoboka cyangwa se birengeje urugero.
Urugero:
Wadukamiye amata angana imvura.
3. Imigoronzoranganzo
a) Umubirinduro
Umusizi aba yakoresheje umubirinduro iyo yahinduye uko amagambo asanzwe
akurikirana mu nteruro nk’iryari iburyo rikaza ibumoso.
Urugero:
- Bukurirwe umwami ubwatsi (umukarago 335):
Mu bisanzwe yagombye kuvuga: “Ubwatsi bukurirwe Umwami”.
- Yaramutse umuvumbi imvura.
Mu bisanzwe yagombye kuvuga: “ Imvura yaramutse umuvumbi ”.
b) Iyambukanya
Aho kugira ngo interuro irangirane n’umukarago, irangirira ku mukarago
ukurikiyeho.
Ingero:
- Ge wasanze ingoro y’umwami
Isetse, isusurutse
Isa n’ingwa yera (umukarago 346-348)
- Akwikiye mu nti z’imyifuzo
Y’amaberuka atarakora hasi.
- Kigasanga barageze
Imigerwa myinshi.
c) Irondora
Umusizi avuga ibintu abikurikiranya kimwe ku kindi nta cyungo kirimo.
Ingero:
Muri intwari zitarutana,
Muri bene iteka ritahava,
Muri bene umutungo mwiza (Umukarago 47-49)
d) Ikomora
Abasizi bakoresha ikomora barema amagambo bahereye ku yandi, bakongeraho
cyangwa bagakuraho uturemajambo. Inyito ishobora guhinduka cyane cyangwa
buhoro.
Ingero:
Umuhinza wari uhanze
Yuhi aramuhangamura (umukarago 249-250)
Inshinga guhangamura (-hang-am-ur-a) ikomoka ku nshinga guhanga (-hang-a)
kuko igicumbi ari kimwe. Ikomora rikoresheje ingereka –am na -ur-. Muri uru
rugero inyito ntabwo yahindutse cyane
Imyitozo
Garagaza ubwoko bw’iminozanganzo dusanga muri iyi mikarago uvuge n’icyo
umuhanzi yashakaga kuvuga muri iyo mvugo shusho.
1. Umwami uhawe uruharo
Arwigiza imbere.
2. Wadukamiye amata angana imvura
3. Kurya mucurwa n’inyundo ziramye
Umuganura uturuka muri Kanama
Uturukijwe no kwa Myaka
Ari bo bo kwa Musana
Bakaza kwaka amasuka
5. Bakabwira Umutsobe ubatwara
Akaza n’ibwami
Umwami akicara ikambere
Ari kwa se cyangwa kwa sekuru
Akicara mu kirambi
10. Ku ntebe y’inteko
Umutsobe akazana amasuka
Akwikiye mu nti z’imyifuzo
Y’amaberuka atarakora hasi
Ahambiriye mu kirago
15. Maze Umutsobe akayahambura
Umwami akayenda
Akayafatira imbere ye
Akayahereza Umutsobe
Ati: “ Genda uhinge weze”.
20. Uwo kwa Musana akayasubiza mu kirago
Akayasohokana mu nzu
Yagera ku karubanda
Akayaha ubonetse wese
Akagenda ubwo
25. Yagera iwabo i Bumbogo
Ingoma zikayasanganira n’impundu
Bagacanira ngo amasuka yaje
Abo kwa Musana rero
Bakajya mu nkuka bakabiba
30. Bagasubya imbuto bukeye
Nuko bagahinga
Ubwo ni muri Nzeri
Bakabibana n’uburo
Mu kwezi kwa Mutarama
35. Amasaka aba yeze
Maze mu myijima yako
Umurorano ukazana
Amasaka mu nshuro y’agakangara
Harimo uturo duke
40. Bikaza ikambere
Umutsobe agatereka mu nzugi
Umwami akaza gusohoka
Bagaheza abari mu nzu bose
Umwami akicara ku ntebe
45. Umutsobe akamuhereza ya nkangara
Umwami akayikora
Umugabekazi akayikora
Bakayijyana mu nzu
Yo mu gikari yiherereye
50. Bakazana urusyo bagasya
Ifu yaboneka bakarika
Bakavuga mu byibo bibiri
By’ingore bitoya
Bukira bagatumiza mu nyubahiro
55. Bakazana amata mu nkongoro z’imirinzi
Bikaza ikambere
Bagaheza abatari abiru
Umwami akarora akagira kane
60. N’umugore we w’Umwega
Utari mu mugongo akarora akagira kane
Twa twibo bakadushyira mu gicuba
Bagatereka ku musego
65. Inyuma ya Nyarushara
Bukira umwami akakira
Umugabo w’intarindwa
Agahengera ingoma zitarabambura
Agatindura cya gicuba
70. Akijyanira umutsima akirira
Bikaba aho
Ukwezi kukajya gushira
Bakabariranya n’igihe
Ukwezi kwa Gashyantare kuzabonekera
75. Bakajya guhagurutsa igitenga
Akaza uwo kwa Musana
Akabwira Umutsobe
Ati: “Nje kwenda igitenga”.
Bati: “Nuko”.
80. Umutsobe akabivuga ibwami
Bakareba umukobwa wo mu
Bega akajya kwa Cyirima
Ikambere amavuta y’inturire
Wa mugeni wo mu Bega
85. Akenda ya mavuta
Akayabumbira mu ndiba y’igitenga
Akagiha umugabo akagisohokana
No mu rugo umwami arimo
Ari kwa se ari kwa sekuru
90. Ntibagombere aherewe
Umwami akicara mu kirambi
Ku ntebe y’inteko
Iserereyeho intama
Yerejwe akiri umworozi
95. N’aho yimiye
Kuko iyo yimye
Atongera kwambara intama
Yambara inka gusa
Bakakimushyira imbere
100. Akagifata ku rugara rwacyo
Afatanyije n’Umutsobe
N’uwo kwa Musana
Umutsobe akakibanzamo umutwe
Hanyuma akagihereza uwo kwa Musana
105. Na we akagishyiramo umutwe
Bakirenza ku nzugi
Bakagiha umugabo ubonetse wese
Maze akakiremerwa
Ubwo impundu zigacura
110. Abaja bakagiherekeza
Ku mpundu nsa nta ngoma
Kikagenda ubudasibira
Ntikirare mu kiraro cy’Umutsobe
Gihaguruka ubwo kigenda
115. Aho kiraye hose
N’aho kinyuze ku gasozi
Bakagiha impundu
Kikambuka uruzi
Kigasanga barageze
120. Imigerwa myinshi
Ingoma n’impundu
Bikagisanganira mu Bumbogo
Bakakigera uwo munsi kikuzura
Imigerwa bakayicuranura
125. Kigahindukira uwo munsi
Bavuza impundu inzira yose
Abambogo bambura
Bakubita rubanda
Bakaza barara mu bakungu
130. Ku Bagesera no ku Bazigaba
Aho kiraye bakazimana
Utazimanye bakarusenya
Ndetse bahura n’amakoro
Ajya ibwami
135. Cyangwa ingemu z’abatware
Bakabyambura ntibirengerwe
Kikarara ku Mutsobe
Kigasanga barasigaye batora abakwe
Uwatahaga akarorera
140. Abatware bagatumira amata bose
Ibicuba by’ibwami bigatindwa
Cyagera ku Mutsobe
Ingoma yabo yo ku kiraro ikagisanganira
Bakarara aho
145. Mu gitondo akazana ikimasa
Akazimana Abambogo
Ingoma z’imivugo z’ibwami
Zikaza ku kiraro
Zikimara kubambura
150. Zahagera zikavuga
Kigahaguruka ku manywa hakeye
Ubwo amavuta y’inturire
Bakayashyira mu kidakombwa
Bakagishyira mu njishi y’igisabo
155. N’urugata rw’ibikangaga by’ibishikurano
Amavuta aba yuzuye abumbiriye
Akajya kwa Cyirima
Akaba ari ho bayakorera
Agaterekwa mu gicuba
160. Umuganura ugahaguruka
Abahungu bambaye impu
Ab’abakwe bagisanze ku Mutsobe
Umugeni wo mu Bega
N’uwo mu Batsobe
165. Bari kwa Cyirima
Ingoma bakazishyira mu ngobyi zigahekwa
Uko zisumbana
Wa mugeni wo mu Bega
Agahekwa azikurikiye
170. N’uw’Umutsobe agataho
Na cya gicuba kigataho
Bikaza no ku karubanda
Ingoma igahura n’umuganura
Bakazana amaboko ya Karinga
175. Bakazana n’ay’umuganura
Bakabisanganya bigakorana
Karinga igahita
N’izindi ngabe
Ingoma zikavunura
180. Zikajya mu rugo umwami arimo
Na za ngobyi z’abageni
Cya gicuba kigasigara ku karubanda
Kigakurikira insyo
Zavuye ku Mutsobe
185. N’intango z’i Buhanga ebyiri
Zigakurikira cya gicuba n’umwuko
Ingobyi z’abageni
Bakazururukiriza mu nkike
Ikambere umwami agaherezwa
Inyundo n’urushingo
190. Akicara mu muryango
Ku ntebe y’inteko
Akambara inganji
Umuheto ukamujya imbere
Akaramutswa akambara igikondo
195. Ingabe zigataha
Zigaherezwa ateyeho ibihubi
Zikajya ku ruhimbi
Umuganura ugataha
Yambaye inyonga z’umuganura mu nda
200. N’igikondo n’ishyira
Umuganura wajya kugera
Ku nkingi ya kanagazi
Bakareba uwo kwa Myaka
Agashyira injishi ku mutwe
205. Agashyira igitenga ku mutwe
Agatirimuka ku nkombe y’igitabo akavamo
Bakagitereka imbere y’umwami
Bakazana Rugina
Ni iy’ubuki yo kwa Myaka
210. Bagasuka mu ruho runini
Bagarura mu kabindi
Umutsobe agapfukama inyuma yacyo
Umwami atetse imbere yacyo
Bakagisokoza bombi
215. Bakazana ibyibo bine by’ingore
Umwami akabishyirishamo amashyi
Adaha mu gitenga
Afatanyije n’Umutsobe
Bakabyuzuza uko ari bine
220. Igitenga kikajya haruguru
Mu ruhimbi hino y’ingoma
Bagateraho insyo ebyiri
Bagasya berekeje mu ruhimbi
Bakazana Rugina
225. Umwami n’Umutsobe bakayibyirura
Bakagira kane
Umwami akayisogongera
Bakayitera ku musego
Uwo mu Ntarindwa akajya hanze
230. Akazana amashyiga
Agashyigikira ageraho inkono
Byatungana umwami akaza
Bakazana imirembe n’ishyoza
Bagafatira mu mutwe wa rwa ruho
235. Bagasuka amazi muri rwa ruho
Umwami agapfukama
Imbere ya ya nkono
Agasukamo ya mazi
Rimwe kabiri gatatu kane gatanu
240. Gatandatu karindwi
Umunani ikenda
Akarundura atyo
Nyina akaza
Akagenza atyo
245. N’umugore w’umwami
N’Umutsobe
N’uwo kwa Musana
Bakazana inkwi z’imirama
Umuntu wese agacanira
Iburyo bw’iyo nkono
250. Yamara gushya bagaturira
Umwami akaza n’imbere yayo
Akayikomera mu mashyi apfukamye
Yarangiza agahaguruka
Nyina akagira atyo
255. N’umugore we
N’Umutsobe
N’uwo kwa Mumbogo
Bikitwa ngo ireze
Bakazana bya byibo
260. Byuzuye ifu uko ari bine
Umuja akadahanura
Umwami agafatanya n’mugore n’Umutsobe
Bagaturira bakagira kane
Umugore akaza akarangirizamo
265. Bagafatanya bose kandi
Bagashyiramo umwuko
Barangiza bagahaguruka
Bagahereza umuja akavuga
Umuja yamara guhisha
270. Umugore w’umwami agahaguruka agahakura
Akabanza mu kibo cy’umwami
Bagahakura bakacyuzuza
Bakakireka
Bagahakurira no mu bindi
275. Bajya kurangiza
Wa mugore akagaruka
Agafatanya na wa muja
Umutsima munini ugasigara ku mwuko
Ubwo hanze umwami yamara guturira
280. Ajya kurima amasuka
N’abakwe n’Abambogo
Hakazabanza umwami n’Umutsobe
N’uwo kwa Mumbogo bakarima
Abandi bakabona kurima
285. Barangiza kuvuga
Ibyo kurima bikarorera
Ubwo bakazana amata y’inyubahiro
Mu nkongoro z’imirinzi ebyiri
Umwami akambara igikondo
290. N’inyonga zawo
Akicara ku ntebe y’inteko
Bakazana cya kidakombwa
Mu njishi y’igisabo
Umutsobe akazana umwuko
295. Uriho wa mutsima
Agapfukama imbere ye
Umwami akendaho
Yabanje kunywa kabiri
Ku mata y’inyubahiro
300. Umutsima akawukoza mu kidakombwa
Akagira kane agahaguruka
Akongera agasoma amata
Umugabekazi akaza
Akazanirwa ikibo ke
305. Agakoza mu kidakombwa
Akagira kane
Umugore w’umwami akaza
Akenda ku kibo cy’umwami
Akabigenza atyo
310. Umutsobe akenda ike kibo
Akagira kane
Uwo kwa Mumbogo
Akenda ku ke kibo
Bakavanaho ibyo
315. Umwami akajya ku buriri
Kwakirana na wa mugore w’Umwega
Wa mugeni w’Umutsobekazi
Agahagarara mu rwuririro
Akamuha impundu
320. Ntihagire Umutsobe urara mu rugo
Kabone n’uw’akana
Bose bagataha
lngoma zikarara aho
Zikazinduka zijya kwa Cyirima
325. Igitenga bakidashye
Kikajyayo n’ikidakombwa
Amavuta akajya mu kavure k’indembere
Wa mugeni wo mu Bega
N’uwo mu Batsobe
330. Bakajya kwa Cyirima bakicarayo
Ikoro ry’i Bumbogo rigahita
Rijya kwa Cyirima mu gikari
Amakoro y’amata y’abatware agahita
Bakazana ibicuba
335. Bibiri bya Rwimana
Bakazana amavuta y’inturire
Akabanza mu gicuba kibanza
Bakuzuzaho andi
Igisigaye bagashyiramo amata
340. Ayo babonye yose
Bakagaburira Abambogo
Hakabanza ab’impuzu
Bakisiga ya mavuta
N’abanywa ayo mata
345. Bakagumya kuyakomera
Bakahabikirira imfizi
Ivuye mu Ndwanyi
Ab’imyanya y’inzoga n’amata
Bo mu banyamihango aho
350. Inka zigataha z’inyambo
Z’Abanyansanga n’amabara
Ibirori bikirirwa aho
Bikarara aho
Bikarangirizwa n’uko ingoma
355. Zisigwa wa mukamo wa ya Ndwanyi
Ibirori by’umuganura bikarangira bityo
Ku ngoma y’abami b’inka
Iyo igitenga gitashye ku Mutsobe
Ingoma imwe n’ishako biragisanganira
360. Bwacya mu gitondo
Ingabe n’abageni bombi
Bikaza ku kiraro cy’umutsobe
Karinga n’ingabe zindi
Zikagenda imbere
365. Abakobwa inyuma
Hagaheruka ikidakombwa
Bagasanga babaze imfizi
Iturutse mu Ndwanyi
Ingoma n’abageni bikinjira mu nzu
370. Zikajya mu ruhimbi
Abagore mu kirambi
Umutsobe akazana inzoga n’amata
Agatereka imbere y’ingoma
Agasogongera agaha Umwenenyabirungu
Umwenenyabirungu akaziterura
375. N’amata byose n’inyama
Bikagaburirwa abiru
Ingabe zigasohoka
Zigateza urugamba ku gitabo
Umwenenyabirungu akaziraba
380. Umukamo wa ya mfizi mu ruhanga
Yamara kuzisiga
Bakazishyira mu ngobyi
Igitenga kigasohoka
Kigahekwa na cyo
385. Kikajya imbere y’ingabe
Bagasanga umwami ikambere.
II.6.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Inzira y’umuganura”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko
wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
1. Koresha mu nteruro amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko:
a) Ku karubanda
b) Gusanganira
c) Kurora
d) Bakarika
e) Abambogo
2. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo akurikira:
a) hakura, b) barabyirura, c) inkongoro z’imirinzi, d) ikidakombwa.
Imyitozo
II.6.2. Gusoma no Kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inzira y’umuganura” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira.
1. Inzira y’umuganura yatangiraga mu kuhe kwezi?
2. Umuganura watangizwaga n’uwuhe muhango? Waberaga he?
Ugatangizwa n’uwuhe muryango?
3. Ni uwuhe muhango wakorwaga n’umwami mbere yo guhinga?
4. Ukurikije umwandiko, n’uko usanzwe uzi umuhango w’umuganura,
wavuga ko umuganura watangiraga gutegurwa ryari?
5. Inzira y’umuganura yarangiriraga he? Yarangiraga ite?
6. Ibirori by’umuganura nyirizina byatangizwaga na ba nde?
II.6.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inzira y’umuganura” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
a) Inzira y’umuganura iri mu buhe bwoko bw’ubuvanganzo? Sobanura
igisubizo cyawe.
b) Umwandiko “Inzira y’umuganura” uvuga ku bijyanye n’amafunguro.
Ugendeye kuri uwo mwandiko, wavuga iki ku muco wo kunywesha
imiheha mu kibindi?
c) Gereranya ibyo twabonye byakorwaga mu nzira y’umuganura mu
Rwanda rwo hambere n’uko ibirori by’umuganura byizihizwa kuri ubu.
Sobanura akamaro k’umuganura.
d) Hanga umuvugo wigana imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo wize maze
ukoreshemo iminozangazo inyuranye, uzawuvugire mu ruhame imbere
ya bagezi bawe.
II.7. Ubwiru
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inzira y’umuganura, witegereza imiterere yawo.
Uhereye ku miterere yawo n’ibivugwamo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure
ishoza y’ubwiru n’inzira z’ubwiru zabagaho mu Rwanda.
II.7.1. Inshoza y’ubwiru
Ubwiru ni urusobe rw’imihango/amategeko yakorwaga n’umwami n’abiru. Iyo
mihango yakorwaga mu ibanga kandi ikagira amagambo yihariye agendana na yo.
Iyo mihango bayitaga inzira z’ubwiru.
II.7.2. Inzira z’ubwiru
Inzira z’ubwiru zari 18 ariko izashoboye gutahurwa ni 17 kuko iya 18 ari yo “Inzira
y’imfizi y’ibwami” itashoboye kuboneka.
Izabonetse ni izi zikurikira:
1. Inzira ya rukungugu: yavugaga ibyerekeye amapfa; igihe nyine habaga
hateye amapfa. Yakorwagamo imihango ijyanye no gusaba imvura.
2. Inzira ya kivu: igihe habaga hateye umwuzure; iyo nzira yari iyo gutsirika
imyuzure no gusaba umucyo.
3. Inzira y’inzuki: yari igamije irumbuka ry’inzuki mu gihe ubuki bwagumye,
igakorwa igihe cyo kwagika imizinga no guhakura.
4. Inzira ya muhekenyi: yari igamije gutsemba indwara z’ibyorezo z’inka
n’ibindi byonnyi.
5. Inzira y’umuhigo: ni igihe cyakorwagamo imihango yo guhiga inyamaswa.
Izi nzira uko ari 5 zari zigize imihango ikorwa igihe ikenewe gusa; nta gihe
gihamye yari ifite.
6. Inzira y’umuriro: yari igamije kubyarira umuriro. Ni ukuvuga ko bacanaga
bundi bushya umuriro wa Gihanga wibutsaga iyimikwa ry’abami b’umuriro
ari bo ba Yuhi. Iyo nzira yari igamije kongera inka n’abantu mu Rwanda,
igakorwa n’umwami witwa Yuhi.
7. Inzira ya Gicurasi: habaga igisibo cyo kwibuka urupfu rwa Ndahiro II
Cyamatare; umwijima wa Gicurasi washushanyaga urupfu, naho iboneka
rya Kamena rigashushanya uburumbuke n’ubuzima. Iyi nzira yarangizaga
imihango yo kwirabura no kwera ngo u Rwanda rurumbuke.
8. Inzira y’umuganura: yari inzira igenga imihango yo kuganura. Habaga
umuhango wo kuganuza umwami ku mbuto zeze mu Gihugu.
9. Inzira y’ishora: yari inzira igenga imihango yo gushora. Yibutsaga iyimikwa
ry’abami b’inka ari bo ba Mutara na Cyilima.
10. Inzira y’inteko: yari inzira igenga imihango yo gukora inteko zo gutabara
igihe cyo kurwanirira ingoma.
11. Inzira yo kwambika ingoma: Iyo ingabo z’u Rwanda zatsindaga igihugu
runaka, bambikaga ingoma ibinyita (ibishahu).
12. Inzira yo kwasira: iyo mihango yagengaga uburyo bunyuranye bwo
kwambika ingoma.
13. Inzira y’inkiko yabyaye umugaru: yagengaga iby’inkiko z’u Rwanda
yakorwaga igihe cyo kwagura imipaka.
14. Inzira y’urwihisho: yibutsaga igihe k’ibitero bikaze by’u Rwanda n’u
Burundi; iyo umwami w’u Burundi yabaga yapfuye, umwami w’u Rwanda
yagombaga kumara iminsi 8 ahantu atabonana n’umugore kandi akiragiza
abakurambere.
15. Inzira y’ikirogoto: yari ikubiyemo ibijyanye n’umuhango wo gutabariza
umwami w’u Rwanda (kumushyingura) igihe yabaga yatanze.
16. Inzira y’urugomo: yakorwaga igihe cyo kugaba ibitero ku bantu bagomeye
ingoma.
17. Inzira y’iyimika: yavugaga uburyo umwami yimikwa igihe umwami
yatangaga, bagiye kwimika undi.
18. Inzira y’imfizi z’i Bwami: iyo nzira y’imfizi z’i Bwami ntirashobora
kuboneka.
Inzira z’ubwiru zirangwa n’uko zifite iminozaganzo itandukanye byerekana ko ari
ubuvanganzo, uturango twerekana ko ari umwandiko wo mu buvanganzo nyemvugo
n’ibikorwa by’umwami n’abiru byerekana ko ari ubuvanganzo nyabami.
II. 7.3. Akamaro ko kwiga ubwiru
Kwiga ubwiru bifite akamaro kuko bituma Abanyarwanda bamenya amateka yabo,
bigatuma bubaka ejo hazaza. Harimo kumeya amabanga y’imitegekere y’Igihugu,
imihango inyuranye yakorwaga ibwami n’uturango tw’ubusizi nyarwanda. Umuntu
kandi ashobora guhera kuri iyo nganzo agahanga agendeye ku nsanganyamatsiko
zo muri iki gihe
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza inzira eshatu mu nzira z’ubwiru zabayeho mu Rwanda
usobanure n’icyo zavugagaho.
2. Sobanura akamaro k’ubwiru mibereho y’Abanyarwanda.
Imyitozo
II.8. Ubucurabwenge
Igikorwa
Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ubucurabwenge, ugaragaze
urutonde rw’abami n’abagabekazi babo kandi ugaragaze n’akamaro ko kwiga
ubucurabwenge.
II.8.1. Inshoza y’ubucurabwenge
Ni umuvugo muremure wavugaga ibisekuru by’abami n’abagabekazi. Abawufataga
mu mutwe bitwaga abacurabwenge. Ubucurabwenge bwarangwaga n’uko buvuga
ibisekuru by’abami n’abamikazi mu buryo buryoheye amatwi.
II.8.2. Urutonde rw’abami b’u Rwanda n’abagabekazi babo
Ubucurabwenge bwigisha ko u Rwanda rwimye abami 44, kuva ku ngoma za mbere
kugeza ku ya Mutara Rudahigwa, kuko Alexis Kagame yabwiwe Ubucurabwenge ku
ngoma y’uwo mwami, aba ari we aheraho. Ayo mazina yose yarondorwaga mu gihe
k’imihango yo kwimika umwami. Bavugaga amazina y’umwami n’ay’umugabekazi
bamaze kwimika, bakarondora n’aya ba se na ba nyina, n’ibisekuruza byabo bombi,
bagakomeza batyo ku bami bose, kuzageza kuri Nkuba, ari we Shyerezo, akaba
inkomoko y’Abami b’u Rwanda. Ayo mazina murayasanga mu gice kiyarondora
nk’uko Alexis Kagame yayanditse mu Nganji Kalinga (Amasekuruza y’Abami
b’u Rwanda). Reka dufate ay’abami n’abagabekazi gusa, tutavuze ibisekuruza
by’abagabekazi, maze tuyakurikiranye, dukurikije bya bihembwe tumaze kuvuga:
Abami b’Ibimanuka, Abami b’Umushumi, Abami b’Ibitekerezo.
a) Abami b’ibimanuka
Duhereye ku nkomoko y’Abanyiginya, Shyerezo, Nkuba, dore amazina y’Ibimanuka:
b) Abami b’Umushumi, n’Abagabekazi babo:
1. GIHANGA Ngomijana + Nyiragihanga
Nyirarukangaga
2. Kanyarwanda Gahima + Nyirakanyarwanda Nyamususa
3. Yuhi Musindi + Nyirayuhi Nyamata
4. Rukuge + Nyirarukuge Nyirankindi
5. Nyarume + Nyiranyarume Nyirashyoza
6. Rumeza + Nyirarumeza Kirezi
7. Rubanda + Nyirarubanda Nkundwa
8. Ndahiro Ruyange + Nyirandahiro Cyizigira
9. Ndoba Samembe + Nyirandoba Monde
10. Nsoro Samukondo + Nyiransoro Magondo
11. Ruganzu Bwimba + Nyiraruganzu Nyakanga
C). Abami b’Ibitekerezo n’Abagabekazi babo:
1. Cyirima Rugwe + Nyiracyirima Nyakiyaga
2. Kigeri Mukobanya + Nyirakigeri Nyankuge
3. Mibambwe-Mutabazi Sekarongoro + Nyiramibambwe Nyabadaha
4. Yuhi Gahima + Nyirayuhi Matama
Ndahiro Cyamatare + Nyirandahiro Nyirangabo
Ruganzu Ndori + Nyiraruganzu Nyirarumaga
5. Mutara Semugeshi + Nyiramavugo Nyirakabogo
6. Kigeri Nyamuheshera + Nyirakigeri Ncenderi
7. Mibambwe-Mutabazi Gisanura + Nyiramibambwe Nyabuhoro
8. 8. Yuhi Mazimpaka + Nyirayuhi Nyamarembo
Karemera Rwaka + Nyirakaremera Rukoni
9. Cyirima Rujugira + Nyiracyirima Kirongoro
10. Kigeri Ndabarasa + Nyirakigeri Rwesero
11. Mibambwe Sentabyo + Nyiramibambwe Nyiratamba
12. Yuhi Gahindiro + Nyirayuhi Nyiratunga
13. Mutara Rwogera + Nyiramavugo Nyiramongi
14. Kigeri Rwabugiri + Nyirakigeli Murorunkwere
15. Mibambwe Rutarindwa + Nyiramibwambwe Kanjogera
16. Yuhi Musinga + Nyirayuhi Kanjogera
17. Mutara Rudahigwa + Nyiramavugo Kankazi
18. Kigeri Ndahindurwa + Nyirakigeri Mukashema
Ikitonderwa: Muri uru rutonde, amazina y’abami adafite inomero ni amazina
yagize ibyo anengwa bituma atarakomeje kwitwa n’abami b’u Rwanda. Ayo mazina
ni:
- Ndahiro: Iri zina ryakuwe mu rutonde rw’amazina y’abami b’u Rwanda kuko
Ndahiro Cyamatare yishwe na Nsibura Nyebunga, Umwami w’U Bunyabungo
akanamunyaga ingoma y’ingabe “Rwoga”.
- Ruganzu: Iri zina ryakuwe mu rutonde rw’amazina y’abami b’u Rwanda
kuko Ruganzu Ndori na we yaguye ku Rugamba.
- Karemera: Iri zina ryakuwe mu rutonde rw’amazina y’abami b’u Rwanda
kuko ryari izina ry’abami b’i Karagwe (muri Tanzaniya). Binaturuka kandi
ku mpamvu y’uko umwami Karemera Rwaka yatanze imburagihe bakavuga
ko iryo zina ry’amahanga ryamuteye umwaku rigatuma ingoma imurasa
agatanga. Kandi ngo yari yanayibye Cyilima Rujugira wari warahunze se
Mazimpaka na byo bimutera umwaku.
II.8.3. Akamaro ko kwiga ubucurabwenge
Kwiga ubucurabwenge bifite akamaro kuko bituma Abanyarwanda bamenya
amateka yabo. Harimo kumenya uko abami n’abagabekazi bagiye bakurikirana,
ibijyanye n’imitegekere y’Igihugu cyacu n’uturango tw’ubusizi nyarwanda. Umuntu
yabwigiraho kumenya igisekuru ke kandi ashobora guhera kuri iyo nganzo agahanga
agendeye ku nsanganyamatsiko zo muri iki gihe.
Umwitozo
Sobanura ubucurabwenge n’akamaro ko kubwiga.
II.9. Umwandiko: Isabwa rya Mukandahiro
Hari mu gitondo, mu rugo rwo kwa Rugendo biteguye isabwa ry’umukobwa wabo
Mukandahiro. Nyuma yo gutegura ibyicaro no kwicaza abasangwa, abashyitsi baba
barahasesekaye babukereye. Bahabwa ibyicaro n’ababishinzwe, maze baratangira
baraganira:
Umuhuza w’imisango: Nk’uko mubibonye, mu kanya haje umushyitsi.
Ntaratwibwira nubwo nge mbona amaso atari aya, icyakora yahindutse, uko yari
asanzwe atemberera muri uru rugo ndabona atari ko yaje. Yaje agaragiwe n’imbaga,
kandi ubundi yazaga wenyine cyangwa akazana n’abandi bantu nka babiri gusa.
Nyakubahwa umukuru w’umuryango wa Rugendo rero, aba bashyitsi baje si nge
wabaha ikaze mu rugo rwawe kandi uhibereye, reka nguhe umwanya ubahe ikaze
nibiba ngombwa uraza kubaha umwanya batubwire ikibagenza.
Umusangwa mukuru: Tubahaye ikaze bashyitsi bahire. Mu muryango wa Rugendo
dukunda gusabana, mudusanze twibereye mu busabane busoza umwaka. Amazimano
arahari, abahungu bange nibabazimanire. Simbise abavumba n’ubundi ibiryoha ni
ibisangiwe, nimwumva mushize inyota muritahira dusigare mu busabane bwacu.
Umuhuza w’imisango: Nyamara nubwo ntasoma ku mitima y’abantu, ariko uyu
mushyitsi ndabona asa n’urimo gusaba ijambo, reka tumuhe umwanya ndabona
asa n’ushakaga kutubwira ikimugenza.
Umukwe mukuru:
Murakoze, mbere na mbere mbanje kubashimira uko mwatwakiriye muri ubu
busabane bwanyu. Abo twazanye nimumfashe tubashimire. (Amashyi ngo
kacikaci!) Muragahorana amazimano! Uwenze iyi nzoga mutwakirije, igikatsi
yagitsikamiye neza ntiyashakiye ubwinshi mu mazi. Nshimye uko unzimaniye
uretse ko bitanantunguye, buri gihe iwawe n’iwange turazimanirana. Hambere
twagize umugisha, Imana itanga iwacu ndetse n’iwanyu iraturemera, iduhangamo
urukundo, imaze kutwita amazina tuvuye mu ngaragu, iduha kubyara hungu na
kobwa, iduha gutunga no gutunganirwa. Mu bana rero bavutse mu muryango
wa Bazinura, ari na wo mpagarariye, harimo abahungu n’abakobwa, ariko umwe
mu bahungu yaraje aransanga angezaho ikifuzo ko atagishaka gukomeza kwitwa
ingaramakirambi, ko twamushakira akitwa umugabo. Tumushakira umuranga,
araza aha iwanyu ararambagiza, aturangira umugeni muri uru rugo. Muri make,
twaje kubasaba umugeni witwa Mukandahiro.
Nge narigenzuye, nsanga nta mpamvu n’imwe ihari yatuma mutampa umugeni,
cyane ko atari n’ubwa mbere naba nje gusaba muri uyu muryango. Nzi neza ko
ntagira ibyaha yewe n’iyo haba hari igicumuro natanga ikiru, ariko ibyaha byatuma
munyima umugeni
byo nta byo.
Umusangwa mukuru:Ko hano tugira ba Mukandahiro benshi, urifuza
Mukandahiro wuhe? Dufite Karine,Viviyana, Suzana na Virijiniya. Abo bose ni ba
Mukandahiro.
Umukwe mukuru: Ndasaba Mukandahiro Virijiniya.
Umusangwa mukuru: Nabitegereje, nsanga izo mfura ndeba mwazanye
zicaye ku ntebe eshatu zibanza nta cyo nazivugaho, ni abantu b’indahemuka.
Cyakora abicaye kuri izo z’inyuma aho ntareba niba hari abantu bo mu muryango
wacu bajya batemberera ku Mugote no muri izo nshe zihegereye uwagira icyo
yabavugaho akivuge.
Umwe mu basangwa:
Murakoze kumpa ijambo. Hari umukobwa wacu waje ku Mugote ahamara
iminsi agaruka baramuteye inda. Ku bw’iyo mpamvu nge numva tutabashyingira
umukobwa wacu.
Umukwe mukuru:
Arakoze uriya ugaragaje icyo yita ko ari ikibazo. Cyakora ndagira ngo mbamare
impungenge. Uwo mukobwa ndamuzi. Yaje mu muryango wacu tumufata neza,
turamugaburira, agaruka abyibushye mukeka ko bamuteye inda. Si inda yatewe,
ahubwo yarahageze ibiryo by’iwacu biramuyoboka, anywa inshyushyu, anywa
ikivuguto arabyibuha. Ahubwo ubu na Virijiniya tubasaba naza akahamara kabiri
azabyibuha abatazi uko tugabura bazavuga ko yaje atwite.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Umugeni uramuhawe ariko ni umukobwa. (Ako kanya amashyi ngo kacikaci!)
Umukobwa wacu ni Mutumwinka. Nta kindi narenzaho, ibindi nawe urabyibwiriza.
Umukwe mukuru:
Uhawe inka akura ubwatsi ariko uhawe umugeni arashimira. Ndagira ngo
ngushimire
mbikuye ku mutima. Uragahore ubyara abakobwa. Nzanira iyo nzoga mwana wange
mushimire! Uyu muryango mpagarariye uzira kurongora abakobwa tutakoye. Ndi
imbere yawe kandi n’imbere y’umuryango, reka nisubirire mu mwanya wange
munkoshe.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Ngira ngo wabyivugiye ko atari ubwa mbere ukwa muri uyu muryango. Harya niba
ubyibuka, nyibutsa izo dukosha.
Umukwe mukuru:
Ntabwo ari wowe wibagiwe inkwano ukosha kandi ari wowe ubyara abakobwa.
Ikindi, sinakwibutsa uko nakoye. Uwazicaniye ni nyirasenge w’umwana wawe,
hanyuma zimaze kubyara nawe urazikama. Gusa, nzikwa zari umunani ariko ubu
zabaye amashyo.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Yeee! Ndumva koko uko twagukosheje ubyibuka. N’ubu tugukosheje inyana
umunani.
Inyana umunani zirara imfizi mu mahembe. Ngira ngo urabyumva. (Amashyi ngo
kacikaci! Abagore bavuza impundu).
Umukwe mukuru:
Abakirana batangana berekana aheza kugira ngo hatagira uvunika. Uyu munsi
ndagira ngo ngukwere nk’uko nsanzwe ngukwera. Hirya aha mpagira urwuri.
Nazanye n’umutahira wange Kanuma, haguruka sha! Ngwino unyegere. Uyu
mwana w’umuhungu, ni umugabo ariko ndamwita umwana kuko namubyaye.
Ni umutahira w’izacu. Icyo bashaka ni inyana umunani. Nkubwira kuzihanagura
nakubwiye izo nshaka uko zimeze. Jyana n’umushumba wabo, undebere imigongo
yazo, ingeso zazo n’ibibero byazo ari byo bibyara amata. Muzishorerane n’izindi
barobanure mu ishyo inyana umunani.
Umushumba:
Nk’uko yabibabwiraga ni ko nabisanze. Inyana umunani nazishimye nzigejeje mu
rwuri rwacu. Ni inyana nziza, zifite imigongo miremire n’ibibero byiza; mbese
nazishimye.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Ubwo inkwano zawe zashimwe, umugeni uramuhawe. Wicare ugubwe neza, ariko
nge mfite impungenge. Ko mbona imbere aho wicaranye n’abasaza bafite
uruhanga
ruharaze imvi nk’izange, sinzi niba uwo usabira ari umwe muri abo ngabo!
Umukwe mukuru: Ndasabira umuhungu wa Bazinura witwa Karinda. Nubwo
tutazanye, naketse ko muri bunsabe ko abaramutsa mutumaho nkoresheje
ikoranabuhanga. Munkundiye rero, mwanyemerera akaza akabaramutsa. Tebuka
sha! (Umusore aze agaragiwe n’abamuherekeje, asuhuze Umusangwa mukuru.)
Hanyuma se ko umusore wacu maze kumukwereka, wowe ntiwanzanira uwo
mukazana wacu akaturamutsa?
Umusangwa mukuru: Yewe, ni byo koko, reka ba nyirasenge bamumpamagarire
aze, dore ko aba ari mu gikari ahugiye mu mirimo. (Umugeni aze agaragiwe
n’abaherekeza be barimo ba nyirasenge na ba nyina wabo… asuhuze umusangwa
mukuru, maze amushyikirize umukwe mukuru, na we amushyikirize umukwe
w’ukuri. Amashyi n’impundu biba uruhurirane!)
