General
4 Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
4.1. Uburinganire n’ ubwuzuzanye mu mirimoyo mu rugo
Sugira ni umuhungu umwe uvukana na mushiki we Mahoro. Sugira
yiga ibijyanye n’imyuga ariko akiga ataha mu rugo. Ku ishuri agerayo
saa moya n’igice, amasomo agatangira saa moya na mirongo ine
n’itanu; bagataha saa kenda na mirongo ine n’itanu. Iyo ageze mu rugo
afasha nyina imirimo yo mu rugo nko koza amasahani, guteka ibyanimugoroba, gukora isuku akoropa inzu, akubura, n’ibindi.
Afite se badahuje imyumvire ku bijyanye n’imirimo yo mu rugo. Aba
abwira umuhungu we ati: “Ubundi nta muhungu uteka ngo akubure. Iyo
ni imirimo y’abagore n’abakobwa. Nunayikora jya wihisha, ntugakubure
bakubona, ntugateke bakubona; abakobwa batazakubenga. Umugabo
yitekera iyo yapfakaye atarashaka undi mugore, cyangwa se
yarasuhukiye ahandi guhahira urugo.” Nyina wa Sugira yari yabumvise.
Nuko aramubwira ati: “Ubwo urashaka kungandishiriza umwana;
imirimo nta we yishe, ubwiza bw’umusore ni imbaraga ze. Ko uvuze se
ko umugabo yashoboraga kwitekera, yateka ate atarabyitoje mbere?”
Nuko se arasubiza ati: “Ahubwo wowe urashaka kumugira ikigoryi.
Nta muhungu wo guteka ngo akubure.”
Nyamara Sugira we arababwira ati: “Mwembi ndabumva nimureke
kwirushya. Kera koko ni ko byahoze, ariko ibintu bigenda bihinduka.
Ubu umuntu atize gukora imirimo yose nta cyo yageraho. Kandi
umugore n’umugabo badafatanyije nta kintu bageraho. Nk’uko kera
nta muhungu wakuburaga, ni na ko nta mukobwa wubakaga, ariko ubu
urebye abo twigana mu myuga ni benshi rwose kandi barubaka kimwenatwe. None se ko Karegeya yize guteka akaba ari ko kazi akora muri hoteri,
ntibimutunze kandi ntabayeho neza kurusha abantu benshi? Ahubwo
mushiki wange atinze kuhagera ngo twungurane ibitekerezo ku buryo
tuzajya dufatanya mu mirimo yose.”
Ntibyatinze rero Mahoro agera mu rugo aje mu biruhuko. Nuko abanza
kuganira n’ababyeyi be na musaza we, ababwira amakuru yo ku ishuri
na bo bamubwira ayabo.
Umugoroba ugeze, Mahoro na Sugira baraganira, bumvikana ko bagiye
kujya bafatanya imirimo yose yo mu rugo maze bagahinga, bagatera
intabire, bagakora isuku mu rugo n’ibindi.
Ntibyatinze uburyo bafatanyaga mu mirimo yose bugaragaza
umusaruro. Iwabo hahoraga isuku kurusha mu ngo zose baturanye.
Barahingaga barangiza bagatera intabire, hanyuma bakabona igihe
cyo gusoma ibitabo no guhugurana mu byo biga.
Ibyo byatumye bakundana, maze abana bose babareberaho, bigana
urugero rwabo. Se wabanje kutabyumva kubera ko yari agitsimbaraye
ku bya kera, yageze aho arabashima, maze na we atangira kujya
afasha nyina mu mirimo itandukanye yo mu rugo. Abishyize hamwe
ntakibananira.I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Musobanure aya magambo:
1. Intabire 3. Amahoteri
2. Kugandisha 4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Mwubake interuro ziboneye zikoreshejwemo aya magambo
ku buryo mwumvikanisha ko mwumva icyo asobanura.
1. Intabire 3. Amahoteri2. Kugandisha 4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko
Nimusubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Ni ba nde bavugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Ni iyihe mirimo yo mu rugo ivugwa mu mwandiko?
3. Mahoro yiga iki?
4. Sugira arashima iki umwuga wo gukora ibijyanye n’amahoteri?
5. Ni iyihe myitwarire ya Sugira wamushimira?
6. Ni iyihe myitwarire igayitse y’ umugabo ivugwa mu mwandiko?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo:
1. Ni iki kivugwa muri rusange muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku byavuzwe mu
mwandiko
Mwungurane ibitekerezo kuri iki kibazo:
Muhereye ku myitwarire ya se wa Sugira mubona ari izihe
ngaruka byatera mu muryango?
V. Guhanga bandika.
Subiza iki kibazo:
Komeza iyi nkuru werekane irindi herezo iyo uyu mugabo
atisubiraho4.2. Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu mashuri.
Mu Rwanda ndetse no ku isi yose, uburere bw’umwana w’umukobwa
bwitaweho, kugira ngo barusheho kumuteza imbere kuko usanga mu
mateka yaragiye atitabwaho bihagije.
Impamvu zatumaga abakobwa batigishwa nka basaza babo, ni uko
babanje gufatwa nk’abantu bagenewe gushaka no kubyara, kandi
bagafatwa nk’abafite ubushobozi buke mu bijyanye n’imyigire.
Mu gihe batangiye kwiga na bwo, ahenshi bakunze kwigishwa amasomo
ajyanye no gukora imirimo yoroheje.Kuri ubu abakobwa bagomba kwiga kimwe n’abahungu, bagahabwa
iby’ibanze bibafasha kwiga neza kimwe na basaza babo.
Mu bintu byakundaga gutera abakobwa ipfunwe bari ku ishuri ni
iyo babaga bagiye mu mihango. Abenshi basibaga ishuri ndetse
bakamara iminsi myinshi. Abandi bajyaga bamwazwa na basaza babo
ugasanga babavugiriza induru. Nyamara ibyo ntibikiriho. Abakobwa
bashyiriweho uburyo bwo kwisukurira ku ishuri mu gihe bagiye mu
mihango, bagenerwa icyumba cyabo kirimo ibikoresho bitandukanye
bakenera muri icyo gihe.
Abahungu kandi na bo bagomba kumenya ko kujya mu mihango
kwa bashiki babo atari ikintu kibi. Ahubwo ni ikimenyetso cy’uko
bazaba ababyeyi bakabyara abana nk’uko na bo bavutse. Ababiseka
rero bagomba gufatwa nk’abatabihugukiwe, bagasobanurirwa kandi
bakihanangirizwa ko batagomba gukwena bagenzi babo kubera uko
bavutse.
