Course: Kinyarwanda

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UMUTWE WA 1: UMUCO NYARWANDA
1.1. Utaganiriye na se ntamenya icyo sekuru yasize avuze

Buri mugoroba umuryango wa Kamana uhurira ku meza, barangiza gufungura bagatarama. Kamana yifuza ko abana be bakurana imico myiza, bigatuma abatoza indangagaciro ndetse n’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda. Yiyumvisha ko igiti kigororwa kikiri gito kandi ko uburere buruta ubuvuke. Akunda kubwira abana be ati: “Ibi mbabwira muge mubyitaho kuko akabando k’iminsi gacibwa kare kakabikwa kure”. Abana be rero abatoza guca imigani, gusakuza, kwivuga ndetse no kuganira n’abandi batebya kugira ngo bazabe intyoza. Nta bwo agarukira ku muco n’ubuvanganzo gusa, ahubwo gutarama buri mugoroba bituma abaha n’ubumenyi bunyuranye mu bintu bitandukanye. Abana barisanzura, bakamubaza ibyo babona badasobanukiwe, ndetse bikaba n’umwanya wo kuganira ku mibereho yabo mu gihe kizaza.
Umunsi umwe, bataramye nk’uko bari basanzwe babimenyereye maze Umutesi abaza se ati: “Ko kera hatabagaho isaha ndetse n’indangaminsi, abantu bamenyaga bate iminsi n’amasaha”? Nuko se amusobanurira ko kera bashingiraga ku zuba, ku kwezi ndetse no ku nyenyeri mu kuranga igihe.
Abakurambere bacu bo bifashishaga izuba, ukwezi, ingoma z’abami, inzara, igitero, icyorezo, ibihe by’imvura, ingano y’imyaka mu mirima, amatungo n’ibindi. Bayoborwaga kandi n’ibibera mu bintu bibakikije. Bagakurikirana inyoni uko ziririmba, isake igihe ibikira, bakamenya ko imvura igiye kugwa bahereye ku majwi y’inyoni zimwe na zimwe n’ibindi.
Ibyo byose rero ntibabyigiraga mu mashuri kuko atabagaho. Babyigiraga mu miryango bataramanye n’ababyeyi babo. Abana n’ababyeyi babo rero kenshi bataramiraga hanze, bitegereza ikirere n’inyenyeri, cyangwa bagataramira mu nzu, bota umuriro mu gihe k’imbeho.
Mu gitaramo ababyeyi babwiraga abana babo amasano bafitanye n’abandi bantu bo mu muryango wabo, bakabigisha imyitwarire myiza bagomba kugenderaho.
Abahungu babwirwaga iby’ubutwari bwa ba sekuruza, bagategurirwa kuba abagabo. Abakobwa na bo bigishwaga na ba nyina uko bagomba kwitwara, bakigishwa kwirinda gutwara inda zitateganyijwe. Aho ni ho bamenyeraga za kirazira, bakamenya amateka y’abakurambere. Bahamenyeraga ibisekuruza byabo, bakamenya imiryango bashobora gushakamo abageni, iyo bafitanye igihango n’iyo bahanye inka batagomba guhemukira. Aho rero ni ho havuye imvugo ngo “Utaganiriye na se ntamenya icyo sekuru yasize avuze.”
Kuri ubu rero, ibitaramo mu miryango bisa n’aho byacitse. Usanga ahenshi byarasimbuwe no kureba tereviziyo cyangwa kumva amaradiyo. Ababyeyi usanga batakigira umwanya wo gutaramana n’abana babo kubera imirimo myinshi no gushakisha amafaranga. Hari kandi n’abava mu kazi bakajya kwiga nimugoroba.
Nyamara nta kintu gikwiye gusimbura uruhare rw’ababyeyi mu burere bw’abana, cyanecyane kubagenera igihe cyo kuganira na bo nimugoroba. Ni yo mpamvu usanga umuco mwiza ugenda ucika vuba na vuba, ihererekanywa ry’ubuvanganzo rikajyamo icyuho, ku buryo usanga nta bana bakimenya gusakuza, guca imigani ndetse no kuganira batanga ibitekerezo bifite ireme mu mvugo yuje ikinyabupfura.
Bana rero, niba mubona mu muryango wanyu mutabona igihe cyo gutarama no kuganira n’ababyeyi banyu, mwumve ko hari ibintu byinshi muhomba. Nimubibasabe babagenere uwo mwanya kandi namwe hagati yanyu muge mutarama, musakuze, muce imigani muganira ku bibera mu isi, maze murebe ko mutahungukira ubumenyi bubafasha kumva neza ibyo mwiga mu mashuri.