Umukwe mukuru: Mu gihe wanyakiraga nkiza, nari mfite ubutumwa maze
kubagezaho natumwe na Bazinura. Ariko kandi, yambwiye ati: “Ngaho genda
ungire mu Kivugiza ubandamukirize, usabe umugeni, nange nsigaye aha n’abasaza
n’abakecuru tugutegereje. Nuza kugabana, ucyuye umunyafu, ugaruke umbwire
niba urugendo wagize kwa Rugendo rwaguhiriye”. Ndagira ngo munyemerere
ngende hakibona nsange abo basaza n’abakecuru, mbabwire ko mwampaye
umugeni. Mbafashe kwitegura kugira ngo ejo cyangwa ejobundi nzagaruke
gutebutsa. Muragahorana Imana.
Umusangwa mukuru: Wazanye n’abagore b’amajigija, wazanye n’abagabo
b’ibikwerere, wazanye n’ababyeyi bonsa, wazanye n’abagabo b’ibihame,
wazanye n’abasore n’inkumi, wazanye n’abana. Reka nguhe impamba yabo,
ariko iyi nkwihereye yo uyigeze mu rugo ni iya Bazinura wagutumye. Ugende
uyimushyikirize, kibe nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko wageze aho yagutumye.
Umukwe mukuru: Sinongera kwicara kuko burya uhawe impamba arahaguruka
akagenda. Ariko reka mbanze nsabe umuhungu wange aherekeze umugeni we.
Umva sha! Uherekeze uwo mukobwa umugeze ku muryango wa se. Hari inkingi
yitwa kanagazi, ufite uburenganzira bwo guhita kuri iyo nkingi yonyine. Ku rusika
rw’umugendo ni ho abashyitsi bagarukira. Mu ndaburano ni aha se kuko imbere ari
aha nyina. Mu ruhimbi ni ah’abakobwa. Namara kukwereka intebe uzajya wicaraho
waje kwa sobukwe, uhite ugaruka uze dutahe, ejo cyangwa ejobundi nzazana
inzoga yo gutebutsa baduhekere. (Umusore aherekeze umugeni we, amugeze aho
yasabwe kugera hanyuma agaruke batahe).
II.9.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Isabwa rya Mukandahiro”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko
wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro wumvikanisha icyo ashaka
gusobanura:
a) Umutahira
b) Igikatsi
c) Uruhimbi
d) Ishyo
2. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro zikurikira impuzanyito zayo:
a) Uyu mwana yabyirutse afite imbaraga.
b) Yakoze uko ashoboye kose nta cyo namugaya.
c) Kera umushumba si we wahamagaraga umwisi ngo aze kwita inka
amazina, ahubwo yatumirwaga n’umutahira.
3. Mu kinyatuzu gikurikira harimo amagambo makumyabiri n’abiri (22)
y’imihango cyangwa y’ibikoresho byo mu bukwe. Tahuramo ayo
magambo, uva hasi ujya hejuru, uva hejuru ujya hasi, uva iburyo ujya
ibumoso, uva ibumoso ujya iburyo, uberamye
II.9.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Isabwa rya Mukandahiro” hanyuma usubize
ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Umukwe mukuru ageze kwa Rugendo yasanze bakoranyijwe n’iki? Ese
koko icyo bavuga mu mwandiko ni cyo cyari cyabakoranije? Sobanura
igisubizo cyawe.
2. Ni iyihe nteruro igaragaza ko umukwe mukuru yishimiye amazimano?
3. Uwavuga ko uyu mwandiko ufitanye isano no gucyocyorana mu buryo
bwa gipfura yaba yibeshye? Tanga ingero ebyiri ziherekeza igisubizo
cyawe.
4. Ni iyihe mihango y’ubukwe bwa Kinyarwanda ivugwa muri uyu
mwandiko? Yandike uyikurikiranya uko ikurikirana.
5. Ni he mu mwandiko bagaragaza ko uwo muhungu yari ageze mu gihe
cyo gushaka koko?
6. Uyu mwandiko urangira batubwira ko hazakurikiraho uwuhe muhango
uzwi mu bukwe bwa kinyarwanda? Uwo muhango uba ugamije iki?
II.9.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Isabwa rya Mukandahiro” hanyuma usubize
ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe mihango y’ubukwe itavuzwe mu mwandiko “Isabwa rya
Mukandahiro” ?
2. Garagaza ingingo z’umuco nyarwanda ziri mu mwandiko.
3. Gereranya uko imisango y’ubukwe yakorwaga kera n’uko ikorwa muri
iki gihe.
4. Hariho abantu basesagura umutungo mu gihe cy’ubukwe. Ibi birakwiye?
Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
II.9.4. Kujya impaka
Igikorwa
Kurikirana amajwi/amajwi n’amashusho ku misango y’ubukwe, nurangiza
uyijore. Hanyuma uge impaka na bagenzi bawe ku kamaro k’imisango
y’ubukwe muri iki gihe.
II.10. Umwandiko: Kamana yitwa izina
Hari ku munsi wa munani Nyiramana yibarutse. Yari amaze iminsi ku kiriri. Kagabo,
umugabo we, atumira abaturanyi ndetse ararika abana b’abahungu n’abakobwa
ngo bitabire umuhango wo kwita umwana izina.
Bamaze kuhagera, baha abana inkonzo bajya mu murima. Umurima wari wabanje
gutabirwa n’abakuru kugira ngo worohe. Abana b’abahungu barahinga. Bamaze
guhinga, ab’abakobwa batera intabire imbuto y’uburo n’inzuzi. Barangije gutera,
nyirabukwe wa Nyiramana azana amazi mu gacuma, ayasuka ku rushyi rwe
ayabamishaho, agira ati: “Nimuhingure imvura iraguye”. Abana bose baherako
barataha.
Bageze mu rugo, Nyiramana asohokana icumu, ingabo, umuheto n’ishinge hanyuma
yicara ku ntebe bateye hagati y’imyugariro. Bari bateguye ubunnyano: hari
urutaro bashasheho urukoma rubabuye, ruriho ibishyimbo bicucumiyemo imboga
kandi babumbabumbyemo utubumbe twinshi maze buri mwana bamugenera
akabumbe ke. Abana babazaniye amazi barakaraba. Buri mwana agafata akabumbe
kageretseho agasate k’umutsima akarya. Bamaze kurya bazana amata y’inshyushyu
n’ay’ikivuguto, barabahereza baranywa. Umwe mu bana bari aho aranyegera,
ambaza anyongorera:
- Ko baduhamagaye ngo twite izina ibi bindi badukoresheje ni ibiki?
- Mu muco nyarwanda, mbere yo kwita izina habanza igikorwa cyo guhinga,
hagakurikiraho kurya ubunnyano, bakabona kwita izina. Ubu turangije
igikorwa cyo kurya ubunnyano.
- None se ko iyo iwacu turangije kurya dukaraba, bakaba bataduhaye amazi
ngo dukarabe?
- Itonde, ibikurikira uraza kubibona.
Abana bose barangije kurya, bahamagara umwumwe, bamusaba kugenda
ahanaguriza intoki ze ku mabere ya Nyiramana, avuga ati: “Urabyare abana benshi,
abahungu n’abakobwa”. Bamaze guhanaguriza intoki zabo ku mabere, babasaba
kwita umwana amazina.
Nuko abana batangira kwita amazina. Umwe ati: “Mwise Bwerere.” Undi ati: “ Mwise
Bwuzuzu”. Undi ati: “ Mwise Bwarike”. Barakomeza bose barahetura. Barangije
kwita amazina bababuza gutaha. Iyo batahaga umwana atarituma, byabaga ari
ukumusurira nabi akaba yapfa. Nyiramana na we bamubuza guhaguruka aho yari
yicaye bategereza ko umwana annya cyangwa anyara. Umwana ntiyatinda, ahita
annya kuko nyina yari yamwonkeje bihagije. Iyo byatindaga, bamutapfuniraga itabi
cyangwa bakamwina.
Umwana amaze kwituma, bahamagara abana umunani, bane b’abahungu na bane
b’abakobwa b’amasugi. Baraza bakikiza urutaro bayoreyeho ibyo ku kiriri, basaba ba
bana kuruterurira icyarimwe, bagenda urunana baririmba bati: “Bwerere yavutse,
Bwerere yakura, Bwerere yavoma, Bwerere yasenya, Bwerere yatashya, Bwerere
yahinga…” Bageze mu rutoki, babasaba kubisuka ku nsina bavuga bati: “Dore aho
nyoko yakubyariye.” Bajya ku yindi nsina babyina kwa kundi”. Babikora ku nsina
zirenga ebyiri.
Wa mwana arongera aranyegera maze arambaza ati: “Ibi ni ibiki dusutse kuri izi
nsina?” Ndamusobanurira nti: “Ibi musutse ku nsina ni ibyo ku kiriri, mu muco
nyarwanda kirazira kubisohora mbere y’igikorwa cyo kurya ubunnyano. Insina
mwabisutseho ni iz’umwana wavutse, ababyeyi bazira kuzimunyaga. Iyo ari
umukobwa, agashyingirwa kure bamugemurira igitoki cyazo cyangwa inzoga yazo”.
Barangije bazana ingobyi ebyiri iyo mu ruhu rw’intama n’iyo mu ruhu rw’inyana
bazimukozaho. Wa mwana arongera ambaza anyongorera ati: “Ibi byo bakoze
bisobanura iki?” Ndamusubiza nti: “Ni ukugira ngo ingobyi imwe nibura bazamuheke
mu yindi. Iyo batabigenjeje batya, bukeye bakamuheka mu yo batamukojejeho
bimusurira inabi agapfa”. Wa mwana amatsiko akomeza kumuganza arongera
arambaza ati: “Ubu se hagiye gukurikiraho iki?” Ndamusobanurira nti: “Ubu bagiye
gufata mukuru we bamumuhekeshe kugira ngo bazahore barutana, umukuru
ntazarutwe n’umukurikira bitewe n’uko yazingamye. Ikindi, ririya cumu, ingabo
n’umuheto n’iriya shinge Nyiramana yasohokanye bagiye kubimanika mu ruhamo
rw’umuryango hanyuma baze kubijugunya”.
Bumaze kwira ba bana barataha. Bigeze mu museke, Kagabo abwira Nyiramana ati:
“Cyono duterure umwana”! Barabanza bubaka urugo. Barangije Kagabo arasohoka
ajya hanze, avuyeyo asanga Nyiramana yamutereye intebe mu irebe ry’umuryango.
Mu muco nyarwanda ngo iyo umugabo yateruraga umwana atavuye hanze byabaga
ari ukumuvutsa amahirwe, akazaba imbwa, akazapfa atagize icyo yimarira. Nuko
Kagabo araza yicara ku ntebe ati: “Mpa uwo mwana”. Aramusimbiza agira ati:
“Kura uge ejuru nkwise Kamana”. Amuhereza nyina na we aramusimbiza agira ati:
“Itume aha, nyara aha, kura uge ejuru, nge nkwise Irakiza”. Izina ryahamaga ni iryo
umwana yiswe na se. Icyakora kuri ubu, umwana ahabwa amazina ababyeyi be
bumvikanyeho.
Bifatiye kuri, Myr. BIGIRUMWAMI.A, Imihango n’Imigenzo n’Imiziririzo mu Rwanda, Troisième
édition. Nyundo, 1984
II. 10.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Kamana yitwa izina”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo
Imyitozo
1. Koresha mu nteruro amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko:
a) Yibarutse
b) Inkonzo
c) Guhetura
d) Kunyaga
2. Huza amagambo yo mu ruhushya A n’ayo mu ruhushya B ukurikije
ibisobanuro byayo.
II.10.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “ Kamana yitwa izina” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho:
1. Kamana yiswe izina ryari? Nyina yari amaze iminsi he mbere y’uko bita
izina?
2. Sobanura uko umuhango wo kwita izina wakorwaga.
3. Umuhango wo kwita izina wahuzaga ba nde?
4. Erekana uko igikorwa cyo kurya ubunnyano kivugwa muri uyu
mwandiko cyari cyateguwe n’uko cyakozwe.
5. Abana bari bafite uruhe ruhare mu muhango wo kwita izina?
6. Mu muco nyarwanda ni izihe ngaruka zashoboraga kuba ku mugabo
uteruye umwana atavuye hanze?
II.10.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Kamana yitwa izina” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Wifashishije umwandiko “Kamana yitwa izina” gereranya uko
umuhango wo kwita izina wakorwaga kera n’uko ukorwa muri iki gihe.
2. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zikubiye mu mwandiko.
3. Wavuga iki ku buziranenge bw’ibyakorerwaga mu muhango wo kwita
izina?
4. Hina umwandiko ukoresheje amagambo yawe kandi wubahiriza
imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda.
II.11. Imyitozo y’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Mutegure imisango y’ubukwe nyarwanda nimurangiza muyikine.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusobanurira abandi inshoza y’ibisigo by’ubuse, uturango twabyo
n’akamaro ko kubyiga.
- Gusobanurira abandi inshoza y’ibisigo nyabami, amoko yabyo,
uturango twabyo n’akamaro kabyo.
- Gusobanurira abandi ubwiru n’inzira z’ubwiru zabagaho mu Rwanda.
- Gusobanurira abandi ubucurabwenge n’akamaro kabwo.
- Gusobanurira abandi ibijyanye n’imisango y’ubukwe mu muco
nyarwanda no kuyikina.
- Gusobanurira abandi ibyerekeranye n’umuhango wo kwita umwana
izina.
Ubu ndangwa no:
Gukoresha neza Ikinyarwanda, guha agaciro ibyiza bikubiye mu muco
nyarwanda, gukoresha ndetse no gusigasira uturango tw’ubusizi nyarwanda.
II.12. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
Umwandiko: Utabusya abwita ubumera
Uyu mugani bawuca iyo babonye umuntu wese umara gushira impumu akiyibagiza
amagorwa azahutsemo; ahubwo agatsikamiza agahato abo bahoze bayasangiye;
nibwo bavuga bati: “Koko utabusya abwita ubumera”! Wakomotse kuri Karake ka
Rugara w’i Bumbogo bwa Huro (mu Karere ka Gakenke, Intara y’Amajyaruguru);
ahasaga umwaka wa 1600.
Guhera ku ngoma za kera kugeza kuri Kigeli Rwabugiri, abanyamuhango
b’umuganura bagatura i Bumbogo; ndetse bakaba ari na bo batware babwo bwose.
Inteko yabo yari ku musozi witwa Huro (ubu ni mu Karere ka Gakenke). Bukeye
umutsobe Nyamwasa wari umutware w’abasyi icyo gihe, asaba umukobwa wo mu
ngabo za Mibambwe Gisanura yise Abambogo b’umuganura. Abakobwa babo ni
bo basyaga umutsima w’umuganura nyine. Uwo mukobwa yitwaga Karake, akaba
mwene Rugara w’Umusegege. Agasyana n’abandi bakobwa b’urungano; ni na ho
Nyamwasa yamuboneye aramushima aramusaba. Amaze kumurongora, Karake
aranezerwa kuko noneho aho gusya agiye kujya ahagarikira abasyi. Ahimbarwa
n’ubutwarekazi; abakobwa baje gusya akabahagarikirana urutoto abisyigingiza
yitotomba ngo barizenutsa ntibasyana umwete.
Abo bakobwa babyirukanye bakamubwira bamwenyura, bati: “Mbese ntuzi ko
uburo bukomera”? Karake akabasubizanya izenezene, ati: “Ubu na bwo ni uburo si
ubumera”? (ntiburuhije). Abakobwa bagatinya kumuseka ngo bitabakorera ishyano;
bagasekera mu bipfunsi. Biba aho bityo. Bukeye Karake yubura ingeso yo gusinda.
Nyamwasa yaza agasanganirwa n’umugono agasanga umugore yasinziriye uburiri
ari ibirutsi gusa: Karake si ugusinda arasayisha! Bituma umugabo we amwanga
aramuzinukwa aramusenda asubira iwabo. Rubanda bari bazi ubukundwakare bwe
baratangara.
Haciyeho iminsi igihe cy’umuganura w’ibwami kiragera. Bakoresha Abambogo
b’umuganura bose ngo baze gusya kwa Nyamwasa. Ubwo Rugara se wa Karake yari
afite umugore w’umukecuru kandi nta n’umukobwa wundi afite wo kumucungura.
Biramushobera; ati: “Ibi mbigenje nte! Ko nta wundi mwana mfite; kandi ko
kohereza Karake kwa Nyamwasa ngo asyane n’abo yahoze ahagarikiye byamutera
ipfunwe ribi”?. Abandi b’amacuti ye bati: “Nutamwohereza bizakugwa nabi”. Abuze
uko abigira apfa kumwohereza ajya mu basyi; ati: “Jya gusya uburo bw’ibwami nta
kundi twabikika”!
Karake arashoberwa ariko aremera apfa kugenda; agenda aseta inzira ibirenge.
Ageze kwa Nyamwasa abakobwa baranzika barasya, Karake abajyamo afata urusyo
rwe. Agize ngo arapfukama biramutonda, agize ngo arasya biramunanira; kuko
yari amaze guhuga hashize igihe kirekire ari mu mukiro. Noneho ba bakobwa
baramwubahuka baramuseka baramukwena; mbese baramukwenura bamuhinyora;
bati: “Nyabusa shikama usye vuba dore ubwo si uburo ni ubumera”! Bamucyurira
ko igihe yakinaga n’umurengwe yari yariyibagije ko gusya uburo ari impingane.
Nuko mu mataha abakobwa batahana Karake bamuhinyora, ijambo riba gikwira i
Bumbogo risakara u Rwanda riba umugani. Bawinjiza mu yindi yigisha gukora iki
cyangwa kudakora kiriya. Kuva ubwo rero umuntu wese umaze gushira impumu
akirengagiza amagorwa azahutsemo ntacire abo bari bayasangiye akari urutega,
bakamuciraho uwo mugani, bagira bati: “Utabusya abwita ubumera”!
Baba bamugereranya na Karake wiyibagije ko gusya uburo ari impingane bikura
amakwabasi.
Byavuye muri: Minisiteri y’Amashuri Makuru n’Ubushakashatsi mu by’Ubuhanga, Ibirari
by’insigamigani. Igitabo cya Kabiri, Kigali, 1986
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko uri mu buhe bwoko bw’imyandiko? Sobanura ibiranga bene
ubwo bwoko bw’imyandiko.
2. Uyu mwandiko uravuga ku yihe nsanganyamatsiko? Sobanura igisubizo
cyawe.
3. Rondora abakinankuru bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
4. Karake yasezerewe kwa Nyamwasa azira iki? Ese iyo witegereje neza usanga
yararenganye? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
5. Ni uwuhe murimo uvugwa cyane muri uyu mwandiko? Ese uyu murimo wari
uhuriye he na gahunda z’ubuyobozi bw’Igihugu muri icyo gihe?
6. Karake yongeye gusubira mu basyi bitewe n’iki?
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira
ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Abisyigingiza
b) Ubukundwakare
c) Guseta inzira ibirenge
d) Baramwubahuka.
2. Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira:
a) Inteko yabo
b) Urutoto
c) Baramukwena
3. Shaka imbusane z’amagambo akurikira:
a) Baranzika ≠...
b) Arasayisha ≠ ...
4. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye:
a) Umuganura
b) Kumucungura
c) Guhuga
III. Ibibazo by’ubuvanganzo
1. Soma iki gice k’igisigo “Ukwibyara” nyuma usubize ibibazo
byakibajijweho.
Ku Rutambamitavu,
Muri intwari zitarutana,
Muri bene iteka ritahava,
Muri bene umutungo mwiza
50. Mwaraduhatse muraturemaza,
Mutwubakira amarembo y’intungane
Tubita inturarwanda
Nta byikamize urakimana
Wadukamiye amata angana imvura,
55. Ntitugira umuvuro
Tubyuka dusenga
Ugasukiranya urugwiro
Sango, ba so na ba sogokuru,
Bakwangiye isange
60. Ngo abazakwanga
Uzabakuze umusanzu n’umuganda,
Abagusigaranye imbuto n’intanga
Bakuraze izi ntarama
Zo ku Rutambamyato
65. No ku Rutambabiru
Ibibazo
a) Tahura imwe mu minozanganzo iri muri icyo gice k’igisigo kandi uyisobanure.
b) Igisigo “Ukwibyara” kiri mu buhe bwoko bw’ibisigo? Kubera iki? Andika
ubundi bwoko bw’ibisigo uzi.
c) Igisigo “Ukwibyara” kiri mu buhe bwoko bw’ubuvanganzo? Kubera iki? Andika
izindi ngeri ziri muri ubwo buvanganzo.
2. Tandukanya ubwiru n’ubucurabwenge mu buvanganzo nyarwanda.
3. Ihangamwandiko
d) Hanga umuvugo utarengeje imikarago cumi n’itanu, ku nsanganyamatsiko
wihitiyemo, ugerageza gukoreshamo iminozanganzo itandukanye.
UMUTWE 3:UBURINGANIRE N’UBWUZUZANYE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura imbwirwaruhame hagaragazwa ingingo z’ingenzi
ziyikubiyemo n’imbata yayo.
- Guhanga no kuvuga imbwirwaruhame ku nsanganyamatsiko yahawe.
- Gusobanura no gutahura mu mbwirwaruhame amafatizo y’ubwumvane
n’imimaro y’ururimi.
Igikorwa cy’ umwinjizo
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite, sobanura mu magambo yawe bwite uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango, ugaragaze uko bumeze mu muryango
nyarwanda utanga n’ingero zifatika.
Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu igize Umurenge wa Munanira,
Baturage mutuye mu Murenge wa Munanira,
Nongeye kubasuhuza, nimugire amahoro! Nyuma y’iki gikorwa cy’umuganda cyari
cyaduteranyirije hano, ndagira ngo mbamenyeshe ko uyu munsi hateganyijwe
kuganira ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango.
Nkaba ngira ngo mbamenyeshe ko icyo kiganiro tugiye kukigezwaho
n’Umunyarwandakazi wishimira ibyiza Leta y’u Rwanda yagejeje ku bakobwa
n’abagore.
Madamu Ushinzwe Imibereho Myiza y’Abaturage mu Murenge wa Munanira, uyu
mwanya ni uwanyu kugira ngo mugeze ku baturage ikiganiro mwabateguriye.
Murakoze!
Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’Umurenge wa Munanira,
Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira, nimugire amahoro!
Nk’uko byari biteganyijwe, nyuma y’igikorwa cy’umuganda cyabaye uyu
munsi, tugiye kuganira ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango. Sintwara
umwanya munini, ngiye kubaganiriza iminota mike. Ndabanza nsobanure ihame
ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, mbabwire impamvu Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho
ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, mbahe n’ingero zinyuranye zigaragara mu
muryango nyarwanda, nsoreze ku ngamba zo gukomeza gukora ubukangurambaga
kugira ngo iri hame rirusheho kumvikana neza.
Bayobozi bo mu Murenge wa Munanira,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira,
Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bugaragara igihe abagore n’abagabo bafite
uburenganzira bungana n’amahirwe angana mu byo bakora no mu byo
bagenerwa n’amategeko. Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho gahunda yo kwimakaza
ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye kugira ngo hashimangirwe uburenganzira
bungana ku bagize umuryango nk’uko biteganywa n’itegeko no 51/2007 ryo ku
wa 20/09/2007 rigena inshingano, imiterere n’imikorere by’urwego rushinzwe
kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’abagabo n’abagore mu
iterambere ry’Igihugu.
Impamvu Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati
y’abagore n’abagabo ni ukubera ko abagore bahezwaga mu iterambere ry’umuryango
n’iry’Igihugu muri rusange. Hari ingero nyinshi zigaragaza ko abagore bahezwaga.
Wasangaga nko mu muryango, umugore ataragiraga uburenganzira ku mitungo,
ari aho yavutse ari n’aho yashatse. Ntiyari yemerewe gutanga igitekerezo cyangwa
kugira uruhare ku myanzuro yafatwaga mu rugo. Bityo rero, umugabo ni we
wari ishingiro ry’iterambere ry’umuryango. Iyo umugore yageragezaga gutanga
igitekerezo gishobora gutuma umuryango utera imbere hacibwaga imigani
inyuranye yo kumukandamiza ngo: “Uruvuze umugore ruvuga umuhoro, ingabo
y’umugore iragushora ntigukura, nta nkokokazi ibika isake ihari, umugore arabyina
ntasimbuka… ”. Ibi biragaragaza ko nta buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye bwariho icyo
gihe.
Mu mirimo yo mu rugo, wasangaga abahungu n’abakobwa badafatwa kimwe.
Hari imirimo yaharirwaga abakobwa nko gukora isuku yo mu rugo, guteka, kurera
abana, gusenya, gutera intabire, kwita ku matungo… Hari n’imirimo yaharirwaga
abahungu nko kwasa inkwi, guhinga no kuragira... Ibyo bigaragaza ko mu muryango
nyarwanda, nta hame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ryarimo. Aho amashuri
aziye, umuryango ntiwahaga ibitsina byombi uburenganzira bungana. Wasangaga
umubare munini w’abakobwa batarangiza amashuri kuko bagombaga gufasha
ababyeyi imirimo yo mu rugo. N’aho wasangaga biga, wasangaga ari bake. Iyo mu
rugo hatsindaga umuhungu n’umukobwa, ababyeyi boherezaga umuhungu gusa.
Mu iterambere ry’Igihugu na ho, abagore ntibashyirwaga mu nzego zifata
ibyemezo. Mu myanya ya poritiki, ubutabera n’umutekano, umubare w’abagore
wari muto cyane. Mu burezi, wasangaga amashuri y’abakobwa ari make, n’ayabaga
ahari, yashyirwagamo amashami abategurira gufata neza umugabo, kurera abana,
kudoda, kuba abanyamabanga n’indi mirimo mbonezamubano. Uku kudahabwa
uburenganzira bungana, byadindizaga iterambere ry’Igihugu.
Imyaka yabaye myinshi abantu b’igitsina gore bibera mu buzima bw’ikandamizwa
bigera aho biramenyerwa biba nk’ibisanzwe. Nyuma ya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi
mu mwaka wa 1994, Leta y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yashyizeho itegeko
ry’umuryango rigena imicungire y’umutungo w’abashakanye, impano n’izungura
ryo mu 1999. Mu rwego rw’amategeko, ibi byatumye abagabo n’abagore bagira
uburenganzira bungana ku mitungo no mu izungura. Nta busumbane buri hagati
yabo mu byerekeye uruhare rwabo, amahirwe bahabwa no ku burenganzira muri
rusange.
Umugore agira uruhare mu igenamigambi ry’Igihugu, ibitekerezo bye bihabwa
agaciro. Imvugo zikandamiza umugore, zatakaje agaciro, himakazwa imvugo
zihesha agaciro umugore: “Umugore ni mutima w’urugo, umukobwa ni nyampinga,
ukurusha umugore akurusha urugo …” Ubwo burenganzira abagore bahawe
bwaguye ibitekerezo byabo. Ubu umugore afife ijambo n’uruhare mu iterambere
ry’Igihugu.
Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’Umurenge wa Munanira,
Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira,
Nababwiye ko ntari bwizimbe mu magambo. Nubwo tubona ko hari umusaruro
ugaragara mu Rwanda kubera kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu
muryango, haracyari urugendo kuko ntiturabugeraho ijana ku ijana nkuko byifuzwa.
Igisabwa rero ni ugukomeza ubukangurambaga bugakorwa n’inzego zitandukanye
kuko hakiri abantu babifata uko bitari ku mpande zombi. Mu bigaragara, hari
imiryango imwe n’imwe ikirangwamo amakimbirane ashingiye ku kudasobanukirwa
ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Urugero ni nk’aho usanga umugore ajya
mu kabari, agataha igicuku amena inzugi cyangwa akumva ko ikemezo ke ari
ntavuguruzwa. Hari n’abagabo kandi usanga biyambura zimwe mu nshingano zabo
bakazegeka ku bagore babo. Iyo usesenguye ibi, usanga abenshi babikora bitwaza
ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Inama nagira abanyumva, ni ukumenya ko
uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye atari ugusuzugurana no gupyinagazanya, ahubwo ni
ukudatandukira ibiteganywa n’amategeko n’indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda.
Murakoze, mbashimiye uburyo mwanteze amatwi nkaba nizera ko twese hamwe
tugiye guharanira kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango
nyarwanda.
Mugire amahoro!
III. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango”, ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko, wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Koresha amagambo/itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira dusanga mu
mwandiko, mu nteruro wihimbiye:
a) ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
b) gupyinagazanya
c) impano
d) bahezwaga
e) izungura
2. Tanga impuzanyito z’aya magambo:
a) Umutegarugori
b) Ubukungu
c) Igicuku
d) Umwana
3. Urebye mu merekezo yose, garagaza amagambo ari muri iki kinyatuzu
afitanye isano n’umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango”:
III.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango”,
hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Iyo bavuze uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye wumva iki?
2. Wifashishije itegeko no 51/2007 ryo ku wa 20/09/2007, sobanura
ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.
3. Ni inde wagejeje ijambo ku mbaga y’abaturage yari iteraniye ahabaye
umuganda?
4. Ni iyihe impamvu Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho ihame ry’uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye hagati y’abagore n’abagabo?
5. Rondora imirimo yaharirwaga abakobwa n’imirimo yaharirwaga
abahungu uburinganire butaratangira kubahirizwa mu Rwanda.
6. Ese mu Rwanda hari imiryango ikirangwamo amakimbirane aterwa no
kutumva neza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye? Sobanura kandi
utange n’urugero.
III.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango”,
hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
2. Ni irihe somo uyu mwandiko ugusigiye?
3. Uramutse uhawe kuyobora ahantu ugasanga abaturage baho batazi
ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, wakora iki?
4. Ni izihe ngingo zigaragaza ko umugore agira uruhare mu iterambere
ry’Igihugu?
III.2. Imbwirwaruhame
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango”
, witegereze imiterere yawo. Uhereye ku miterere y’uwo mwandiko, kora
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ imbwirwaruhame, ugaragaze imbata yayo
kandi utahure amabwiriza agenga imbwirwaruhame.
III.2.1. Inshoza y’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame ni ijambo umuntu ategura neza akarigeza ku bantu benshi (mu
ruhame) bakirinda kumurogoya, ahubwo bakamutega amatwi. Imbwirwaruhame
ishobora kuba ndende cyangwa ngufi bitewe n’intego yayo. Uvuga imbwirwaruhame
agomba kuyitegura agahuza ibitekerezo bye bwite n’insanganyamatsiko y’umunsi,
kandi akiyubaha ubwe, akubaha n’abamuteze amatwi. Imbwirwaruhame zivuga
ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye: izibwiriza iby’idini, izivuga ibya poritiki, izo
kwizihiza iminsi mikuru, izikangurira abantu igikorwa runaka... Ni yo mpamvu
imbwirwaruhame zishobora kuvugirwa ahantu hanyuranye nko mu nsengero, mu
mashuri, mu nzu mberabyombi n’ahandi.
III.2.2. Imbata y’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame iba igizwe n’ibice bine by’ingenzi: umutwe, intangiriro/interuro,
igihimba n’umwanzuro/umusozo.
1. Umutwe:
Umutwe ni igice kibanza k’imbwirwaruhame kigaragaza insanganyamatsiko iyo
mbwirwaruhame iri bwibandeho.
2. Intangiriro / interuro
Mu ntangiriro uvuga imbwirwaruhame abanza kuvuga abanyacyubahiro bari aho
n’abo ubutumwa bugenewe ahereye ku w’imena muri bo akurikije ibyubahiro
byabo, gusa akirinda kubavuga mu mazina yabo bwite. Uvuga imbwirwaruhame
kandi ageza indamukanyo ku bo abwira.
Urugero:
Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’Umurenge wa Munanira,
Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira,
Nimugire amahoro!”
Aka ni na ko karango ka mbere k’imbwirwaruhame. Mu ntangiriro kandi ni ho
utanga ikiganiro agaragaza ibyo ari buze kuvugaho, akabivuga mu buryo bwihuse
cyangwa butatuye, asa n’utera amatsiko abamuteze amatwi ndetse no kubumvisha
akamaro k’icyo kiganiro agiye kubagezaho. Iki gice ntikigomba kuba kirekire.
3. Igihimba
Iki gice ni cyo gice fatizo k’imbwirwaruhame. Ni muri iki gice utanga ikiganiro avuga
ingingo yateguye kuvugaho. Ni ngombwa ko izo ngingo azikurikiranya neza ashingiye
ku buremere bwazo. Ibi bituma abamutega amatwi batarambirwa kuko aba
yahereye ku ngingo zibafitiye akamaro cyane. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko hari ingero
zitangwa, uvuga imbwirwaruhame akoresha ingero zijyanye n’abo abwira cyangwa
aho avugira. Kubera ko iki gice gishobora kuba kirekire, utanga ikiganiro mbere yo
kujya ku yindi ngingo ashobora kugenda akoresha amagambo yo gukangura abo
abwira (urugero: bayobozi, babyeyi, nshuti, bavandimwe...)
4. Umwanzuro/ Umusozo
Muri iki gice uvuga imbwirwaruhame asoza yibutsa abamuteze amatwi ingingo
z’ingenzi baganiriyeho kugira ngo basigarane ishusho y’ikiganiro. Ni muri iki
gice kandi ashobora kugaragaza ibyifuzo, ingamba, inama... bitewe n’imiterere
y’ikiganiro. Niba yashishikarizaga abantu kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge arasoza
agaragaza ingamba zafatwa mu kubirwanya. Muri iki gice kandi utanga ikiganiro
asoza ashimira abari bamuteze amatwi.
III.2.3. Amabwiriza agenga imbwirwaruhame
1. Uko imbwirwaruhame itegurwa n’uko isomwa
Mbere yo gutanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame, ugitegura agomba kumenya ibi
bikurikira:
- Ni ngombwa kumenya abo agiye kubwira imbwirwaruhame abo ari bo n’aho
ababwirira.
- Ni iki bashobora kumva? Bari mu kihe kigero k’imyaka? Bakora iki? Ni iki
bahuriyeho?
- Gutegura imbwirwaruhame.
- Kumva neza insanganyamatsiko y’imbwirwaruhame byaba ngombwa
akanasoma ibitabo binyuranye bivuga kuri iyo nsanganyamatsiko.
- Gukusanya ibyo azavuga mu ngingo zinyuranye z’imbwirwaruhame ashingiye
ku byo yasomye cyangwa yabajije abandi.
- Gushaka intego z’ikiganiro ke akanakora imbata y’ikiganiro ke.
2. Imyifatire n’imyitwarire y’uvuga imbwirwaruhame
Utanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame agomba kuba:
a) Yambaye imyambaro idakojeje isoni.
b) Kumenya guhagarara neza imbere y’abandi nta mususu.
c) Kuvuga imbwirwaruhame ye adategwa.
d) Kuraranganya amaso mu bo abwira, kirazira kubatera umugongo no kuba
imbata y’urupapuro.
e) Kurangurura ijwi kugira ngo imbwirwaruhame yumvikane.
f) Kuvuga atarandaga cyane kugira ngo abamuteze amatwi batarambirwa kandi
ntiyihute cyane mu mvugo kugira ngo ibyo avuze birusheho kumvikana.
g) Kwirinda imvugo nyandagazi.
h) Kugenda atanga ingero zihuye n’ikigero cy’abo abwira cyangwa se icyo bakora.
Ikitonderwa:
Utegura imbwirwaruhame ayitegura yandika, akazayivuga asoma ibyo yanditse,
mu rwego rwo kwirinda kuvuga ibiterekeranye no kwisubiramo bya hato na hato.
Hashobora kuvugwa imbwirwaruhame ihanitse cyangwa idahanitse, umuntu
akayivuga atayiteguye. Ibyo ni iby’abafite iyo mpano si ibya buri wese kuko bigira
abahanga babyo. Ibyo bigaragarira cyanecyane nko mu misango y’ubukwe, ku minsi
mikuru, mu birori runaka...
Umwitozo
Sobanure ibice bigize imbata y’imbwirwaruhame
Keza ni mubyara wa Kagabo. Bize ku kigo kimwe cy’amashuri abanza mu cyaro.
Keza yaje kujya gukorera mu mujyi wa Kigali, Kagabo aguma mu cyaro. Nyuma
y’imyaka isaga irindwi baje guhurira i Kigali. Kagabo yari agiye kuhakorera
iyimenyerezamwuga. Yibazaga uko azakora imirimo ye akabura igisubizo, kuko
atari azi indimi bakoresha bitewe n’uko hakora Abanyarwanda n’abanyamahanga.
Mbere yo kuhagera ariko, yari yarabanje kuganira na Keza kuri terefone cyane
ko yari kuzakorera iyimenyerezamwuga aho Keza asanzwe akorera nuko Keza
amwizeza ko azamwigisha amwe mu magambo azakoresha mu gihe azaba ahuye
n’umuntu utavuga Ikinyarwanda bakumvikana neza. Mu gihe Kagabo yerekezaga i
Kigali yahamagaye Keza kuri terefone maze bagirana ikiganiro giteye gitya:
Kagabo: Allooo! Mwaramutse Ke? Ni Kagabo. Mbega we! Ntuzi noneho ibyo
mbona! Ndabona aha tugeze noneho wagira ngo nageze i Kigali pe!.
Keza: Eee! Mwaramutse Kaga? Ubu se ushatse kuvuga ko aka kanya waba uhageze?
Kereka niba atari imodoka ikuzanye!
Kagabo: Naje n’ikimodoka kinini sinzi neza aho tugeze. Gusa mbonye hari …Allo!
Allooo ! Allo ! uranyumva se?
Ubwo mu gihe Kagabo yari akivugira kuri terefone, ihuzanzira ryagize ikibazo
ntibakomeza kumvikana neza. Keza yahise amwoherereza ubutumwa bugufi
bwanditse mu rurimi rw’Igifaransa. Mu kanya gato bongeye guhamagarana noneho
birakunda maze bongera kugirana iki kiganiro:
Keza: Numvise tutumvikana neza, ubanza aho mugeze hari ihuzanzira rike. Harya
wahagurutse iyo saa ngahe?