Abakobwa rero kimwe n’abahungu, bagomba guhabwa amahirwe
angana yo kwiga, kandi buri wese akiga ibihwanye n’ubushobozi bwe,
ntihagire uhezwa mu mashuri aya n’aya.
Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu mashuri ni bwo shingiro ry’amajyambere
nyakuri, atagira uwo aheza.
Nimuze twese tubushyigikire, abana b’abakobwa kimwe n’ab’abahungu
babone amahirwe angana yo kwiga kandi buri wese yige ibyo yumva
bimubereye kandi yiyumvamo.
Nyamara buhorobuhoro, abakobwa na bo bagaragaje ko bashoboyeamasomo y’ubumenyi ndetse n’ay’imyuga.
Kuri ubu abakobwa bagomba kwiga kimwe n’abahungu, bagahabwa
iby’ibanze bibafasha kwiga neza kimwe na basaza babo.
Mu bintu byakundaga gutera abakobwa ipfunwe bari ku ishuri ni
iyo babaga bagiye mu mihango. Abenshi basibaga ishuri ndetse
bakamara iminsi myinshi. Abandi bajyaga bamwazwa na basaza babo
ugasanga babavugiriza induru. Nyamara ibyo ntibikiriho. Abakobwa
bashyiriweho uburyo bwo kwisukurira ku ishuri mu gihe bagiye mu
mihango, bagenerwa icyumba cyabo kirimo ibikoresho bitandukanye
bakenera muri icyo gihe.
Abahungu kandi na bo bagomba kumenya ko kujya mu mihango
kwa bashiki babo atari ikintu kibi. Ahubwo ni ikimenyetso cy’uko
bazaba ababyeyi bakabyara abana nk’uko na bo bavutse. Ababiseka
rero bagomba gufatwa nk’abatabihugukiwe, bagasobanurirwa kandi
bakihanangirizwa ko batagomba gukwena bagenzi babo kubera uko
bavutse.
Abakobwa rero kimwe n’abahungu, bagomba guhabwa amahirwe
angana yo kwiga, kandi buri wese akiga ibihwanye n’ubushobozi bwe,
ntihagire uhezwa mu mashuri aya n’aya.
Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu mashuri ni bwo shingiro ry’amajyambere
nyakuri, atagira uwo aheza.
Nimuze twese tubushyigikire, abana b’abakobwa kimwe n’ab’abahungu
babone amahirwe angana yo kwiga kandi buri wese yige ibyo yumvabimubereye kandi yiyumvamo.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Musobanure aya magambo:
1. Kujya mu mihango
2. Icyumba cy’umukobwa
3. Gukwena4. Ipfunwe
b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Mwubake interuro ziboneye mukoresheje aya magambo
1. Kujya mu mihango
2. Icyumba cy’umukobwa
3. Gukwena
4. Ipfunwe
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Iyi nkuru iravuga kuki?
2. Kera umukobwa yafatwaga ate mu bijyanye no kwiga?
3. Kuki kuri ubu umukobwa ahabwa amahirwe angana
n’ay’umuhungu mu kwiga?
4. Ese kujya mu mihango bikwiye gutera ipfunwe umwana
w’umukobwa? Sobanura.
5. Umwanditsi ararangiza atugira iyihe nama?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibi bibazo:
1. Ni iki wigiye kuri uyu mwandiko?
2. Andika inshamake yawo mu mirongo itarenze icumi.
3. Ni iki kivugwa muri rusange muri uyu mwandiko?
4. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize uyu mwandiko.
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku mwandiko
Mwungurane ibitekerezo kuri iki kibazo:
Uramutse ufite abana babiri umuhungu n’umukobwa hakaboneka
ubushobozi buke bwo kubarihira amashuri wahitamo nde ngo abe
ari we wiga? Garagaza impamvu.
4.3. Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu ngo no mumashuri.
Muri iki gihe, haravugwa cyane ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
hagati y’abana b’ibitsina byombi. Ese bwifashe bute? Abantu bose
babwumva kimwe? Babushyira mu ngiro kimwe? Kera ibintu byari
byifashe bite? Ubu bwo bimeze bite? Ibitekerezo tugiye kwandikaho
biraza bisubiza ibi bibazo kimwe n’ibindi ntarondoye.
Sinatangira kuvuga ku mibanire yacu hagati y’abakobwa n’abahungu,
ntabanje kuvuga icyo numva ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye.
Nagerageje kubaza abantu bakuru icyo uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
ari cyo. Abansobanuriye, bambwiye ko abakobwa mu gihe cyahise
bagiye bakandamizwa, ntibahabwe umwanya mu iterambere kimwe
n’abahungu. Aho rero ni ho haturutse amahame agamije guha umuhungu
n’umukobwa umwanya umwe mu bibera kuri iyi si dutuyeho, bityo bose
bagafatanya kuyubaka ntawukandamije undi.
Mu ngero nyinshi bampaye, numvisemo ko abakobwa kenshi bafatwaga
nk’abadakeneye kwiga, kuko bagomba kwita ku ngo bakaba rero batari
bakeneye kujya mu mashuri. Muri uyu mwandiko, nange nifuje kuvuga
uko mbona ibijyanye n’uburinganire hagati y’abahungu n’abakobwa,
nkurikije ibyo nagiye mbona ku bibera mu ngo no mu mashuri cyangwaibyo nagiye nganiraho na bagenzi bange.
Muri iki gihe rero, uburinganire mbona na bwo butaragerwaho cyane
mu ngo. Abana b’abakobwa baracyavunishwa kuko bafatwa nk’aho ari
bo bagomba kumenya imirimo yo mu rugo nko guteka, gukora isuku,
kumesa imyenda, no kubaha basaza babo.
Nitanzeho urugero, mbere nkiri muto nabonaga akanya ko gukina na
musaza wange, nimugobora tugakorera hamwe imikoro, twarangiza
tukareba tereviziyo ndetse tugataramana n’ababyeyi bacu, nange
nkumva n’ibitekerezo bya data.