Gutarama kw’iki gihe kandi kwagombye kujyana n’igihe tugezemo maze mu bitaramo hakabamo umwanya wo gusoma ibitabo n’ibindi byungura ubwenge abana, abakuru na bo bagakomeza kwihugura kuko kwiga ari uguhozaho.
I. Inyunguramagambo
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko:
1. Ni iki Kamana atoza abana be mu gitaramo ku bijyanye n’ubuvanganzo?
2. Ni ibihe bindi abantu bungukira mu gitaramo?
3. Nk’uko bivugwa mu mwandiko, abakurambere bacu barangaga igihe bate?
4. Ni izihe mpamvu zituma umuco wo gutarama mu Rwanda ugenda ucika?
5. Ni iki umwanditsi akangurira abana?
6. Iyo bavuze ngo: «Kwiga ni uguhozaho» wumva iki?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko?
2. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Tanga ingero z’indangamuco dusanga muri uyu mwandiko.
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Muhereye ku kamaro ko gutaramana n’ababyeyi, musanga impamvu zitangwa zituma ababyeyi badataramana n’abana zumvikana?
1.2. Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
Kwita ku by’iwacu byaturinda gusesagura Mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu, Abanyarwanda bari bafite umuco wabo bihariye n’ibikoresho byabo bikoreraga. Bariraga ku mbehe zikozwe n’amaboko yabo, bagateka mu byungo byabo bibumbiye, bagahingisha amasuka yabo bacuriraga mu nganda zabo bakoresha imivuba.
Kurarikira iby’ahandi byatumye umuco wacu ucuyuka n’ubukorikori bwacu burahagarara. Mbere twari dufite amasuka yacu, dufite umuco wacu, imbyino zacu, n’indirimbo zacu none byose usanga byaraganjwe n’iby’ahandi.
Inama rero ni uko dukwiye gukoresha iby’ahandi tudashobora kwikorera iwacu. Twagendera mu modoka zabo kuko tudashobora kuzikora, ariko tukarira ku mbehe zacu, tukanywa ibinyobwa byacu. Gutira tugatira n’ibyo dushobora kwikorera hano iwacu ni byo bituma duhora turi inyuma yabo. Nta shema bitera gukoresha iby’abandi kandi ushobora kwikorera ibyawe.
Ibibazo byo gusubiza:
1. Amagambo yanditse atsindagiye murumva asobanura iki?
2. Ni ibihe binyazina mwumva byumvikana muri ayo magambo?
3. Ese iyo afashe indomo “i” cyangwa n’izindi ndomo “u” na “a” mwumva akomeza kuba ibinyazina?
Inshoza y’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga kerekana utunze n’icyo atunze. Kikaba ari inyunge ya ngenera na ngenga.
Imiterere y’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
Mu nteruro, ikinyazina ngenera ngenga gikurikira izina ariko kandi gishobora no kurisimbura. Iyo cyasimbuye izina, gifata indomo.
Urugero:
Abana bange bakunda kwiga. Abange bakunda kwiga.
Igihugu cyacu ni intangarugero mu kubahiriza uburinganire. Icyanyu se cyo kimeze gite?
Umuhungu wabo yiga mu wa kane. Uwabo yiga mu wa kane.
1. Reba uko ibinyazina ngenera na ngenga byiyunga:
Urugero:
Bange = ba + nge
2. Iyo ikinyazina ngenera kiyunze na ngenga muri ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri mu bwinshi, indangasano (indangakinyazina) tu- na muzihinduka -cu na -nyu kandi n’igicumbi cya ngenga kikaburizwamo.
Urugero:
Twandika “Imbehe zacu” aho kuba “imbehe zatu.”
Twandika “Imbehe zanyu” aho kuba “imbehe zamu.”
3. Muri ngenga ya gatatu y’ubumwe ariko mu nteko zose, igicumbi cya ngenera n’indangasano ya ngenga biburizwamo.
Urugero:
Abana be
Inka ze
Dore imbonerahamwe y’ikinyanzina ngenera ngenga:

Murabona ibinyazina biteye bite mu nteko zitandukanye?
Imyitozo
1. Tanga interuro enye ukoreshamo ikinyazina ngenera ngenga muri ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri mu bwinshi.