Kagabo: Erega sinzi gusoma no kwandika Igifaransa? Ibyo unyandikiye byambereye
inshoberamahanga. Abo twicaranye bambwiye ko dusigaje iminota mike tukagera
muri gare.
Keza: Noneho reka nge kugutegerereza aho zihagarara. Si byo Kaga?
Kagabo: Yego sha Ke. Umbabarire rwose ntuhave kuko ntahazi.
Keza: Humura nuhagera urahibwira. Nimurenga ikiraro kinini cyane, muraba
musigaje nk’iminota itanu mukahagera.
Kagabo: Eee! Ubwo se amazu yaho ameze ate? Icyampa nkaza kugera i Kigali
amahoro!
Keza: Yewe, nuhagera nawe urayibonera. Amazu yaho ni meza cyane… harimo
ageretse n’atageretse. Hari imodoka nyinshi, urusaku rw’ibintu binyuranye n’urujya
n’uruza rw’abantu…
Keza: Ko mbonye ikimodoka kinini kinjira ubwo si icyo mujemo?
Kagabo: Urabona ari kirekire kandi gifite amabara y’ubururu n’icyatsi?
Keza: Yego.
Kagabo: Noneho turahageze.
Keza: Yego rwose!
Kagabo acyururuka imodoka yahise yumva Keza amuhamagaza umunwa, akebutse,
amubona iburyo amurembuza, ahagaze inyuma y’aho ya modoka yari iri. Yahise
amusanganira aramuramutsa nuko bakomeza baganira muri aya magambo:
Keza: Muraho neza Kaga? Iminsi myinshi.
Kagabo: Muraho neza Ke? Yewe, iminsi myinshi koko. Ndabona warakuze cyane.
Ndetse wabaye n’ikizungerezi. Bivuze ko wahindutse cyane.
Keza: Reka kubeshya se sha!
Kagabo: Ni ukuri ntawamenya ko ari wowe.
Keza: Harya ngo uje kwimenyereza umwuga aho nkora? Ko mbona abahakora
bavuga indimi zinyuranye? Hari abavuga Icyongereza, Igifaransa, Igiswayire ndetse
n’Igishinwa. Ubwo se muri izo ndimi zose uzi izihe?
Kagabo: Igiswayire cyo wenda nagerageza kuko ari cyo niyigiraga gusa, izindi
ndimi nkazisuzugura. Mbese nshaka kuvuga ko izindi ndimi ntazizi pe!
Keza: Yewe, nge nta giswayire na gike nzi rwose! Cyakora nzi Igishinwa, Icyongereza
n’Igifaransa. Muri izo nta cyo wambeshya.
Kagabo: Ubwo rero nange uvuze rumwe muri izo waba ungurishije.
Keza: Sinabikora. Ibintu ni magirirane. Mu minsi tuzamarana, nzakwigisha izo utazi
nawe unyigishe Igiswayire. Kumenya indimi zinyuranye ni ingenzi.
Ubwo Keza yahise abwira Kagabo ngo bagende amushakire ibikoresho bitandukanye
azifashisha mu gihe azaba arimo gukora iyimenyerezamwuga. Kagabo ati: “Ahwi!
Singe warota ngeze i Kigali !”
III.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Yagiye ayoboza”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
Koresha mu nteruro buri jambo muri aya akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko:
a) Iyimenyerezamwuga
b) Ihuzanzira
c) Inshoberamahanga
d) Urujya n’uruza
III.3.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Yagiye ayoboza”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Ni nde uyoboza muri uyu mwandiko? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
2. Ni nde uyobozwa muri uyu mwandiko? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Kagabo ayoboza yifashishije ikihe gikoresho k’itumanaho?
4. Muri uyu mwandiko, hari aho uyoboza agaragaza impungenge ko ataza
kugera aho agiye? Ni ayahe magambo avuga abigaragaza?
5. Ni izihe ndimi zavuzwe mu mwandiko zigishwa mu mashuri yisumbuye
mu Rwanda?
6. Keza yemereye Kagabo kuzamufasha iki?
III.3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Yagiye ayoboza”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi dusanga mu mwandiko?
2. Ni iyihe mpamvu ituma abanyeshuri bimenyereza umwuga mbere yo
kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye?
3. Iyo Kagabo atagira terefone yari gukora iki kugira ngo ahure na Keza?
4. Uyu mwandiko ukwigishije iki mu buzima busanzwe?
III.4. Ururimi n’ubwumvane
III. 4.1. Inshoza y’ururimi n’ubwumvane n’amafatizo y’ubwumvane
Igikorwa
Ongera usome ikiganiro “Yagiye ayoboza” , witegereze imiterere yacyo
n’uko abanyarubuga baganira maze ukore ubushakashatsi, utahure inshoza
y’ururimi n’ubwumvane, ugaragaze kandi usobanure amafatizo y’ururimi
n’ubwumvane.
1. Inshoza y’ururimi n’ubwumvane
Ururimi ni igikoresho cy’ubwumvane k’ingenzi abantu
bifashisha mu gusabana bahanahana ubutumwa. Ururimi
rutuma abaruvuga iyo bava bakagera bumvana, umwe
yavuga, undi agasobanukirwa n’ibyo avuze. Ibyo bituma kandi umuntu abasha kugeza
ku bandi ibyo atekereza, ibyo yaba azi bo batazi cyangwa se akabashushanyiriza
amagambo, ibyo yabonye ariko bo batabona n’amaso yabo muri ako kanya
bavugana.
Ni uburyo abantu bakoresha kugira ngo bashobore kumvikana, gutumanaho,
bakoresheje amagambo, amarenga cyangwa ibimenyetso. Ubusanzwe ururimi
ruba ruteye ukwarwo rukavugwa n’abantu batuye igihugu iki n’iki cyangwa akarere
aka n’aka. Ururimi rero ruvugwa n’abantu benshi naho imvugo ni iy’abantu bake
cyangwa umuntu ku giti ke.
Ururimi n’ubwumvane bishobora kwigwa mu mpushya enye z’ingenzi: amafatizo
y’ubwumvane, indanguruzi y’ubwumvane, imimaro y’ururimi n’amategeko
ngombwa agenga ubwumvane.
2. Amafatizo y’ubwumvane
Mu mibanire y’abantu ku isi, ururimi ni ingenzi mu gushyigikira ubusabane
n’umushyikirano w’abantu. Kugira ngo abantu babane, bavugane, bashyikirane
kandi bahuze urugwiro, hagomba kubaho ubwumvane ari bwo bushobozi bwo
gutanga amakuru no kuyakira.
Kugira ngo amakuru ahererekanywe hari amafatizo y’ubwumvane ya ngombwa ari
yo: uvuga, ubwirwa, inzira, ingambo, ikivugwa n’inkurikizo.
a) Uvuga: Umuntu uvuga ni we ntangiriro akaba n’inkomoko y’ubwumvane.
Ni we ugira igitekerezo cyangwa ubutumwa noneho agashaka uburyo bwo
kubigeza ku bandi.
b) Ubwirwa: Ubwirwa ni uwakira ibyo agejejweho n’uvuga. Ubwirwa agomba
kumva no gusobanukirwa neza ibyo yabwiwe mbere y’uko atanga igisubizo.
Iyo yumvise ibyo yabwiwe, ashobora gusubiza mu magambo, mu nyandiko,
ashobora gukoresha ibimenyetso cyangwa ibikorwa.
c) Ingambo: Ingambo ni ubutumwa cyangwa inkuru nyirizina uvuga ageza ku
wo abwira. Ubwo butumwa ni bwo bwitwa ingambo.
Urugero: Umwarimu wigisha inteko z’amazina hari icyo aba ashaka
ko umunyeshuri we asobanukirwa. Nubwo umwarimu yavuga byinshi
akanabishyira no mu ndirimbo, umunyeshuri akayifata, icyo ashaka kugeza ku
bo yigisha ni “inteko z’amazina”, ari yo ngambo.
d) Inzira: Kugira ngo inkuru igere ku wo igenewe, igomba kugira aho inyura,
aho ni ho hitwa “inzira”. Duhereye ku buryo ibivugwa bigenda bikagera ku
ubwirwa, habaho inzira mbona nkubone cyangwa inzira mbonera iyo uvuga
avugana n’uwo abwira amaso ku yandi banahuza amajwi.
Iyo uvuga yumvikanye n’uwo abwira haciyemo akanya, cyangwa se hakoreshejwe
ibikoresho bitandukanye nk’ibitabo, ibaruwa, radiyo, tereviziyo, terefone... inzira
ikivugwa cyaciyemo iba ibaye inzira iziguye kuko ntibyoroha kumenya ko ubutumwa
bwumvikanye cyangwa butumvikanye. Ariko iyo ibikoresho byifashishijwe
bituma uvuga n’ubwirwa bahana ubutumwa imbona nkubone, icyo gihe inzira
iba ibaye inzira itaziguye /mbonera. (Urugero: Igihe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho
by’ikoranabuhanga nka terefone, mudasobwa... abahana ubutumwa bavugana
bakanarebana icyarimwe.)
e) Ikivugwa: kugira ngo uvuga adafatwa nk’indondogozi agomba kugira icyo
yerekezaho “ikivugwaho” cyangwa ingingo agushaho. ikivugwa ni icyo
abavugana baba bavuganaho kandi bagihuriyeho ndetse bakiziranyeho.
f) Inkurikizo/ interamvugo: Ururimi cyangwa imvugo ya nyakuvuga
byumvikanisha mu buryo bufatika inshoza y’ahantu cyangwa y’igihe
by’ikivugwaho. Inkurikizo cyangwa interamvugo ni ururimi (imvugo cyangwa
inyandiko), ibimenyetso cyangwa amarenga uvuga ashobora gukoresha. Iyi
mvugo cyangwa inyandiko bitangwa na nyakuvuga kugira ngo byumvwe
cyangwa bisomwe na nyakubwirwa. Ibi twabigereranya n’ibyapa byo ku
muhanda biyobora gusa ababiziranyeho. Ni bo baba basobanukiwe neza
ubutumwa butangwa cyangwa ikivugwa na byo.
Urugero: Abanyarwanda bakoresha Ikinyarwanda nk’ururimi rwabo rubafasha
kungurana ibitekerezo. Bararuvuga, bakoresha amarenga ndetse n’ibimenyetso
byose bigatuma bagezanyaho ubutumwa bafite.
Imyitozo
Tekereza ku munyamakuru runaka urimo kunyuza ikiganiro kuri radiyo Rwanda
avuga ku kwimakaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye maze ugaragaze amafatizo
y’ubwumvane akurikira: uvuga, ubwirwa, inzira, ingambo, ikivugwa n’inkurikizo.
III. 4.2. Indanguruzi y’ubwumvane, imimaro y’ubwumvane
n’amategeko agenga ubwumvane
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Yagiye ayoboza” maze ukore ubushakashatsi
usobanure kandi ushushanye indanguruzi y’ubwumvane, utahure imimaro
y’ubwumvane n’amategeko agenga ubwumvane.
1. Indanguruzi y’ubwumvane
Indanguruzi ni uburyo bwo gusobanura ubwumvane bushushanyije. Dore uko
ubwumvane bugenda bukurikije indanguruzi yabwo.
Ibisobanuro ku ndanguruzi
Ubwumvane muri rusange burimo amoko atatu:
a) Ubwumvane mbonera: Ni ubwumvane buboneka hagati y’abantu
bavugana barebana. Icyo gihe umwe aravuga, undi akamusubiza.
b) Ubwumvane nziguro: Igihe abantu bavugana begeranye cyangwa
bategeranye bakifashisha ibikoresho byo kubahuza kugira ngo bashyikirane.
c) Ubwumvane mberebyombi: Ubu bwumvane bukusanyiriza hamwe
ubwumvane mbonera n’ubwumvane nziguro kugira ngo ubwumvane
burusheho kugenda neza.
2. Imimaro y’ubwumvane
Ururimi ni igikoresho k’ingenzi mu buzima bw’umuntu. Abantu bose iyo bava
bakagera iyo bashyikirana mu biganiro, mu mbwirwaruhame, mu ikinamico, mu
misango y’ubukwe... bakoresha ururimi. Uwagize ikibazo akagira ubumuga bwo
kutavuga, bwo kudasohora ijwi, agira uburyo yihariye acishamo ubutumwa bwe
bukagera ku bo ashaka ko bamwumva. Abahanga mu iyigandimi, basanze ururimi
rugira imimaro myinshi, ariko iy’ingenzi ni umumaro nyakuvuga, umumaro
nyakubwirwa, umumaro nkurikizo, umumaro nyanzira, umumaro nyangambo.
a) Umumaro nyakuvuga
Uvuga yifashisha ururimi cyangwa imvugo kugira ngo avuge, yumvikanishe mu
buryo butaziguye akamuri ku mutima. Bamwe bawita kandi umumaro nsesekaza
cyangwa nsesekazamutima.
Ingero:
- Kagabo ati: “Ahwi! Singe warota ngeze i Kigali!”
- Mbega we! Ntuzi noneho ibyo mbona!
- Icyampa nkaza kugera i Kigali amahoro!
b) Umumaro nyakubwirwa
Izingiro ry’uyu mumaro ni nyakubwirwa. Wumvisha ubwirwa ko ari we shingiro, ko
ari we urebwa n’ubwumvane. Hakoreshwa ngenga ya kabiri hagamijwe:
Gusobanura ubwirwa mu bandi, kumutegura cyangwa kumuhwitura kugira ngo
yakire ibyo agiye kubwirwa…
Uyu mumaro ugaragarira cyanecyane mu nteko no mu mvugo yumvikanisha
guhamagara.
Ingero:
Igihe utanga ikiganiro kuri SIDA, ugasobanura uko yamenyekanye, uko yandura, uko
ivurwa, ubushakashatsi ku miti n’inkingo… Noneho ukarangiza wereka abo ubwira
ko ruriye abandi rutabibagiwe ko na bo ishobora kubageraho baramutse batirinze.
c) Umumaro nkurikizo
Ni ibimenyetso byose byerekana icyo ubutumwa bwerekejeho. Amagambo
akoreshwa aha uyabwirwa n’ishusho y’ahantu cyangwa y’ibihe ibivugwa
bihererejweho. Bamwe bawita kandi umumaro ndengarurimi cyangwa nsobanuzi.
Ingero
- Ubu se ushatse kuvuga ko aka kanya waba uhageze?
- Mbese nshaka kuvuga ko izindi ndimi ntazizi pe!
- Bivuze ko wahindutse cyane.
d) Umumaro nyabusizi (nyaburanga/nyangambo)
Mu bwumvane, inzira yose igira uburyo bwayo. Nyakuvuga yifashisha ururimi,
bityo agakoresha imvugo cyangwa inyandiko. Imiryohere y’inganzo yose uzayisanga
muri uyu mumaro. Injyana, isubirajwi, isubirajambo, amoko y’imizimizo cyangwa
inyandiko inogeye amaso ndetse n’amagambo y’ikivugwa uko yakabaye hatitaweho
ibisobanuro byayo, ibyo byose bigaragaza umumaro nyangambo w’ururimi bita
kandi nyabusizi.
Urugero:
«Nsanze ari ijuru ry’umwezi
Nange mpimbiraho umwato
Ni ko kumwita umwanga kurutwa
Nsubiye mwita Marebe yera
Kandi atembaho amaribori
Ni umutako w’urutanisha
Ni ubutijima bw’urukundo
Ni urukenyerero rw’inkindi
Nkunda inkesha ze z’umukwira. »
(Rugamba C., Amibukiro, pp.34).
e) Umumaro nyanzira
Uyu mumaro tuwusanga mu magambo ya nyakuvuga mu gihe atangiye, akomeje
cyangwa se asubitse ubwumvane cyangwa se agenzura ko umuyoboro (inzira)
ari ntamakemwa. Iyi nzira y’ubwumvane ishobora kuba umurongo wa terefone,
ishusho, igishushanyo cyangwa se n’ibindi bikoresho by’itumanaho byakora nka
terefone. Aha rero ururimi rugira umumaro wo gutangira, gukomeza, gusigasira,
gusubika, gusubukura cyangwa se guhagarika ubwumvane.
Ingero:
Allo!
Allo ! uranyumva se ?
Si byo Kaga?
Mwaramutse ke?
f) Umumaro nyakivugwa
Iyo umuntu avuga hari ubutumwa cyangwa amakuru aba ashaka gutanga, akaba ari
amakuru afitiye gihamya.
Dore uko imimaro y’ubwumvane igaragara ku ndanguruzi y’ubwumvane:
Ikitonderwa:
Nta nyandiko cyangwa umwandiko wiharirwa n’umumaro w’ururimi umwe gusa.
Imimaro myinshi ishobora kugaragarira icyarimwe mu mwandiko cyangwa
mu kivugwa kimwe mu buryo no mu bwiganze butandukanye. Cyakora kugira
ngo itumanaho ribe ryuzuye imimaro yose igomba kuba irimo akaba ari na byo
bitandukanya imvugo y’umuntu n’iy’inyamaswa.
3. Amategeko agenga ubwumvane
Kugira ngo ubwumvane bushoboke, hari amategeko ngombwa agomba kubahirizwa.
Uvuga n’ubwirwa bagomba:
a) Guhuza inkurikizo: uvuga n’ubwirwa bagomba kuba bahuje ururimi
cyangwa ibimenyetso bakoresha.
b) Guhurira ku kivugwa: uvuga n’ubwirwa bagomba kuba baziranye ku
kivugwa. Iyo bataziranye ku kivugwa ntibashobora kumvikana.
c) Guhuza inzira: uvuga n’ubwirwa bagomba guhuza uburyo bakoresha
kugira ngo bumvikane. Niba ari terefone bombi bagomba kuba bayifite, yaba
ari ibaruwa, bombi bakaba bazi gusoma.
1. Mu Rwanda, iyo Abanyarwanda bashyikirana, bakoresha inzira
zitandukanye.
Andika inzira zose ubona zishoboka zaba zikoreshwa n’uvuga kugira ngo
ikivugwa kigere ku ubwirwa.
2. Wifashishije indanguruzi y’ubwumvane, garagaza amasano agenga
ubwumvane mu kiganiro “Yagiye ayoboza”
Imyitozo
III.5. Imyitozo y’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Tegura imbwirwaruhame ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo, uyibwire
abanyeshuri bagenzi bawe.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusobanurira imbaga ibijyanye n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
bw’ibitsina byombi.
- Gukoresha imvugo yimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.
- Kuvuga nshize amanga imbere y’abantu kandi numvikanisha
ibitekerezo byange.
- Kwandika no kuvugira mu ruhame imbwirwaruhame.
- Gusesengura ubutumwa butandukanye ngaragaza amafatizo
n’indanguruzi by’ubwumvane.
Ubu ndangwa no:
- Gutoza abandi uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango.
- Kugaragaza imyitwarire iteza imbere uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.
- Kugira uruhare mu kunga imiryango igaragaramo amakimbirane
III.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu
Umwandiko: Bamumaze amatsiko
Muneza ni umwana warererwaga kwa sekuru. Yigaga mu mashuri abanza.
Yarangwaga no kugira amatsiko ndetse no kubaza ibibazo binyuranye ku byo
adasobanukiwe.
Umunsi umwe avuye ku ishuri asanga sekuru yicaye mu ruganiriro asoma
ikinyamakuru. Muneza ahageze aramusuhuza yicara iruhande rwe maze batangira
kureba tereviziyo. Harimo ikiganiro cy’umunyamakuru waganiraga n’abanyeshuri
bo mu mwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye bavuga ku buringanire
n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere ry’Igihugu.
Nyuma yo kumva ibyavugwaga muri icyo kiganiro, Muneza araterura abaza sekuru
ibibazo binyuranye ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye. Sekuru yamuhaye rugari maze
bagirana ikiganiro gikurikira:
Muneza: Ariko sogoku! Ko muri iki gihe ibiganiro byinshi bivuga ku buringanire
n’ubwuzuzanye, kera ntibwabagaho?
Sekuru: Kera uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye byahozeho ariko ntibyabuzaga ko
bimwe mu biranga uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye muri iki gihe bikumirwa kubera
umuco w’Abanyarwanda.
Muneza: Ni nk’ibihe mwambwira se byagaragazaga uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye?
Sekuru: Nko mu buyobozi umwami yimanaga n’umugabekazi, birumvikana
ko umwami atafataga ibyemezo wenyine ahubwo yabifataga agishije inama
umugabekazi. Ikindi kandi hari n’abategarugori banyuranye bagaragaraga mu mirimo
ikomeye y’ibwami. Urugero naguha ni abasizi b’abategarugori nka Nyirarumaga na
Nyirakunge babaye abasizi bakomeye.
Umurimo w’ubusizi, wari umwe mu mirimo ikomeye yagengwaga n’ibwami,
kuba butarahezaga abategarugori, ni ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye.
Muneza: Biragaragara ko mu muco nyarwanda ubuyobozi bwarangwagamo
uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. None se ko mwambwiye ko hari bimwe mu biranga
uburinganire muri iki gihe byakumirwaga kubera umwihariko w’umuco nyarwanda.
Uwo mwihariko ni nk’uwuhe?
Sekuru: Umuco nyarwanda hari imirimo imwe n’imwe wageneraga abagore
hakaba n’indi mirimo wageneraga abagabo, ku buryo cyaziraga ko ukora imirimo
itakugenewe. Nta mugore wagombaga kubaka, kujya ku itabaro, gukama inka,
korora inzuki n’ibindi. Nta mugabo washoboraga koza ibikoresho byo mu rugo
cyangwa se guheka umwana, guteka n’ibindi.
Birumvikara ko hari umwihariko wa buri muntu mu mirimo yo mu rugo.
Ikindi kandi aho amashuri aziye mu Rwanda, ababyeyi bahaga umwanya wa mbere
abana b’abahungu ngo bage ku ishuri naho abakobwa bo, basigaraga mu rugo
bafasha ba nyina imirimo yo mu rugo.
Muneza: Sogoku! Ko twize ko Ndabaga yari umukobwa kandi ko yagiye gukura se
ku rugerero hari icyo ubiziho?
Sekuru: Ibyo byabayeho ariko uzabisome neza, kugira ngo abikore yabanje
kwiyoberanya ku buryo yagiye ku rugerero yitwa ko ari umuhungu. Hejuru y’ibyo
nkubwiye hari imwe mu migani ya Kinyarwanda igaragaza ko hari aho umuco
nyarwanda wakumiraga umugore mu buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye.
Bakiganira haza akana kiganaga na Muneza kamubwira ko igihe cyo gusubira ku
ishuri kigeze. Muneza ashimira sekuru, ajyana na wa mwana ariko Muneza agenda
agifite amatsiko menshi ku byo sekuru yari amaze kumubwira. Bageze ku ishuri mu
karuhuko ka saa kenda, Muneza yegera umwarimu we, atangira kumubaza ku byo
sekuru yari yamubwiye.
Muneza: Sogokuru yambwiye ko hari imigani y’imigenurano yagaragazaga ko
umuco nyarwanda wakumiraga bimwe mu bigaragaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
muri iki gihe ni nk’iyihe?
Umwarimu: Ibyo sogokuru wawe yakubwiye ni byo, umuco nyarwanda wo
hambere wagaragazaga ko umugore nta cyo yakora ngo kige imbere nk’uko
umugabo yagikoraga. Ni yo mpamvu bacaga umugani utajyanye n’igihe tugezemo
bavuga ngo: “Umugore arabyina ntasimbuka”. Mu rugo, nta mugabo wagombaga
kumva ibitekerezo by’umugore, urugo rwatekererezwaga n’umugabo gusa.
Baravugaga ngo: “Uruvuze umugore ruvuga umuhoro” bakongera ngo: “Umugore
abyara uwawe ntaba uwawe”, “Umugore ntajya kurarika, iyo araritse abuza n’uwari
kuza.” Cyakora ubu muri iki gihe, si ko bimeze kuko umugore ahabwa ubushobozi
nk’ubw’umugabo, akagira ijambo nk’iry’umugabo, akagira uruhare muri byose.
Mu gihe umwarimu we yari akimusobanurira, inzogera yo kwinjira iravuga,
Muneza aramushimira, asubira mu ishuri. Agenda atekereza ku bisobanuro yahawe
na sekuru ndetse n’ibyo yahawe n’umwarimu we, yiyemeza kujya abiganiriza
bagenzi be kugira ngo barusheho kwimakaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.
Nyuma y’amasomo ataha mu rugo ari na ko agenda yibaza ku byo yakora kugira
ngo aharanire kwimakaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Mu mutima aribwira ati:
“Kuva ubu, nge ngiye guharanira uburenganzira bwa buri wese; sinzongera guharira
mushiki wange imirimo imwe n’imwe ngo ni we igenewe, tuzajya dufatanya mu byo
dukora byose.”
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni uwuhe munyarubuga mukuru muri uyu mwandiko? Kubera iki?
2. Tanga ingero nibura ebyiri zigaragaza ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hari
aho bwagaragaraga ku ngoma ya cyami.
3. Ese umuco nyarwanda wimakazaga ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
bw’ibitsina byombi? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
4. Ni gute Ndabaga yabashije kujya gukura se ku rugerero? Sobanura igisubizo
cyawe wifashishije ubundi bumenyi wasomye cyangwa wabwiwe.
5. Mu ishuri mwigamo ni iki kerekana ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ndetse
n’uburezi budaheza byubahirizwa ?
6. Ni irihe somo uyu mwandiko ugusigiye?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro:
a) Gukumira
b) Guterura ikiganiro
c) Kwiyoberanya
d) Gukura se
2. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ayo mu mwandiko bihuje inyito:
a) Umugore ntiyahabwaga agaciro kangana n’ak’umugabo mu muco
nyarwanda.
b) Mu Rwanda, nyina w’umwami yategekanaga n’umwami.
III. Ibibazo ku mbwirwaruhame no ku rurimi n’ubwumvane
1. Imbwirwaruhame ni iki?
2. Vuga ibyitabwaho mbere yo gutanga imbwirwaruhame.
3. Sobanura uko umuntu yifata n’uko yitwara avuga imbwirwaruhame.
4. Kugira ngo ubwumvane bushoboke ni ibiki bigomba kubahirizwa hagati
y’uvuga n’ubwirwa?
5. Vuga amafatizo y’ubwumvane unayasobanure mu magambo make.
IV. Ihangamwandiko
Ishyire mu mwanya w’umunyeshuri uhagarariye abandi, maze utegure
imbwirwaruhame ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye, uzavuga ku itariki ya 8 Werurwe
ku munsi w’abari n’abategarugori.
UMUTWE 4:IMIYOBORERE MYIZA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe :
- Gusesengura umuvugo ku miyoborere myiza, hagaragazwa ingingo
z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Gusesengura no kwandika neza inyandiko z’ubutegetsi n’izindi nyandiko
zinyuranye.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Ushingiye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite, sobanura bimwe mu biranga imiyoborere
myiza n’ akamaro kayo ku Gihugu.
Karame Rwanda nje nisanga,
Nsanze ukwiye biransaba,
Nkuvuge uko uri ukuri kuganze,
Nsanze hose ukwiye ijambo,
Bituma nshaka kukuririmba.
Dore n’ubwehe bwo kukurata,
Imyato yawe irakuririmba,
Nange nunge mu ry’abahanga,
Ngane n’inganzo mbivuge nemye,
Indongozi yo ku isi hose.
Mpanike nitse nsubire ibwonko,
Nkomeza nibariza abahanga,
Iby’ubukombe wubatse ku isi,
Babimbwira imvano yabyo,
Demokarasi y’Abanyarwanda
Byo birema Umunyarwanda ukwiye.
Nsanze u Rwanda rufite Imana,
Imari yisuka buri munsi,
Gukunda umurimo bikatubera,
Kuko hari ubuyobozi bwiza,
Buhora iteka buduha ijambo.
Inama zubaka ziratangwa,
Gukura ayo maboko mu mifuka,
Twihangira imirimo yacu,
Tukanihaza no mu biribwa,
Igihe cy’akanda tukagicyaha.
Torero ry’u Rwanda karame,
Ubereye u Rwanda wuje abeshi,
Intore utoza umuco nyarwanda,
Harimo agaciro na kirazira,
Uyobora neza atanga ijambo,
Akajya inama n’abo ayobora,
Bakesa imihigo bikamubera,
Ari wo musingi w’ubwo bukire
Wo kwiyubakira kino Gihugu.
Kwiha agaciro biturange,
Ingamba zigamije kwivuza,
Ubwisungane ni kuri bose,
Bwasesekaye mu Rwanda,
Ku bw’iyo miyoborere myiza.
Amazi meza n’amashanyarazi,
Abashoramari barisukiranya,
Kuko boroherezwa imishinga,
Bagaha imirimo n’Abanyarwanda
Inzara ikagenda nka nyomberi!
Amashuri makuru na kaminuza,
Umutako mu rwatubyaye,
Bigaca uwo mwijima w’ubujiji,
Bigaha ijambo abashoboye,
Kuko na ruswa yimwe ijambo.
Umutekano inkingi y’amahoro,
Wabaye indahiro ku isi hose,
Tuwusigasire twesetwese,
Twime icyuho abawutokoza,
Twiyubakire urwatubyaye.
Ubumwe ubwiyunge ku isonga,
Bikadutoza kuba umwe twese,
Ntawuhezwa urwatubyaye,
Kuko amarembo yuguruye,
Uje wese aza yisanga.
Ubumenyi bwimbitse kuri bose,
Abakuru n’abato ntawuhezwa,
Gusoma kwandika no kubara,
Ubujiji bwimwe intebe mu Rwanda,
Ku bw’iyo miyoborere myiza.
Akarengane ko kimwe ijambo,
Imanza zihera mu midugudu,
Bagaca imanza nta kubogama,
Ntaretse umuganda wa buri kwezi,
Wo kwiyubakira Igihugu cyacu.
Ubuyobozi bwegereye rubanda,
Inzego zose zikora neza,
Zishyiriweho n’abarutuye,
Binyuze mu mucyo wa buri wese,
Maze umuturage agira ijambo.
Ruswa ni umwanzi w’amajyambere ,
Ari uyitanga n’uyihabwa,
Bahanwa bose ntawusigaye,
Kuko imunga ubukungu bwacu,
Tuyirandure n’imizi yayo.
Ndate amatora akozwe mu mucyo,
Nta kimenyane kinaharanzwe,
Keretse kwemezwa n’abayoborwa,
Mukajya inama mu bibagenerwa,
Intero kwigira igasagamba.
Ubwuzuzanye buri ku isonga,
Aho nyampinga ahawe ijambo,
Mu buyobozi ntawuhezwa,
Kuko bashoboye nk’abo bagabo,
Iyo ni ya miyoborere myiza.
Komeza wubake ejo hazaza,
U Rwanda rwawe ruragukunda,
Ni umubyeyi uguhora hafi,
Ngo utere intambwe zijya aheza,
Ntiwiheze mu by’ahazaza.
Umuhanzi: JYAMUBANDI Déo
IV.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Karame Rwanda” ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe,
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo.
1. Uzuza izi nteruro ukoresheje aya magambo ari mu mwandiko, ashobora
guhindura intego: igihe cy’akanda; ubukombe, ubwehe, gusaba.
a) Imvura yaguye ari nyinshi amazi……….. ibibaya.
b) Muhoza yatoye inka none ibyishimo …………
c) Kamandwa yapfushije abana be bose n’umugore none yabikurijeho ……
bwo gusara.
d) Ujya kwica………….. arabwagaza.
e) Ubusanzwe Nkurunziza ntanywa amarwa keretse ……………….
2. Andika imbusane y’ijambo ryanditse mu mukara tsiri, ukoreshe
amagambo ari mu muvugo:
a) Kiriya gihugu gifite ubutegetsi bw’igitugu.
b) Wa mugabo yaje yikandagira.
c) Abo bagabo niba bandi bashishikajwe no kwisenyera igihugu.
3. Andika inyito z’amagambo yanditse mu mukara tsiri mu nteruro
zikurikira.
a) Karake yakoze mu nganzo aradushimisha cyane.
b) Uyu mugabo yivuga imyato ubudasiba.
Imyitozo y’inyunguramagambo
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Karame Rwanda”, maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Ni iki gituma umuhanzi ashaka kuririmba u Rwanda?
2. Erekana inkomoko y’ubuhangange bw’Igihugu cy’u Rwanda ukurikije
uyu muhanzi.
3. Ni iyihe mikarago igaragaza ko Abanyarwanda badakangwa n’inzara?
4. Ni iki kerekana ko ihohotera ryambuwe ijambo mu Rwanda?
5. Ni iki umuhanzi avuga ko gitoza uburere bwiza?
6. Muri uyu mwandiko, ni gute uburinganire bwahawe ijambo?
IV.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Karame Rwanda” maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Vuga insanganyamatsiko nyamukuru iri muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Garagaza ingingo z’ ingenzi zavuzwe mu mwandiko ku miyoborere
myiza.
3. Vuga izindi ngingo zivuga ku miyoborere myiza zitavuzwe mu mwandiko.
4. Ni utuhe turango tw’ umuvugo ukurikije uko umwandiko umeze?
IV. 2. Umwandiko: Kagabo na Kamariza mu nama
y’akagari
Kagabo na Kamariza ni abaturage bo mu mudugudu wa Amahoro dutuyemo.
Bakunda kuganira kuri gahunda za Leta. Iyo hari amakuru Kagabo amenye yihutira
kuyamenyesha Kamariza. Gusa ni umugabo w’umunyamashyengo. Umunsi umwe
yazindukiye kwa Kamariza kumumenyesha inama mpuzamahanga ku miyoborere
myiza yagombaga kubera mu Rwanda.
Kagabo: Waramutse Kamari?
Kamariza: Waramutse!
Kagabo: Cyono igira hino ngire icyo nkwibariza.
Kamariza: Naje wokagira inka we!
Kagabo: Nashakaga kukubaza niba wamenye amakuru agezweho uyu munsi.
Kamariza: Habaye iki kidasanzwe? Nayamenya nyakuye he?
Kagabo: Ariko nawe sigaho gukabya! Wabura uyakura he? Hari amaradiyo
atandukanye, hari tereviziyo, hari ibinyamakuru byandikwa, hari imbuga
nyinshi wakwifashisha kuri interineti, waburira he amakuru wayashatse
muri iki gihe mu Rwanda rwacu? Ahubwo hari n’itangazo ryaciye kuri
tereviziyo ritwibutsa umuganda rusange uzaba mu mpera z’uku
kwezi.
Kamariza: Ni byo koko birakwiye ko twiyubakira igihugu. Ngaho se mbwira icyo
umpamagariye wikomeza kunyicisha amashyushyu!
Kagabo: Ariko wagiye ugira ukwihangana? Nashakaga kugusobanurira icyabaye.
Kamariza: Yego di! Ntiwumva ahubwo?
Kagabo: Abanyamahanga baje mu nama mpuzamahanga ku miyoborere myiza
iri kubera mu Rwanda. Igihugu cyacu ni cyo bahisemo kubera kuba
intangarugero mu miyoborere myiza kandi kikaba gifite umutekano
uhamye. Kandi natwe tutabasha kwitabira iyo nama, baduteguriye
kuyikurikiranira hafi kuri bya byuma binini kabuhariwe mu kwerekana
amashusho no gusakaza amajwi ku bantu benshi bari hamwe.
Kamariza: Yewe burya koko dufite ubuyobozi bwiza! Amahanga yose aza
kutwigiraho?
Kagabo: Abayobozi bacu ni intore nziza. Ni ba nkore neza bandebereho.
Imiyoborere myiza y’Igihugu cyacu yabaye ubukombe none ibaye
akarusho n’urugero rw’ikitegererezo imbere y’amahanga yose.
Kamariza: Reka nguherekeze tuge kumva ibivugirwamo, nituvayo turategura
ikegeranyo tuzageza ku bandi. Tuzasaba akanya mu mugoroba
w’ababyeyi cyangwa nyuma y’ibikorwa by’umuganda tuyababwire.
Kagabo: Reka ahubwo dukubite tubangura, tugende kare tugire igihe tugarukira
maze twitabire inteko y’abaturage iba ku gicamunsi. Ni ho tuza gusaba
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa akanya tubibabwire.
Kamariza: Ni byo koko di! Ni na ho haba hari umwanya wo kuganira n’abandi ku
buryo burambuye no guhanahana amakuru ku buryo bworoshye.
Nyuma y’iki kiganiro Kagabo na Kamariza bitabiriye inteko y’abaturage. Basanze
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari k’Amahoro dutuyemo agiye
kudusomera ibaruwa yaturutse mu buyobozi bw’umurenge. Yasomye ibaruwa
agira ati:
Nyuma yo gusoma iyo baruwa, Umunyamabanga Nshingabikorwa w’akagari
yasabye komite ishinzwe gahunda ya Gira inka Munyarwanda mu kagari gukubita
ibangura igakemura icyo kibazo mu maguru mashya.
Umunyamabanga Nshingabikorwa w’Akagari k’ Amahoro atizimbye mu magambo
yadusobanuriye ibyiza byo kwakira neza abatugana no gutanga serivisi inoze kandi
yihuse.
Amaze kudusobanurira, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa asaba ituze ku
bari aho, maze aha ijambo Kagabo na Kamariza ngo na bo batugezeho ibyo bari
baduteguriye ku nsanganyamatsiko yerekeranye n’imiyoborere myiza y’Igihugu
cyacu. Kagabo yatangiye aducira umugani ngo: “Uwambaye ikirezi ntamenya ko
kera.” Yashakaga kutwumvisha ko hari Abanyarwanda bamwe batabona ibyiza
dukesha ubuyobozi bw’Igihugu cyacu, ngo babihe ireme n’agaciro nyabyo.