Nyamara aho mariye kugera mu mwaka wa gatanu, mama yatangiye
kumbwira ngo ninge njya rimwe na rimwe mu gikoni ndebe uko bateka
kandi nange mbyitoze. Nashatse no gusigana ngo kuki musaza wange
we ataza ngo dufatanye, mama ambwira ko nge nk’umukobwa ngomba
kumenya guteka, kuko nintabimenya urugo ruzananira.
Mama rero, yageze n’aho ajya ambwira ngo ninge mfasha musaza
wange, mumesere imyenda. Namubaza nti: “Ese kuki namumesera
we ntamesere, akambwira ko ngomba kwitoza kubaha umugabo
nzashaka.”
Muri iki gihe iyo umukozi adahari, usanga imirimo yambanye myinshi,
ngateka, nkoza ibyombo n’ibindi. Sinkibona umwanya wo kujya gukina.
Hambere aha bwo nagiye gukina ntashye ntinze hamwe na musaza
wange, mama arantonganya. Yambwiye ko umukobwa agomba gutaha
kare. Ngo gutaha ntinze byazamviramo kwiyandarika.
Musaza wange we usanga yifitiye uturimo duke nko gukoropa mu nzu,
kujya guhaha rimwe na rimwe no gutera ipasi.
N’ubwo mbona akanya ko gukora imikoro kimwe na musaza wange,
umwanya wo kwidagadura mbona tutawuhuje rwose.
Mpereye kuri izi ngero zitandukanye, mbona uburinganire hagati
y’abakobwa n’abahungu butaragerwaho. Umukobwa aracyahabwa
uburere bugamije kumutegurira kuzaba umugore urebwa cyanen’inshingano zo mu rugo kurusha umuhungu. Ni ngombwa ko ababyeyi
bacu bakomeza guhabwa amahugurwa bakumva neza na bo ihame
ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bityo bagahinduka bakajyana n’igihe.
Ni bwo natwe bazabudutoza nk’uko mu ngo zimwe na zimwe babwumva
neza bafata abana babo kimwe bakabaha n’amahirwe angana muri
byose.
Mu mashuri ho mbona bisa n’ibyagezweho, kuko abakobwa bitabwaho,
bagahabwa ibikoresho bibafasha kwisukura nk’igihe bagiye mu mihango
ntibitume basiba ishuri. Imikoro n’indi myitozo yo ku ishuri usanga ihuza
abakobwa n’abahungu, bose bagahabwa umwanya wo kujya imbere
bagatanga ibitekerezo. Uretse wenda abakobwa bamwe usanga
bakomeza kugira amasonisoni, usanga mu mikino yose dushobora
kuyitabira.
Gusa ntitwabura kwemeza na none ko hari imikino usanga abahungu
bashoboye kurusha abakobwa, nk’uw’umupira w’amaguru; abakobwa
na bo bakagira imikino bashoboye kurusha abahungu.
Mu kwanzura rero navuga ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati
y’abahungu n’abakobwa bugenda bugerwaho mu mashuri. Ariko mu
ngo, henshi haracyatangwa uburere butuma umukobwa azakomeza
kuba ari we wenyine ushingwa imirimo yo mu rugo. Twizere ko bizagenda
bihinduka buhorobuhoro uko igihe gihita kikajyana n’imyumvire yacyo
n’uko amajyambere agenda yiyongera.
I. Inyunguramagambo:
a) Musobanure aya magambo:
1. Ntawukandamije undi
2. Baracyavunishwa
3. Gusigana
4. Kwiyandarika
5. Amajyambere
6. Kujya mu mihango
b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Mwubake interuro zikoreshejwemo amagambo zumvikanisha
ko mwumva icyo asobanura.
1. Ntawukandamije undi 2. Baracyavunishwa
3. Kujya mu mihango 4. Gusigana5. Kwiyandarika 6. Amajyambere
c) Vangura amagambo ureme interuro ziboneye.
1. nyakuri, bwo, uburinganire, mu muryango, n’ubwuzuzanye, ni.
2. kubuza, ntawukwiye, w’umukobwa, w’umuhungu, cyangwa,
umwana, kwiga.
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko:
a) Nimusubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu
magambo yanyu bwite
1. Ni gute mu gihe cyo hambere abakobwa bakandamizwaga?
2. Kuki mu gihe cyo hambere abakobwa bafatwaga
nk’abadakeneye kwiga?
3. Garagaza impamvu umwana w’umukobwa akeneye kumva
ibitekerezo bya se?
4. Umukobwa ashatse gusiganya musaza we nyina yamubwiye
ngo iki? Gira icyo ubivugaho.
5. Ni iki kivugwa ko kidindiza uburinganire bw’umwana
w’umukobwa n’uw’umuhungu?
6. Ni iki kigaragaza ko uburinganire bw’umwana w’umukobwa
n’uw’umuhungu bugenda bugerwaho mu mashuri?
b) Subiza ukoresheje yego cyangwa oya. Nyuma usobanure
impamvu ubyemeza cyangwa ubihakana.
1. Umuhungu afite uburenganzira bungana n’ubw’umukobwa.
2.. Uko imyaka ishira ni ko ababyeyi bagenda bumvauburenganzira bw’abana.
III. Gusesengura umwandiko:
Musubize ibi bibazo:
1. Ni ibihe bitekerezo by’ingenzi bivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Uwanditse uyu mwandiko urumva igitekerezo ke ari ikihe?
Yemeza ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bwagezweho cyangwa
agaragaza ko hakiri intambwe igomba guterwa?
3 Ingero atanga wumva zimufasha kutwemeza ko ibyo avuga ari
ukuri?
4. a) Umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu ngo no mu
mashuri” utangira ute?
b) Usozwa ute?
c) Uwahanze uwo mwandiko yifashishije iki kugira ngo
agaragaze ko ibitekerezo atanga ari ukuri?
6. Musome ibikurikira ku ihangamwandiko maze mukore imyitozo
bijyanye.
4.4. Ihangamwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira.
a) Garagaza ibice by’ingenzi bigize uyu mwandiko werekane aho buri
gice gitangirira n’aho kirangirira.
b) Umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu ngo no mu
mashuri” ufite ibika bingahe?
1) Inshoza y’ihangamwandiko
Guhanga umwandiko ni ugutanga ibitekerezo uhitamo uruhande
ubogamiraho ku nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe, wabanje kwiga ikibazo,
ukifashisha ingingo zumvikana kandi zifatika ndetse ziherekejwe n’ingero.