2. Tahura ibinyazina ngenera ngenga biri muri iyi baruwa uvuge n’inteko birimo.
3. Simbuza amagambo aciyeho akarongo mu nteruro zikurikira ikinyazina ngenera ngenga gikwiye:
a) Ubutumwa bwa Perezida wacu ni ubwo kutwifuriza umwaka mushya muhire.
b) Amasambu ya so n’aya nyokorome ahana imbibi n’isambu nsangiye n’umuvandimwe tuvukana.
c) Amakuba yakubayeho n’ayabaye kuri Karori nayabwiwe n’umuvandimwe musangiye ababyeyi.
1.3. Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda
Sesonga Yohani mwene Sebazungu ni umusore w’ibigango umaze gusoreka. Yari yujuje inzu ya kijyambere isakaje amategura. Umunsi umwe, se wabo aramusura asanga avuye gutera agapira amaze kwiyuhagira, bicarana mu ruganiriro. Nuko uwo musaza yitegereza uburyo inzu ye iteye amarangi meza, intebe nziza, akabati, ameza yo kuriraho n’ibindi. Nuko bakomeza kuganira abyitegereza ariko ageze aho aramubaza ati: “Ese shahu, ko ndeba nta kibuze mu nzu yawe, kuki utarongora? Urashaka kuzaba Padiri”? Umuhungu araseka cyane, maze aramubwira ati: “Nabuze umuranga. Kandi sinarambagiza nta muranga bimwe byateye ubu. Nge ndifuza gushaka ahantu haba hari umukobwa w’imico myiza, warinze ubwari bwe maze nkamurambagiza tukabanza tukamenyana, nkamwereka imico yange na we akanyereka iye. Sinifuza guhubuka ngo ejo uzasange dutandukana tutamaze kabiri dore ko ari byo byeze”.
Nuko umusaza aramubwira ati: “Nyamara kwa Ruringabo uwo mukobwa wifuza arahari. Se ni inshuti yange dukunze gusurana. Nakomeje rero kwitegereza imico y’umukobwa we urangije kaminuza, nsanga nta we namunganya. Nubwo ari imfubyi, mukase yamureze neza; kandi yarize azashobora kurera n’ibibondo byanyu neza”. Nuko umusore aramusubiza ati: “Ubwo ntumbereye umuranga?” Reka ahubwo nzamugenderere tuganire.” Nuko se wabo ati: “Ubwo se ko se ari inshuti yange, wamuntumyeho nkamukubwirira?” Sesonga araseka cyane. “Mbe muzehe, ugira ngo ibya kera ni byo by’ubu? Kuri ubu nta musaza ugishimira umugeni umwana we. Kandi atari nange, n’uwo mukobwa abyumvise yabiseka cyane kuko se ntiyamuhatira gusanga uwo adashaka. Reka rero nzabanze nganire na we, niduhuza kandi tugakundana, nzababwira muge kumunsabira”.
Iryo joro aryama ataryamye, afata ikemezo cyo gushaka umufasha bazubakana. Akomeza kubaza mu nshuti n’abavandimwe iby’imyitwarire y’uwo mukobwa, bose bakagenda bamumushimira. Hashize iminsi yiyemeza kumusura iwabo nk’umusore ugiye kurambagiza. Nuko ahageze bamwakirana urugwiro, baramuzimanira, asezeye Gasaro aramuherekeza. Ubwo ni bwo Sesonga yamubajije kuri gahunda afite z’ubuzima bwe buri imbere. Kuva ubwo bakomeza gusurana, barakundana, baramenyana, bemeranya kubibwira ababyeyi babo.
Ntibyatinze rero, ku munsi yari yateguye, Sesonga atura ababyeyi be akayoga, bigeze hagati abasaba ijambo. Nuko araterura ati: “Babyeyi rero, nashimye umukobwa wa Ruringabo none ndashaka ngo muzage kumunsabira”. Iryo jambo ababyeyi bararishima. Haciye iminsi bajya kuvunyisha kwa Ruringabo ko bifuza gufata irembo. Nuko imiryango yombi itangira imyiteguro. Batora abaranga n’abahagarariye imiryango ku mpande zombi. Igihe cyo gusaba kigeze, barasaba, barakwa, baratebutsa, barangije barashyingirwa. Uwo munsi wo gusaba ni wo wanshimishije muri byose. Abari bahagarariye imiryango yombi baryoheje ubukwe kubera uburyo bavugaga Ikinyarwanda kinoze. Babanza guterana amagambo basa n’abacengana, ndetse bavuga ko n’umugeni basaba adahari. Uburyo usaba abyitwaramo burashimisha cyane, kuko imitego yose bamutega ayikuramo neza, bakamubeshyera akiregura, maze byageraho bakamwemerera umugeni ariko babanje kumurushya nyamara ntiyigere na rimwe arakara ngo yivumbure.