Kagabo akomeza avuga ko amahanga menshi atangarira ibyo u Rwanda rumaze
kugeraho nyuma y’igihe gito ruvuye mu marorerwa ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi
mu 1994. Bibaza ibanga dukoresha ngo tugire iterambere ryihuta mu gihe gito. Ni
yo mpamvu badahwema kugirira mu Rwanda ingendo shuri baje kutwigiraho no
gusaba impanuro abayobozi bacu. Uretse kandi gutangazwa n’iterambere ryacu,
bishimira ukuntu bagera mu Rwanda bakakiranwa urugwiro, bagahabwa serivisi
inoze kandi yihuta. Bishimira ituze n’umutekano biharangwa bakanyurwa n’isuku
iranga imigi yacu. Ni muri urwo rwego usanga inama mpuzamahanga nyinshi
zitegurirwa kubera mu Rwanda.
Kamariza yakurikiyeho afata ijambo arondora bimwe mu biranga imiyoborere
myiza. Yagaragaje ko ubuyobozi butangwa n’abaturage binyuze mu matora akorwa
mu mucyo no mu bwisanzure, bugakorera abaturage. Ni ubuyobozi bwegerezwa
abaturage bakagira uruhare mu igenamigambi ry’ibikorwa bakeneye. Bwumva
ibyifuzo by’abaturage, bukabakemurira ibibazo kandi bugashakisha iteka icyabateza
imbere ndetse bakagira imibereho myiza n’iterambere mu bukungu. Ubwo buyobozi
bubungabunga umutekano w’abantu n’ibyabo ndetse n’umutekano w’igihugu
n’akarere kirimo muri rusange.
Ntibugira ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose, ahubwo bufata abanyagihugu bose kimwe.
Si ibyo gusa, ubuyobozi burangwamo imiyoborere myiza ntiburangwamo ruswa,
gushyira inyungu z’abayobozi imbere bigwizaho umutungo no kuwunyereza. Ahubwo
abayobozi bashyira inyungu z’abo bayobora imbere, bakamenya abatishoboye
n’abafite ibibazo byihariye nk’iby’ubuzima n’imibereho, bakabafasha kubikemura.
Ubuyobozi burwanya ikimenyane n’akarengane maze bugaharanira ubutabera kuri
bose. Abenegihugu bagira uburenganzira bemererwa n’amategeko bagahabwa
n’amahirwe angana bakoresha mu bikorwa binyuranye maze buri wese akishyira
akizana. Abayobozi bakorera ku mihigo aho buri muyobozi ahigira abaturage ibyo
azabagezaho kandi akesa iyo mihigo. Iyo abaturage basanze adashoboye, basaba ko
yasimbuzwa undi ushoboye.
Nyuma y’ijambo rya Kamariza, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa yasoje inama
asomera abaturage itangazo ryaturutse mu bunyamabanga bw’umurenge
butumira abayobozi b’imidugudu mu nama nyunguranabitekerezo. Iryo tangazo
ryagiraga riti:
Itangazo
Mu rwego rwo kunoza imiyoborere myiza mu Murenge wa Gitaha, ubuyobozi
bw’Umurenge wa Gitaha bunejejwe no kumenyesha abayobozi b’imidugudu
bose bo mu Murenge wa Gitaha ko batumiwe mu nama nyunguranabitekerezo
yo kurebera hamwe ikigero abaturage bagezeho mu gutanga ubwisungane mu
kwivuza (mituweri) izaba ku Cyumweru tariki ya 25/01/2015, saa tatu za mu gitondo
(09h00). Kuza kwanyu ni inkunga ikomeye mu kwita ku buzima bw’abo muyobora.
Bikorewe i Gitaha ku wa 20/01/2015
Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gitaha.
Nyuma y’iryo tangazo twese twatashye twishimiye inyigisho nziza twari tumaze
kuronka, tunashimira ubuyobozi bwacu burangwa n’imiyoborere myiza. Wumvaga
abantu bose bemeza ko bagiye kurushaho gutanga serivisi nziza mu byo bakora
byose, kwitabira no gushyigikira gahunda za Leta ngo biteze imbere kandi biyubakire
Igihugu.
IV.2.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Kagabo na Kamariza mu nama y’ akagari” ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe, hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko wifashije inkoranyamagambo
Imyitozo
1. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye andi magambo cyangwa amatsinda
y’amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko bihuje inyito.
a) Kurangiza neza ishingano umuntu yihaye mu kazi ke bituma aba
umuyobozi w’indakemwa.
b) Kwiba umutungo wa rubanda ni icyaha kitababarirwa.
c) Kuvuga ukarambirana bituma abantu binubira ibyo uvuga.
d) Abaturage bari mu nama, iyo bagize amatsiko menshi bituma babaza
cyane.
e) Umuyobozi ugira vuba na bwangu muri serivisi atanga, afasha
abaturage benshi.
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ziboneye.
a) Igenamigambi
b) Impanuro
c) Kuronka
3. Tahura umugani wakoreshejwe mu mwandiko kandi uwusobanure.
IV.2.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Kagabo na Kmariza mu nama y’ akagari” hanyuma
usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
1. . Ese iyo bavuze imiyoborere myiza, wumva iki?
2. Imiyoborere myiza igirira abantu akahe kamaro?
3. Ni izihe nyungu zo kwakira neza abatugana no kubaha serivisi inoze
kandi yihuta?
4. Inama nyunguranabitekerezo ivugwa mu mwandiko yari igenewe
bande?
5. Abitabiriye inama batashye bameze bate? Kubera iki?
6. Ni iki biyemeje gukora inama ikirangira.
IV.2.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Mu mwandiko “Kagabo na Kariza mu nama y’akagari”, harimo ibaruwa
umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’ akagari yasomeye abaturage mu nama.
Soma kandi witegereze iyo baruwa, ukore ubushakashatsi usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
Ibibazo:
1. Ibaruwa umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’ akagari yasomeye
abaturage mu nama ni ubuhe bwoko bw’ibaruwa? Tahura inshoza ya
bene ubwo bwoko bw’ibaruwa.
2. Iyo baruwa iteye ite?
3. Garagaza imbata y’iyo baruwa.
IV. 3. 1. Inshoza y’ibaruwa y‘ubutegetsi
Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ni ibaruwa ngufi kandi ivuga ibya ngombwa birasa ku ntego,
ikirinda uburondogozi no kugaragaza amarangamutima. Igituma iba ngufi ni uko
uwandika agomba gusa kwibanda ku mpamvu yatumye yandika. Bene iyi baruwa
y’ubutegetsi iba igamije gusabwa gutanga serivisi ku bo igenewe, gusaba akazi,
gusubiza uwasabye akazi, gusaba ibisobanuro mu kazi, gutanga ibisobanuro,
gutanga amabwiriza n’ibindi. Tuvuge niba uwandika asaba akazi, iyo ni yo
mpamvu agaragaza ku rupapuro kandi ni yo avugaho muri make agaragaza akazi
ashaka ako ari ko, ubushobozi afite bwo kugakora n’uburyo azagakora, kandi
byose bikagirwa mu kinyabupfura. Nta gutandukira ngo agaragaze ko yababaye,
ko ubukene bumumereye nabi, ko arya rimwe mu cyumweru, ko yari afite akazi
bakakamwirukanaho ku maherere n’ibindi. Uwo wandikira usaba akazi ntakeneye
ko umurondogoraho cyangwa ko umutera imbabazi. Ibyo nta mwanya abifitiye,
icyo akeneye ni icyo ugamije kumukorera, ubushobozi ugifitemo, ibyangombwa
bibigaragaza. Bene iyi baruwa yandikwa ku rupapuro rw’umweru
IV. 3. 2. Imiterere y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igizwe n’ibice binyuranye ari byo:
a) Aderesi:
Aderesi ni igice k’ingenzi kigaragaza uwanditse ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi. Hagaragaramo
amazina ye, aho atuye ndetse n’andi makuru yose yafasha uwo yandikiye kumenya
aho yamubariza aramutse amushatse: ashobora kongeramo nimero za terefoni
n’aderesi ye ya interineti. Iki gice gifata umwanya wo hejuru ibumoso ku rupapuro.
b) Itariki
Itariki ni ngombwa ko hagaragaramo ahantu ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi yandikiwe
n’umunsi iyo baruwa yandikiweho. Iki gice cyo kijya hejuru iburyo ahateganye
n’izina.
c) Uwandikiwe
Uwandikiwe ni igice kigaragara munsi y’itariki ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi yandikiweho.
Kiba kigaragaza uwo ibaruwa igenewe. Si izina rye bwite rigaragaramo ahubwo ni
izina rigaragaza umwanya afite mu kazi. Cyakora hashobora no kugaragazwa izina
iyo ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igenewe umukozi runaka.
d) Impamvu
Mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi hagomba kugaragaramo impamvu yanditswe. Impamvu
y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ishobora kuba: gusaba akazi, gusaba ibisobanuro, kohereza
raporo... Ijambo”impamvu” buri gihe ricibwaho akarongo. Iki gice kiba kiri munsi ya
aderesi kikabangikana n’umurongo wa nyuma wo mu gice kigaragaza uwo ibaruwa
y’ubutegetsi yandikiwe.
e) Igihimba
Igihimba ni ibaruwa nyirizina. Igihimba k’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi kigirwa n’ibika
bitatu:
- Intangiriro: Uwandika avuga muri make impamvu imuteye kwandika igirwa
n’igika kimwe kandi ikagaragaza icyo uwandika agamije. Iyo ari nk’ibaruwa
isaba akazi agaragazamo ko azi neza ko uwo mwanya uhari.
- Igihimba: Ni igice kigaragara nk’aho ari kirekire kurusha ibindi, kuko
gishobora no kugira ibika birenze kimwe bitewe n’ingingo zigize ubutumwa.
Ni cyo gice cyonyine gisobanura mu mugambo arambuye ibyavuzwe mu
ntangiriro, kikabisesengura, kikanakurikiranya ibitekerezo. Icyo gihe buri gika
kiharira ingingo yacyo, na none ukirinda gusubiramo ibyo wavuze.
- Umusozo: Uwandika ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi asoza ashimira uwo yandikiye.
Ni cyo gice kirangiza ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi kandi kigirwa n’igika kimwe.
Uwandika arangiza yerekana ikizere afitiye uwo yandikiye cyangwa se
icyubahiro amugomba.
f) Amazina n’umukono: Ni igice gisoza ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi kigizwe
n’amazina ndetse n’umukono wa nyiri ukuyandika.
Ikitonderwa: Bitewe n’imiterere yayo, ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ishobora kugira
ibindi bice bikurikira:
Binyujijwe: Ni igice kigaragara mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi munsi y’aderesi
y’uwandikiwe. Gishyirwaho iyo hari abo iyo baruwa igomba gucaho mbere yo
kohererezwa uwayandikiwe.
Bimenyeshejwe: ni igice kijya mu mpera z’ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi ku ruhande
w’ibumoso. Kijya mu ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi iba igomba kugira abandi bamenyeshwa
ibyanditswe.
IV. 3. 3. Imbata y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
IV. 3. 4. Uturango tw’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
- Mu ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi hari amagambo yabugenewe agomba gutangira no
gusoza ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi. Ayo ni nka:
Nyakubawa/ Bwana/Madamu/Madamazera,
Mu gihe ngitegereje igisubizo cyanyu kiza, nyakubahwa, mbaye mbashimiye,
Mu gihe ntegerezanyije ikizere, mbaye mbashimiye,
Mbaye mbashimiye Nyakubahwa/ Bwana / Madamu/ Madamazera…
- Buri gika gitangirira mu cya kabiri cy’urupapuro mu mpagarike yarwo.
- Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igomba kugira impamvu yayo yihariye bitewe n’igitumye
yandikwa bagaca akarongo ku ijambo “impamvu”.
Imyitozo
1. Ese hari itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi n’ ibaruwa
isanzwe? Niba rihari rivuge.
2. Andikira umuyobozi w’umurenge utuyemo ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi
umusaba ikemezo cy’amavuko kuko ugikeneye mu kuzuza ifishi
izaguhesha uburenganzira bwo gukora ikizamini cya Leta gisoza amashuri
yisumbuye. Wubahirize imbata y’ibaruwa y’ ubutegetsi twabonye.
IV.4. Umwandiko: Ese uri nde?
Nitwa:MUBERUKA Gaston
Data: KARIMANYI Joel
Mama: KABERA Marigueritte
Igihe navukiye: 2 Nzeri 1984
Aho navukiye: Intara ya Kumuhigo, Akarere ka Kagano, Umurenge wa Cyabayaga
Akagari ka Mwungu.
Aho ntuye: Intara ya Kumuhigo, Akarereka Burehe, Umurenge wa Mataba, Akagari
ka Gaseke.
Irangamimerere: Ndubatse, mfite abana bane
Terefoni: 0788881111
E-mail: muberuka-gaston@yahoo.fr
Akarere ka Burehe, Umurenge wa Mataba, Akagari ka Gaseke.
Amashuri nize
- 2003-2007: Amashuri makuru: Kaminuza nkuru y’ u Rwanda Impamyabushobozi
y’ikiciro cya kabiri mu Ndimi n’Ubuvanganzo Nyafurika.
- 1989-1994: Amashuri yisumbuye muri Seminari ya Runaba Impamyabumenyi
y’amashuri yisumbuye mu ishami ry’Ikiratini n’indimi zivugwa.
- 1981-1988: Amashuri abanza mu Ishuri Ribanza rya Mataba. Ikemezo k’ikigo
cy’Amashuri Abanza cya Mataba.
Uburambe mu kazi
- 2011-2017: Umwarimu w’indimi muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda ishami rya Huye.
- 2008-2010: Umwarimu w’ Igiswayiri n’Ikinyarwanda mu Iseminari Nto ya
Runaba.
- 2003-2004: Umwarimu w’Igifaransa n’Ikinyarwanda mu ishuri ryigenga
APEDER Mataba.
- 2000-2003: Umwarimu w’Igifaransa n’Ikinyarwanda mu ishuri ryisumbuye
rya Gakurazo.
Ubundi bumenyi
- Nzi mudasobwa porogaramu ya “Word, Excel, Power Point, Access na
Publisher
- Mfite uruhushya rwo gutwara imodoka kategori ya B, nkaba nzi no kuyitwara.
Indimi nzi kuvuga
Ibyo nkunda
Nyuma y’akazi nkunda gusoma ibitabo. Nkunda umukino wo koga no gukina
umupira w’amaguru.
Abantu banzi:
- UMUHIRE Jean: Umwarimu wange muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, Tel: 0788..........
- Padiri KARAKE Samuel: Umukoresha wange igihe nigishaga muri Seninari Nto
ya Rubare Tel: 076................................
- HAKIZIMANA Paul: Umuyobozi w’Ishami ry’Indimi muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda
aho nigisha ubu, Tel: 0789......................
Ngewe MUBERUKA Gaston ndemeza neza ko ibyo maze kuvuga ari ukuri kandi ko
bishobora kugenzurwa.
Bikorewe i Kagano, ku wa 25 Nyakanga 2017
MUBERUKA Gaston
IV.4.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Ese uri nde?” ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe,
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashije
inkoranyamagambo.
Umwiitozo
Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zawe bwite: mudasobwa, ishami
impamyabushobozi, umukono.
IV.4.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ese uri nde” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Ni bande bavugwa mu mwandiko “Ese uri nde”?
2. MUBERUKA Gaston atuye he?
3. Ni ubuhe bumennyi Muberuka Gaston afite?
4. MUBERUKA Gaston akunda iki?
5. MUHIRE Jean uvugwa mu mwandiko ni muntu ki?
IV.4.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko”Ese uri nde” hanyuma usubize ibibazo byo
gusesengura umwandiko..
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki?
2. Amakuru ari muri iyi nyandiko akubiye mu bice bingahe by’ ingenzi?
3. Uwandika bene iyi nyandiko aba agamije iki?
4. Urabona iyi nyandiko ifite akahe kamaro?
5. Ni nka nde wakenera bene iyi nyandiko?
IV.5. Inyandiko z’ubutegetsi: Umwirondoro
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ese uri nde” kandi witegereze imiterere
yawo. Uhereye ku miterere y’uwo mwandiko n’ibiwugize, tahura inshoza
y’umwirondoro, ibiranga umwirondoro n’ibice byawo.
IV.5.1. Inshoza y’ umwirondoro
Umwirondoro ni inyandiko yereka umukoresha ishusho y’umukozi akeneye. Mu
buzima busanzwe ari na byo bimenyerewe cyane, umwirondoro ukunze gusabwa
n’umuntu wese ushaka gutanga akazi. Bityo mu byangombwa yaka ushaka
gupiganirwa uwo mwanya haba harimo n’umwirondoro we. Umwirondoro kandi
ushobora kuba ngombwa iyo umuntu asaba ishuri runaka ngo akomerezemo
amasomo ye.
IV.5.2. Ibiranga umwirondoro
Umwirondoro unoze ugomba kuba:
- Wanditse ku rupapuro rwiza nta n’amakosa y’ururimi arimo.
- Wuzuye kuko uwusaba akeneye amakuru yuzuye kugira ngo arusheho kumenya
nyiri umwirondoro niba hari ikiburamo ntibizamutere igihe agishakisha.
- Usomeka neza wanditswe mu nteruro ngufi.
- Uvuga ukuri. Ukora umwirondoro ntagomba kugira icyo yibagirwa cyangwa
ngo ashyiremo ibidasobanutse cyangwa ibihimbano.
- Ugomba kuba ugenewe koko abo wandikiwe niba ari aho nyirawo asaba akazi
ugomba kuba ujyanye n’aho asaba akazi.
IV.5.3. Ibice bigize umwirondoro
Umwirondoro ntukorwa uko nyirawo yiboneye ugomba kuba ufite uburyo
buboneye ukorwamo, uko ibice biwugize bikurikirana kuko umwanya wabyo uba
ufite icyo usobanura kuri uwo mwirondoro.
Ibyo bice ni:
- Umutwe
- Ibiranga umuntu
- Amashuri
- Uburambe
- Ubundi bumenyi
- Indimi avuga
- Ibyo akunda
- Abantu bamuzi
- Kwemeza ko ari ukuri no gushyiraho umukono we.
1. Umutwe
Umutwe w’umwirondoro wandikwa hejuru ukitwa umwirondoro
2. Ibiranga umuntu
Irangamimerere ni igice gitangira umwirondoro, kikaba kigamije kugaragaza muri
make uwo ari we. Kigomba kuba cyumvikana kandi kirasa ku ntego.
Si ngombwa gushyiramo ibintu byinshi nubwo bwose waba ubona umwirondoro
ari muto. Mu irangamimerere umuntu avugamo amazina ye. Ni byiza kwandika
izina ry’umuryango mu nyuguti nkuru z’icyapa maze iry’idini rikajya mu nyuguti
nto, ariko ritangiwe n’ inyuguti nkuru.
Nyuma y’amazina hagaragazwa aho umuntu aherereye, ni ukuvuga aho atuye
(aha iyo afite agasanduku k’iposita ni byiza kugashyiraho). Aho umuntu atuye
hiyongeraho n’uburyo uwamushaka yamubonamo; umurongo wa terefoni na
aderesi ya interineti ku buryo uwabishaka yahita amwandikira. Ikindi kigomba kujya
mu irangamimerere ni imyaka umuntu afite. Aha ariko ntawandika umubare ibyiza
ni ugushyiraho umwaka yavukiye.
Iyo yanditse amatariki, ukwezi ukwandika mu izina ryako.
3. Amashuri
Iki gice kigaragaza aho nyiri umwirondoro ahagaze mu rwego rw’ubumenyi ni yo
mpamvu uwandika agomba guhera ku mpamyabumenyi nini afite. Mu kwandika
umwirondoro, amashuri ntatandukana n’impamyabumenyi. Ugaragaza amashuri
yize avuga umwaka, aho yigaga, ibyo yigaga n’impamyabumenyi yahakuye. Hari
igihe amashuri ajyana n’ibitabo umuntu aba yaranditse. Icyo gihe si ngombwa
kubishyiraho keretse iyo bigira icyo byongera ku kizere umuntu ashobora kugirirwa
n’abo ashyikiriza umwirondoro.
4. Uburambe
Uburambe mu kazi ni igice cyo kwitonderwa. Aha ni ho uwandika umwirondoro aba
agomba kwereka uwo yandikiye icyo azi gukora n’igihe amaze agikora. Iyo yakoze mu myanya myinshi, ayishyiraho ahereye ku wa nyuma aherukaho agenda agaragaza
igihe yagiye ayimaraho. Hari igihe umuntu aba yarakoze iyimenyerezamwuga ni
ngombwa ko abishyiraho cyanecyane iyo ataramara
igihe kinini akora cyangwa se ari bwo bwa mbere yatse akazi. Ibyo bishobora
kumwongerera amahirwe imbere y’uwo aha umwirondoro.
5. Ubundi bumenyi
Kumenya ibintu byinshi nta cyo bitwaye kuko ibyo umuntu azi byose bishobora
kumugirira akamaro mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi. Iyo rero umuntu azi ubundi
bumenyi ntashidikanya kubigaragaza ku mwirondoro we cyanecyane iyo bifitanye
isano n’akazi asaba.
Urugero: Kuba azi mudasobwa, kuba afite uruhushya rwo gutwara ikinyabiziga...
6. Indimi
Hari igihe umwanya umuntu ashaka uba usaba kumenya indimi z’amahanga. Ni
ngombwa rero ko uwandika umwirondoro ashyiramo indimi zose azi.
Mu kazi ako ari ko kose kumenya indimi z’amahanga byongerera amahirwe ugasaba.
Ukora umwirondoro agaragaza urwego aziho urwo rurimi atabeshya (nduzi neza
cyane, nduzi neza, nduzi bihagije, biciriritse) kuko kubeshya byamugiraho ingaruka
mu gihe k’ikizamini k’ibiganiro.
7. Ibyo akunda
Umuntu ntabaho akora akazi ashinzwe gusa. Na nyuma y’akazi ubuzima burakomeza.
Ibyo umuntu akunda rero biza nyuma y’akazi. Bigizwe n’ibyo umuntu akora kandi
bimushimisha. Ariko na none ukora umwirondoro ntiyiyibagize ko ibimushimisha
bishobora kumubera imbogamizi yo kutabona umwanya yifuza. Nk’urugero niba
ari umuntu ukunda kumva indirimbo kuri radiyo, bikaba byerekana ko ari umuntu
ukunze kuba ari wenyine ko kubana n’abandi byamugora, mu gihe umuntu ukunda
gukina umupira aba agaragaza ko abana n’abandi neza ko no mu kazi byagenda
bityo.
8. Abantu bamuzi cyangwa abahamya
Iyi ngingo y’abantu bazi nyiri umwirondoro si ngombwa buri gihe. Ariko hari
ababisaba mu mwirondoro bikaba ngombwa ko ijyamo. Abantu bakunze gukenerwa
si abaturanyi bawe cyangwa se bene wanyu bakomeye. Abazi umuntu baba
bakenewe ni abarimu bamwigishije cyangwa abakoresha bamukoresheje kuko
ukeneye umwirondoro wawe aba ashobora kubabaza ku bijyanye n’ubumenyi ufite
cyangwa se ubushobozi n’imyitwarire byawe mu kazi.
9. Kwemeza ko ibyo uvuze ari ukuri no gushyiraho umukono
Iki ni cyo gice gisoza umwirondoro. Nyiri ukuwandika agomba gusoza yemeza ko
amakuru yatanze ari ukuri ko anashobora kugenzurwa. Hanyuma agashyiraho itariki
n’umukono we.
Ibi ni byo by’ingenzi biba bikubiye mu mwirondoro. Cyakora ntibibujijwe ko hari
andi makuru yakongerwamo igihe nyiri ukwandika abona ko hari amahirwe
yamwongerera kugira ngo abone akazi yasabaga.
Umwitozo
Ubu urangije mu mwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye. Andika
umwirondoro wawe ukurikije ingingo twabonye zigize umwirondoro.
Igikorwa
Mu mwandiko “Kagabo na Kariza mu nama y’akagari”, harimo itangazo
umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’ akagari yasomeye abaturage mu
nama. Soma iryo tangazo maze utahure ubwoko bwaryo ukurikije ubutumwa
buririmo. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango tw’itangazo kandi
utahure ubundi bwoko bw’amatangazo.
1. Inshoza y’itangazo
Itangazo ni inzira cyangwa uburyo ukoresha igihe cyose ufite icyo ushaka kugeza
ku bandi ukibamenyesha ugicishije mu itangazo.Urugero nk’ iyo banki zambuwe
cyangwa se ibindi bigo biciriritse by’imari bihemukiwe na ba bihemu bakambura
inguzanyo hatangazwa amatangazo, aba ba bihemu bagashyikirizwa inkiko
batsindwa ibyabo bigatezwa cyamunara. Iyo hari imitungo izagurishwa abahesha
b’inkiko b’umwuga batanga amatangazo bahamagarira abaturage kuzaza kwigurira.
Bibaho kandi ko iyo umuryango watakaje umuntu atambutsa itangazo mu
bitangazamakuru cyangwa kuri radiyo bahamagarira abantu gutabara umuryango
wagize ibyago.
Itangazo rero ni inyandiko irimo ubutumwa bamanika ahantu, buca mu kinyamakuru
cyangwa kuri radiyo kugira ngo bumenyekane hagamijwe kwamamaza, kurangisha
cyangwa kumenyesha.
2. Uturango tw’itangazo
Mu itangazo hagomba kubonekamo ibi bikurikira:
- Umutwe w’itangazo.
- Utanze itangazo.
- Uwo rigenewe.
- Ahantu igikorwa rimenyesha kiri, cyabereye cyangwa kizabera.
- Itariki igikorwa rimenyesha cyabereyeho cyangwa kizabera.
3. Ubwoko bw’amatangazo
Amatangazo arimo amoko anyuranye: amatangazo yo kubika, amatangazo yo
kumenyesha, amatagazo yo kwamamaza, amatangazo yo kurangisha n’ubutumire.
a) Amatangazo yo kubika
Amatangazo yo kubika ni amatangazo atabaza agamije kumenyesha abantu ko hari
umuntu witabye Imana akanavuga igihe azashyingurirwa.
Urugero:
Itangazo
Umuryango wa Mporanyi Claudien ubarizwa mu Murenge wa Gashwi uramenyesha
inshuti n’ abavandimwe ko umubyeyi wabo Kanamugire Roger wari urwariye mu
bitaro bikuru bya Kinihira yitabye Imana none Ku wa gatatu tariki ya 23/5/2017.
Bimenyeshejwe inshuti n’ abavandimwe batuye mu murenge wa Gishamvu,
abakirisitu basengana na nyakwigendera muri paruwasi ya Mukingo n’ abo
bakoranaga ku bitaro bya Munini. Itariki yo gushyingura ni Ku wa gatandatu tariki
ya 26/5/2017. Inshuti n’ abavandimwe bihutire gutabara
Bikorewe Gashwi ku wa 23/05/2017
b) Amatangazo yo kumenyesha
Amatangazo yo kumenyesha ni amatangazo amenyesha abayumva amakuru
atandukanye nk’inama, akazi, isoko ry’ibintu, cyamunara...
Urugero:
Itangazo ryo kumenyesha
Mu rwego rwo kwizihiza icyumweru cyahariwe ubuzima kizatangira ku wa 12 kugeza
ku wa 15/8 ,Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gasenyi bunejejwe no kumenyesha
abaturage bose bo mu Murenge wa Gasenyi ko batumiwe mu gikorwa cyo
kwipimisha ku bushake indwara ya Sida kizabera mu busitani bw’ uwo umurenge. Iki
gikorwa cyateguwe ku bufatanye bwa Minisiteri y’ ubuzima n’ umuryango utabara
imbabare Croix-rouge. Muri ki cyumweru cyahariwe ubuzima, iki gikorwa kizajya
gitangira saa mbiri z’ igitondo gisoze saa kumi n’ imwe z’umugoroba. Abaturage
basabwe kwitabira kuko burya amagara araseseka ntayorwa.
Bikorewe i Gitaha ku wa 6/08/2015
Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gasenyi.
c) Amatangazo yo kwamamaza
Amatangazo yo kwamamaza ni amatangazo atangwa agamije kwamamaza
ibikorwa by’umuntu ku giti ke, by’ishyirahamwe, by’inganda, amashuri, kugira ngo
bimenyekane bibone ababigana mu buryo bwo kubiteza imbere.
Urugero:
Itangazo ryo kwamamaza
Uruganda rukora amasabune ruherereye mu cyanya k’ inganda i Masoro
ruramenyesha abantu bose ko rubafitiye amasabune ya “Urakeye” y’ ubwoko
bwose: ay’ amazi, ay’ ifu n’ ay’ imiti ku ngano yose wakwifuza. Ayo masabune
murayasanga mu masoko hose , mu maduka no ku ruganda . Ushaka kurangura
cyangwa utwara byinshi turagutwaza tukakugeza iwawe.
Gana uruganda rw’ amasabune“Urakeye” uce ukubiri n’ umwanda.
d) Amatangazo yo kurangisha
Amatangazo yo kurangisha ni amatangazo atangwa igihe umuntu yatakaje ikintu,
yabuze umuntu kugira ngo ababimuboneye babimuhe cyangwa yatoye ibintu kugira
ngo nyirabyo abashe kubibona.
Urugero:
Itangazo ryo kurangisha
Nzirorera Jemus utuye mu murenge wa Kinyoni ararangisha ibyangombwa
bye yabuze ku wa mbere tariki ya 01/11/2015, saa tatu za mu gitondo (09h00).
Ibyo byangobwa byaburiye mu mu muhanda Kigali- Butare. Bikaba ari ikarita
ndangamuntu, uruhushya rwo gutwara imoboka n’uruhushya rwo kujya mu
mahanga. Uwabibona yabimugereza ku buyobozi bw’ umurenge wa Kinyoni
cyangwa agahamagara kuri izi numero za telefoni 078.......akazahabwa ibihembo
bishimishije.
Bikorewe Kinyoni ku wa 2/11/2015
e) Amatangazo atumira/ubutumire
Ubutumire ni inyandiko ngufi itumira umuntu cyangwa abantu kwitabira umunsi
mukuru runaka. Bene izi nyandiko twazigereranya n’amabaruwa y’ubucuti nubwo
zo zidakurikiza imiterere y’ayo mabaruwa. Ubutumire bukoreshwa mu minsi
mikuru inyuranye nko gushyingirwa, kubatirisha, kwizihiza isabukuru runaka,
gutaha igikorwa runaka, gusangira ku meza, kwishimira kugera ku gikorwa runaka
nko gufata impamyabumenyi...
Ubutumire burangwa n’imiterere yabwo yo kuba hagaragaramo ibintu by’ingenzi
bikurikira:
- Umutwe w’ubutumire
- Amazina y’utumira,
- Utumirwa,
- Igikorwa umutumiramo,
- Aho igikorwa kizabera.
- Umunsi n’isaha kizaberaho
Imyitozo
1. Andika amatangazo akurikira wubahiriza imiterere yayo:
- Itangazo ryo kubika
- Itangazo ryo kumenyesha
2. Ishyire mu kigwi cy’umuyobozi w’ishuri ryisumbuye wigamo, wandike
ubutumire bw’umuhango wo gutanga impamyabumenyi ku banyeshuri
barangiza no kwizihiza isabukuru y’ imyaka 25 ikigo kimaze gishinzwe.
IV.7. Imyitozo y’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusesengura umuvugo cyangwa umwandiko usanzwe ngaragaza
ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Gukoresha mu nteruro amagambo nungutse.
- Gusobanura ingingo zisobanura imiyoborere myiza.
- Gusesengura no kwandika ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi.
- Gusesengura no gukora umwirondoro wange.
- Kwandika amatangazo anyuranye.
Ubu ndangwa no:
Kubahiriza no gushishikariza abandi gahunda za Leta nshimangira
imiyoborere myiza, harimo kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro, kwakira neza
IV. 8. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
Umwandiko: Ikiganiro ku miyoborere myiza
Ba nyakubahwa bayobozi b’imirenge muteraniye hano mugire amahoro!
Mbere na mbere mbanje kubashimira ubwitabire bwanyu muri iyi nama. Tudatinze
rero, nk’uko mwabisomye mu butumire mwahawe, uyu munsi turagirana ikiganiro
n’umuyobozi waturutse muri Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, ushinzwe
imiyoborere myiza. Hashize igihe havugwa ko muri aka Karere hari abayobozi
batakira neza abo bashinzwe kuyobora ni yo mpamvu twatumiye uyu muyobozi ngo
abagezeho ikiganiro ku miyoborere myiza. Ntabatindiye rero reka muhe umwanya
atuganirize.Nyakubahwa Muyobozi umwanya ni uwanyu.
Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’Akarere ka Runoni,
Ba nyakubahwa bayobozi b’imirenge inyuranye,
Nimugire amahoro!
Nasabwe kubagezaho ikiganiro ku miyoborere myiza. Ariko iyo tuvuze imiyoborere
myiza twumva ibintu byinshi. Uyu munsi turaganira ku miyoborere myiza muri
rusange twibande ku buryo bwo kwakira neza abatugana, kugira ngo twitwe ba
Rugwirorusa mu mikorere yacu ya buri munsi.
Imiyoborere myiza ni iteme abayoborwa n’abayobozi bahuriraho bagafatana
urunana bagakemurira hamwe ibibazo bihari. Bibaye na ngombwa kuri iryo teme
bahashinga intebe bakiga kuri gahunda ziteza imbere Igihugu n’isi muri rusange.
Imiyoborere myiza ni uburyo buboneye bwo guhuza abayobozi n’abayoborwa, buri
wese akagira kandi akamenya uburenganzira bwe n’inshingano ze. Imiyoborere
myiza ni iyimakaza ubuyobozi bwiza, ukuzuzanya mu bitekerezo kw’abayobora
n’abayoborwa hagamije iterambere ry’Igihugu.
Igihe cyose umuturage atazaba afite uburenganzira bwo kwishyiriraho abayobozi
binyuze mu matora no kugira uruhare mu kubakuraho igihe batujuje inshingano zabo,
nta miyoborere myiza izaba irangwa mu Gihugu cyangwa mu gace runaka kacyo.
Imiyoborere myiza igira amahame igenderaho. Ingero ni nyinshi. Muri rusange,
guha abaturage uruhare mu buyobozi, gukorera mu mucyo, kumenyekanisha no
kwisobanura ku byo ushinzwe gukora, kugira ubuyobozi buri wese yibonamo,
kubaha igitekerezo cy’undi, guharanira ubwigenge mu bwuzuzanye hagati y’inzego
z’ubuyobozi, kumenya kugira abandi inama kimwe no kutabogama, ukita ku nyungu
rusange byinjira mu mahame y’ingenzi y’imiyoborere myiza.
Mu miyoborere myiza hagomba kubonekamo gutanga ikaze. Ntibikwiye ko
umuturage uje abagana aza yikandagira atazi niba muri bumwakire. Iyo bigenze bityo
buri gihe ahora abunza imitima yumva ko abayobozi bose ari bamwe. Umuyobozi
ubwira nabi abamushyize ku ntebe yaba ameze nka wa wundi utema ishami
ry’igiti yicayeho. Umuyobozi mwiza yakira abaje bamugana bagahuza ibitekerezo,
ahakenewe gukoreshwa amategeko agakoreshwa, uhanwa agahanwa, ukeneye
kungwa mu bahanganye bigakorwa nta ruhande ubuyobozi bubogamiyemo.
Ibiranga imiyoborere myiza ni byinshi. Imiyoborere myiza igomba gushingira ku
mahame ya demukarasi. Abahanga basobanura ko demukarasi ari ubutegetsi
bwa rubanda, butangwa n’abaturage, bukorera abaturage kandi bugakurwaho
n’abaturage. Ibi bisobanura ko ubuyobozi mufite ari indagizo mugomba gufata
neza, mugahora mwiteguye, igihe icyo ari cyo cyose, kuyimurikira rubanda
rwayibaragije imeze neza, ishimishije. Ni yo mpamvu abayobozi batashoboye
kurangiza neza inshingano baragijwe, rubanda rubakuraho ikizere bagasimbuzwa
abandi babishoboye.
Igihe abaturage bazaba bafite uburenganzira bwo kubashyiraho kugira ngo
mubahagararire mu nzego zinyuranye z’ubuyobozi babinyujije mu matora, bafite
uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana imikorere yanyu, ndetse bafite uburenganzira bwo
kubagira inama no gushobora kubakuraho cyangwa kubasimbura igihe bigaragaye
ko mutashoboye kuzuza inshingano zanyu. Umuyobozi agomba kwakira neza
abaturage, akabatega amatwi yicishije bugufi, agakemura ibibazo atabogamye
agakurikiza amategeko. Iyo umuyobozi abigenje atyo usanga yubahwa kandi agace
aherereyemo kagatera imbere. Igihugu gifite abayobozi nk’abo gitera imbere.
Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’akarere,
Ba nyakubahwa bayobozi muteraniye hano, kirazira ko umuyobozi yicara mu biro
ngo avugire kuri terefone ibijyanye n’inyungu ze bwite abaturage bamutegereje ku
muryango. Ntibikwiye ko muca ku baturage baje babagana mutababajije ikibagenza
ngo mubakemurire ibibazo. Birashoboka ko yenda bamwe muri mwe musohoka mu
biro mugaca ku baturage babategerereje hanze mutabasuhuje mukinjira mu modoka
zanyu mukagenda. Umuyobozi nk’uwo ntazi kwakira abamugana. Niba muri mwe
harimo umuyobozi nk’uwo ndamumenyesha ko yahinduka akareka kubangamira
uwo muco w’amahoro, akareka kudusebya dore ko burya ngo umukobwa aba
umwe agatukisha bose. Mu kwakira ababagana mugomba kurangwa n’amagambo
nka “muraho, murakaza neza murisanga, tubafashe iki? N’ayandi nk’ayo.”