2) Amabwiriza y’ihangamwandiko
Insanganyamatsiko ishobora kuba ijyanye n’iby’umuco, ubukungu,politiki, imibereho y’abaturage, iyobokamana, ubutabera n’ibindi.
Insanganyamatsiko ushobora kuba wayihawe cyangwa wayitekereje
wowe ubwawe. Insanganyamatsiko ni ikintu k’ingenzi kigomba
kwitonderwa, kuko ibyandikwa ni cyo biba bishingiyeho, kandi uburyohe
bw’umwandiko buturuka ku nsanganyamatsiko n’uburyo wayanditse.
N’ubwo buri muhanzi agira inganzo ye mu buryo bwo kuryoshya
igihangano, hari amahame y’ingenzi agomba gukurikizwa kugira ngo
umuntu aboneze igihangano ke. Ayo mahame ni:
1. Gutekereza
Mbere yo kwandika ubanza gutekereza ku nsanganyamatsiko ushaka
kwandikaho, ukayiyumvisha, ukayigira iyawe, cyanecyane iyo ari iyo
wahawe. Kumva ingingo wandikaho bikorwa mu byiciro bibiri:
a) Kuyisoma witonze, ukayisesengura, ushaka inyito z’amagambo
ayigize. Impamvu ni uko ijambo rimwe rishobora kugira inyito
nyinshi.
b) Gushakamo ijambo cyangwa amagambo fatizo yaguha inzira
n’imbibi by’insanganyamatsiko.
.Iyi ntambwe ya mbere ni ingenzi kuko udashobora kubona ibitekerezo utangaku bintu nawe utumva neza.
2. Kwegeranya ingingo (ibitekerezo).
Iyo umaze kumva neza insanganyamatsiko, utangira kwandika ku
rupapuro rwo guteguriraho ibitekerezo. Ukusanya ingero, amagambo
meza yavuzwe n’abandi, ibyawe ubwawe waba uzi, n’ibindi. Biba byiza
iyo insanganyamatsiko wandikaho uyiziho byinshi, kandi ugashingira ku
bintu bifatika.
3. Guhitamo inzira (Guhitamo uruhande ushyigikira)
Mbere yo kwandika ugomba guhitamo imwe mu nzira eshatu zishoboka:
niba igitekerezo gikubiye mu nsanganyamatsiko ari cyo uragishyigikira,
niba atari cyo ukakirwanya, niba ubona nta ho wabogamira ujya
hagati no hagati ugatanga igitekerezo kidafite aho kibogamiye, ariko
gikosora impande zombi: urw’abakirwanya n’urw’abagishyigikiye.
Niba insanganyamatsiko yatanzwe ari ikibazo, ushaka uburyo
wagisubiza uhereye ku ngingo wegeranije.
Hari amoko abiri y’ingingo zigufasha kugera ku bitekerezo biboneye:
– Ingingo zishyigikira ibitekezo byawe cyangwa byatanzwe.
– Ingingo zivuguruza ibyo bitekerezo.
Izo ngingo zombi zigufasha kugera ku bitekerezo biboneye.
Izo ngingo zombi zigufasha kugera ku bitekerezo biboneye.
4. Gukora imbata:
Imbata y’umwandiko igira ibice bitatu by’ingenzi:
a) Intangiriro (iriburiro)
b) Igihimba
c) Umusozo (umwanzuro)
4.1. Intangiriro
Intangiriro y’umwandiko, bayita na none iriburiro.
Muri icyo gice, dushobora gusangamo:
– Ibikubiye mu mwandiko n’inyungu bawutezeho.
– Ibice by’ingenzi bikubiye mu mwandiko wawe.
– Impamvu ugiye kwandika.
Iriburiro rigomba kuba ryujuje ibi bikurikira:
a) Kuba ari rigufi, rifite ireme, riteye amashyushyu, ku buryo
urisomye agira amatsiko yo gusoma ibikurikiyeho.
b) Mu iriburiro, ntugomba kunyura kure cyane; ugomba guhita
umenyesha icyo ugiye kwandikaho.
c) Mu iriburiro, ntugomba guhita werekana uruhande ubogamiyeho
ku nsanganyamatsiko, kuko waba umaze amatsiko abasoma,
ntibakomeze gusoma.
4.2. Igihimba
Ni igice kivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko ku buryo burambuye. Iki gice
kerekana ibitekerezo n’ingingo zinonosora kandi zumvikanisha
uruhande nyir’ukwandika ashyigikiye. Kubera uburebure bw’igihimba,
n’ibitekerezo binyuranye bikigize, iki gice kigenda kigabanywamo ibika.
Ku ntangiriro ya buri gika, hajya ijambo rigihuza n’icyakibanjirije, ku
buryo hagaragaramo uruhererekane rw’ibitekerezo. Ibyo bikorwa
no hagati y’intangiriro n’igihimba, ndetse no hagati y’igihimba
n’umusozo.
Ayo magambo yunga igika n’ikindi ni nka:
– Nk’uko tumaze kubivuga haruguru,
– Nyamara,
– Bitabangamiye ibyo tumaze kuvuga,
– Bityo rero,
– Mu by’ukuri…
Impugukirwa:
a) Inzira wahisemo, ntihita igaragara mu ntangiriro y’igihimba. Ahubwo
igenda iyobora ibitekerezo byawe, yumvikana ku buryo buziguye mu
bitekerezo, mu ngero, mu magambo yavuzwe n’abandi usubiramo…
b) Buri ngingo y’ingenzi, igenda yiharira igika.
c) Hari igihe ikibazo cyagira ibisubizo cyangwa ibitekerezo bibiri. Icyo
gihe ubanza kwigizayo icyo utemera (kugisenya), kitajyanye n’inzira
yawe, hanyuma ukabona gukurikizaho igitekerezo wowe ushyigikiye.
Urugero: Bamwe bavuga ko isi n’ibiyiriho bitaremwe n’Imana.
Nyamara, iyo witegereje ubuhanga byaremanywe… ntiwabura
kuvuga ko ababitekeza batyo bibeshye.
d) Ntukagaruke ku gitekerezo wavuze.
e) Ingingo zigenda zikurikirana ukurikije ingufu, inyurabwenge
n’injyabihe ku buryo ugenda wumvisha umusomyi inzira yawe kandi
uyimwemeza.
4.3. Umusozo
Umusozo ni igice kerekana ku mugaragaro uruhande rw’umwanditsi
ku kibazo cyavuzwe mu iriburiro. Nta ngingo nshya izamo. Iki gice
gishobora gufata intego zikurikira:
– Kwanzura ibitekerezo byawe muri make.
– Gutanga inama iyo ari ngombwa.
5. Kwandika
Kwandika, ntibikorwa umujyo umwe, ndetse iyo ari ngombwa byafata
n’iminsi, kugira ngo ushobore kwandika utuje neza. Nyuma rero usubira
mu byo wateguye, ugakuramo ibitari ngombwa, ibyisubiramo, ibikabya,
ndetse ukongeramo ibyaba bibuzemo. Muri iki gice kandi, ni ho ushakisha
amagambo yabugenewe kandi aryoshye. Byongeye kandi uboneraho
ugakosora amakosa y’imyandikire n’utwatuzo.
Mu mwandiko, ntugatinye gushyiramo ibitekerezo n’ingero bishimishije,
bisekeje, ariko byose bigusha ku byo wiyemeje kwigisha.
Imyitozo:
1) Nimwongere musome umwandiko wahanzwe ku nsanganyamatsiko:
“Uko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye buteye mu ngo no mu mashuri” maze
mugaragaze ibice by’ingenzi biwugize hanyuma mushushanye uko biteye
ku rupapuro.
2) Hanga umwandiko utarengeje ipaji ebyiri kuri iyi nsangamatsiko:
Uko abakobwa n’abahungu bafatanya mu mirimo y’ishuri no mu mikoro
ku ishuri nigaho.
Insanganyamatsiko:
Mu ishuri habonetsemo ababishyigikiye n’abatabishyigikiye. Umwarimu
yasabye ababishyigikiye gushyira urutoki hejuru, maze baba makumyabiri
na babiri ku banyeshuri mirongo ine na batanu twigana.
Ubwo yasabye ababishyigikiye kujya ukwabo abagabanyamo amatsinda
abiri, hanyuma n’abatabishyigikiye bigabanyamo amatsinda abiri, maze
buri tsinda ritegura ibitekerezo byaryo ku mpapuro.Amatsinda yahawe amazina ya A, B, C, D.
Amatsinda A na C yari arimo abashyigikiye ko abahungu bafatirwa ku
manota menshi naho amatsinda B, D arimo abatabishyigikiye. Ijambo
ryagendaga rihabwa umukobwa cyangwa umuhungu wo mu itsinda
A cyangwa C, agakurikirwa n’undi mukobwa wo mu itsinda B/D ngo
ajore ibitekerezo byatanzwe
Umukobwa wo mu itsinda A: Nge rwose nshyigikiye ko abahungu
bafatirwa ku manota menshi kuko bagiye biga kuva kera, bakaba
barize ari benshi ku buryo buhagije kurusha abakobwa. Amateka
arabigaragaza kuko no mu myanya y’ubuyobozi no muri za kaminuza,
abakobwa bari bakiri bake cyane. Iki rero ni cyo gihe cyo kubateza
imbere ngo na bo batange umusanzu wabo mu kubaka u Rwanda.
Umukobwa wo mu itsinda B: Twe mu itsinda ryacu twunguranye
ibitekerezo dusanga biriya rwose atari byo. Niba abakobwa ba kera
barakandamijwe, ibyo byararangiye, ntibyagombye kudukurikirana.
Nge numva umuntu atakosora amakosa akora ayandi. Kuko niba
ibyo byarabayeho mu mateka bigomba gukosorwa ariko noneho
twese tukaringanizwa, bagafatira ku manota amwe, uyafite akagenda,
utayafite agasigara, hatarebwe icyo ari cyo. Icyo gihe ubushobozi ni
bwo bwaba bushingiweho.
Umuhungu wo mu itsinda C: Nge ndabona gufatira ku manota
atandukanye ku bahungu n’abakobwa ari byiza. Nk’ubu iwacu
abakobwa nkurikira babiri bose ntibashoboye kwiga, kubera ko
babashyingiye bakiri bato. Nyamara bakuru bange bose barize. Nge
rero numva abakobwa na bo bakwiye gushyigikirwa bakiga ari benshi,
bakaziba icyuho cyatewe n’uko kera abakobwa batitabwagaho cyane
mu kubigisha.
Umukobwa wo mu itsinda D: Ngewe simbishyigikiye kuko hari
musaza wange utarashoboye kwemererwa kujya mu mashuri biga
bacumbikirwa kandi nyamara abakobwa yari yarushije bo babonye
ibigo. Kuri nge rero mbifata nk’akarengane kuko niba tugomba
kuringanira, tugomba kuringanira nyine, ntihagire urengana.
bakobwa n’abahungu. None rero nimutange umwanzuro:
Umukobwa wo mu itsinda A: Ngewe umwanzuro natanga ni uko
Leta yakora uko ishoboye rwose hakiga abakobwa benshi bashoboka.
Umukobwa wo mu itsinda B: Nge mbona atari wo muti, kuko gufata
umunyeshuri ufite amanota make hagasigara ufite menshi, bibabaje.
Nge umuti natanga ni uko hafatirwa ku manota amwe, kugira ngo
hatagira uwumva ko yaharenganiye.
Umuhungu wo mu itsinda C: Nge mbona iki ari igihe kiza cyo guha
abakobwa umwanya na bo ngo batange umusanzu wabo mu kubaka
igihugu. Kuba abagabo ari bo bize cyane bituma hari icyo Igihugu
gihomba mu burere bw’abana mu ngo, mu mikoreshereze y’umutungo
n’ahandi. Nge mbona guteza imbere umukobwa byaba ari ugukemura
ikibazo cy’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu nzego zose. Kuba nta
bakobwa benshi bize mbere mbona ari yo mpamvu baba bake mu
nzego zitandukanye.
Umuhungu wo mu itsinda D: Nsangiye igitekerezo na mugenzi
wange ko abana bose bagomba gufatwa kimwe. Ibindi byaba ari
akarengane.
Umwanzuro: Burya rero, Leta ntipfa gushyiraho ingamba izi n’izi
batabanje kuzigaho. Kuba hari abakobwa bahabwa ibigo kandi hari
abahungu babarushije amanota batabibonye, ni uko abahungu baba
wenda batsinze ari benshi, kandi ibigo bigomba kubakira ari bike.