Murakoze, murakarama.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki? Ugamije iki?
2. Garagaza uko uyoboye ikiganiro asobanura imiyoborere myiza muri rusange?
3. Ni ibiki tubwirwa mu mwandiko biranga umuyobozi mwiza?
4. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
5. Rondora izini mvugo waba uzi zikoreshwa mu kwakira neza abakugana.
6. Ni iki wungukiye muri iki kiganiro mbwirwaruhame?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Tanga ibisobanuro by’ amagambo akurikira ari mu mwandiko:
a) Ubwitabire:
b) Ba Rugwirorusa:
c) Aza yikandagira:
d) Kubunza imitima:
e) Abamushyize ku ntebe:
2. Soma buri jambo rivuye mu mwandiko hanyuma urihuze n’ igisobanuro
cyaryo ukoresheje akambi.
3. Sobanura icyo iyi mvugo ishaka kuvuga: umukobwa aba umwe agatukisha
bose
VI. Ibibazo ku ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi, ku mwirondoro no ku matangazo
1. Ushingiye ku ishami wize, andike ibaruwa isaba akazi kajyanye n’ibyo wize.
Ku mugereka w’ibaruwa wanditse, ushyireho umwirondoro wawe.
2. Ishyire mu mwanya w’umubyeyi, maze wandikire inshuti yawe uyitumira mu
bukwe bw’ umwana wawe ugiye gushyingirwa.
3. Andika itangazo rirangisha ibyangombwa byawe byabuze harimo
irangamuntu, uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga n’ ubwishingizi
bw’ubuzima. Urikore ku buryo bizakugeraho neza wubahiriza uturango
twose tw’itangazo.
UMUTWE 5:UBWIKOREZI
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko ku bwikorezi mu iterambere ry’igihugu,
hagaragazwa ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- Kugaragaza imimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro.
- Gusesengura no gukoresha mu nteruro inyangingo zinyuranye.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite, sobanura isano iri hagati y’iterambere ry’ubwikorezi
n’iterambere ry’igihugu muri rusange.
Ubwikorezi ni uburyo bwo gukura abantu cyangwa ibintu ahantu hamwe bijyanwa
ahandi.
Abakurambere bacu baragotse mu gihe batwaraga ibintu byose ku mutwe, baheka
mu ngobyi abanyacyubahiro, abageni ndetse n’abarwayi.
Uko ibihe byagiye bihita, abantu bakomeje gutekereza uburyo buboneye kandi
bwihuse bwo gutwara abantu n’ibintu. Ubwikorezi buteye imbere bugira uruhare
runini mu kuzamura ubukungu, bwaba ubw’umuntu ku giti ke, ubw’igihugu
n’ubw’isi muri rusange. Uburyo bunoze, bwihuse kandi buhendutse bwo gutwara
abantu n’ibintu ni kimwe mu bipimo by’iterambere.
Ubwikorezi bukorwa mu nzira zinyuranye: hari ubwikorezi bwo ku butaka,
ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi ndetse n’ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere. Mu bwikorezi bwo ku
butaka, hakoreshwa amagare, amapikipiki, imodoka z’amoko atandukanye ndetse
ku buryo bwisumbuyeho hakoreshwa gariyamoshi. Mu bwikorezi bwo mu mazi,
hakoreshwa amato atandukanye mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu. Mu bwikorezi bwo
mu kirere hakoreshwa indege zinyuranye.
Abahanga baravuze bati: “Igihe ni amafaranga.” Ubwikorezi burushaho gutanga
umusanzu mu iterambere, iyo butwara ibintu byinshi kandi vuba. Iyo ubwikorezi
bwihuta, abantu babona igihe gihagije cyo gukora ibindi bikorwa. Urugero, uburyo
bwo gutwara abantu n’ibintu butaratezwa imbere mu Rwanda, umuntu yashoboraga
kuva i Rusizi ajya i Kigali akaba yakoresha iminsi itanu mu nzira nyamara ubu
ashobora kuhakoresha amasaha atanu cyangwa atandatu mu modoka, yakoresha
indege akaba atarenza iminota mirongo itatu.
Ubwikorezi bwambukiranya ibihugu ndetse n’imigabane. Nk’uko babivuze ngo:
“Akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenya iyo bweze.” Ni muri urwo rwego, abantu
bagera mu bihugu bitandukanye bakoresheje uburyo bunyuranye bw’ubwikorezi
bikabafasha guhahirana, kwiga, gushyikirana no gutsura umubano.
Iterambere ry’ubwikorezi rigendana n’iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo. Iyo ibikoresho
by’ubwikorezi cyangwa se inzira z’ubwikorezi ziyongereye, iyoherezwa n’itumizwa
ry’ibicuruzwa mu mahanga no mu gihugu imbere ririyongera, rigakorwa ku buryo
buhendutse ndetse na serivisi zikihuta kandi zikanoga. Igihugu rero nticyatera
imbere kidashyize imbaraga mu kubaka ibikorwa remezo bijyanye no gutwara
abantu n’ibintu.
Ikindi kandi iterambere ry’ubwikorezi rituma abantu ku giti cyabo biteza imbere.
Abafite inganda zikorerwamo ibikoreshwa mu bwikorezi, usanga ari abaherwe.
Abakozi b’izo nganda, abakora mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu babaho neza kandi
bakazigamira imiryango yabo. Abacuruzi bagezwaho ibicuruzwa byabo bidatinze
bakabasha guhaza amasoko kandi bakinjiza akayabo k’amafaranga.
Uko abantu bazamuka mu bukungu ni ko batanga imisoro igira uruhare mu
iterambere ry’igihugu.
Ubwikorezi rero ni inkingi ya mwamba mu iterambere, kuko bworoshya urujya
n’uruza rw’abantu n’ibintu. Abantu bagera aho bifuza mu gihe gito, bakabona igihe
gihagije cyo gukora indi mirimo. Ibintu bigera ku babikeneye bitagoranye kandi
bihagije ndetse bikinjiriza igihugu amafaranga gikenera mu gukora ibindi bikorwa
by’iterambere.
V. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “ Uruhare rw’ubwikorezi mu iterambere”, ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
1. Koresha mu nteruro amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko:
a) Ingobyi
b) Guhahirana
c) Guhenduka
d) Inkingi ya mwamba
e) Kuzigama
f) Akayabo
g) Ibikorwa remezo
2. Tanga imbusane z’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko
a) Kugoka
b) Guheka
c) Abanyacyubahiro
d) Abageni
e) Ubukungu
V.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Uruhare rw’ubwikorezi mu iterambere”, hanyuma
usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ubwikorezi ni iki?
2. Iterambere ni iki?
3. Ni ubuhe buryo butandukanye bukoreshwa mu gutwara abantu
n’ibintu?
4. Ni uruhe ruhare rw’ubwikorezi mu iterambere ry’igihugu?
5. Garagaza urugero bw’ibikoreshwa mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu
byavuzwe mu mwandiko bitaratangira gukoreshwa mu Rwanda.
6. Garagaza kandi usobanure ibikorwa remezo bijyanye no gutwara
abantu n’ibintu.
V.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko“ Uruhare rw’ubwikorezi mu iterambere”, hanyuma
usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Kuri wowe uyu mwandiko ugusigiye irihe somo?
3. Vuga ibindi byifashishwa mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu bitavuzwe mu
mwandiko.
4. Sobanura uko ubwikorezi bukwiye kutabangamira ibidukikije nuko
bwakwimakaza umuco w’ubuziranenge.
V.2. Iyiganteruro
V.2.1. Inshoza n’ubwoko bw’interuro
Igikorwa
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite, sobanura interuro n’iyiganteruro. Hanyuma ukore
n’ubushakashatsi ku bwoko bw’interuro ushingiye ku mubare w’amagambo
n’uw’inshinga zizigize, unatange ingero.
V.2.1.1. Inshoza y’interuro n’iyiganteruro
1. Interuro
Interuro ni ijambo cyangwa urukurikirane rw’amagambo umuntu avugamo
cyangwa yandikamo igitekerezo cyuzuye. Interuro ni igice k’imvugo umuntu yatura
akakirangiza aruhuka bihagije, kigatanga igitekerezo cyuzuye.
2. Iyiganteruro
Iyiganteruro ni ubumenyi bugamije gusesengura imiterere y’ibinyabumwe bigize
interuro ari byo magambo. Ni ubuhanga bwiga isanisha ry’amagambo mu kurema
interuro, amoko, imimaro n’imikurikiranire byayo mu nteruro. Iyiganteruro ryiga
kandi inyangingo zigize interuro, amatsinda yazo n’imimaro yazo.
Mu iyiganteruro, ijambo ni cyo kinyabumwe fatizo nk’uko mu iyigantego
ikinyabumwe fatizo ari akaremajambo.
V.2.1.2. Amoko y’interuro
Hashingiwe ku mubare w’amagambo n’uw’inshinga zitondaguye bigize interuro,
interuro z’Ikinyarwanda zirimo amoko atatu: interuro jambo, interuro yoroheje
n’interuro y’urusobe.
1. Interuro jambo
Interuro jambo ni interuro igizwe n’ijambo rimwe. Interuro jambo zishobora
gushingira ku magambo y’ubwoko hafi ya bwose. Interuro jambo ni interuro
idasanzwe kuko iba ihagarariye interuro igizwe n’amagambo menshi.
Ingero:
Ibi mwabitundishije iki? Ikamyo. (Izina)
Ni iki mwifuriza Abanyarwanda bose? Amahoro n’iterambere. (Amazina)
Ibi bitabo mwabitundishije amakamyo angahe? Atatu. (Ikinyazina)
Mwagenze urugendo rureshya rute? Rurerure. (Ntera)
Murateganya iki muri iki gihembwe? Gutsinda. (Inshinga iri mu mbundo)
Uraza? Ye! (Irangamutima)
Mwageze ku ishuri ryari? Kare. (Umugereka)
Ndagiye. (inshinga itondaguye)
Taha. (inshinga itondaguye)
2. Interuro yoroheje cyangwa interuro shingiro
Interuro yoroheje, interuro shingiro cyangwa interuro fatizo ni interuro igizwe
n’amagambo abiri cyangwa arenga ahuriye ku nshinga imwe itondaguye
yumvikanisha ubutumwa bumwe, budasobekeranye. Ruhamwa ariko ishobora
no kuba itagaragara mu nteruro tukayibwirwa n’indanganshinga. Iyo nteruro iba
ifite ruhamwa imwe igizwe n’ijambo rimwe cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo ahuriye
ku gikorwa, imico cyangwa imimerere bivugwa mu nshinga. Interuro yoroheje
bayita kandi inyabumwe kuko ifite inshinga imwe itondaguye. Interuro yoroheje
kandi ishobora kuba ifite icyuzuzo kigizwe n’ijambo rimwe cyangwa urujyano
rw’amagambo ariko ishobora no kuba nta cyuzuzo ifite.
Interuro yoroheje ishobora no kutagira inshinga ariko n’ubundi ikumvikanisha
igitekerezo kimwe.
Ingero:
- Igihe ni amafaranga.
- Ubwikorezi bwambukiranya ibihugu ndetse n’imigabane.
3. Interuro y’urusobe
Interuro y’urusobe cyangwa interuro y’inyunge iba igizwe n’inshinga zitondaguye
zirenze imwe buri nshinga ikaba ari izingiro ry’inyangingo. Ni interuro igizwe
n’inyangingo ebyiri cyangwa zirenzeho.
Ingero:
- Iyo ubwikorezi bwihuta, abantu babona igihe gihagije cyo gukora ibindi bintu.
- Akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenya iyo bweze
Imyitozo
1. Mu kiganiro gikurikira, tahuramo amoko atandukanye y’interuro.
- Yewe wa mugabo we! Ino hari ikibazo k’ibicanwa. Abantu batemye
amashyamba
- Barayatsemba. None Leta ntikemerera abantu gupfa gutema amashyamba
asigaye.
- Dukore iki?
- Ntitwakibura. Reka turebe uburyo twakwihangira umurimo dukemura
ikibazo k’ibicanwa.
- Ni byiza cyane.
- Reka dutangire umushinga.
- Uwuhe?
- Uwo gukora imbabura za canamake.
- Zizagurwa n’abantu benshi kubera ko inkwi zihenda.
2. Garagaza ibintu bine iyiganteruro ryibandaho.
V.2.2 Isanisha
Igikorwa
Uhereye ku nteruro zikurikira garagaza amagambo afitanye isano, uvuge
n’ubwoko bw’isanisha bwakoreshejwe kandi ukore n’ubushakashatsi ku
isanisha mu nteruro.
- Ubwikorezi buteye imbere buzamura ubukungu.
- Iki gisubizo cyashubije umuhanga.
- Gusoma inkuru birakunzwe.
- Abantu bagera aho bifuza mu gihe gito.
- Bihogo ikamwa menshi.
- Biraro bya Murema azadusura.
1. Inshoza y’isanisha
Isanisha ni uburyo bwo guhuza amagambo mu irema ry’interuro ku buryo ijambo
ry’ibanze riha amagambo aryungirije akarango karyo.
Urugero:
Bano bana bato barashonje. Ijambo ry’ibanze ni abana.
Isanisha rikunze kugaragaza amasano nyantego aba ari hagati y’amagambo agize
interuro. Muri uru rugero isano ni inteko ya 2 ba.
2. Amoko y’isanisha
Mu Kinyarwanda hari amoko anyuranye y’isanisha.
a) Isanisha nyantego
Mu isanisha nyantego, ijambo ry’ibanze riha amagambo aryungirije intego ya
kamwe mu turemajambo twaryo.
Ingero:
- Iki gikamyo kinini gitwara imizigo myinshi.
- Icyambu kinini gifasha mu bwikorezi.
b) Isanisha nyanyito
Isanisha nyanyito rishingira ku kivugwa n’ijambo ry’ibanze. Rikoreshwa akenshi ku
magambo adafite indomo n’indanganteko cyangwa afite indanganteko zumanye
(zidatandukana) n’igicumbi (Mugabo, Bahizi, Rukundo, mukecuru…). Iyo ikivugwa
ari umuntu umwe isanisha ribera mu nteko ya mbere; baba benshi kimwe no mu
irondora rikabera mu nteko ya kabiri. Iyo ikivugwa ari inyamaswa cyangwa ikindi
kintu isanisha rikorwa mu nteko ya 9 cyangwa iya cumi.
Ingero:
- Mugabo akora ubwikorezi.
- Ba Kanyana bahahirana n’amahanga.
- Indege itwara imizigo myinshi.
c) Isanisha nyurabwenge
Isanisha nyurabwenge rikorwa iyo ibivugwa ari inshinga iri mu mbundo, uruvange
rw’abantu n’ibintu cyangwa uruvange rw’abantu n’inyamaswa n’urw’amagambo
adahuje inteko. Isanisha nyurabwenge rikorerwa mu nteko ya 8.
Ingero:
- Umugabo, ihene n’igare byahuriranye.
- Gutwarana abantu n’ibintu birabujijwe.
- Kurya, kunywa no kubyina birashimisha.
- Bakame n’impyisi birazirana.
d) Isanisha nyazina
Isanisha nyazina ni isanisha rishingira ku ndanganteko yumanye n’igicumbi.
Ingero:
- - Rutegaminsi rwa Tegera yari inyangamugayo. (Nt 11, Nt 1)
- - Bikungero bya Murema afite ibihangano byiza. (Nt 8, Nt 1)
- - Nyakayonga ka Musare.
e) Isanisha mpisho
Isanisha mpisho rikorwa igihe ikivugwa kitazwi cyangwa kitagaragajwe.
Ingero:
- Karabaye noneho.
- Umugore n’umugabo rwambikanye.
- Karahanyuze twarabyinnye biratinda.
f) Uruvange rw’isanisha
Uruvange rw’isanisha ni isanisha rigengwa n’inteko zitandukanye kandi rigengwa
n’ijambo rimwe.
Ingero:
- Igisonga cya Papa arahagurutse. (nt7 na nt1)
- Nyina w’iki kimasa irashaje. (nt1, nt9)
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza ubwoko bw’isanisha bwakoreshejwe muri buri nteruro mu
zikurikira:
a) Uyu mugabo mugufi afite imbaraga.
b) Amatungo n’ibikoresho byahashiriye.
c) Karababonye.
2. Tanga urugero rw’interuro ikoreshejwemo:
a) Uruvange rw’isanisha.
b) Isanisha nyazina.
c) Isanisha nyanyito.
V.2.3. Imimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro
Igikorwa
Uhereye ku nteruro zikurikira, garagaza imimaro y’amagambo azigize kandi
ukore ubushakashatsi ku mimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro.
- Mukamana arwanya isuri.
- Mugabe n’abana be bateye ibiti neza.
- Amashyamba atuzanira umwuka mwiza.
1. Imimaro y’ingenzi
Imimaro y’ingenzi y’amagambo mu nteruro ni itatu: ruhamwa, inshinga (ipfundo/
izingiro) n’icyuzuzo.
a) Ruhamwa
Ruhamwa ni ijambo rigaragaza ukora igikorwa cyangwa uwerekezwaho imimerere
n’imico n’inshinga bivugwa n’inshinga iri mu nteruro. Ruhamwa ishobora kuba
izina, urujyano rw’amazina cyangwa urw’amazina n’imfutuzi zayo, ntera, ikinyazina,
inshinga iri mu mbundo cyangwa itondaguye mu buryo bw’insano. Ruhamwa
nanone ishobora kujyana n’inshinga imwe cyangwa nyinshi, gukurikira inshinga
cyangwa kuyibanziriza.
Ingero:
Abana barakina umupira.
Umuhungu n’umukobwa bakuru baze.
Bake barabona ibihembo.
Niyonkuru yicaye ku ntebe.
Uyu natahe.
Kwiga birananiza.
Usakuza arasohoka.
Karisa ariga, agahinga ndetse akanacuruza.
Haragenda abahinzi gusa.
Ruhamwa zigira amoko atandukanye:
- Ruhamwa mboneranteko / mboneranteruro
Ruhamwa mboneranteko/ mboneranteruro ni ijambo cyangwa urujyano
rw’amagambo bishingirwaho isanisha nyantego.
Urugero:
Abana batarangara babona amanota meza.
- Ruhamwa mboneramvugo
Ruhamwa mboneramvugo ni ijambo rishingirwaho isanisha ry’inshinga ariko
hakurikijwe icyo inshinga ivuga iryo jambo rikaba ari ryo cyuzuzo k’inshinga.
Ingero:
Imineke irya abana naho inzoga ikanywa abakuru.
Imboga zibona abana.
- Ruhamwa nyurabwenge
Ruhamwa nyurabwenge ni ijambo ridashingirwaho isanisha rikaba icyuzuzo
k’inshinga ariko hakurikijwe icyo inshinga ivuga ukumva iryo jambo ari ryo ruhamwa.
Ingero:
Imboga zibona abana. (Abana babona imboga)
Igisoro gikina abahanga. (Abahanga bakina igisoro)
- Ruhamwa mpisho/ mburabuzi
Ruhamwa mpisho/ mburabuzi ni ruhamwa itagaragara mu rukurikirane
rw’amagambo ikagaragazwa n’akaremajambo ko mu nshiga gusa, kaboneka mu
nteko ya 8, 12,14 n’iya 16.
Ingero:
Karabaye. (agaki?)
Biracitse. (ibiki?)
Burije. (ubuki?)
Nta cyo bitwaye. (ibiki?)
Harabaye ntihakabe. (hehe?)
b) Inshinga (izingiro / ipfundo)
Inshinga ni ijambo ribumbatiye ingingo yo kugaragaza igikorwa,imiterere, imimerere
cyangwa imico byerekeza kuri ruhamwa mu nteruro.
Ingero:
- Umurimo utugeza kuri byinshi.
- Aba bana babereye ubutore.
- Ibitabo byabo birashaje.
- Abaporisi benshi baritonda.
- Abana be barabyibushye.
c) Icyuzuzo
Icyuzuzo ni ijambo rijyana n’inshinga rikayisobanura cyangwa rikayuzuza. Gishobora
kugirwa n’ijambo rimwe cyangwa urujyano rw’amagambo.
- Icyuzuzo mbonera
Icyuzuzo mbonera kigizwe n’ijambo cyangwa amagambo aherekeza inshinga
akuzuza igitekerezo cyayo. Icyuzuzo mbonera giherekeza inshinga kitanyuze ku rindi
jambo cyangwa ngo kigire ibindi bisobanuro by’umwihariko cyongeraho. Ni ukuvuga
ko hagati y’inshinga n’icyuzuzo mbonera nta rindi jambo rizamo. Gishobora kuba
kigizwe n’ijambo rimwe cyangwa menshi. Muri rusange icyuzuzo mbonera gisubiza
ikibazo iki? Nde?
Ingero
Kabayiza arubaka inzu.
Inyamaswa zirya ibyatsi.
Urukwavu rurya kimari.
Kanyana avuza umwana we.
- Icyuzuzo nziguro
Icyuzuzo nziguro cyuzuza inshoza y’inshinga kivuga uko igikorwa, imimerere
cyangwa imiterere biba, aho bibera, igihe bibera, inshuro biba n’ibindi. Gishobora
kugirwa n’ijambo rimwe cyangwa urujyano rw’amagambo.
Ingero:
Wa mugabo arahinga cyane.
Uyu mwana yiga mu gitondo.
Karera akora imirimo ye vubavuba.
Namubonye kabiri.
Batuye i Kabgayi.
Ibyuzuzo nziguro bigira amoko atandukanye bitewe n’inshoza yabyo.
- Icyuzuzo nziguro cy’uburyo
Icyuzuzo nziguro cy’uburyo ni icyuzuzo cyuzuza inshinga kikavuga uko igikorwa
cyangwa imimerere bivugwa n’inshinga bigenda. Akenshi usanga ibyuzuzo
nziguro by’uburyo bigizwe n’imigereka y’uburyo, bigasubiza ikibazo kibajijwe
n’ingirwanshinga «-te? »
Ingero:
Abakora cyane mubahembe.
Kagabo avuga buhoro cyane.
Bagenda amaterekamfizi.
- Icyuzuzo nziguro cy’ahantu
Icyuzuzo nziguro cy’ahantu kivuga ahantu ibivugwa n’inshinga bibera cyangwa
biherereye. Gisubiza ikibazo hehe?
Ingero:
Uze kunsanga haruguru.
Umwana yabaye mu nzu biratinda.
Dutuye i Kamembe.
Nabibonye munsi y’umuhanda.
- Icyuzuzo nziguro k’igihe
Icyuzuzo nziguro k’igihe kivuga igihe imimerere cyangwa igikorwa bivugwa
n’inshinga bibera. Gisubiza ibibazo « ryari?” cyangwa « gihe ki?»
Ingero:
Igihunyira gihiga nijoro.
Ajya ku kazi mu gitondo.
Baje ku manywa.
Yagiye kera.
- Icyuzuzo nziguro k’inshuro
Icyuzuzo nziguro k’inshuro kivuga inshuro igikorwa kiba cyangwa kigahamya ingano.
Gisubiza ikibazo kibazwa n’ijambo « kangahe? »
Ingero:
Nagiyeyo kenshi.
Ibyo bintu twabyumvise rimwe.
Uri busome kangahe?
Babirya rimwe na rimwe.
2. Imimaro yungirije
Mu nteruro, hari amagambo ajyana n’andi bigakora urujyano rufite umumaro
umwe ariko ugasanga afite imimaro yayo muri urwo rujyano.
a) Impuza
Impuza ni amagambo afite umumaro wo guhuza amagambo n’andi. Ayo magambo
ni ibyungo n’ibinyazina ngenera.
Ingero:
- Ubwikorezi bw’abantu n’ibintu bwateye imbere. (bw’ na na:ni impuza)
- Abahungu n’abakobwa buriye indege bajya kwiga. (na: ni mpuza)
b) Imfutuzi
Imfutuzi ni amagambo asobanura andi aherekeje, ndetse n’ indangahantu.
Ingero:
- Uyu mwana muremure yiga neza. (uyu, muremure: ni imfutuzi)
- Twigira mu ishuri. (mu: imfutuzi)
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza imimaro y’ibanze n’imimaro yungirije ku magambo agize
interuro zikurikira :
a) Aba banyeshuri n’abarezi babo bakora ibikorwa byiza.
b) Sekarama yasize ibisigo n’ibiganiro.
2. Mu nteruro zikurikira erekana ruhamwa uvuge n’amoko yazo:
a) Imineke irya abana.
b) Igikombe k’ibihugu kizakinirwa he?
3. Tanga urugero rw’interuro ifite:
a) Icyuzuzo mbonera
b) Icyuzuzo nziguro cy’uburyo
c) Icyuzuzo nziguro k’inshuro.
V.2.4. Ibice by’interuro n’igiti k’interuro yoroheje
Igikorwa
Ukurikije uko amagambo agendanye n’uko asangiye inyito, garagaza ibice
by’interuro zikurikira, unatekereze uko buri nteruro wayubaka nk’igiti uhereye
ku bice wabonye kandi ukore ubushakashatsi ku bice by’interuro yoroheje
n’igiti cyayo.
- Iyi modoka ikora ubwikorezi.
- Bwiza n’abana be basomye ibitabo byinshi.
V.2.4.1. Inshoza y’interuro yoroheje
Interuro yoroheje bita iy’inyabumwe ni interuro ifite inshinga imwe itondaguye
yumvikanisha ubutumwa bumwe, budasobekeranye.
V.2.4.2. Inshoza y’isesengura nteruro
Mu gusesengura interuro hari inzira nyinshi zishobora gukoreshwa ariko iz’ingenzi
ni izi zikurikira: Imisesengurire isanzwe n’imisesengurire igaragaza ruhamwa na
ruhamya (imvugaruhamwa).
a) Imisesengurire isanzwe
Imisesesengurire isanzwe ni imisesengurire igaragaza ibice bitatu bigize interuro:
ruhamwa, inshinga n’icyuzuzo.
Urugero: Abanyeshuri bakunda kwiga.
Ruhamwa: abanyeshuri
Inshinga: bakunda
Icyuzuzo: kwiga
b) Imisesengurire ya ruhamwa na ruhamya (imvugaruhamwa)
Iyi misesengurire ica mu nteruro ibice bibiri by’ingenzi ari byo: ruhamwa na ruhamya
ikagenda ibisesengura igaragaza ibindi bice bibigize.
V.2.4.3. Ibice by’ingenzi by’interuro
Ibice by’ingenzi by’interuro ni bibiri: Ruhamwa na ruhamya (itsinda ry’inshinga/
imvugaruhamwa).
a) Ruhamwa
Ruhamwa ni igice bagira icyo bavugaho mu nteruro. Itsinda rya ruhamwa rishobora
kuba rigizwe n’ijambo rimwe cyangwa urujyano rw’amagambo. Itsinda rya ruhamwa
rigizwe n’itsinda rw’izina hashingiwe ku moko y’amagambo agize interuro. Ni
ukuvuga ko itsinda ry’izina rifite umumaro wo kuba ruhamwa.
Ikitonderwa:
Ruhamwa ishobora kuba igizwe n’izina, itsinda ry’izina, ikinyanshinga, inshinga, izina
ntera, interuro… Iyo igizwe n’ijambo rirenze rimwe yitwa itsinda rya ruhamwa.
b) Ruhamya
Ruhamya ni igice k’interuro kigira icyo kivuga kuri ruhamwa. Hashingiwe ku moko
y’amagambo agize interuro, itsinda ry’inshinga ni ryo rigira umumaro wo kuba
imvugaruhamwa cyangwa ruhamya. Imvugaruhamwa igizwe n’ibice bibiri by’ingenzi
ipfundo cyangwa izingiro ry’ubutumwa n’icyuzuzo.
Mu nteruro yoroheje inshinga itondaguye ni yo ifite umumaro wo kuba
ipfundo ry’ubutumwa hanyuma andi magambo ajyanye na yo akaba icyuzuzo
cyangwa ibyuzuzo.
Ikitonderwa
Ruhamya yitwa kandi itsinda ry’inshinga cyangwa itsinda ry’imvugaruhamwa
Ingero:
- Abanyeshuri barasohotse.
Abanyeshuri: ruhamwa
barasohotse: ruhamya
- Abahungu n’abakobwa bakinnye none.
Abahungu n’abakobwa: itsinda rya ruhamwa
bakinnye none: ruhamya(itsinda ry’inshinga cyangwa ry’imvugaruhamwa)
- Uyu mwana muremure yiga neza.
Uyu mwana muremure: itsinda rya ruhamwa
yiga neza: ruhamya (itsinda ry’inshinga cyangwa ry’imvugaruhamwa)
Ikitonderwa
Ruhamya iba igizwe n’inshinga cyangwa se inshinga n’ibyuzuzo byayo.
V.2.4.4. Gusesengura interuro yoroheje hakoreshejwe uburyo
bw’igiti
Interuro igira íbice bibiri by’ingenzi (Ruhamwa Rh) na ruhamya yitwa kandi itsinda
ry’inshinga (Ts Sh). Muri ibyo bice bibiri kimwe gishobora kugabwamo amashami
kigasesengurwamo utundi duce. Ni ukuvuga ko iyo ruhamwa igizwe n’amagambo
arenze rimwe yitwa itsinda rya ruhamwa (Ts Rh). Ruhamya na yo igira amashami
abiri; inshinga (Sh) n’icyuzuzo (Uz), iyo icyuzuzo kigizwe n’amagambo arenze rimwe
gikora itsinda ry’icyuzuzo (Ts Uz). Nyuma yo kugaragaza amatsinda ari muri ruhamwa
cyangwa ari muri ruhamya n’imimaro yayo, hakurikiraho ishami rigaragaza amoko
y’amagambo mu buryo buhinnye.
Izi ni zimwe mu mpine zifashishwa mu gusesengura interuro ku giti:
F: Imfutuzi
F Rh: imfutuzi ya Ruhamwa
F Uz: Imfutuzi y’icyuzuzo
Grk: Umugereka
Imp: Impuza
Kzn: Ikinyazina
Nt: Ntera
ZnNt: Izina ntera
Rh: Ruhamwa
Sh/ Pf: Inshinga/ ipfundo
T: Interuro
Ts Rh: Itsinda rya Ruhamwa
Ts Sh: Itsinda ry’inshinga
Ts Uz: Itsinda ry’icyuzuzo
Ts Zn: Itsinda ry’izina
Ung: icyungo
Uz: Icyuzuzo
Zn: Izina
Ikiny: Ikinyanshinga
Urugero: Uyu mwana muremure yiga neza.
Imyitozo
Sesengura interuro zikurikira ukoresheje uburyo bw’igiti:
1. Aba banyeshuri n’abarezi babo bakora ibikorwa byiza.
2. Umutwe umwe ntiwigira inama.
Imyitozo
V.2.5 Inyangingo n’amoko yazo
Igikorwa
Itegereze inyangingo mu nteruro zikurikira maze utahure ubwoko bwazo,
hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi ku moko y’inyangingo.
- Gashuhe yavomye amazi meza.
- Mariro yariye, arakina, arataha.
- Nitubitsinda tuzajyayo.
1. Inshoza y’inyangingo
Inyangingo ni interuro cyangwa igice k’interuro kibumbatiye ubutumwa bwumvikana
neza. Inyangingo zikoreshwa mu nteruro zinyuranye. Interuro ibumbatiye ingingo
imwe ni interuro yoroheje, interuro fatizo cyangwa interuro y’inyabumwe. Interuro
ifite inyangingo nyinshi ni interuro y’urusobe. Inyangingo ishobora kuba yigenga
cyangwa ifitanye isano n’izindi biri kumwe mu nteruro.
Ingero:
- Abana bazadusura ku Cyumweru. (Inyangingo imwe yihagije)
- Ndaje dutahe. (Inyangingo ebyiri zifitanye isano)
- Bakunda kwiga bazatsinda. (Inyangingo ebyiri zifitanye isano).
2. Ubwoko bw’inyangingo
2.1. Inyangingo yihagije
Inyangingo yihagije ni inyangingo yigenga kandi na yo ntigire indi igenga. Inyangingo
yihagije ishobora kuba yonyine cyangwa igaturana n’izindi nyangingo bibangikanye.
Urugero :
- Uyu munyeshuri arakora imyitozo.
- Ruganzu yari umukozi, yari umurwanyi, yari igitangaza.
Inyangingo yihagije ishobora no kuba yunze ku yindi ariko itayigenga cyangwa ngo
igengwe na yo.
Urugero :
- Nirere ni mwiza kandi aritonda.
- Abana bamwe barakina umupira, abandi barasimbuka
urukiramende.
Inyangingo yihagije ishobora no kwihagika mu yindi nteruro ariko ntiyigenge kandi
ntigengwe na yo.
Urugero:
Nuko barahaguruka –twese tubareba- bajya kurya.
Arasohoka –abana baramwitegereza- atangira kurira.
2.2. Inyangingo y’ingaragirwa
Inyangingo y’ingaragirwa ni inyangingo ikenera indi iyiherekeza kugira ngo
iyisobanure cyangwa iyuzuze maze ubutumwa itanga burusheho gusobanuka.
Ingero:
- Urwo rusaku numva ni urw’iki? (uruhe rusaku?)
Urwo rusaku ni urw’iki?: ni inyangingo y’ingaragirwa irasobanurwa n’indi
biri kumwe.
- Bagiye banyerera. (Bagiye bate?)
Bagiye: ni inyangingo y’ingaragirwa irasobanurwa n’indi biri kumwe.
- Ndabona bwije. (Urabona iki?)
Ndabona: ni inyangingo y’ingaragirwa iruzuzwa n’indi biri kumwe.
2. 3. Inyangingo y’ingaragira
Inyangingo y’ingaragira ni inyangingo ijyana n’indi nyangingo igatuma yumvikana
neza.
Ingero:
- Nasanze bahinga. (ingaragira yuzuza)
- Agenda yihuta. (ingaragira isobanura)
- Abanyarwanda bavuga ko ikoranabuhanga rifite akamaro. (ingaragira
yuzuza)
Ikitonderwa
Inyangingo ngaragira zigira amoko anyuranye. Aya akurikira ni amoko y’inyangingo
ngaragira.
1. Inyangingo y’insobanuzi cyangwa nyensano
Isobanura izina ryo mu nyangingo ngaragirwa cyangwa irindi jambo ririhagarariye.
Ikoresha inshinga iri mu buryo bw’insano.
Ingero:
Ikoranabuhanga dukoresha ryaturutse mu mahanga.
Amasomo twiga arashimishije.
Urwo rusaku numva ni urw’iki?
Ibishyimbo bahinze biraraye.
Ibyo baguze birahenze.
Inkoni ikubise mukeba uyirenza urugo.
2. Ingaragira mbonera
Isubiza ikibazo iki? Ishobora guterurwa n’ibyungo: ko, ngo, yuko...
Ingero:
Ndabona ko akoresha interineti.
Yavuze ngo azaza ejo.
Numvise bamukubita.
Barashaka yuko mwigana.
Urasanga batashye.
3. Ingaragira y’uburyo
Ingaragira y’uburyo ivuga uko igikorwa k’ingaragirwa gikorwa. Isubiza ikibazo
kibajijwe n’ingirwanshinga « –te? » Ishobora guterurwa n’ikinyazina mbanziriza
cyangwa mbanziriza ikoranye n’igereranya:uko, nkuko, nkaho…
Ingero:
Aryama acuramye.
Bagenda bunamye.
Amanutse yiruka.
Bagiye bagiye.
Aracyagira uko abonye.
Ushaka uko nyina yashatse amara amazu.
Ubikore nk’uko nakweretse.
Iyi nzu ikomeye nk’aho yubakishije amabuye.
4. Ingaragira y’igihe
Ingaragira y’igihe ivuga igihe igikorwa cyangwa imimerere bivugwa n’ingaragirwa
bibera. Ishobora guterurwa n’impuza. Ishobora kubanziriza ingaragira cyangwa
ikayikurikira.
Ingero:
Uzahabwa impundu utabarutse.
Impyisi ishira amerwe yapfuye.
Iyo antuka sinumva.
Aho ndyamira ndasinzira.
Aza uko bwije.
5. Ingaragira y’impamvu
Ingaragira y’impamvu ivuga igitera igikorwa k’ingaragirwa kubaho. Ishobora
guterurwa n’impuza kuko cyangwa kubera ko, ko, ngo na kugira ngo.
Ingero:
Taha urananiwe.
Ishiime waratsinze.
Urankize ndakennye.
Ararya kuko ashonje.
Ntaramesa kuko atarabona isabune.
Yariyuhagiye kubera ko yari afite imbyiro.
Yahinze ngo azatere.
Ararya kugira ngo azabyibuhe.
6. Ingaragira y’ingaruka
Ingaragira y’ingaruka ivuga icyo igikorwa k’ingaragirwa kibyara cyangwa icyo
kiganishaho. Iyi ngaragira ishobora no kuvuga inkurikizi. Akenshi inshoza yayo
yegeranye n’iy’impamvu ku buryo zombi zishobora guhinduranya umwanya.
Ishobora guterurwa n’impuza.
Ingero:
Buzura cyane bazahana inka.
Ashishikariye kwiga azatsinda.
Imbwa yarihuse ibyara ibihumye.
Yagiriye abantu neza maze baramukunda.
Uranywa usinde.
Uzakora cyane unanirwe.
7. Ingaragira iteganya
Ingaragira iteganya ivuga igikorwa gishingirwaho ik’ingaragirwa. Akenshi ibaziriza
ingaragirwa. Ishobora guterurwa n’impuza iyo, niba, iyaba, naho, nubwo,
niyo.
Ingero:
Mumpaye inkwi nateka.
Abizanye nabigura.
Umuhaye yazakwitura.
Wakora mu muriro washya.
Nimumpa inkwi ndateka.
Nibakora nzabahemba.
Iyo arwara aba aryamye.
Niba mushonje murarya ibijumba.
Iyaba yariho mba nkize.
Iyaba yarazigamye ntiyari kuzasonza.
Naho yarya ntiyabyibuha.
Nubwo wampa inka sinaguha insina zange.
Niyo wantuka useka nababara.
8. Ingaragira ihuriranya
Ingaragira ihuriranya ivuga igikorwa gikorerwa rimwe n’ikindi. Ishobora guterurwa
n’icyungo cyangwa ikabamo inyibutsacyungo –naIngero:
Imfizi y’impongo ihotora ihigwa.
Inyana y’ingwate yabira ireba iwabo.
Ahwera kandi zikamwa.
Yakuburaga anatetse.
9. Ingaragira y’inkurikizo cyangwa ikurikizaho
Ingaragira y’inkurikizo cyangwa ikurikizaho ivuga igikorwa giherekeza ik’ingaragirwa.
Ishobora guterurwa n’impuza. Iteka ikurikira ingaragirwa. Isubiza ikibazo
“hanyuma?”
Ingero:
Bararya bakaryama.
Babyukaga bakavoma.
Warasabaga ugahabwa.
Yaravuwe arakira.
Bakubuye bayora ibishingwe.
Yaguye arakomereka.
Kabyare uheke.
Ntiwiyuhagira ngo uke.
Ntazapfa ngo abure gihamba.
Sasa ahasigaye uryame.
Uhinge maze utere.
Ndabivuga hanyuma nsheceke.
Rya ubundi uryame
10. Ingaragira izibukiranya
Ingaragira izibukiranya igira ingingo y’igikorwa kibusanye n’ik’ingaragirwa. Akenshi
ingaragira izibukiranya iterurwa n’icyungo.
Ingero:
Ibuguma y’ihene yona iziritse.
Genda naho uyu asigare.
Ntakora nyamara arakize.
Bakunda inkwi bakanga abashenyi.
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza inyangingo mu nteruro zikurikira uvuge n’amoko yazo:
a) Abaturanyi bacu bakora umuganda.
b) Iterambere ry’ibihugu rigaragarira mu mibereho y’abaturage babyo
rikanagaragazwa n’ibikorwa remezo.
c) Twaramusuye hanyuma aratwakira.
d) Amazi anyobwa ntagira ibara.
e) Yandika ibintu bisomeka.
2. Garagaza inyangingo ngaragira mu nteruro zikurikira uvuge n’amoko
yazo:
a) Uyu musore agenda atera isekuru.
b) Twasoma tubonye ibitabo.
c) Ibyo byabaye nge nagiye.
d) Kingura amadirishya kuko hashyushye.
e) Ndashaka ko mutaha.
3. Tanga urugero rw’interuro irimo:
a) Inyangingo ngaragira y’insobanuzi
b) Inyangingo ngaragira y’inkurikizo
c) Inyangingo ngaragira y’ingaruka.
V.3. Imyitozo y’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Uhereye ku nsanganyamatsiko y’ubwikorezi, andika umwandiko uri hagati
y’imirongo mirongo itatu na mirongo ine, wemeranywa n’uyu mugani “Akanyoni
katagurutse ntikamenya iyo bweze.” Mu mwandiko wawe hagaragaremo
amoko anyuranye y’interuro n’inyangingo.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusobanurira abandi uruhare rw’ubwikorezi mu iterambere ry’igihugu.
- Gusobanurira abandi amoko atandukanye y’interuro.
- Kugaragaza imimaro y’amagambo agize interuro.
- Gusesengura interuro yoroheje nkoresheje uburyo bw’igiti.
- Kugaragaza inyangingo zitandukanye mu nteruro z’Ikinyarwanda.
Ubu ndangwa no:
- Gukoresha neza Ikinyarwanda no gushishikariza abandi ibijyanye
n’iterambere rishingiye ku bwikorezi.
- Gushishikarira no gushishikariza abandi gukoresha neza isanisha mu
nteruro.
V.4. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu
Umwandiko: Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kitaye ku bwikorezi
Ubwikorezi ni kimwe mu bifata umwanya ntagereranywa mu iterambere ry’Igihugu
kuko buri mu byinjiza umusoro munini igihe bohereza cyangwa batumiza ibintu
mu mahanga no mu ngendo z’abantu zaba iz’imbere mu Gihugu n’izambukiranya
imipaka ndetse bukanatanga akazi ku bantu benshi. Umusoro ni amafaranga Leta
isaba umuturage ku mutungo we hashingiwe ku itegeko, hakurikijwe ubushobozi
bwa buri wese, ukayifasha kurangiza inshingano zayo. Ibyo bituma buri gihugu kita
ku bwikorezi kubera uruhare bufite mu kwinjiza imisoro.
Imirimo y’ubwikorezi ni myinshi, harimo gutwara abantu ku nzira y’ubutaka
hifashishijwe amapikipiki, amatagisi n’amabisi byabiherewe uruhushya n’itegeko
rigenga ibinyabiziga binyura mu muhanda, kandi bifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara
abantu. Mu bihugu bimwe batwara abantu n’imitwaro muri gariyamoshi kuko
zihuta kandi zigatwara abantu benshi n’ibintu byinshi kurusha amabisi n’amakamyo.
Hari kandi gutwara abantu n’ibintu mu ndege haba imbere mu gihugu ndetse no
mu ngendo mpuzamahanga; mu biyaga ndetse no mu nyanja ngari na ho batwara
abantu cyangwa imizigo mu mato agezweho ashobora gutwara abantu ibihumbi
n’amatoni atabarika y’ibicuruzwa aho abantu bambara imyambaro yabugenewe
ishobora gutuma batarohama mu mazi mu gihe habaye impanuka.
Mu guteza imbere ubwikorezi mu Rwanda hari gutunganywa inyigo y’umuhanda wa
gariyamoshi nk’uko bitangazwa n’ubuyobozi. Umuhanga mu by’ubwubatsi ushinzwe
itunganywa ry’inyigo y’umuhanda wa gariyamoshi muri Minisiteri y’Ibikorwa
Remezo ni we wabitangaje nyuma y’inama yabereye Arusha muri Tanzaniya. Muri
iyo nama harebwe aho ibikorwa byo kubaka uwo muhanda wa Daresalamu (Dar es
Salaam)-Isaka-Kigali-Keza-Musongati (DIKKM) bigeze. Yabwiye ikinyamakuru “The
New Times” ko Tanzaniya, u Burundi n’u Rwanda bakomeje gufatanyiriza hamwe
gutunganya umushinga w’umuhanda wa gariyamoshi DIKKM. Iyi nama yabereye
Arusha, yari igamije kongera amasezerano muri serivisi z’ubujyanama muri uyu
mushinga ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2015.
Iyo nama yitabiriwe n’abayobozi mu nzego zinyuranye, harimo iz’imari, iz’ibidukikije
no gucunga ubutaka zaturutse mu bihugu bitatu, banemeza amabwiriza Ikigo
k’Igihugu Gishinzwe Iterambere ry’Ubwikorezi mu Rwanda (RTDA) kizagenderaho
gitanga isoko ry’ubwubatsi ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda, Tanzaniya n’u Burundi.
Imirimo y’ibanze ku bikorwa by’uyu muhanda yanaganiriweho n’abaminisitiri bafite
ubwikorezi mu nshingano zabo, mu nama yabereye i Mwanza muri Tanzaniya, ku
wa 13 Gashyantare mu mwaka wa 2015. Mu itangazo ryashyizwe ahagaragara
nyuma y’inama yabo, rivuga ko biyemeje kurushaho gukorana kugira ngo bateze
imbere inyungu z’ibihugu uko ari bitatu kimwe n’ababituye. Hari aho rigira riti:
“Abaminisitiri bashimye ubushake ibihugu bitatu bihurira kuri uyu mushinga bifite
kugira ngo ubashe gushyirwa mu bikorwa n’akamaro uzagira ku guhuza ibihugu
by’akarere mu buryo bw’ubwikorezi, iterambere ry’ubukungu n’izamuka rya serivisi
z’imibereho rusange”.
Iyo nama y’i Mwanza kandi yemeje ko nyuma y’inkunga ya Banki Nyafurika Itsura
Amajyambere, ibihugu bihuriye kuri uwo mushinga bigomba gufatanya ku kiguzi
gikenewe kugira ngo inyigo yawo irangizwe neza; aho bibarwa ko hagikenewe
amadorari y’Amerika ibihumbi magana atatu (U$ 300 000). Umwe mu bari bitabiriye
inama avuga ko ibihugu byose byiyemeje kongeramo ingufu ku buryo uyu mushinga
urangizwa mu gihe cya vuba, aho biteganyijwe ko mu minsi iri imbere bazatangira
guhatanira kubaka uyu muhanda binyuze mu bufatanye bwa za Leta n’abikorera.
Kubaka iyi nzira ya gariyamoshi byari biteganyijwe gutangira hagati mu mwaka wa
2017.
Mu Gushyingo mu mwaka wa 2015 ni bwo hashyizwe ahagaragara ibigo
byatoranyijwe mu rwego rw’ibanze, nk’ibizahatanira gutunganya no gushyira mu
bikorwa umushinga wo kubaka ibirometero igihumbi na magana atandatu na
mirongo irindwi na bibiri (km1 672) bihuza Daresalamu (Dar es Salaam) yo muri
Tanzaniya, Kigali mu Rwanda na Musongati mu Burundi. Biteganyijwe ko kubaka
uyu muhanda bizatwara miriyari eshanu na miriyoni ebyiri z’amadorari y’Amerika.
Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ubwikorezi Leta y’u Rwanda kandi yashyizeho ikigo
gishya kitwa ATL kizita ku bikorwa bijyanye n’ingendo z’indege kugira ngo urwo rwego
rw’ubwikorezi rurusheho gutera imbere. Iki kigo kigamije kugabanya amafaranga
menshi yagendaga muri urwo rwego no gucunga ibikorwa byo ku bibuga by’indege.
ATL yemejwe n’Inama y’Abaminisitiri, ikaba yarahawe inshingano zo gucunga
ingendo z’indege, imizigo n’ibibuga ndetse na serivisi zijyanye na byo. Hemezwa
ko ikibuga k’indege cya Bugesera kizageza u Rwanda ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu
bwikorezi bwo mu kirere. Iki kigo gishya kikaba kigamije guteza imbere urwego
rw’ubwikorezi bwo mu ndege; bigafasha u Rwanda kuba intangarugero muri Afurika
y’Uburasirazuba. Nibigenda bityo, imari ya “Rwanda Air” iziyongera kandi bitume
u Rwanda ruba ikitegererezo cy’ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere mu karere, mu gutwara
abagenzi n’imitwaro kandi bizongera ubukungu bw’u Rwanda.
Iyi gahunda nshya izatuma Ikigo k’Igihugu Gitwara Abantu n’Ibintu mu Ndege
kigabanya umubare w’amafaranga yatangwaga na Leta. Ubu Komisiyo Ishinzwe
Ivugururwa ry’Amategeko irimo kwiga ku itegeko rishya rishyiraho Ikigo k’Igihugu
Gishinzwe Ingendo za Gisiviri nyuma rikazagezwa ku Nteko Ishinga Amategeko
ngo iryemeze. U Rwanda rwamaze kuvugurura Ikibuga Mpuzamahanga k’Indege
cya Kigali (Kanombe). N’imirimo yo kubaka Ikibuga k’Indege Mpuzamahanga cya
Bugesera yaratangiye.
Ubwikorezi buzanira u Rwanda imisoro myinshi ariko hari ibintu n’imirimo bisonewe
umusoro ku nyongeragaciro. Muri yo harimo ubwikorezi bujyanye n’imirimo
yo gukwirakwiza amazi; imirimo yo gutunganya no gukwirakwiza amazi meza;
gutunganya amazi yanduye mu rwego rwo kutangiza ibidukikije iyo bitagamije
gucuruzwa. Ibirebana n’ibintu n’imirimo bijyana no kubungabunga ubuzima;
imirimo yo kubungabunga ubuzima n’imirimo ikorwa mu buvuzi; ibikoresho
bigenewe abafite ubumuga na byo birasonewe. Hari kandi ibintu n’imiti bihawe
ibitaro n’amavuriro; ibintu n’imiti bitanzwe cyangwa bitumijwe mu mahanga
n’ababyemerewe, n’ibikoresho bihabwa abarwayi, byagenewe gukoreshwa mu
buvuzi cyangwa insimburangingo. Ibigo bigaragara ko bishobora gusonerwa,
bigomba kuba bizwi n’amategeko akurikizwa mu Rwanda nk’ibigo bya Leta,
imiryango igamije imibereho myiza y’abaturage, n’ibindi bigo ibyo ari byo byose
bikora ibikorwa byo gufasha bidaharanira inyungu.
Mu by’ukuri rero, ubwikorezi bufite uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’Igihugu
kuko haturuka ibintu bikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi bwaba ubwa Leta
cyangwa abantu ku giti cyabo. Ubwikorezi kandi ni hamwe mu haturuka imisoro
Leta ikoresha mu gukusanya amafaranga agenda ku mirimo rusange yayo, guteza
imbere ubukungu bw’Igihugu, imibereho myiza y’abaturage no mu butabera. Ni
ngombwa rero ko ibikorwa remezo bivugururwa, ibindi bigashingwa kandi bikaba
bijyanye n’iterambere mu bufatanye n’ibindi bihugu n’imiryango mpuzamahanga.
Bifatiye kuri: www.igihe.com/amakuru/
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Sobanura icyo umusoro uva ku bwikorezi ari cyo.
2. Ni ikihe gikorwa kivugwa mu mwandiko kigaragaza ko u Rwanda n’ibindi
bihugu bishishikajwe no guteza imbere ubwikorezi?
3. Ushingiye ku mwandiko, sobanura iyi mpine “DIKKM”.
4. Uretse ibikorwa bivugwa mu mwandiko, tanga ibindi byerekeye izindi nzira
z’ubwikorezi u Rwanda rwashyizemo ingufu?
5. Ni gute umuhanda uvugwa mu mwandiko uzagira uruhare mu buzima
bw’Igihugu?
6. Garagaza insanganyamatsiko rusange ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko n’ingingo
z’ingenzi ziyishamikiyeho.
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Kora interuro ku magambo akurikira, ukurikije uko asobanura mu mwandiko:
a) Gusora
b) Ubukungu
c) Gusonera
d) Insimburangingo
e) Imizigo
2. Tanga amagambo ari mu mwandiko afite inyito inyuranye n’iy’aya akurikira:
a) Igihombo
b) Imbere mu gihugu
c) Batumiza
d) Umuswa
III. Ibibazo ku kibonezamvugo
1. Kora interuro zigaragaramo:
a) Isanisha nyantego
b) Isanisha nyanyito
c) Isanisha nyurabwenge
d) Isanisha nyazina
2. Garagaza imimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Iyi nama yabereye Arusha.
b) Ubwikorezi buzanira u Rwanda imisoro myinshi.
3. Sesengura interuro ikurikira ukoresheje uburyo bw’igiti:
Inzira z’ubwikorezi zariyongereye cyane.
UMUTWE 6:KUBUNGABUNGA IBIDUKIKIJE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko ku kubungabunga ibidukikije hagaragazwa
ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- - Kugaragaza imvugo z’uturere zitandukanye n’indimi shami z’Ikinyarwanda.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Shingira ku bumenyi bwawe usanganywe maze uvuge icyakorwa kugira ngo
ibidukikije birusheho kubungabungwa.
Amapfa yibasiye amajyaruguru y’Afurika, abimukira bakajya bava mu bihugu
binyuranye bakambuka ubutayu bwa Sahara berekeza ku mugabane w’i Burayi.
Muri urwo rugendo bambuka ubutayu, bagendaga bahura n’ibizazane bikomeye.
Umuryango wa Gahigi ni umwe mu miryango yahuye n’akaga muri urwo rugendo.
Umugabo Gahigi, umugore we Nyiramana n’abana babo Kariza na Ngabo babaga
muri kimwe mu bihugu by’amajyaruguru ya Afurika. Uyu muryango, wari umaze
imyaka isaga makumyabiri ubayeho neza, hanyuma mu gihugu haza gutera amapfa.
Aho amapfa atereye, bafashe umwanzuro wo gusuhukira mu bihugu by’i Burayi.
Mbere yo gufata urugendo, biteguye uko bashoboye kuko bagombaga kunyura
mu butayu bunini butagira amazi n’ibiribwa. Bazindutse mu ruturuturu, bafata
utwangushye, bashyira nzira baragenda. Mu nzira, bahahuriye n’abandi bimukira
bavaga hirya no hino, bafatanya urugendo, bagenda basangira ibyo bari bafite.
Bacagashije urugendo, impamba bari bitwaje yarashize maze Gahigi atangira
kuzenguruka ubutayu ashakisha aho yabona amazi n’icyatunga umuryango we. Yaje
kubona akazenga k’amazi mabi. Mbere yo kuvoma ngo ashyire umugore n’abana,
yagotomeye amazi menshi bimuviramo urupfu kubera ko umwuma wari umugeze
habi. Umuryango wategereje ko Gahigi agaruka, uraheba.
Bukeye, umuhungu we Ngabo afata umwanzuro wo kujya gushaka irengero rya
se. Akomeza kugenda arorongotana, cyane ko nta n’imbaraga yari agifite. Burya
koko arimo gishegesha ntavura, yaje guhura n’inkubi y’umuyaga iramuzibiranya,
umusenyi umurenga hejuru, inzogera irirenga.
Nyiramana amaze kubura umugabo n’umuhungu we, arashoberwa. Akomeza
gukurikira abandi afite intege nke n’agahinda kenshi. Bakomeza urugendo ariko
rubabana rurerure dore ko hari n’igihe basubiraga aho bavuye kubera ko kubona
amerekezo mu butayu bigoranye.
Hashize icyumweru kimwe, kubera agahinda, gucika intege no kubura amazi
n’ibiryo, Nyiramana na we apfa azize umwuma n’inzara. Hasigara wa mukobwa
Kariza, yisunga umuryango bari kumwe, bakomeza urugendo. Baje kwambuka
ubutayu bagera hafi y’Inyanja ya Mediterane, bahasanga ibiribwa n’amazi, bararya,
baranywa, barahembuka.
Kariza amaze gutora agatege, atangira kuganira n’umugabo wo mu muryango
yisunze. Yamubajije ibibazo byinshi ashaka kumenya impamvu aho banyuze hose
nta mazi bigeze bahabona. Uwo mugabo yari umuhanga, agwa neza kandi agakunda
kuganira. Yamusobanuriye birambuye bimwe mu biranga ubutayu n’impamvu
zibutera.
- Ahantu twanyuze ni mu butayu. Nk’uko wabyiboneye, mu butayu ni ahantu
h’umucanga, hataba amazi, ntihabe ibinyabuzima, byaba ibimera cyangwa
inyamaswa. Nta mvura ihagwa, n’iyo ihaguye, iba ari nke cyane.
- Kubera iki se mu butayu haba ibyo bibazo byose birimo no kubura amazi ?
- Uretse imiterere kamere y’ahantu, abantu na bo bagiye bafata nabi
amashyamba, barayatsemba, imvura irabura, amasoko n’imigezi birakama,
amapfa aratera. Abari bahatuye barasuhuka, berekeza ishyanga. Abashatse
kugundira ngo bigumire mu bikingi byabo barapfa, bazira umwuma no kubura
umwuka mwiza wo guhumeka. Aho bari batuye, hahinduka ubutayu hatyo.
- Ushatse se kuvuga ko amazi ari yo soko y’ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima byose ?
- Ni byo rwose wabimenye. Amazi ni ubuzima. Wabonye ko abantu bagiye
bapfira mu butayu kubera kubura amazi. Nyamara, aho tuboneye amazi,
abantu barazanzamutse ntihagira abongera kwicwa n’umwuma. Iyo imvura
iguye, abantu bahinga imyaka ikera. Ibiyaga, imigezi n’inzuzi bifatiye
runini abaturiye isi. Amazi yabyo akoreshwa mu kuhira imyaka mu turere
tutabonekamo imvura ihagije. Mu biyaga n’inzuzi kandi habamo ibinyabuzima
bifitiye abantu akamaro kanini nk’amafi, inyamaswa zitandukanye ndetse
n’ibimera. Amazi kandi afasha abantu mu kubaka ibikorwa remezo binyuranye.
Abubaka bifashisha amazi, ingufu nyinshi z’amashanyarazi zikoreshwa ku isi,
zikomoka ku mazi. Mu kamaro k’amazi kandi ntitwakwibagirwa ko hamwe na
hamwe, amazi ari yo mipaka y’ibihugu n’imigabane.
Wa mugabo, yakomeje gusobanurira Kariza ibijyanye n’ubutayu, avuga no ku
kamaro k’amashyamba.
- Amashyamba ni isoko y’umwuka mwiza duhumeka, ni na yo akurura imvura.
Amashyamba afata ubutaka ntibutwarwe n’isuri, bigatuma hataba ubutayu.
Amashyamba ni intaho y’ibindi binyabuzima binyuranye birimo inyamaswa
n’ibiguruka. Amashyamba kandi ni isoko y’ubukerarugendo buzanira ibihugu
amadovize. Ibiti bimwe na bimwe biboneka mu mashyamba, cyanecyane aya
kimeza, bivamo imiti inyuranye ikoreshwa mu buvuzi.
- Burya byose byicwa no kutabimenya. Urakoze cyane ku bisobanuro umpaye.
Ubu se koko ni iki twakora kugira ngo tubungabunge ibidukikije?
- Birakwiye ko buri muntu wese, agira uruhare mu kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Nk’uko bikunze kuvugwa ngo: nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri, ni ngombwa
kongera amashyamba dutera ibiti aho bitari, twirinda gusarura amashyamba
ateze kandi twamagana ba rutwitsi. Ni byiza ko abantu bose babungabunga
ibiti, amashyamba na za pariki.
- Ubwo rero ndumva ari ngombwa ko buri muntu wese abungabunga amasoko
y’amazi, imigezi, inzuzi, ibiyaga n’inyanja.
- Ni byo koko, amazi akwiye kubungabungwa twirinda kubaka hafi yayo,
kuyasesagura no kuyajugunyamo imyanda inyuranye. Tugomba kandi
kuyasukura tuyavanamo ibimera biyangiza nk’amarebe.
Muri iki kiganiro, Kariza yasobanukiwe akamaro ko kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Bakomeza urugendo, bambuka inyanja, bagera i Burayi.
Bageze i Burayi, Kariza yakomerejeyo amashuri maze ahitamo kwiga ibijyanye no
kurengera ibidukikije. Yabitewe n’uko yari yarababajwe cyane no kuba ababyeyi
be n’abandi bantu, baraguye mu butayu biturutse ku ngaruka z’uko ibidukikije
bitabungabunzwe uko bikwiye. Mu myigire ye, yahuye n’imbogamizi z’indimi
kuko, baba abanyeshuri biganaga, ndetse n’abarimu bamwigishaga, bakoreshaga
indimi zitandukanye bitewe n’ibihugu bakomokamo. N’abavaga mu gihugu
kimwe, wasangaga bakoresha imvugo zitandukanye bitewe n’uturere babaga
baraturutsemo.
VI. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko “Kariza mu butayu”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
Imyitozo
1. Simbuza amagambo yanditse atsindagiye andi bivuga kimwe dusanga
mu mwandiko, wite ku mategeko ngengasano mu nteruro nshya
wubatse.
a) Ukuva kw’izuba ryinshi kandi rikabije byateye ikama ry’ibiyaga
n’ibishanga.
b) Amage arisha umugabo ikivuza, inzara se ntiyatumye duhunga tukerekeza
i Bushi!
c) Amazi yarabuze mu mudugudu wacu icyaka gikabije gituma benshi
batakaza ubuzima.
d) Gahigi na Mpwerazikamwa bamaze iminsi bijajaye basubiye mu kibuga.
e) Amazi n’amashyamba bidufitiye akamaro kanini, ntawarota yangiza
ibyo bidukikije.
f) Amazi n’amashyamba bidufitiye akamaro kanini, ntawarota yangiza
ibyo bidukikije.
g) Amafaranga y’amahanga dusigirwa na ba mukerarugendo afasha
Igihugu cyacu muri byinshi.
h) Ni byiza kuvana ibyatsi bimera mu mazi mu rwego rwo kuyabungabunga
no kuyarinda umwanda.
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro wihimbiye ukurikije uko
yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Gusuhuka
b) Ubutayu
c) Amapfa
d) Pariki
e) Igikingi
VI.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Kariza mu butayu” maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni ubuhe butayu abimukira bambukaga buri mu majyaruguru ya
Afurika?
2. Utekereza ko ari iki cyatumye ibyo kurya n’ibyo kunywa bishira
bataragera iyo bajya kandi barahagurutse biteguye uko bashoboye?
3. Ni akahe kamaro k’amazi kagaragara mu mwandiko?
4. Ushingiye ku byavuzwe mu mwandiko, garagaza akamaro
k’amashyamba.
5. Aba bimukira bafashe umwanzuro wo gusuhuka, berekera i Burayi. Ni
iyi he nyanja bambutse mbere yo kugerayo?
6. Ni iki cyatumye Kariza ahitamo kwiga ibijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije?
VI.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Igikorwa
Ongera usome umwandiko “Kariza mu butayu” maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.
2. Abantu benshi muri Afurika basuhukira i Burayi. Urakeka ko bose baba
bajyanywe no gushaka amaramuko?
3. Sobanura wifashishije ingingo ziri mu mwandiko imvugo igira iti:
“Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri.”
4. Sobanura muri make impamvu bavuga ko amazi ari ubuzima.
VI. 2. Imiterere y’iby’indimi mu Rwanda
U Rwanda kimwe n’ibindi bihugu byo muri Afurika, usanga hari ururimi abenegihugu
bose bavuga baruhuriyeho, indimi zemewe zikoreshwa mu buyobozi n’izindi ndimi
zivugwa n’abantu runaka bitewe n’akarere cyangwa agace batuyemo. Ni muri urwo
rwego mu Rwanda hakoreshwa ururimi rw’Igihugu, indimi zikoreshwa mu buyobozi
ndetse n’imvugo cyangwa indimi zishamikiye ku Kinyarwanda zivugwa mu turere
cyangwa uduce runaka tw’Igihugu.
VI.2.1. Inshoza y’ururimi, ururimi rw’igihugu n’indimi zikoreshwa mu buyobozi
Igikorwa
Soma iki gika hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi, ubwifashishe usubiza ibibazo
byakibajijweho.
Kariza yamaze kugera muri kimwe mu bihugu by’i Burayi, ahabona byinshi
byamutangaje mu rurimi. Yasanze abaturage baho, bakoresha Icyongereza mu
mirimo inyuranye. Nyuma yo gutangira ishuri, yasanze amasomo atangwa
mu rurimi rw’Icyongereza kandi ntibyamugoye cyane kuko yari asanzwe akizi.
Iyo yabaga atashye, akareba amakuru n’ibiganiro kuri tereviziyo na radiyo
y’igihugu, yarabikurikiraga kuko byatangwaga mu Gifaransa n’Icyongereza.
Ibibazo
1. Kariza yasanze abaturage baho bakoresha Icyongereza. Ushingiye kuri
iyi nteruro, sobanura ururimi
2. Mu Rwanda ni uruhe rurimi rukoreshwa nk’ururimi rw’Igihugu?
3. Garagaza indimi zose zikoreshwa mu buyobozi bw’Igihugu. Izo ndimi
zitandukaniye he n’ururimi rw’Igihugu?
1. Inshoza y’ururimi
Ururimi ni igikoresho nyamuryango cy’ubwumvane gishingiye ku gukoresha
ubushobozi kamere abantu bifitemo bwo kumvikana bakoresheje amajwi abantu
bagize umuryango nyarurimi umwe baba baremeranyijeho. Ku rwego rw’abantu
hagati yabo, ururimi rubafasha gushyikirana, kugezanyaho amakuru, kuranga
ibibakikije, gushyira ku murongo ibitekerezo no kubigaragaza, kugaragaza
imbamutima n’ibindi.
Ku rwego rw’umuryango nyarurimi cyangwa rw’igihugu, ururimi rugira uruhare
runini mu mibereho y’abantu n’inzego nyamuryango, mu guhuza no kunga
imbaga, mu kubumbatira, gukuza no gusakaza umuco, ndetse no mu guhanga no
guhererekanya ubumenyi n’ibindi bitekerezo bifasha umuryango kwiyubaka no
kwiteza imbere.
Ururimi ni igikoresho ntagereranywa cy’ubwumvane n’ubumwe nyamuryango,
rukaba n’umusingi w’iterambere abantu bagenda bageraho. Koko rero, kwita ku
rurimi ni imwe mu nzira zo kugeza bene rwo ku iterambere rirambye.
U Rwanda rufite amahirwe ataboneka henshi muri Afurika yo kugira ururimi rumwe
ruhuza abenegihugu bose, ari rwo Ikinyarwanda. Ni rwo rutuma tugira imyumvire
imwe kandi tugashobora kugendera mu kerekezo kimwe k’iterambere.
Nubwo bimeze bityo, iyo umuntu ageze mu bice bitandukanye by’u Rwanda, usanga
hari aho agera bikamugora gusobanukirwa ibyo abahatuye bavuga.
Akenshi usanga ibyo bikunze kugaragara ku bice byegeranye n’imipaka y’ibindi
bihugu. Buri gihugu usanga gifite ururimi rw’igihugu, indimi zikoreshwa mu
buyobozi, indimi shami ndetse n’indimi z’uturere.
2. Ururimi rw’igihugu
Ururimi rw’igihugu ni ururimi abategetsi b’igihugu iki n’iki bihitiramo kugira ngo
ruhuze abanyagihugu bacyo. Hagomba kujyaho ikibonezamvugo cyarwo. Bisaba
ko hashyirwaho amategeko agenga urwo rurimi kugira ngo rube rwemewe koko.
Ururimi rw’igihugu rushobora kuba rumwe cyangwa se zikaba nyinshi bitewe
n’imiterere y’igihugu runaka.
Mu Rwanda, ururimi rwemewe nk’ururimi rw’Igihugu ni Ikinyarwanda. Ni rwo
rurirmi Abanyarwanda bahuriyeho mu gihugu cyose. Abarundi na bo bavuga Ikirundi
ariko hari ibihugu byinshi bigira ingorane mu guhitamo ururimi bita urw’igihugu
kuko baba bavuga indimi nyinshi. Nko muri Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya
Kongo, bagira iki kibazo kuko harimo indimi nyinshi zihakoreshwa bitewe ahanini
n’uko iki gihugu ari kinini cyane.
3. Indimi zikoreshwa mu buyobozi
Ururimi rw’ubuyobozi ni ururimi abayobozi/abategetsi b’igihugu iki n’iki bahitamo
kugira ngo ruge rukoreshwa mu butegetsi/ buyobozi. Ni na rwo rukoreshwa mu
nyandiko, mu mbwirwaruhame zitandukanye ndetse no mu mirimo itandukanye
biturutse ku mubare w’indimi zemewe ko zajya zikoreshwa. Ubu mu Rwanda, indimi
zemewe gukoreshwa mu butegetsi/buyobozi ni enye: Ikinyarwanda, Igifaransa,
Icyongereza n’Igiswayiri.
Ibi bishatse kuvuga ko, iyo umuntu agiye gutanga ikirego ke mu nkiko, ashobora
guhitamo rumwe muri izi ndimi bitewe n’urwo yisanzuramo. Umuyobozi runaka
ushaka gutanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame na we, ahitamo rumwe muri izi ndimi
bitewe n’abo abwira kugira ngo abagezeho ubutumwa yabateguriye.
Umwitozo
Gereranya ururimi rw’igihugu n’ururimi rukoreshwa mu buyobozi, ugaragaza
ihuriro n’itandukaniro ryazo.
VI. 2. 2. Imvugo z’uturere
Igikorwa
Soma iki gika hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi, ubwifashishe usubiza ibibazo
byakibajijweho.
Uko igihe cyashiraga, Kariza yarushagaho gutembera ibice bitandukanye by’igihugu.
Yakomeje kumva hari izindi ndimi zijya kumera nk’Icyongereza ariko akumva
zidahuye neza na rwo. Izi ndimi akenshi zavugwaga cyane n’abaturage b’agace yari
atuyemo. Yaje gusanga abantu bo mu gihugu kimwe batumvikana bose mu mvugo
bitewe n’indimi z’uturere twabo dutandukanye. Byamutwaye igihe kitari gito kugira
ngo abashe kumvikana no gushyikirana n’abo banyamahanga.
Ibibazo
a) Kariza yakomeje kumva hari izindi ndimi zijya kumera nk’Icyongereza ariko
akumva zidahuye neza na cyo. Shingira ku bivugwa muri iyi nteruro maze
utahure inshoza y’imvugo z’uturere.
b) Garagaza isano Ikinyarwanda gifitanye y’imvugo z’uturere.
c) Tahura imvugo ziboneka mu turere/duce dutandukanye tw’u Rwanda. Izo
ndimi zitandukaniye he n’ururimi rw’Igihugu?
1. nshoza y’ imvugo z’uturere.
Imvugo z’uturere ni imvugo zikoreshwa mu turere utu n’utu tugize agace gato
k’ahantu aha n’aha ubusanzwe bavuga ururimi rumwe. Imvugo y’akarere ikunze
gukoreshwa mu karere gato kandi kazwi mu gihugu.
Ururimi rw’akarere ni ururimi ruturuka ku mihindagurikire y’ururimi nyagihugu
bitewe n’imiryango y’abantu cyangwa akarere abaruvuga baherereyemo.
2. Ikinyarwanda n’imvugo z’uturere
Mu Rwanda, abantu benshi bahuzwa n’ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda. Ikinyarwanda ni
rumwe mu ndimi nyafurika bita Indimi Bantu. Izo ndimi zivugwa munsi y’ubutayu
bwa Sahara. Iyo usesenguye indimi Bantu neza, usanga zifite byinshi zihuriyeho
kubera ko bivugwa ko zikomoka ku rurimi rumwe bita Igiporotobantu.
Bitewe n’aho urwo rurimi Bantu uru n’uru ruherereye, usanga rugira umwihariko
runaka akenshi ruba ruhuje n’izindi ndimi ziri muri ako karere cyangwa se muri ako
gace.
3. Imvugo z’uturere n’aho zivugwa
Abasesenguye indimi, basanze ururimi rutavugwa kimwe ku butaka ruvugwaho.
Akarere kamwe kagenda kagira umwihariko wako w’imivugire haba mu majwi,
mu masaku no mu magambo. Uko ni ko n’ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda rutavugwa
kimwe mu Rwanda hose. Iyo uzengurutse u Rwanda, usanga hari imvugo z’uturere
zitandukanye. Reka turebere hamwe izo mvugo z’uturere uko zihagaze mu Rwanda.
a) Ikigoyi : Kivugwa mu gice cy’u Rwanda kiri hagati y’ishyamba rya Gishwati
n’igihugu cya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Kivugwa cyanecyane
muri Kanama, Nyamyumba no muri Rubavu. Ubu ni mu Karere ka Rubavu.
b) Ikirera : Kivugwa mu cyahoze ari Ruhengeri hose ukuyemo Ndusu n’akandi
gace gato kavugwamo Igikiga. Ikirera kandi kivugwa mu duce twa Mutura,
Giciye, Karago n’agace gato ka Cyungo. Ubu ni mu Karere ka Musanze.
c) Igikiga : Ni imvugo ivungwa mu Karere ka Ngororero ahahoze ari Gaseke,
Satinsyi, Kibirira, Ramba, Rutsiro, Kayove na Nyakabanda. Uretse Nyakabanda
iri mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo, utwo duce twose turi mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba.
Igikiga kandi kivugwa mu gace ka Mwendo na Gisovu (Kibuye) no ku ishyamba
rya Nyungwe mu duce twa Nshiri, Kivu, Mudasomwa na Musebeya.
d) Igisozo: Ni ururimi ruvugwa mu gice giherereye hagati y’ishyamba rya
Nyungwe n’u Burundi n’umuhanda uhuza Nyakabuye na Bugarama (Ubu
ni mu Karere ka Rusizi). Kubera ko Igisozo kijya kumera n’Igikiga, biragoye
kuzitandukanya. Igisozo n’igikiga bitangiye gucika kubera Ikinyarwanda
rusange.
e) Ikinyarwanda cyo hagati: Ni ururimi rwiganje mu gice cyose cyo hagati
mu Gihugu. Abanyarwanda bahisemo gukoresha Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo
kibe ururimi rubahuza. Ni ururimi rwigwa mu mashuri, rugakoreshwa mu
itangazamakuru no mu butegetsi kugira ngo Abanyarwanda bose barusheho
kumvikana bakoresheje imvugo imwe. Iyo bitaba ibyo, wari gusanga buri
wese akoresha ururimi yishakiye bitewe n’agace aherereyemo.
f) Ikigoti : Ni ururimi rukoreshwa ku nkiko z’amagepfo mu Karere ka Gisagara
mu Murenge wa Mugombwa.
g) Igishobyo n’Ikiyaka: Izi ndimi zikoreshwa mu karere kamwe ahahoze ari
Kanama na Nyamyumba. Ubu ni mu Karere ka Rubavu.
h) Urunyagisaka n’Urunyambo: Izi ndimi zikoreshwa ahahoze ari
Perefegitura ya Kibungo. Ubu ni mu Karere ka Ngoma no mu Karere ka Kirehe.
Umwitozo
Ugeze mu gace runaka ko mu Rwanda, ni iki cyakubwira ko ururimi bavuga ari
imvugo y’akarere? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe mu magambo make.
VI. 2. 3. Indimi shami z’Ikinyarwanda
Igikorwa
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi, ubwifashishe
usubiza ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Cerimpa we! Uzi ko ari nge na so, twari dutuye i Bushi. Sogokuru yari atuye mu
burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda, ubu ni muri Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya
Kongo yahoze yitwa Zayire. Twe n’abavandimwe bacu bo ku kirwa cya Nkombo
no ku nkengero za Kivu, twavugaga amashi n’ amahavu. Nyamara, aho tugereye
hano mu majyaruguru, byaratugoye kumvikana n’abaturage bo muri iyi midugudu,
ndetse iyo tugannye mu isoko hari ubwo bidutesha umutwe!