Mwibuke ko hari ibigo by’abakobwa bitakira abahungu, ariko ibigo
byinshi byigamo abahungu biba byakira n’abakobwa. Gusa na none hari
ibigo byakira abahungu gusa nka za seminari zirererwamo abitegura
kuba abapadiri. Ntihazagire rero ucika intege ngo ni uko atahawe ikigo
yigamo acumbikirwa kuko ubu uburezi bwakwiriye hose mu Rwanda.
Icya ngombwa ni ukwiga ushyizeho umwete. Kandi uko amashuri
azagenda yiyongera icyo kibazo kizakemuka burundu.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Musobanure aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko.
1. Itsinda
2. Kuziba icyuho
3. Akarengane
4. Gucika intege
b) Koresha aya magambo akurikira mu nteruro yawe bwite
ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
1. Itsinda
2. Kuziba icyuho
3. Akarengane
4. Gucika intege
II. Ibibazo ku kiganiro mpaka:
Nimusubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Umaze gusoma cyangwa kumva iki kiganiro mpaka, wowe
wumva ushyigikiye uruhe ruhande?
2. Mubona abanyeshuri baratanze ibitekerezo bifite ireme?
3. Ibitekerezo abanyeshuri batanze bihuriye he n’umwanzuro
watanzwe n’umwarimu?
4. Ese ubona umwanzuro watanzwe n’umwarimu ushyigikiye
uruhe ruhande?
5. Muhereye ku buryo impande zitandukanye zagiye zitanga
ibitekerezo muri iki kiganiro, mwavuga ko ikiganiro mpaka ari
iki?
6. Ikiganiro mpaka kiba kigamije iki?
7. Amabwiriza agenga ikiganiro mpaka ni ayahe?
4.6. Ikiganiro mpaka
1. Inshoza y’ikiganiro mpaka
Ikiganiro mpaka ni ikiganiro kiba hagati y’abagize amatsinda abiri
basobanura neza ibitekerezo byabo, mu gihe abandi bo batabyemera
bagerageza kubereka ko ibyabo ari byo biboneye.
Itsinda rimwe rishyigikira ingingo yo kuganiraho yatanzwe naho irindi
rikayivuguruza. Mu biganiro mpaka abantu birinda kujya impaka za
ngo turwane, iyo uvuguruza igitekerezo cya mugenzi wawe ugaragaza
ikinyabupfura mu magambo uvuga no mu marenga ukora.
Mu kiganiro mpaka hagaragaramo umuyobozi w’ibiganiro, umwanditsi,
ushinzwe kugenzura igihe n’ushinzwe imvugo iboneye. Abo kandi baba
begeranye; hakaboneka n’impande ebyiri: uruhande rushyigikira ingingo
yatanzwe n’ uruhande ruyivuguruza.
2. Intego y’ ikiganiro mpaka
Ibiganiro mpaka mu mashuri bituma abanyeshuri bakorera hamwe,
ibitekerezo byubaka bigatangwa, bakunguka amagambo mashya.
Abanyeshuri bakora ubushakashatsi, bakandika, bakabaza kandi
bagasobanukirwa. Gusobanukirwa kuvuye mu gucukumbura bituma
bagira ubushobozi mu gusoma no kwandika bigendanye n’ibyo bagomba
kwiga, bakagira uruhare mu masomo yabo bafashijwe n’umwarimu.
Ibiganiro mpaka bituma umunyeshuri aba intyoza mu kuvuga,
gushakashaka, gusoma,kwandika, gutekereza no gutanga ubutumwa
avugana n’abandi. Ibiganiro mpaka bituma abanyeshuri mu rwego
barimo urwo ari rwo rwose batanga ibitekerezo bifasha abandi mu
mibanire myiza no mu bukungu kandi batagize uwo bakomeretsa.
Mbere yo kujya impaka muhitamo igitekerezo kigibwaho impaka.
Igitekerezo kigibwaho impaka gishingira ku byigwa kugira ngo abiga
barusheho gusesengura ibyo biga.
3. Uko ubushakashatsi bwakorwa
Abanyeshuri bahabwa umwanya nk’amasaha atatu bashakisha
ibitekerezo. Umwarimu abereka uko babyandika. Ibi bituma abanyeshuri
bagaragaza impano zabo mu mitekerereze, mu gutanga ibitekerezo no
mu kwiyoborera ibiganiro ubwabo.
4. Mu gihe bajya impaka.
Hatoranywa umuyobozi w’ibiganiro. Ashobora kuba umwarimu cyangwa
umunyeshuri. Umuyobozi agomba kuvuga adategwa, akagaragaza
ikinyabupfura. Atanga amagambo bahererekanya hagati y’abashyigikiye
igitekerezo n’abatagishyigikiye, akirinda kubogama.
Mu gihe bajya impaka, buri munyeshuri ugiye gutanga igitekerezo
yerekana ikarita ye yanditseho ko ashyigikira cyangwa avuguruza
igitekerezo cy’undi. Iyo umunyeshuri amaze guhabwa ijambo inshuro
eshatu, umuyobozi aba amuretse kugira ngo n’abandi babashe gutanga
ibitekerezo byabo.
5. Gusoza ibiganiro mpaka
Abajya impaka ubwabo bashobora gusaba ko ikiganiro gisozwa cyangwa
se umwarimu akabafasha kugisoza. Buri ruhande rutanga umwanzuro,
rukusanya ibitekerezo byatanzwe.
6. Ibigomba kwitabwaho
Abanyeshuri bashakira hamwe indangagaciro bagomba kugenderaho
mu gihe bajya impaka, harimo izi kurikira:
Iyo kujya impaka birangiye habaho isuzuma. Abanyeshuri bakoresha
urundi ruhande rwa ya karita yanditseho uruhande barimo bakagaragaza
uko babonye ikiganiro kigenze. Bashobora kwandika mu muvugo,bagashushanya n’ubundi buryo.
Umwitozo
Insanganyamatsiko: Abana b’abahungu n’ab’abakobwa bagomba
gukora kimwe imirimo yose yo mu rugo ntawuvuga ngo: umurimo
uyu n’uyu wahariwe umukobwa cyangwa umuhungu. Murabishyikiye
cyangwa ntimubishyigikiye?
4.7. Amagambo afatana n’atandukana (nuko,
ni uko, n’uko, ni ko, ni ubwo, n’ubwo,
nubwo, ni bwo)
Musome uyu mwandiko maze musubize ikibazo
cyabajijweho.