Tukiba i Bushi, wasangaga tuvuga tuti: “Hari omusale hari ehisale”. Ugira ngo se
ntitwashakaga kuvuga ko hari umusare n’ingirwamusare! Umusare w’umwuga
yakwambutsaga akujyana ku Ijwi ukishima. Hano ku Mulindi w’intwari twahimukiye
bavuga ngo: “Ebirungyi ni ho byeija, rwombeke rugume, ogumire nk’eibare...”
nkayoberwa icyo bashatse kuvuga, ariko ubu ntacyo bambeshya! None se Ceri, wari
uzi izina ryawe icyo risobanura? Twakubyariye hano ku Mulindi tukwita dutyo!
Cerimpa bahimba Macibiri yasubije nyina atishisha. Nyina ntiyari azi ko Macibiri
yamenye kera igisobanuro k’izina rye. Yasubije mu magambo akurikira: icyo kibazo ni
cyo mwarimu yambajije ngitangira mu mashuri y’inshuke. Nzi ko nitwa Ikimanimpaye,
ureke urwo Luciga mwantwerereye! Masenge Nyiramatwi yanambwiye ko aho
batuye ku Rusumo, ku mbibi z’u Rwanda na Tanzaniya mu burasirazuba, bavuga
Ikinyambo; twe tuvuga Oluciga/urukiga atwita Abakiga bavangiye kuko tutahavuka.
Muzamusabe kwirinda kuvangura abantu, ibyo bizanshimisha cyane!
Ibibazo:
1. Garagaza indimi zose zigaragara mu mwandiko n’aho zivugwa.
2. Tahura inshoza y’indimi shami.
3. Tahura indimi shami z’uturere/duce dutandukanye tw’u Rwanda
ziherereyemo.
4. Shushanya ikarita y’u Rwanda ugaragaza aho indimi shami zivugwa.
1. Inshoza y’indimi shami
Indimi shami ni indimi usanga zifitanye isano ya bugufi n’ururimi rw’igihugu. Ururimi
shami ruba ruvugwa n’abantu bake ugereranije n’abavuga ururimi rw’igihugu. Izi
ndimi zishamikiye ku Kinyarwanda, usanga ahanini ziganje ku nkiko z’Igihugu cyacu.
2. Urutonde rwa zimwe mu ndimi shami z’Ikinyarwanda
a) Urukiga/ Oluciga: Mu Rwanda Oluciga ruvugwa n’abantu benshi ariko
by’umwihariko ruvugwa cyanecyane mu duce duherereye mu majyaruguru
y’u Rwanda ahahoze ari Komini Kiyombe, Muvumba, Cyumba, Kivuye,
Mukarange na Butaro. Ubu ni mu Karere ka Gicumbi na Burera. Uru rurimi
kandi ruvugwa mu gihugu cy’abaturanyi, cy’u Bugande.
b) Amashi n’Igihavu/Amahavu: Abazi izi ndimi bavuga ko zijya gusa cyane.
Izi ndimi zivugwa mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda ku mupaka w’u Rwanda
na Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Kongo. Igihavu kivugwa ku kirwa cya
Nkombo no ku nkombe z’ikiyaga cya Kivu ahahoze ari muri komini Gisuma,
Gafunzo na Kagano. Ubu ni mu Karere ka Rusizi na Nyamasheke. Amashi yo
avugwa mu gice cyo hepfo y’ikiyaga cya Kivu. Ubu ni mu Karere ka Rusizi.
c) Ururashi: Ururashi ruvugwa mu burasirazuba bw’u Rwanda mu bice bimwe
na bimwe by’ahahoze ari Komini Rusumo na Rukira ku mupaka w’u Rwanda
na Tanzaniya, ubu ni mu Karere ka Kirehe na ngoma.
Ikitonderwa
N’ubwo bimeze bityo, abantu bo muri utwo turere bakaba bavuga izo ndimi bihariye,
Ikinyarwanda ni rwo rurimi rubahuza n’abandi. Uzasanga ari cyo gikoreshwa mu
masoko bahaha cyangwa mu nama no mu biganiro bitandukanye.
3. Ikarita igaragaza Ikinyarwanda n’indimi shami zivugwa mu
Rwanda.
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza itandukaniro riri hagati y’indimi shami n’imvugo z’uturere.
2. Ushingiye ku miterere y’indimi mu Rwanda, vuga indimi shami n’ibice
by’u Rwanda zivugwamo.
VI.3. Imyitozo y’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Hitamo bumwe mu bwoko bw’imyandiko wize maze uhange umwandiko
ku nsanganyamatsiko ivuga ku kubungabunga ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda. Ni
ngombwa kwita ku turango tw’ umwandiko wahisemo. Mu mwandiko uhanga
ukoreshe neza ururimi rw’Igihugu wirinda kuvangamo imvugo z’uturere
n’indimi shami.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusesengura umwandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko zivuga ku kubungabunga
ibidukikije.
- Gutandukanya ururimi rw’Igihugu, indimi z’ubuyobozi, imvugo z’uturere
n’indimi shami no kugaragaza aho zikoreshwa mu Rwanda.
- Gushushanya ikarita y’u Rwanda igaragaza aho indimi shami n’imvugo
z’uturere ziherereye.
Ubu ndangwa no:
- Kugira umuco wo kubungabunga ibidukikije no kubishishikariza abandi.
-Gushishikarira gukoresha neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda.
- Gushishikarira kumenya ururimi rw’Igihugu, indimi zikoreshwa mu
buyobozi, indimi shami n’imvugo z’uturere.
VI.4. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatandatu
Umwandiko : Akamaro k’ibidukikije
Iyo bavuze ibidukikije, abantu benshi ntibasobanukirwa neza n’icyo ibidukikije
bivuze. Ikirere n’isi bifite inkiko zizwi n’abahanga cyangwa abandi bajijutse,
bemeza ko urusobe rw’ ibinyabuzima n’ibitabufite byose biri muri izo mbibi byitwa
ibidukikije. Ikirere kiri hejuru yacu, uwakivogera uko yishakiye yaba yirengagije
amategeko agenga ubusugire bw’igihugu gitunze icyo kirere.
Mbere y’uko hakurikizwa amategeko mashya, mu bushorishori bw’ibiti hitwaga
mu gihugu k’inyoni naho ijuru cyangwa ikirere gitambagiramo inyoni zitandukanye,
hakaba mu bwami bw’inkuba. Isi bayigereranyaga gusa n’ahaba ubutaka buhingwa,
ahashinze imizi y’ibimera, ahadudubiza udusoko tw’amazi, ahatemba imigezi
n’inzuzi, ahari ibiyaga binini n’ibito, ahatuye abantu, inyamaswa n’udukoko hakitwa
Igihugu cy’umwami Nyirurwanda.
Ibidukikije bidufitiye akamaro kanini kandi kanyuranye. Iyo duhereye ku bimera,
abashakashatsi bemeza ko imiti myinshi ituruka mu bimera. Ibitangazamakuru
binyuranye, bijya bihitisha ibiganiro ku buvuzi bushingiye ku bimera bitandukanye.
Nuca ku muravumba, ku ndabo z’umuko, ku gihondohondo, ku gikakarubamba,
akanyamapfundo..., uzibuke gusobanuza akamaro kabyo kuko burya ngo « utazi
nyakatsi arayinera. »
Ibiribwa byinshi bihingwa mu butaka. Ibijumba, amateke, ibikoro tubisanga
mu bidukikije. Hari imboga zimwe na zimwe, zerera mu butaka harimo karoti,
ibitunguru, tungurusumu... Iyo umuntu ariye imboga zinyuranye nka dodo, isogi,
imbwija, amashu, ibihaza na kayote ku mafunguro ye ya buri munsi, aba arwanyije
indwara nyinshi. Hari ubwoko bw’imboga zitwa nyiragasogereza ndetse n’indarama
zizwiho kuba zimera mu bishanga kandi zikarura cyane. Bamwe bumva ko ziribwa
ku bw’amage, nyamara si ko bimeze ahubwo ziba zifitemo ubushobozi bwo kurinda
indwara zimwe na zimwe. Ibiti bimwe na bimwe bitanga imbuto ziribwa. Muri
byo twavuga nka avoka, amapera, amacunga, indimu n’ubundi bwoko bw’imbuto
buduha umutobe mwiza ku buzima bwacu.
Abantu batita ku bidukikije birimo amazi n’amashyamba, batuma ingaruka nyinshi
zikomeza kwiyongera ku isi nko guhura n’akaga k’amapfa, kubura umwuka mwiza
duhumeka, kubura imvura imeza kandi igakuza ibihingwa n’ibindi. Byongeye kandi,
amashyamba acumbikiye inyamaswa nyinshi, inyoni n’udukoko by’amoko menshi.
Ishyamba rya Pariki y’Akagera ribamo inyamaswa nyinshi umuntu yakwifuza
kureba. Zimwe muri izo nyamaswa ni impara, imparage, amashyo y’inzovu, imbogo
Rwarikamavubi n’intare Rwabwiga, ingwe ari yo Rwara, isha, ifumberi...
Imisozi y’ibirunga, ifite umwihariko wo kugira ingagi zitwinjiriza amadovize
menshi. Ishyamba rya Nyungwe ryo rigaragaramo inyoni zitandukanye zituma ba
mukerarugendo badusura bakadusigira akayabo k’amadovize. Amashyamba kimeza
nka Mukura na Cyamudongo na yo afite byinshi afashamo abayaturiye ndetse
n’Igihugu muri rusange.
Amashyamba kandi atanga imbaho zikorwamo ibikoresho bitandukanye. Ababaji
babaza imbaho mu mizonobari, ribuyu, imisave, sipure n’ibindi, ni bo bakubwira
ibanga ry’ishyamba. Ishyamba rifite akamaro cyane : gutinda ibiraro aho bishoboka,
gutwikwamo amakara, mu bwubatsi bukenera ibikwa. Akamaro k’amashyamba ni
intarondoreka, ariko twibuke ko niba utemye igiti kimwe, ugomba gutera bibiri.
Ku rundi ruhande, isi yacu ibuze amashyamba, yahinduka ubutayu nka Karahari,
Sahara cyangwa ubutayu bwo muri Namibiya. Ishyamba ritariho, imvura yabura
maze hagahinduka ubutayu. Inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, izo mu mazi nk’amafi,
indagara n’utundi dusimba byabura ibibitunga maze bikicwa n’umwuma n’inzara.
Mutekereze amazi akamye ! Ingomero zitanga ingufu z’amashanyarazi zubatse
ku migezi, ku nzuzi n’ibiyaga, zahagarara maze isi igacura umwijima. Mu yandi
magambo “nta mazi nta buzima”.
Ni ngombwa ko abantu bahindura imyumvire bakamenya ko bagomba
kubungabunga ibidukikije uko bashoboye. Nibititabwaho, isi yacu izasenyuka vuba,
izagera ku mperuka imburagihe bitewe no kutumva inama zitangwa n’inzobere
ku kubungabunga no kwita ku bidukikije. Ni yo mpamvu, ba rutwitsi badakwiye
gukomeza gutwika amashyamba kuko bituma ashya agahinduka ururimbi. Inkongi
y’umuriro ubwayo, yica kandi ikirukana inyamaswa z’ishyamba. Imyotsi na yo,
ihumanya ikirere kandi ikirere ni indiri y’umwuka duhumeka. Iyo ikirere cyahumanye,
amazi yose y’ibiyaga, ay’imigezi, ay’inzuzi, n’ayo tuvoma, arahumana maze
ubuzima bwacu bukahangirikira. Ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi na byo bihura n’akaga,
ntibyongere kororoka ndetse bikaba byacika burundu. Umuntu ugira uruhare rwo
kwangiza ibidukikije, ameze nka wa wundi utema ishami ry’igiti yicayeho kubera
ko uko yangiza ibidukikije, ni ko na we, aba yiyangiza buhorobuhoro. Ba rushimusi
na bo bagomba guhagarika ibyo bikorwa bibi bitumaraho inyamaswa, ugasanga ya
madovize twavanaga mu bukerarugendo, turayabuze burundu.
Kwita ku mashyamba ni ingenzi cyane. Ni yo mpamvu, abantu bose bagomba
gushishikarira no gusobanukirwa akamaro n’ubusugire bw’ibidukikije. Twitabire
gutera amashyamba aho atari ariko kandi n’aho ari, asazurwe. Si byiza ko abantu
bahinga basatira imigezi, inzuzi n’ibiyaga kugira ngo hirindwe ibitaka bishobora
kujya mu mazi bikayangiza ari na ko bishobora gutuma amazi akama. Hagomba
kubahirizwa amabwiriza agenga imikoreshereze y’ibishanga. Ni ingenzi gusukura
imigezi, inzuzi n’ibiyaga bigaragaramo icyatsi bita amarebe kuko byangiza cyane
amafi n’ibindi binyabuzima biba mu mazi.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ibimera bifitiye abatuye isi akamaro. Ni ibihe byiza abantu babona biturutse
ku bimera ?
2. Ni ayahe mashyamba ya kimeza avugwa mu mwandiko ?
3. Ibimera bibuze twaba mu butayu. Vuga ubutayu bwatanzweho ingero mu
mwandiko
4. Abantu batitonze isi yacu yasenyuka ikazagera ku mpera yayo imburagihe.
Ni iki cyakorwa kugira ngo ibyo bitabaho ?
5. Sobanura ingaruka zaterwa no kubura amazi.
6. Ushingiye ku kamaro k’ibidukikije byavuzwe mu mwandiko, vuga ingamba
ufashe zo kubibungabunga.
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko
umaze gusoma.
a) Urusobe rw’ ibinyabuzima
b) Uwakivogera
c) Imburagihe
d) Rutwitsi
e) Rushimusi
2. Koresha amagambo cyangwa imvugo zikurikira mu nteruro wihimbiye
a) Imperuka
b) Gushya ururimbi
c) Gutema ishami wicayeho
d) Inkongi y’umuriro
e) Ibidukikije
3. Simbuza ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo atsindagiye irindi/andi bivuga
kimwe usanga mu mwandiko.
a) Akamaro k’amazi n’amashyamba ni kenshi cyane.
b) Intare mwita umwami w’ishyamba irivuga abantu bagakangarana.
c) Imbogo zifitanye isano cyane n’inka zororwa n’Abanyarwanda n’abandi bantu
batuye iyi si.
d) Utazi akamaro k’ikintu ntakitaho na gato.
e) Ubu bwoko bw’ibyatsi bwangiza ibinyabuzima bisanzwe biba mu mazi.
4. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje ijambo rikwiye ukuye mu mwandiko.
a) …………… amashyamba turimbura ibiti bishaje dutera ibishya.
b) Abiba inyamaswa ari bo…………… ntibagomba kwihanganirwa.
c) Ibiriho byose bizashira ku …………… hasigare urukundo.
d) …………… zirura kurusha imitanga.
III. Iyigandimi
Tandukanya ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda, indimi shami n’indimi z’uturere wifashishije
ingero zitandukanye.
IBITABO N’INYANDIKO BYIFASHISHIJWE
1. IKIGÔ CY’ÛBUSHAAKASHAATSI MU BY’ÛBUHAÂNGA
N’ÎIKÔRANABÛHAÂNGA (n.d), Inkoranya y’Îkinyarwaanda mu
Kinyarwaanda, IRST Butare, Igitabo cya 1
2. IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO NCDC (2008).
Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa gatanu w’amashuri yisumbuye.
3. IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO NCDC (2008),
Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye.
4. INTEKO NYARWANDA Y’URURIMI N’UMUCO (2014). Amabwiriza ya
Minisitiri no 001/2014 yo ku wa 08/10/2014 agenga imyandikire yemewe
y’Ikinyarwanda, Kigali.
5. NSANZABERA, J.D. (2013) Ikeshamvugo mu Kinyarwanda: imvugo isukuye,
ikeshamvugo ry’amagambo akwiye n’inshoberamahanga zisobanuye. Kigali
6. JACOB I. (1983). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes, Tome
premier, Kigali.
7. JACOB I. (1985). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes, Tome
troisième, I.N.R.S,Butare.
8. Mgr BIGIRUMWAMI, A. (1984). Imihango n’Imigenzo n’Imiziririzo mu
Rwanda, Nyundo, Troisième édition.
9. MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2019),
Ikinyarwanda,
10. Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 4, Amashami yiga ikinyarwanda
nk’isomo rusange. MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD
(2019), Ikinyarwanda, Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 5, Amashami yiga
ikinyarwanda nk’isomo rusange.
11. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2015) Integanyanyigisho y’Ikinyarwanda
mu mashuri nderabarezi (TTC) umwaka 1, amashami ya siyansi
n’imbonezamubano.
12. COUPEZ, A. 1980. Abrégé de Grammaire Rwanda, Tome 1,2. Butare : INRS.
13. BIZIMANA, S., 1998, Imiteêrere y’Ikinyarwaanda I, IRST, Butare.
14. BIZIMANA, S., 2002, Imiteêrere y’Ikinyarwaanda II, IRST, Butare.
15. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE: Ikinyarwanda: umwaka
wa munani Gashyantare 1988.
16. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2019). Iteganyanyigisho y’Ikinyarwanda
mu mashuri nderabarezi (TTC) uwamaka wa 1,2&3 Ishami ry’indimi. Kigali,
REB.
17. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2017). Ikinyarwanda-Amashuri yisumbuye,
umwaka wa 6, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
18. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2017). Ikinyarwanda - Amashuri
yisumbuye, umwaka wa gatatu, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
19. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD, 2017. Ikinyarwanda - Amashuri yisumbuye,
umwaka wa gatanu, Twumve Tuvuge Dusome, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri.
Kigali-Rwanda.
20. MUTAKE, T., 1990, Ikibonezamvugo k’ Ikinyarwanda: Iyigamajwi
n’iyigamvugo les Editions de la Regie de l’Imprimerie scolaire.
21. RUGAMBA, C., 1985. Chansons Rwandaises ; INRS/BUTARE
22. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD, 2018. Ikinyarwanda-Amashuri yisumbuye
umwaka wa kane, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali- Rwanda.
23. MBONIMANA G. Na NKEJABAHIZI J.C, 2011. Amateka y’ubuvanganzo
nyarwanda, kuva mu kinyejana cya XVII kugeza magingo aya, Editions
de l’Université Nationnale du Rwanda.
Imbuga nkoranyambaga zifashishijwe
IMIGEREKA
Twiyungure amagambo
Ababuzaga: biva ku kubuza bivuga guceceka kugira ngo ubanze urebe iyo ibintu
Ababyazi bawe bombi: ni Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo na Yuhi IV
Abacukuza umuriro: abarimbuza umuriro.
Abagusigaranye imbuto n’intanga: abaguhaye kuzabyara, kuzororoka.
Abahayi b’ishyanga narabohereje: abanyamahanga bakwanga
Abakaraza: abiru (abavuzi b’ingoma).
Abakoni barakuya: abashorezi barakurubana (gushorera, gukurura ibintu
Abami b’akamazi: abami b’ingirakamaro.
Abarenzi: imfura zisingizwa.
abiri ni ukwibutsa ko yakomerekeye muri cya gitero cy’Abanyoro. Ubwo ibara
Abisyigingiza: Abagaragariza agasuzuguro.
Abizingazingira hamwe: abitsindira byose icyarimwe. Turabona ko ari
Aduhaka nk’umugabo: adutegeka nk’umugabo. Biributsa ko Nyiramavugo
Agahama: ubundi bivuga akagezi kamanuka mu muhaga. Hano bivuga uruguma
Agasongoro k’ubugabo: ingororano y’ubutwari. Agasongoro ubundi ni
Agatinda cya gicuba: akanywa amata yose yo muri cya gicuba.
Aha bivuga abishimiye ibyiza byabaye, inkuru nziza.
Aho yaherewe iminyago irishya: kuva aho aherewe ingoma iminyago
ahungira mu Gisaka kwa Kimenyi II Getura.
akabazingazinga.
Akaga: Ibibazo bikomeye bishobora no gutera urupfu.
Akarundura atyo: akarangiza atyo.
akava amaraso akamwuzura mu maso, ibyo bikavamo imitsindo.
Akavure k’indembere: akavure gato bashobora gutaramo urwagwa cyanwa
kwengeramo udutoki duke.
Akayabo: ibintu bihagije umuntu abona.
Akayambika karindwi: kwambika Karinga ni ukuyishyiraho ibinyita (ibishahu)
Amaboko ya Karinga: imijishi abahetsi bafataga bahetse Karinga.
Amagambo y’Imana: ni ibitekerezo bihanitse by’ubuhanuzi umusizi asa n’aho
amagomerane akagarura Igihugu.
Amahanga atagukeje kare: ibihugu bitakuyobotse, bitaguhatsweho hakiri
Amahano: ibyago.
Amahindu: ni urubura; aha ni igitero cy’ Abanyoro cyaje nk’amahindu.
Amakuba: ibyago bitungura umuntu kandi bikamukangaranya, umutima ugakuka.
Amapfa: Icana cyane ry’izuba rituma ibimera byuma, amazi gakama mu bishanga,
mu migezi n’inzuzi.
Amaraso ya ya Ndwanyi: amaraso ya ya mfizi yo mu Ndwanyi babikiriye (bishe).
Amarebe: ubwoko bw’ibimera biba mu mazi adatemba cyangwa se atemba buhoro.
amarushywa.
Amashyushyu: Amatsiko.
Amaso si aya: si ubwa mbere nkubonye.
Amasugi yanyu azira igisasa: abagore banyu ntibajya babyara ibigwari,
amaturo.
Amavuta y’inturire: amavuta akuze, agenewe gutekwa (barungisha).
amazi atemba mu mabanga yose.
Amaziri: amata adashobora kuvura, acikagurika. Bavuga ko inka ikamwa bene
Arazihumbiririza: biva ku guhumbiriza. Biributsa ko Sekarongoro yakomeretse
ari mu Kivu rwagati).
ari nk’ishashi.
ashinzwe gutura igisigo).
ataba mabi. Ibi biributsa ko Cyilima yari Umwamiw’inka.
Atambe imyato: avuge ibikorwa bye by’akataraboneka, bitangaje kandi byo
Ayabamishaho: Agenda ayabanyanyagizaho dukeduke.
ayo mata bayihumanyije. Aca inka mo amaziri: atuma inka zikira ubuhumane
Azanye ikeyi: aje afite agasuzuguro. Ubundi ikeyi hari ubwo bivuga ikimwaro.
Azigire Ndoli: ateganyirize Ndoli, amutegurire.
Azihungiye: azitunguye.
Baduhekere: batuzanire umugeni. Aha twibuke ko kera bamuhekaga mu ngobyi
akaba ari ho iyo mvugo ikoreshwa mu misango y’ubukwe ikomoka.
Bagacanira: bagacana umuriro mu rugo nk’abacanira inka.
Bagenda urunana: Bagendera icyarimwe, buri wese afashe kuri rwa rutaro.
Bahezwaga: Nta mwanya bahabwaga.
Bakabyirura: bagasogongera. Ni ugusogongera kuri Rugina.
Bakagisokoza: bakagishyiraho amahundo. Bashyiraga amahundo ane mu gitenga
cy’umuganura.
bakora) amasinde yo kwitwikira.
Bakuraze izi ntarama: baguhaye umurage w’izi nka zigukamirwa.
Bamutapfuniraga itabi: Bararikanjakanjaga bakamutamika amazi yaryo mu kanwa
akamira.
banyuzaga hagati y’amaguru n’ikibuno bakagashumikira mu rukenyerero.
Baramukwena: Baramuseka .
Baramwubahuka: Baramutinyuka; baramusuzugura.
barindwi bashahuye bakambika Karinga.
barindwi. Ni cyo rero yambikiwe uwo mudende.
basangira Igihugu, basangira ubutegetsi.
bashyizemo ibyatsi ngo byo gusenda (kwirukana) abazimu. Hano bivuga insinzi,
Batambira: biva ku nshinga gutamba ari byo bivuga kubyina kubera ibyishimo.
bavuga ko yimye ingoma ari umwana utangiye kwambara.
Bazigama ingoma: umurengezi w’ingoma ayibuza kunyagwa n’abandi,
n‘abanyamahanga.
Bazigura se ku ngoma: yahagaze kuri se bateye mu mahanga. Yaramurwaniriye.
Bazindukira intambara: ni umuzindukira kurwana. Abyuka iteka abyukiye
Bene iteka ritahava: abatanga itegeko ntirikuke.
Bicuba: ibicuba ni ibyansi binini baterekamo amata. Ibicuba nanone babikoresha
bigana; umuntu aba yinumiye.
Bihubi: uwatumye ingoma zisukira rimwe kubera ibyishimo. Haba umurishyo
Bimwanga mu nda: ntiyashobora kubyihanganira.
Birasana: ni Ndabarasa.
Biru b’imirama: abavuzi b’ingoma (mufate imirishyo).
Bitambara nyiri urutete: umurwanyi utwara icumu. Urutete ni uruti rw’icumu,
Bityo zikagenda zisimburanwa.
bivuga umuntu ufite indoro ibengerana, ibikorwa bihanitse by’agatangaza.
bo babyara abami).
Bugabo burimo ubugongo: Intwari itagira ikigereranyo.
Bugiri: uwigize igihangange.
Buhanzi: umwami ukuze, ufite uruhara.
Buhatsi bw’impundu n’imposha: utunze kandi agatanga ibyishimo n’ituze.
Burankenkemura: buranshimisha cyane. Ibyo byose byanteye ibyishimo
Burega bwa Mutima: Nyabwenge wa Nyabuhoro, izina rya Nyiramibambwe
Buriza burese ubugabo: uwari wuzuye ubutwari akiri muto.
Buyumbu: Bumbogo. Bumbogo ni umurwa w’ubuhungiro.
Buzamagana amacwa: uzadukiza imize, ibyago byokamye Igihugu.
bw’abanyamahanga ba Nsibura Nyebunga.
Bwagiro: buhungiro (aho umuntu yagira, ahungira umukeno).
Bwambaramigezi: ni imvugo ijimije ishaka kuvuga “Ijuru rya Kamonyi.” Ijuru
Bwanza buke: ubwanza bivuga ubugugu. Bwanza buke ni umuntu utagira
bwirabure”.
by’umunyamahanga bishe bakamushahura. Kuvuga karindwi ni ukuvuga abantu
byabayeho, abantu bari mu munezero.
byibutsa ko na we yari yarabaye impabe kuko yari yarahunze Yuhi Mazimpaka,
byinshi).
byinshi.
cyangwa abapfumu).
Cyanwa: ni Ntare. Umusizi avuze Ntare ku buryo buzimije (intare igira icyanwa).
Cyubahiro: ni Karinga. Yashyizweho na Ruganzu II Ndoli kugira ngo isimbure
Cyungura: uwunguye Igihugu.
Cyurira: Umwami uzamuka agasumba abandi (mu butwari).
Data: ntibivuga se umubyara, ahubwo ni nk’igihamagaro cyo kwaka umutegetsi
Duhorana inshungu: mutubereye abatabazi. Ni mwe muducungura muturinda
Dukurire umwami ubwatsi: tuyoboke umwami kuko yimye; tumushimire
Gacamukanda: uwatuvanye ku ngoyi (y’abanyamahanga).
Gahindiro. (bivuga sokuru na so).
Gashirabwoba: umwihare, umuntu utagira ubwoba.
gihe Gahindiro yari akiri umwana, hanyuma yamara gukura akamwegurira
Gisamamfuke: gusama ni ugusamira hejuru ikintu cyari kwitura hasi. Imfuke
Gucanganyikirwa: gusara.
Gucisha ruguru: Kuruka.
Gucuma amabondo: kuringaniza amabondo.
gucunda inka ziba zatetse. Inka zitaranza ni izikamwa buri gihe zitajya ziteka.
Gufatira runini: kugirira umuntu cyangwa ikintu akamaro.
Guhahirana: kugurana ibintu umwe agaha abandi ibyo bakeneye
Guhakura: gukura umutsima mu nkono ivuga.
Guhanga umuntu amaso: kwitegereza umuntu cyane.
Guhenduka: kugira igiciro kiza kidahanitse
Guhezera: kuba umuntu afite inda yagutse cyane bitewe n’umubyibuho cyangwa
n’uko atwite.
Guhiga: kwiyemeza ibintu uzakora mu gihe runaka.
Guhora babyara.
Guhotora uruti: ubundi bivugwa ku nka, bavuga ko imaze guhotora amahembe
Guhungabana: gukangarana bitewe n’ibyo wabonye cyangwa ibyagubayeho.
Guhunja: kurya ibintu bikocoka mu kanwa.
Gukorera umuntu ibya mfura mbi: kumuhohotera cyane ukamugirira nabi bikabije.
gukoresha ijambo guhunga.
Gukuza umusanzu n’umuganda: gusenyera umuntu.
Gupyinagazanya: Gukandamizanya.
Gusaba: Kuzura mu muntu by’ikintu kimutera ibyishimo cyangwa ububabare
cyangwa kumutaha by’indwara; gukwirakwira ahantu hose kw’amazi, umunuko
n’ibindi.
Gusenda imisaka: ubusanzwe ijambo “gusenda” rikoreshwa bashaka kuvuga
Gusenda: kwirukana umugore.
Guseta inzira ibirenge: Kugenda wanga, utabishaka.
Gushinyagurira umuntu: kongerera ububabare uwari asanzwe abufite.
Gusindagiza umuntu: kumwiyegamiza ukumufasha kugenda.
Gusubira ibwonko: Kwibaza.
Gusubya imbuto: kongera guhinga mu murima bari babibyemo ubwa mbere
Gusuhukira: Kwimukira ahandi hantu uhunga inzara.
Guta umutwe: kubura icyo ukora n’icyo ureka kubera ibibazo
Gutebutsa: kujya mu muryango mwasabyemo umugeni mukumvikana ku munsi
w’ubukwe.
gutengerana).
Gutiga: guha ibintu agaciro ubikomatanyirije hamwe.
Guturira (inkono): Gushyira ifu mu nkono ivuga (bavugiramo umutsima).
hano ariko bikavuga icumu ryose. Icumu rya Mukobanya ryitwaga Nsinzumusazi.
Hano biravuga ko mu gihe yagiye ku ngoma nta rugomo cyangwa amahane
hareremba, hatagwa hasi.
hejuru y’ijisho.
I Butazika: i Rwoga. Ubwo kuhita i Butazika ni ukuvuga ahantu hahora hejuru
I Buziga: i Nyundo ho mu Karere ka Ruhango.
I Bwongera: i Burundi.
I Rutambamitavu: aho inyana zitamba, zisimbagurika. Ni ahantu hakize, hari
I Shunga: ni mu Busanza, aho Nyamuheshera yahoze atuye.
Ibicuba bigatindwa: ibicuba bakabyuzuzamo amata.
Ibikingi by’amarembo: ibiti bibiri biba bishinze ku marembo aho umuntu yinjirira
ajya cyangwa ava mu rugo, babbyita
Ibikingi: isambu nini cyane y’umuntu ahinga akayibyaza umusaruro.
Ibintu ni magirirane: nta muntu uba wihagije mu buzima, ahora akeneye abandi.
Ibirezi byamye: imfura zisingizwa.
ibyago.
ibyangwe.
Ibyibo by’ingore: ibyibo biboshye mu ntamyi z’urufunzo.
Ibyo se bishoboka bite? Birashoboka kuko zimwe iyo zatetse izindi ziba zabyaye.
Igenamigambi: Gahunda y’itegurwa ry’ibikorwa abantu biyemeza kuzageraho
mu gihe runaka. Uburyo bwo gutekereza cyangwa gutegura ikintu uzakora mbere
y’igihe.
Igikari: imbuga y’inyuma y’inzu ikikijwe n’iyo nyubako. Muri uyu muvugo , umuhanzi
arashushamya imyanya myibarukiro y’umugore cyangwa umukobwa.
Igikatsi: ibyatsi bengesheje ibitoki maze bakabikamuramo umutobe wose. Bivugwa
kandi ku kintu cyose cyashizemo amazi.
Igikondo: imana yeze.
Igisoka: ikintu gitimbagura umuntu mu mubiri kikamutera kumererwa nabi, umuntu
usanga abandi bameze neza akabatanya.
Igisumizi: umuntu utwara iby’abandi ku ngufu cyangwa ku buryarya.
Igitambambuga: umwana ukiri muto ukambakamba.
Igitenga: igiseke kinini cyane.
Ihame: Ukuri kudakuka, ikintu kemejwe burundu.
Ihuzanzira: Umurongo uhuza abantu mu itumanaho bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga.
II Rwogera.
II.
Ikambere: inzu y’ingenzi mu rugo rufite amazu menshi nk’ibwami. Muri uyu muvugo
, umuhanzi arashushamya imyanya myibarukiro y’umugore cyangwa umukobwa.
Ikambere: mu nzu ya mbere, ari yo nkuru kandi nini ifite izindi zo mu gikari.
ikazinyanyagiza.
Ikidakombwa: urwabya rufite urugara rwagutse, bashyiramo amavuta y’umuhango
w’umuganura ibwami.
Ikimenyane: Uburyo umuntu aha amahirwe abantu bamwe akirengagiza abandi
bitewe n’ impamvu runaka.
ikintu gituma abantu basimbuka ibyago byari hafi gutuma bashira.
Ikirambi: umwanya wo mu nzu ya kinyarwanda, uri hagati, umwanya wicarwamo
na nyiri urugo.
ikiranga bwami.
Ikirezi: Ubwiza, uburanga, ihoho. Bishatse kuvuga na none akazu keza kaba ku
dusimba tumwe na tumwe tuba mu yanja abantu badukoramo imitako myiza
cyane.
ikizinzo (udushami dufite amababi) ukayihungura isazi. Ibyo gufata inka
Ikoro: ituro (igisigo)
Imanga: inzara.
Imanzi z’uburezi: intwari zitagira uko zisa, nziza (ku mubiri).
Imbonezamubano: Ikintu kerekeranye n’imibanire myiza y’abaturage.
Imfizi itari ubwoba: itagira ubwoba (Ni Umwami).
Imfizi ya Bicaniro: imfizi y’igicaniro k’inka (watumye dutunga).
Imirembe: imitobotobo itagira amahwa.
Imisumba: abantu b’ikirenga.
Imoko: akenge ko mu ibere amata aturukamo.
Impamba: Ibyo kurya umuntu yitwaza kugira ngo bimutunge ku rugendo.
Impano: Ikintu kiza Imana iba yarateganyirije umuntu cyangwa umuntu aba
yarateguriye undi akazakimuha kikamubera urwibutso.
Impenda: inka nyinshi cyane, inka zitabarika.
Impenzi: ingabo.
indagu zari zarabyemeje.
Induba nzivuze: mvuze impundu.
Ineza yawe intaha mu nda: kukwishimira byanguye ku mutima.
Inganji: igihaha cyangwa igitabazi k’imana yeze. (iby’intama, inkoko cyangwa inka
baraguye).
Ingaramakirambi: umusore watinze gushaka.
Ingendutsi: abagenda bikabahira (ku rugamba) abantu b’ingirakamaro.
Ingeso: imico, amatwara.
Ingobyi: ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu guhekamo abantu
ingoma nyinshi zindi yanyaze.
Ingoma yawe yandajeho umuzindu: ukwimika kwawe kwatumye mbona
Ingoma z’ingombe: ubwami buruhanyije busaba imirimo iruhije, ingoma ifite
Ingoma zikavunura: ingoma zikarangiza guhita, gutambuka.
Ingoma zikayasanganira: abantu bakayakira ingoma zivuze.
ingororano y’igisigo nagutura.
Ingundu: ikimera gishibutse ku gishyitsi.
Inkingi ya mwamba: inkingi yo hagati ibiti bigize igisange bishamikiraho.
Inkingi yitwa kanagazi: inkingi yo mu nzu ya kinyarwanda yashyigikiraga uruhamo
rw’umuryango.
Inkongoro z’imirinzi: inkongoro zibaje mu giti cy’umuko.
Inkonzo: Agati gafite amashami abiri babaga bakonze. Bafataga ishami rimwe irindi
bakarihingisha mu muhango wo kwita izina.
Inkori: udushyimbo duto duteye nk’iminyeganyege dukunze guhingwa muri za
Nyamagabe, Rusizi na Karongi.
Inkubito: imbaraga
Inkundwakazi: umugore ukunzwe n’umugabo we kurusha bakeba be.
Inshoberamahanga: Ikoraniro ry’amagambo avuga icyo adasanzwe avuga.
Inshuke: umwana muto umaze kuva ku ibere atacyonka
Insumba: inka itari imfizi, itari ikimasa.
Intebe y’inteko: untebe ya cyami, y’ubutegetsi
Inteko yabo: Ikicaro cyabo.
Inteko: Abantu benshi bari hamwe.
Intiti zo kwa Mutaga ndazitetereza: abahanuzi bo kwa Mutaga mbakoza isoni,
intumwa.
Intwari y’igisaga: intwari y’ikirenga.
intwari. Ikimenyetso k’ibyo ni uko i Bwami hari umuriro utazima.
inyama y’igitigita bongeraho ururimi rw’inka bakabiha umutware (inyama
Inyana zirara imfizi mu mahembe: inyana zigeze igihe cyo kwima.
Inyangabirama: umugizi wa nabi.
Inyanja: amazi magari
Inyifuzo: ubwoko bw’ibiti byitwa bityo.
Inyundo: ni icyo bakubitisha ibyuma mu gihe bacura amasuka, imihoro, amashoka
n’ibindi. (Ibwami habaga inyundo y’umwami nubwo atacuraga).
Inyundo: urunigi rw’amagufa bambaraho impigi.
Inzego bwite: Ni imirimo n’imikorere idasangiwe n’abantu abo ari bo bose
ishyirwaho ikanagenzurwa na leta by’umwihariko.