Injangwe yacitse umurizo
Injangwe yagiye gufata inkoko, ifatwa n’umutego uyica umurizo. Uko
ihuye n’izindi zikagenda ziyiseka bikayitera ipfunwe. Iryo pfunwe rigatuma
yumva ifite ubusembwa bukomeye bityo ikifuza ko na zo zamera nka yo.
Umunsi umwe, ubwo yari mu nzira igenda ijya guhiga icyo kurya, ihura
n’indi njangwe na yo itagira umurizo irayihagarika zitangira kuyaga.
Nuko irayibwira iti : “Niko mugenzi wange duhuje ubusembwa?” Indi iti:
“ Dore re! Busembwa ki?” Imwe ya mbere iti: “Bwo kutagira umurizo”.
Iya kabiri, imaze kumva ibyo, imara akanya yiyumvira cyane nyuma ivuga
nk’itangaye iti: “Akarizo wacitse ni ko kagutera ipfunwe bigeze aho!”
Yongeraho iti: “Nge n’ubwo ntagafite ntacyo numva mbaye cyantera
ipfunwe mu bandi”.
Iya mbere, nyuma yo kumva ko iya kabiri ibyo kutagira umurizo nta
cyo biyibwiye, iti: “Nyamara kwirengagiza ubumuga bwawe, n’ubwo
ni ububwa mu bundi kandi ni ko kaga kawe”. Iya kabiri iti: “Ni uko
utekereza koko? Uranyibeshyaho nta kibazo binteye narangije kwiyakira.
Ikibi ni ukugira ikibazo udashobora kugira icyo ugihinduraho ntiwiyakire,
ugahora witesha umutwe ku busa. Wowe ububwa bwawe ni ubwo bwo
kutiyakira. N’uko kutiyakira nugukomeza kuzakugiraho izindi ngaruka
mbi ndakuburiye”. Ikimara kuvuga ibyo, ihita yigendera.
yo yananiwe kwiyakira na yo ibibonye ityo, ica ukwayo igenda yimyiza
imoso. Ngo igere imbere, ihura n’izindi ariko zo zifite imirizo. Ni bwo
biyanze mu nda, irazibwira iti: “Mfite ijambo rimwe mbabwira. ” Izindi ziti:
“Tuguteze amatwi.” Na yo iti: “Imirizo yacu iraturushya rwose. Kandi
n’iyo dushatse kwihisha mu mwobo ntitume twihisha neza uko bikwiye.
Twagenda kandi tukayikurura inyuma yacu cyangwa tukayishinga;
ntabwo dushobora kuyihisha ngo idukundire. Ndetse n’iyo dushatse
gufata imbeba, turayizunguza, zikatwumva zigahunga. Ikindi kandi
mutayobewe, ni uko dukunda gufatwa n’umutego ku murizo.
Ngewe rero, nanze ko wazongera kundushya ukundi ndawuca. Ni cyo
gituma mbagira inama yo kuyica mwese.”
Izindi njangwe zose zisekera icyarimwe biratinda. Inkuru muri zo irayibaza
iti: “Niko, muri twe hari uwakuganyiye ko imirizo yacu iturushya? Igituma
utubwira utyo, ahari ni uko wawucitse. Ahubwo urashaka ko natwe
tumera nkawe, ngo we kubura umurizo wenyine. Igendere twakumenye.”
Nuko ngo yumve ayo magambo, ihita yirukanka yikura ityo mu isoni.
Musubize ikibazo gikurikira:
Nimugende muvuga impamvu amagambo yanditse atsindagiye, hamwe
yanditswe mu ijambo rimwe, ahandi akandikwa atandukanye.
Imyandikire y’amagambo: “nuko, ni uko, nuko, niko, ni ko nuko,
nubwo, ni bwo, n’ubwo...”
Amagambo: “nuko, ni uko, n’uko, ni ko, niko ni ubwo, n’ubwo”,
yandikwa mu ijambo rimwe iyo yunga igitekerezo ku kindi cyabanje,
akandikwa mu magambo abiri iyo ari inshinga “ni” ikurikiwe
n’ikinyazina cyangwa akandikwa akaswe iyo agizwe n’icyungo
gikurikiwe n’ikinyazina.
Ingero zayo n’impamvu yandikwa mu ijambo rimwe cyangwa
akandikwa atandukanye
– Niko muri twe hari uwakuganyiye ko imirizo yacu iturushya?
Niko: ni ijambo rikoreshejwe bahamagara umuntu.– Igituma utubwira utyo, ahari ni uko wawucitse.
Ni uko: ni amagambo abiri: ingirwanshinga “ni”, ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina
mbanziriza “uko”.
– Na yo iti: “Imirizo yacu iraturushya rwose”.
Na yo: ni amagambo abiri: icyungo “na” n’ikinyazina ngenga “yo”
gisimbura injangwe. Mu myandikire icyungo “na” gitandukana
n’ikinyazina ngenga muri ngenga ya gatatu.
– Ni cyo gituma mbagira inama yo kuyica mwese.
Ni cyo: ni ingirwanshinga “ni” ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina ngenga “cyo”.
– Ikindi kandi mutayobewe, ni uko dukunda gufatwa n’umutego ku
murizo.
Ni uko: Ni ingirwanshinga “ni” ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina mbanziriza
“uko”.
– Nuko ngo yumve ayo magambo, ihita yirukanka yikura ityo mu
isoni.
Nuko: Ni icyungo. Rirunga igitekerezo ku cyakibanjirije.
– N’ubwo ni ububwa bundi.
N’ubwo: Ni icyungo “na” gikurikiwe n’ikinyazina nyereka “ubwo”.
– Ubwiza bwawe ni ubwo kwishimira.
Ni ubwo: Ni ingirwanshinga “ni” ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina ngenera
“ubwo”.
Imyitozo
a) Andukura izi nteruro ukosora imyandikire:
1. Uku gutwi niko numvisha.
2. Uko uvuga niko na nge mvuga.
3. Mbese urarizwa nuko bakubenze.
b) Uzurisha amagambo ukuye mu dukubo:
1. Umugore yunzwe n’umugabo ……………. arakira (ni uko,
n’uko, nuko)
2. Uku kwezi ……………. gusarura imyaka. ( ni uko, n’uko, nuko)
3. Uko watwaye ………….nasigaranye birangana. ( ni uko,n’uko, nuko)
Mfashe ko:
– Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ku bahungu n’abakobwa ari ngombwa
mu mashuri no mu mirimo yo mu rugo kugira ngo iterambere
ry’igihugu rigerweho vuba kandi ntawusigaye.