Inzimu: amahano, ibyago by’ibivakuzimu (Abanyoro).
inzobe cyane si n’igikara cyane. Ni nk’umuntu uzize usigirije. Ubundi bavuga
Inzogera irirenga: Gupfa k’umuntu cyangwa ikintu.
Iragushora: Irakuyobya.
Irashyira ku mutima zigatemba: iyo izihamije ihembe ku mutima zitura hasi.
Irebe ry’umuryango: Imbere mu nzu hafi y’aho basohokera.
Isango: biva ku gusangira. Bivuga ko abakurambere be banze ko hagira undi
Isererejwe intama: iteyeho uruhu rw’intama.
Ishavu: agahinda gakomeye umuntu aterwa no kwibuka inabi yagiriwe cyangwa
ibibi yabonye.
Ishyo: ikoraniro ry’inka nyinshi zororerwa hamwe zigasangira imfizi./Umubare
w’inyamaswa zimwe na zimwe nk’inzovu, imbogo cyangwa imparage ziba hamwe
ari nyinshi zihuje ubwoko.
Ishyoza: ubwoko bw’ikimera.
Isugi: inziramakemwa.
Isuka yinkura ku ngeso: guhinga byimvana ku mwuga wange (w’ubusizi).
Iw’abandi: mu mahanga. Ni i Karagwe.
Iyimenyerezamwuga: ni igikorwa cy’ubumenyi ngiro umuntu akora yimenyereza
gukora neza umurimo runaka.
iyo badahira inka (iyo bavoma amazi mu iriba bayasuka mu bibumbiro). Kwita
Iziyishyamiye ikazishyambya: izigerageje kuyigerera ngo zirwane
Izungura: Gusimbura umuntu mu bye ukabyitungira, yaba abiguhaye, apfuye nta
we abiraze cyangwa ubimukuyemo.
kandi ko batamurashe inyuma batamurashe ahunga.
kare zikajya kurisha, zikaza gutaha nko ku gasusuruko kugira ngo zikamwe.
kare.
Karuhura: uwatumye abantu bahumeka, baruhuka ingorane barimo.
Kavunanka: Mutabazi w’inka.
Kibonwa: uwo imana (inzuzi zo mu ndagu) zereje, zabonye.
Kigeli cya Ngerekera: ni Kigeli cya Nyirangabo nyina wa Ndahiro II.
Kigirira cyo mu nzeru: umwigire, uwigize igihangange ubwe nk’uko inzuzi,
Kihabugabo: ni we wihaye ubutwari (Ruganzu II Ndoli).
kiranga Umwami.
Kizima: umuntu uriho kandi utuma n’abandi bagira ubuzima.
ko amasaka azize neza bashyizemo ivu ku buryo buringaniye neza.
ko Mukobanya ataraba umwami yahagaze mu ngabo za se akazirwanirira kandi
ko uwitwa Gatarabuhura yashatse kwigira Umwami hanyuma akabigwamo
Ko wandikiye ubutwari: ubwo washyikiriye ubutwari.
Koreza: kubyara abana bakarumba bose, kwica abantu cyangwa ibintu ntihagire
agasigara.
Ku cyuma: ku Nyundo, habaye umurwa wa Ruganzu.
Ku isi itengerana: i Gasabo (bivuga ku gisabo kuko bagicunda, ni ko
Ku isonga y’ingabo: ku mutwe w’ingabo, imbere y’ingabo.
Ku karubanda: ku muharuro w’urugo rw’umwami, aho abonanira na rubanda.
ku rugamba.
ku rugamba. Aha ni ukuvuga umuntu uzi gutwara ingabo ye, ni umurwanyi
Ku Rusumamigezi: ku Ijuru rya Kamonyi.(Ni ukuzimiza). Ni ahantu hirengeye
Ku Rutambabiru: i Ngoma.
Ku Rutambamyato: ku Kinanira.
Kubayagura: kuryana ipfa kandi uvundiranya.
Kudahanura: kugabanya amazi yo mu nkono ivuga mbere yo gushyiramo ifu.
Kudashakira ubwinshi mu mazi: kudashyira amazi menshi mu kintu.
Kufira: kurandura ibyatsi byameze mu myaka.
Kuganza: Gutsinda, gutera ubwoba, gutinywa, kubahwa kubera isumbwe urusha
abandi.
kugera kure cyane).
Kugira ngo yibutse ko Mutara II yimye ingoma akiri umwana. Abamutekerezaho
Kugotomera: Kunywa n’ingoga amazi menshi cyangwa ikindi kinyobwa bitewe
n’inyota nshinshi cyangwa umururumba umutu afite.
Kugwa mu kantu: kumirwa ukabura icyo uvuga.
kuko yimye; tumushimire kuko yabaye Umwami.
Kuronka: Kubona ikintu ushaka.
Kurorongotana: Kugenda utazi iyo ujya.
kurwana.
Kuvugira hejuru: gusakuza, kuvuga cyane.
Kuvunjagura: kuvubata (gutamira byinshi kandi ukarya vubavuba).
kuzampaka.
Kuzanzamuka: guhembuka, koroherwa nyuma y’ikibazo runaka cyari cyakuzahaje
nk’indwara, ubukene, inzara n’ibindi.
Kuzibiranya: Kubuza guhumeka.
Kuzigama: gushyira ibintu ku ruhande ugirara ngo uzabikoreshe cyangwa
uzabyirengeze mu minsi mibi
Kuzingama: Gukura nabi kubera imirire mibi.
Kuzuyaza umuntu: kumucanganyikisha mu mutwe, kumubeshya.
Kwandurura imigisha y’abandi bami no gusarura aho bahinze: ibi ni amarenga.
Kwesa imihigo: Kurangiza ibyo wiyemeje gukora mu gihe wihaye.
Kwijana: gukora ikintu ushidikanya, gukora ikintu udashyizeho umwete.
Kwinumira: kutagira icyo uvuga ukicececera.
kwirukana umugore. Aha gusenda imisaka bashaka kuvuga “kuvana abantu mu
Kwisunga abandi: kwegera abandi ngo mugire igikorwa mufatanya gukora.
Kwisungana: Kwifatanya, kwegeranya imbaraga kugira ngo mubashe gukora icyo
umuntu umwe atakwishoboza.
Kwivuga: kuvuga izina ryawe.
Kwiyesura: kwiterera hejuru kubera agahinda ufite.
Kwizimba mu magambo: Kumara umwanya munini uvuga ugatuma abantu
barambirwa.
Kwizimba: Gutinda ahantu cyangwa mu bintu.
Mabarabiri: ni Mibambwe Sekarongoro Mutabazi. Umusizi kumwita Mabara
Maboko atanga atagabanya: birerekana na none ko yagiraga ubuntu. Aha ni
Matungiro: utunze byose (umwami).
Mazina, Maza nyiri amazina yanyu: utuma iminsi iri imbere izaba myiza.
Mazina: uhagarariye umuryango.
Mazuba: ni Mutaga III Sebitungwa. Harimo kuzimiza.
mbacisha bugufi.
Mbasenge: gusenga hano bivuga gusingiza.
Mbasobanure murasigiye: mbashyire mwese ku murongo umwe, murareshya.
Mbogoye: biva ku kubogora bivuga kunamura. Yabogoye Igihugu,
Mibambwe Sekarongoro Gisanura kubera ko ngo yagiraga ubuntu.
Mihayo y’ingoma: igisingizo k’ingoma.
Mpangarijekure: guhangaza ni ugutegereza igihe kirekire.
Mpumurize na Nyamarembo: na Nyamarembo muhe ituze ihumure.
Mu bitwa bya Muhima: mu mpinga ya Muhima (hafi ya Save).
Mu bo nasiga: mu bo nsingiza mu bisigo.
Mu Bugote: mu Mazinga.
Mu Byaguka: ni i Gisanze ho mu Karere ka Huye aho nyina wa Mutara II Rwogera
mu kirenge cya Ruganzu.
Mu mirinzi ya Cyarubazi: mu miko ya Rwamiko.
Mu mirinzi ya Kinyoni: mu mana (mu miko) ya Kinyoni (iwabo w’Abega na
Mu murongo uje: mu gitero kigeraga kwaduka.
Mu Musandura: mu Bwiyando hafi ya Kinyambi ho mu Karere ka Kamonyi.
Mu Ntaho ndende: i Muremure.
Mucana umuriro utazima: umuryango wanyu urakomeye, uhora wiyuzukuruza
Mucurwa n’inyundo ziramye: mubyarwa n’ibihangange.
Mucuzi: yari inyundo y’ibwami yacuze intwaro ze ntayihemukira.
Mudahakana: umuntu ugira ubuntu, ukunda gutanga.
Mudasobwa: umuntu utagira amazinda, utibagirwa, utibeshya.
Mugabo mu nka nyirazo azirimo: aya magambo ni amarenga ashaka kuvuga
Mugasanura iyi miryango: mukagura, mukongera iyi miryango.
Muhanuzi: umuntu uzi gushishoza akareba neza imigendekere y’ibintu.
Muhe urubanza: muhe ijambo.
Muhimbye imiriri: nimuhanike ibisingizo.
Muhishwambuto: umuntu mubi wangiza abana ukwiye kubahungishwa.
Muhongerwa: aha si izina bwite, ni izina risingiza Cyilima rivuga ko akwiye
Muhumuza: uwatanze amahoro, ihumure.
Mumuhaye (ubugabo): murate ubutwari bwe. Mu mbundo ni “guhaya.”
Mumuhigure ingoma: mumugororere kuba umwami.
Mumvune: mumfashe, munduhure.
Munozandagano: iri ni ijambo ry’inyunge, kunoza: gutunganya, indagano:
umugambi; umurage. Munozandagano bivuga utunganya, ukurikiza umurage
w’iwabo.
Munyagampenzi: uwanyaze impenzi.
Murerampabe: urera, ufata neza abari baragize ibyago. Ibi bishobora kuba
Muri abagabe b’i Bukomasinde na Busakarirwa: muri abana b’i Bweramvura
Muri abaremere b’i Tanda: ibihangange by’i Tanda (ruguru ya Muhazi).
Muri iki gisigo ni Ndoli uvuye mu Gihugu akajya i Karagwe. Umusizi aranga
Muri inzungu za Bwima: muri imana z’i Bwima.
Mutambisha batimbo: utuma abavuza ingoma bishima, bazivuza bishimye.
Mutandi: umurashi urasira imoso.
mutanga ibyiru (impongano, ibihano).
Mutazimbwa: kuzimbwa ni ukurushwa n’undi mu bikorwa.
Mutima w’urugo: Ijambo ry’icyubahiro rivuga umugore usobanukiwe neza
n’ibijyane no kubaka urugo.
Mutimbuzi nyiri i Ntora: (Gisozi yo mu Karere ka Ruhango yahoze yitwa
Mutoramakungu: wishyiriraga mu itorero, witoreraga urubyiruko rw’inkubanyi,
Muvugirize imirenge: muvuze imirishyo irengera ikagera kure (yumvikana
Muzigirwa: uwo abantu bafiteho ikizere, amahirwe.
Muzira icyangwe mu minwe: nta mwete muke mujya mugira mu mikorere.
Mwagagaze: mukube amahugu.
Mwambereye igisaga: narabitegereje nsanga mufite ubwiza buhebuje.
Mwameze ibiganza bitatugwabiza: mufite amaboko adutunze.
n’aho indoro itukuye.
na Bumbogo. Harimo kuzimiza by’umusizi. Aho imvura igwa cyane (bakoma /
Nabyukire: kubyukira bivugwa ubundi ku nka ziva mu rugo, mu gitondo cya
Nabyukuruka: nagaruka, nahindukira.
Nacuriye amahari: nateze n’amahari nagiye impaka n’ababarwanya turatega,
narabacecekesheje.
Ndahiro aruhira: aritanga.
neza kuri Yuhi biributsa ko ari Umwami w’igicaniro, ubwo akaba na we ari
neza).
Ngabo: ni Mutara Semugeshi basingiza bamwita ingabo iyi bakinga bari
ni ingoma, ingoma isa n’ipfutse (ni umuzimizo w’abasizi). Biravuga rero ko
ni ryo rivubura imvura; ni nk’aho rifite imigezi.
Ni uruharo rwambereye ikibuza: guhinga ni byo byambujije kuza.
Nicariye inkoni: niyicariye ku nkoni nk’umushumba uragiye.
Nihanure amahanga: nshirikire ikinyoma ibihugu by’amahanga.
Nimugarishye mwaraganje: nimugabe amashami hose mwaratsinze.
Nimumburane: ndi uwanyu nimumbuze kugira ibindi mpugiramo bitari ibyo
Nimumuhe rugari: nimumuhe urubuga.
nk’aho bavuze ko atanga atitangiriye itama.
nk’umuntu urwana n’abantu batatu cyangwa babiri kandi mu maboko maze
nk’umwami w’inka kimwe na Cyilima na Mutara.
Nkomere nkomereho: nkome akamu nuzurize.
Nkomyurume: umuzindutsi, utagira ubute utaryamira, utiganda.
Nkovu imbere: ni ukuvuga ko yasigaranye inkovu mu ruhanga. Ni ukuvuga
Nkozurugendo: Mutabazi.
Nsana: biva ku nshinga “gusana” bivuga gusubiranya ibyari byasenyutse. Nsana
Nshe abami urubanza: mbabwire uko impaka z’abami zimeze, aho zizagarukira.
nshinzwe (gusiga).
Nsibura Nyebunga.
Nsoro: umusizi aributsa ko Rwogera yahoze yitwa Nsoro.
Nta byikamize urakimana: ibyikamize bivuga umwaga w’inka yanga gukamwa.
Ntawacaniye: yabamazeho inka.
Ntigukura: Ntikugarura, ntigukiza.
Ntitugira umuvuro: nta hagarikamutima dufite kuko dushyigikiwe.
Ntiwandobanuye mu b’inyuma: ntiwanshyize mu b’inyuma.
ntizinyagwe (n’ Abanyoro).
Ntiziranze: kuranza ni ukuranga (kumanika) ibisabo kuko nta mata bafite yo
Ntizirava inyuma: ziracyaza, ni inka akomeza kunyaga.
Ntora).
ntoya cyane itaratangira kurisha. Umusizi akoresha ijambo “muto”; “umutavu.”
nubwo Gahindiro yari akiri umwana muto.
Ny’ebisu by’emisango: iyi ni imvugo ya kera cyane bita urunya Cyilima. Aha
Nyabuzima: inkingi y’ubuzima, uwatanze ubuzima. Biributsa ko yavanyeho
Nyabwire rwose ntazampaka: nyabwire nta cyo nsize inyuma ntateze
Nyamashinga: amashinga ni imipaka, imbibi, yashinze imipaka ihamye.
Nyamuhanza: i Runda rwa Kajara mu Ndorwa. Umurwa wa Kigeli III Ndabarasa.
Nyemazi: umuntu wagize akamaro.
Nyina amuzanaho mpiri: nyina (Nyirakarinda) amuzana ari imbohe.
nyirakuru w’utuwe igisigo (Mutara II Rwogera). Na we yategetse kigabo mu
Nyiramongi ari we wategekaga Igihugu kuko Rwogera yari akiri umwana.
Nyiratunga: ni Nyirayuhi IV Nyiratunga nyina wa Yuhi IV Gahindiro akaba
Nyiri ibizinzo by’inka: uzi gukenura inka (kuzifata neza).
Nyiri Ikinguge: ni ukuvuga se wa Kigeli cya Nyanguge. Nyanguge ni umugore
Nyiri imbuga mu mbone: ufite inkovu mu ruhanga (ni nk’intoboro).
Nyiri inkoni za Rusugi na Rusanga: uhagarikiye Rusugi na Rusanga (imfizi
Nyiri inyumba: umutegeka w’ingoro (inzu y’umwami).
Nyiri ishya ry’inka n’ingoma: uwatumye habaho ihirwe ry’inka n’ingoma
Nyiri u Buzi: umutegeka w’u Buzi (agahugu ko mu Buhunde mu majyaruguru
Nyiri uburezi: uwavutse neza agahabwa impano nziza.
Nyunga ya Ruganzu: umuzungura wa Ruganzu; uwunganiye Ruganzu uwateye
Nzi ko barindiye ku busa: nzi ko nta ho bashingiye, bahagaze ku busa.
Nzi ko mutazacibwa inka: nzi ko mudateze gutsindwa n’amahanga ngo bitume
Nzogera: wambaye imidende igenda ivuga nk’amayugi. Byari ikimenyetso
Nzogoma: umuterabwoba.
Pariki: agace k’igihugu karimo amashyamba kaharirwe inyamaswa zo mu gasozi
kugira ngo zidacika burundu.
Raboratwari:inzu bapimiramo indwara z’abantu, iz’amatungo cyangwa ikorerwamo
ubushakashatsi bunyuranye hifashishijwe ibikoresho byabugenewe.
rimwe (zihora zikamwa.
rimwe ni iryo asanganywe ry’umubiri we irindi ni iry’amaraso yavuye.
Rubyukirangoma: uzima ingoma, uzaba Umwaminyuma (Ni Ruganzu II Ndoli).
Rubyutsa: umusizi w’i Burundi.
Rugababihumbi: utanga inka nyinshi zitagira umubare.
Rugabishabirenge: utanga imisozi n’ubundi bukire. Ni izina bari barahimbye
Ruganzu Bicuba ni uko yatumye inka zigaruka nyuma y’iminyago yatewe na
Rugasira: umudatsindwa.
Rugina: kimwe mu bibindi by’ubuki magana abiri abiru b’umuganura bajyanaga
ibwami.
Ruhakamiryango: umutegeka w’ibihugu.
Ruhonga: umuntu utemera guhonga, guhendahenda umuntu ugira ngo agwe
Ruhugukira mbere: uwo indagu zitayeho cyane. Ni ukuvuga ko kugira ngo abe
Ruhungurabirwa: uwigaruriye ibirwa byose.
Rukwizabisiza: uwatumiye inka ziba nyinshi mu Gihugu zigakwira ibisiza.
rurwana nk’inka z’inkungu.
Rusagurirandekezi: uhaza inka zishoka: Indekezi ni inka zishoka amariba
Rusumbamitwe: umuntu w’intwari usumba (urusha) abandi mu ntambara.
Rutsinda: umutsinzi uwaduhaye gutsinda.
Rutukuzandoro: umusizi amwita atya kuko yavuye amaraso mu ruhanga agasa
Ruziga: umuntu ufite umubiri mwiza, umuntu ufite ubwiza bw’umubiri. Si
Rwarasanaga mu nka za se: urwaniriye inka za se akazihagararamo
Rwasiye: kwasira ni ugutunga umudende w’uko yishe abanyamahanga
Rwezamariba: kweza iriba ni ukurigira neza kugira ngo nibadahiramo amazi
Rwinkindi: intore yambaye neza, iberewe n’ingabo.
Rwirabanzarwe: uwisize ibyondo ku mabuga akabyisigira aho inka zishoka.
rwo mu gahanga. (Inkoni zimurema uruguma mu gahanga).
Rwoga yanyazwe na Nsibura Nyebunga.
Rwuhanyanzira: umuntu ugenda yihuta. Umuntu ugenda yuhanya ni ugenda
Samukondo ni Nsoro I Samukondo sekuru wa Cyilima I Rugwe.
Samukuru wa Samukondo: igihangange gikomoka kuri Samukondo. Uyu
Sango: Buhungiro; umuntu ukenewe abandi bisunga.
se akiriho.
Serukiramapfa: uwatsinze inzara.
Shebuja wa Nyamiringa: umutware w’Urusengo bitaga Nyamiringa cyari
Shoza yuhire: uhamagaza inka ngo azuhire zishire inyota. Gushoza inka ni
Sinagaye umutungo wawe: sinabujijwe kuza n’uko utabona icyo umpaho
Sinatendwa mu mbare: sinahinyuka. Mu mubare w’abasizi (abazi kureba kure
Sinijanye: sinashidikanyije.
So wawe: ari we so.
Sohoringoma: uwakundaga kuvugirizwa ingoma.
tugirana intego.
Ubakobwa b’amasugi: Abakobwa bafite ababyeyi bombi.
Ubu Rukanira ntungirire urukara: ubu rero nyiri ukuri ntundakarire.
ubugugu na busa.
Ubukangurambaga: igikorwa cyo gushishikariza abantu benshi kwitabira ikintu
runaka.
Ubukangurambaga: Inyigisho ku kintu runaka zihabwa abantu benshi ku buryo
buhoraho.
Ubukombe: Umugabo cyangwa imfizi bikuze kandi bihamye.
Ubukundwakare: Kuba yubashywe birengeje.
ubumara bw’inzoka.
Ubushami: amaboko. (ubuhangange).
Ubushongore: ishema.
Ubutayu: - Ahantu hataba amashyamba cyangwa ibindi bimera ngo bihakingirize;
hagizwe n’amabuye n’umucanga. Ubutayu kandi ni ahantu hadatuwe kuko
ubuzima buba budashoboka.
Ubutazadushira: ku buryo bitazatuvamo, tutazabyibagirwa.
ubutegetsi.
ubutegetsi.
Ubwehe: Impamvu y’ibanze, intandaro y’ibyago, umutima wuje ubugwanabi,
icyago kirimbura ibintu.
Ubwo akangiye icyanya: igihe atungutse mu cyanya (ishyamba).
Ugumye uvunye unyumve: ukomeze umpe akanya unyumve. Kuvunya ni
Ukaba uhotoye uruti: ukaba uhangaye, ukomeye.
Ukiri umutavu: ukiri muto, umwana. Umutavu bivuga ubundi inyana ikiri
ukomeye.
ukuzihamagaza ngo zisange iriba zinywe.
ukwinjiza umuntu cyangwa se kumuha ijambo. Kuvunya bibyara kuvunyisha.
Umuci w’inkamba: uvana abantu mo ubwigomeke.
Umuci w’inzigo: uwaduhoreye.
Umugabekazi waduhekeye: ni Nyiramavugo II Nyiramongi nyina wa Mutara
Umuganda akawigiza mu rumira: akubaka mu mazi rwagati ( ni ku Ijwi kuko
Umuganura: umuhango wo kurya no kunywa ku musaruro bwa mbere. Kera wari
umuhango wo kurya umwaka mushya w’amasaka n’uburo, umwami akaba ari we
wagombaga kuganuzwa bwa mbere.
Umugombozi: umuzungura, umusimbura. Kugombora ni ugusimbura si ugukiza
Umuhangura bashonji: ugoboka abashonji.
Umuhozi: uwahoye (guhora) abanzi.
Umukomeza w’inkuna: uwateraga imbaraga, uwari inkingi y’abamwitangiye,
Umunyabutatu: uwambaye urubindo. Wari umwambaro w’Abashi. Kari akantu
Umunyamashyengo: Umuntu ukunda gusetsa cyane .
Umunyarukano: umuntu ushinzwe gutanga ikoro iri n’iri ryo gushimira (we
Umunyotwe: umuriro umeze nk’ivu.
Umuranga: umuntu w’inyangamugayo, w’inararibonye watorwaga n’umuryango
w’umusore akajya kubafatira amakuru mu muryango ufite umukobwa ukwiye
gusabirwa uwo musore.
Umuranzi: inyama batara hanyuma bakazibika.
Umurasanira w’ingoma: urasanira (urwanira) ingoma.
Umurorano: amasaka azavamo umutsima.
Umutanguha: indahemuka.
Umutsobe: bumwe mu mako yo mu Rwanda. Amateka y’uruhererekane avuga ko
avuga ko bakomoka kuri Rutsobe rwa Gihanga.
umutungo.
Umuzahura: kuzahura ni ukondora, ukuvura, ugukiza. Ibyo yasanze
Umuzimura: uwagaruye, uwacyamuye, yagaruye ibyari byazimiye.
Umwami abashinzwe iby’iyimika bamuragurije babishishikariye.
Umwami akakira: umwami akaryamana n’umugore.
Umwami akarora: umwami akarya.
Umwami yigaruriye igihugu ni uruharo aba atuye.
Umwigire: biva ku nshinga “kujya”; ni uwigiriyeyo ubwe, nta bandi atumye.
Umwogabyano ahaye Rwogera: igihe Nyiratunga/Nyiramavugo yeguriye Rwogera
Umwuma: inyota y’ikirenga imarwa no kunywa amazi afutse.
Ungurishije: waba unzimije.
Urabahungure ubuhake: bafate bupfubyi ubagire ingabo zawe.
Uri Biyamiza mu nzoza: uri amizero y’ibihe biri imbere.
urubyiruko rw’abakubanyi (abarwanyi).
Uruhamo rw’umuryango: Hejuru y’umuryango ugana ku gisenge.
Uruhanga ruharaze imvi: umutwe urimo imvi.
Uruharo: ubundi bivuga umubyizi, aha bivuga amahugu abami bigaruriye. Uko
Urujya n’uruza: Ibintu byinshi, abantu cyangwa inyamaswa bigenda binyuranamo
cyangwa bigenda bigaruka.
Urushingo: ikibaru cy’umuko bashingagamo urushingati bakarukaragiramo
babigiranye imbaraga, bakabibyaza umuriro.
Urusika rw’umugendo: urusika abantu batari bene urugo batari bemerewe kurenga
ngo bakomeze mu nzu.
Urusika: wari umwanya utandukanya ibice bitandukanye byo mu nzu ya
Kinyarwanda. Kuri ubu ni urukuta rutandukanya ibyumba by’inzu.
Urutoto: Igitugu yabategekeshaga.
Urutsike: muri iki gisigo bivuga uruhanga; ubundi bivuga agatsiko k’amoya yo
Urutsizo: ubundi bivuga icyuhagiro bakoresha mu mihango y’imandwa. Babaga
Uruturuturu: Umuseso, mu gitondo kare.
Uruyundo: umwanya w’umubiri (ku mugabo) ubyara, umusizi arifuriza abami
Utari mu mugongo: utari mu mihango y’abagore/abakobwa.
Uturuka: utangirira.
Uturukijwe: biva ku nshinga guturutsa bivuga kubiba amasaka y’amaka ubwa
mbere.
Utwangushye: Ibintu bike ariko by’ingira kamaro
uvugwa ni Yuhi IV Gahindiro.
Uwatanyaga: uwicaga (gutanya). Si ukwatanya.
Uzagabe nka Gisanura: uzagabe imisozi unyaze abandi bami nk’uko Gisanura
w’ibihubi. Iyo bawuvuza ingoma zose zisukira (zivugira) rimwe.
w’ikirenga.
wa Cyilima I Rugwe akaba nyina wa Kigeli I Mukobanya.
Wa Misaya: wa Matama nyina wa Yuhi Gahima yitwaga Matama.
Wa mwami wo mu makungu: wa mwami wari mu rubyiruko rutyaye,
Wari uhanze: wari warigize akataraboneka.
Winkeka ubutati: ntunkekeho ubugambanyi.
Winyita impezi: ntuvuge ko naheze, natinze.
y’abemeye kumwitangira, kumwihambiraho batarambirwa.
y’Ikiyaga cya Kivu. Uwo mutegetsi ni Karinda wishwe ku bwa Gahindiro.
y’ubwami.
y’umutware).
Ya Rusenge: y’i Bugamba.
Yabateyemo umukenya: yabahuyemo urupfu rubakenya (rubica bakiri bato).
yabigenjeje.
Yagomoroje imihana: ingoma yemeje andi mahanga, maze ikayategeka.
yahawe n’lmana.
Yakandagiye Nyiri i Nkoma: yishe umwami w’i Nkoma. (Ni Ntare III Kivimira).
yarabyondoye arabizamura.
yaracyunamuye.
Yarakwigeze: yaguhaye kuba intwari nka we ntuzamutenguhe.
yarasendereye (yabaye myinshi cyane).
Yarayihunze: biva ku nshinga “guhunda” ivuga gutaka ingoma yabo yayitatse
Yarwaniye Nyamurunga: Yarwaniye ingoma Rwoga.
yatabaruye ingoma.
yavukiye. Kwagura no gusanzura bivuga kimwe.
Yayanganiye n’amahari: yarwanyije abashatse na bo kwigira abami. Ibi biributsa
Yaziziburiye imoko: yatumye inka zikamwa.
Yica ingome: yica ingabo zigomye, ingabo z’amahanga zitayoboka.
yihuta cyane.
Yinikize inka zikamwa ubutaretsa: atangire akame inka zitajya ziteka na
Yuhi abakomye ku ngoma: Yuhi abavanye ku ngoma.
Yuhi anshira imihigo: Yuhi IV Gahindiro yemeza ko natsinze arabimpembera.
z’ibwami zo mu mihango).
Zinzazinywe: uhagarikira inka zikanywa neza mu iriba. Kuzinza ni ugufata
zituruka kure.
Imyandiko y’inyongera
Igisigo: Naje kubara inkuru
Naje kubara inkuru
Yaraye i Murori
Kwa Nyiramuyaga na Muhaya
Murorwa yacyuye amahano
5. Za busunzu zirayishoka,
Ikamburwa n’ibihunyira
Ruhangwambone rwa Ruhoramugambo,
Umuswa uranyanitse mu kigunda;
Yapfuye urwa Ruvuzo
10. Yo yigeraga Mfizi ya Makuka
Ikayigerera i Buringeri
Yacitse nka Mushunguzi
Yaguye mu rukubo nk’impabe
Yatsinzwe nka Karihejuru.
15. Naje ntabara impuha
Impundu ziravuga umurenge
Mu mirambi ya Kigali
Ziranamije ku Muturagasani.
Kandi mbara inkuru ntikuke
20. Y’uko wakukiye Mutiri, Mutabazi,
Ugatema ibyaro amajosi.
Ngiyo ya sugi
Irasogombwa amahanga,
Irahinga iz’amakeba,
25. Nkavuga imyasiro,
Wasiye Nyamiringa,
Mirindi ya Rumeza,
Wayambikiye agashungo
Iyo ngoma yawe.
30. Nimuyihe rugari
Yibonereho Ruhangwambone
Nyibaze ay’icyo kirara
Kitagira umuraza
Mu mirambi ya Rubaho
35. Cyaroye kikica umukenya
Kitaramara kabiri
Kimbwire undi waryiswe iryo zina,
akazisazira nyuma.
Na ndetse we Ruhangwambone
40. Rwa Ruhuzambone
Uba udateze amarengero
Ugacurisha imihoro?
Nimuyihe rugari,
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
45. Nyibaze; ko amazina yari menshi,
Mu kurora ukisunga iriheze
Rya Ruhararaburozi rwa Mpinga?
Yo mu guha impaka uwatwambuye Yuhi,
Imvano yava kuki?
50. Ntizi ko Rugaju
Ari we waduteye imbeho n’isuri.
Maze tugasanganwa Imana
Ibura mwabo ikabona twebwe?
Iyacu ni Rubanguka
55. Rwacyamuye ibihugu
Ni we “Rugira” wahonokaga mu Buhinda.
Nanone niberwe
Ayigire intindo,
60. Ayitegeke nka Rwuma
Maze ive mu rweguriro zirishe
Niremba ayigire insezo,
Ayisenyere ijabiro ijabo rishire.
Izaze akuya kayirenze
65. Yicuza ayo yakoze,
Ikungagizwa mu myiri bayinyaze!
Nimuyihe rugari,
Yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Izaza yumva amatare
70. ayivuga mu mutwe
Mu mpinga ya Butare
Amatwi yazibiranye mu minyago,
Mutukura itekanye na Mukeshajabiro,
Nimuyihe rugari,
75. Yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Izaza ishorejwe amacumu
Mu mpinga ya Gatsibo;
Amacumu yabaye inkwaruro
Maze ishime ko itagira
80. I Bwangaguhuma kwa Gahaya:
Ubwo yisunze izina ritagira amarengero
Amajyo azayibera amabuye.
Nimuyihe rugari,
Yibonereho Ruhangwambone Rwa Ruhuzambone
Uba udateze amarengero
Ugacurisha imihoro?
Nimuyihe rugari,
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
45. Nyibaze; ko amazina yari menshi,
Mu kurora ukisunga iriheze
Rya Ruhararaburozi rwa Mpinga?
Yo mu guha impaka uwatwambuye Yuhi,
Imvano yava kuki?
50. Ntizi ko Rugaju
Ari we waduteye imbeho n’isuri.
Maze tugasanganwa Imana
Ibura mwabo ikabona twebwe?
Iyacu ni Rubanguka
55. Rwacyamuye ibihugu
Ni we “Rugira” wahonokaga mu Buhinda.
Na none niberwe
Ayigire intindo,
60. Ayitegeke nka Rwuma
Maze ive mu rweguriro zirishe
Niremba ayigire insezo,
Ayisenyere ijabiro ijabo rishire.
Izaze akuya kayirenze
65. Yicuza ayo yakoze,
Ikungagizwa mu myiri bayinyaze!
Nimuyihe rugari,
Yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Izaza yumva amatare
70. ayivuga mu mutwe
Mu mpinga ya Butare
Amatwi yazibiranye mu minyago,
Mutukura itekanye na Mukeshajabiro,
Nimuyihe rugari,
75. Yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Izaza ishorejwe amacumu
Mu mpinga ya Gatsibo;
Amacumu yabaye inkwaruro
Maze ishime ko itagira
80. I Bwangaguhuma kwa Gahaya:
Ubwo yisunze izina ritagira amarengero
Amajyo azayibera amabuye.
Nimuyihe rugari,
Yibonereho Ruhangwambone
Izaza yumva insengo
Zivuga iwacu mu ngoro
umuryasenge uyirya
Yabuze amaboko
Yo kwishima mu gihumbi;
90. Izaba yayakonje Mutukura,
Yayageretse ku ya Mutaga w’i Nkanda!
Ruhangwambone nimuyihebe
Nta nkandagiro izeye!
Nimuyihe rugari,
95. Yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye
Ku y’i Butemabuto kwa Mataremato
Yaje gutegura ino
Matungo ayigira intindo?
100. Nimuyihe Rugari,
Yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye
Ku y’i Buvuganyanzara kwa Kivugabagore
Yahanzwe no kuvuga rimwe
105. Akarimi kayo kagwa mu matsa?
Uzarebe aho izingiye Mizinge:
Ntikizirikana ay’imusozi.
Mba ndi ishami ryabyaye Nyirarugaju?
Nimuyihe rugari,
110. Yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye
“ Ku y’i Busobanyamakaraza”
Iri ni ishavu ringana aya mazi
Rikayirara mu muroha
115. Yarahebye n’abayiyagira
Ngo bayihe ubuhura!
Igumye iganye na Ntenga
Bateze inyenga. Rero simbeshya
120. Ni ko ntanga abagabo benshi ba Mikore:
Rukabuza arumva na Myambi.
Sinzakaraba no kwa Rujyo:
Makomere arabizi na Makuka,
125. Na Rukaniramiheto;
Simbeshya: uzahagira ku rw’i Bumpaka
uzatwika ari umugero
Rugina ikarwubika
Rugahinduka umugina.
Bifatiye ku byavuye mu gitabo k’Ikinyarwanda, umwaka wa Gatandatu, 2008 urup.46-4
Bene izi modoka zizwi nka “cable cars” ni zo Leta irimo gutekereza kuzana mu
Rwanda
Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu mu migi cyanecyane mu Mujyi wa Kigali hifashishijwe
utumodoka tugenda ku migozi, bushobora gukoreshwa mu Rwanda mu gihe kiri
imbere.
Minisiteri y’Ibikorwa Remezo (MININFRA) iravuga ko ubwo buryo burimo
gutekerezwaho mu rwego rwo guca umuvundo no kugabanya igiciro k’ingendo.
Umuyobozi w’ishami rishinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu muri MININFRA avuga ko
ubu buryo butagoye kubugeraho kuko ari bizinesi izajya yinjiriza abazashoramo
imari.
Umuyobozi ubishinzwe yabwiye Imvaho Nshya ko “Cable Cars” zigendera ku
nsiga zikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi, ati: “Imbanzirizamushinga y’utu tumodoka
yatekerejweho.” Yakomeje agira ati: “Turashaka ko ubwo bari gusubiramo
igishushanyo mbonera cy’Umujyi wa Kigali, bashyiraho n’imirongo izo ‘cable cars’
zizanyuramo. Duteganya ko icyo gishushanyo kizabyerekana, hanerekanwe uburyo
abantu bagenda batiriwe babyigana mu muhanda.”
Uwo muyobozi avuga ko izi modoka zikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu bijyanye
n’ubukerarugendo ariko ngo zinakoreshwa no mu gutwara abantu mu buryo bwa
rusange. “Cable Cars” ni imodoka zikoreshwa cyane mu bihugu nk’u Busuwisi,
Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika n’ahandi. Ati: “Ikiza cyabyo ni bizinesi ikorwa
n’abashoramari ku giti cyabo bitabaye ngombwa ko Leta ishyiramo amafaranga,
bityo na bo baba bunguka.”
Kuba ngo izo modoka zidakoresha risansi cyangwa mazutu ahubwo zikoresha
umurimo muke w’amashanyarazi ngo bizatuma nta muntu utazabasha kwigondera
ibiciro byazo.
Umuyobozi w’ishami rishinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu muri MININFRA avuga
ko hari abashoramari batangiye kwegera Leta bashaka gushora imari muri utwo
tumodoka.
“Cable Cars” zitegerejweho gutanga umusanzu mu gukemura ikibazo cy’ubwikorezi
gisanzwe kivugwa mu mugi wa Kigali, aho abagenzi bagorwa no kubona imodoka.
Umwe mu bakozi ukorera mu mugi rwagati ataha ku Kimironko avuga ko agifite
ikibazo cyo kumara umwanya munini ategereje imodoka.
Kubona imodoka biragorana, n’aho ibonekeye igatinda mu nzira kubera umubyigano
ukunze kubaho cyanecyane mu masaha y’umugoroba na mu gitondo.
Yanditswe na MUKAGAHIZI ROSE/ Imvaho Nshya yo ku wa 09-10-2018