– Ikiganiro mpaka gituma abantu batanga ibitekerezo byubaka mu
kinyabupfura bakirinda gukomeretsa abandi bakagira uruhare mu
kubaka Igihugu ndetse n’isi muri rusange.
– Hari amagambo afatana n’atandukana mu myandikire. Nubwo
ajya gusa ariko si amwe mu bisobanuro byayo
Ingero: – Nubwo uje sinari ngukeneye.– Ni ubwo buki nshaka.
4.8. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
Amateka y’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
Uburinganire ni imibanire n’imikoranire hagati y’abantu b’igitsina gore
n’igitsina gabo bo mu muryango runaka. Bitewe n’umuco n’amateka
usanga hari imirongo igenga imikorere, imibereho, imyambarire,
y’abagabo cyangwa abagore.
Nyamara kubera ko mu gihe cya kera abagabo ari bo bakunze kugira
ijambo, usanga ahenshi baragiye bagenera igitsina gore umwanya uri
hasi yabo, bakabafata nk’abanyantege nke, ndetse hamwe na hamwe
bagakandamizwa. Uko abantu bagenda bajijuka, ni ko babona ko
n’abagore cyangwa abakobwa bafite ubushobozi ari mu by’ubwenge
cyangwa mu bijyanye n’imirimo ikenera ingufu.
Mu Rwanda rwo hambere, abagore bari bafite inshingano zabo
bihariye n’abagabo na bo bakagira izabo bihariye hashingiwe ku ngufu
n’uburere bya buri wese. Abahungu bahabwaga uburere bujyanye
n’imirimo bari gukora bamaze kuba abagabo, ni ukuvuga kurwanirira
igihugu, no kuba umuhizi muri byose. Bigishwaga amateka y’imiryango
n’ibisekuruza byabo kugira ngo bamenye uko bazagera ikirenge mu
cy’abakurambere babo mu kuba intwari haba ku rugamba ndetse no
mu buzima busanzwe.
Bahabwaga n’imyitozo ngororamubiri kugira ngo bazavemo ingabo
z’igihugu. Kubera ko izi zari inshingano z’abagabo, nta mukobwa wigaga
ibijyanye na byo. Imirimo nyakuri yari igenewe abahungu ni ukuragira
amatungo, gutashya inkwi no kuvoma rimwe na rimwe. Yashoboraga
kandi kujya guhiga no guhinga.
Hari imirimo rero yarindwaga abana b’abahungu nko gukubura,
kumesa imyenda, guteka, gusya, koza imbehe n’ibindi kuko byafatwaga
nko kubatesha agaciro. Abakobwa bahabwaga uburere bushingiye
cyanecyane ku gukora imirimo ireba urugo no kuzavamo abagore
bashoboye kwita ku ngo zabo. Mu mirimo bitozaga bakiri bato harimo
iyo kuboha imitako itandukanye, guteka, kwita ku bana, gukora isuku
mu rugo, no kubaha abagabo babo.
Umugore yabaga yitezweho kubyara abana benshi kugira ngo
umuryango utazacika, maze ibyo bigatuma ahora atwite, yaba
adatwite akaba yonsa kandi afite n’abandi bana benshi agomba kwitaho
bikamubuza kuba yakwitabira indi mirimo yamuteza imbere.
Nyamara ubu ibi byarahindutse. Abana bose barareshya kandi bagomba
guhabwa uburere bumwe nta vangura. Abahungu n’abakobwa bose
bagomba kwiga. Mu mashuri, amashami yose yoherezwamo abana
b’ibitsina byombi kandi abakobwa bagenda bagaragaza ubushobozi
kimwe n’abahungu. Biga amashami y’ubumenyi ndetse n’ay’imyuga
kandi bakayashobora. Mu kazi, bashobora gukora imirimo imwe,
bakinjira mu nzego z’ubuyobozi ndetse bakajya no mu ngabo z’igihugu.
Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye rero ni ngombwa kugira ngo abantu
bose batere imbere ntawuhejwe. Nimuharanire kubushyigikira no
kubwimakaza aho muri hose.
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo ari mu mwandiko
a) Umuhizi b) Bagakandamizwa. c) Kujijuka.
2. Koresha ijambo “ingabo” mu nteruro ebyiri zidahuje
inyito
3. Erekana amagambo asobanura kimwe n’aya aciyeho
akarongo ari mu mwandiko:
a) Abahungu bahabwaga ubumenyi bujyanye n’imirimo bazakorabamaze kuba abagabo.
b) Kera abagore n’abagabo bagiraga inshingano zihariye
hashingiwe ku ngufu n’uburere byabo.
4. Kora interuro iboneye ukurikiranya neza amagambo
yatanzwe
a) Ni-na-Imana-yo-abatindi-ibogosha-irema.
b) Bose-abantu-imbere-barareshya-y’amategeko.
5. Simbuza aya magambo aciyeho akarongo imbusane
zayo
a) Abagabo bakunze kugira ijambo.
b) Yashoboraga kubika imyenda ye.
II. Kumva umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko uribanda kuki?
2. Ni iki cyatumaga abagore batitabira imirimo ibateza imbere?
3. Kuri ubu abakobwa bitwara bate mu mashuri?
4. Kuki uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ari ngombwa?
5. Igitekerezo cyo kubyara abana benshi cyarahindutse.
Mugereranye igihe cya kera n’icy’ubu mu Rwanda.
6. Andika imirimo ibiri ivugwa mu mwandiko abahungu
batakoraga. Mugire icyo muvuga ku mpamvu umwanditsi
atanga.
III. Ikibonezamvugo
Kosora imyandikire y’amagambo atsindagiye
1. Impamvu afite ubuzima bwiza nuko anywa ibinyobwa bifite
ubuziranenge.
2. Uko wabikoze nuko nabikoze birasa.
3. Ubu bwatsi nubwo bwose ndabujyanira inka zange.
IV. Ihimbamwandiko
Garagaza imbata y’umwandiko “Amateka y’uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye”, werekana intangiriro, igihimba n’umwanzuro.
V. Ibiganiro mpaka
Jya impaka na bagenzi bawe kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko:
Uburezi budaheza bushyigikira imyigire y’abakobwa kurusha
imyigire y’abahungu.