Mu kujya gukwa na bwo byari uko. Batoye abakwe barimo abikorezi, umushumba, abagabo b’ibikwerere, abagore b’amajigija, abasore n’inkumi nange ariko nari mbarimo. Nuko dusanga batwiteguye, imisango iratangira. Umukwe mukuru araterura ati: “Mu by’ukuri duheruka hano tuje gusaba umugeni, none twari tubazaniye inkwano. Inkwano tubaha si ikiguzi ahubwo ni ikimenyetso cy’uko mwareze neza. Ubwo nimuhuguka murambwira nsabe umushumba ahamagare inyana twazanye”. Umushumba amaze kuvuga izina ry’inka umukwe mukuru abaha n’isuka rugori yo kuyihingira ubwatsi; abari aho batanga amashyi n’impundu.
Inkwano imaze kwakirwa umugeni asohoka yambaye ikanzu ndende, asa n’izuba rirashe, akimbagira ashagawe n’abasore n’inkumi yicara iruhande rw’umukwe. Nuko imihango y’ubukwe irakomeza. Nimugoroba baherekeza abakwe. Haciyeho igihe kigera ku kwezi, habaho gushyingira, byose bigenda neza. Ubu Sesonga ni umugabo uganje mu rugo hamwe n’umufasha we Gasaro.
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Umuranga 5. Inkwano
2. Kurambagiza 6. Isuka rugori
3. Kuvunyisha 7. Impundu
4. Imisango
Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zawe bwite ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
1. Kurambagiza 4. Inkwano
2. Kuvunyisha 5. Ibigango
3. Imisango
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Umusore uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko amaze gushima umukobwa yakoze iki?
2. Ni uwuhe munsi washimishije umusore uvugwa mu mwandiko? Kuki?
3. Ni iki kerekana ko Sesonga ari umusore w’imico myiza?
4. Ni iki kerekana uburere bwiza bwa Gasaro?
5. Sesonga yari ajyanwe n’ iki kwa Gasaro?
6. Ni iki kerekana ko abari mu misango bishimiye ibyakozwe?
7. Imihango y’ubukwe ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko ni iyihe?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko

1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zikubiye mu mwandiko.
2. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Ni izihe ngero z’indangamuco nyarwanda zivugwa mu mwandiko?
IV. Gukina bigana
Muhereye ku mwandiko mumaze gusoma, nimuhimbe agakino mwigana imisango y’ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda, ku buryo hagaragaramo umusangza w’amagambo, usaba n’usabwa umugeni, abasangwa n’abakwe. Mukoreshe imvugo iboneye y’Ikinyawarwanda muri iyo misango.
1.4. Ikinyazina mpamagazi

Umuco wacu tuwusigasire
Wa mugabo we utuye i Rwanda
Wa mugore we mu rugori
Wa musore we uvuka i Rwanda
Wa mwari we nawe berwa
U Rwanda rwacu rurabakunda.
Mwa bana mwe nshuti zange
Mwa banyeshuri mwe mwiga
Nimuhaguruke duhagarare
Tubungabunge umuco wacu
Utaducika tukawuhomba.
Imico y’ahandi na yo igira ibyiza
Ariko n’ibibi byinshi biyibamo
Nabonye abashakanye bagatana
Mbona abakundana bagahemuka
Abari bambara ntibikwize.
Mwa bayobozi mwe mutuyobora
Mwa babyeyi mwe mwabyaye
Mwa barezi mwe muduha uburere
Mwa barerwa mwe mukibyiruka
Nimutabare mudata uwo muco.
Nimuhaguruke muhagarare
Isi iragenda iba umudugudu
Imico irinjiranamo ubutitsa
Nitutugarira turugarizwa
Umuco wacu ugende wose.
Umuco wacu tuwusigasire
Umubano wacu tuwukomereho
Twamagane ibibi biva iyo hose
Bitadutokoza tukaba umwanda
Umuco wacu uganze i Rwanda.
Ibibazo byo gusubiza:
1. Amagambo yanditse atsindagiye mwumva afite uwuhe mumaro muri izi nteruro?
2. Muhereye ku miterere yayo, mwayita iki?
3. Yakoreshejwe muri ngenga zihe?
4. Ushobora guhamagara ikindi kintu kitari umuntu? Icyo gihe bigenda bite?
a) Inshoza y’ikinyazina mpamagazi
Ikinyazina mpamagazi gituma igihamagarwa cyumva ko bashaka ko kiza cyangwa gitega amatwi bakakibwira.
b) Imiterere y’ikinyazina mpamagazi
Ikinyazina mpamagazi ntikigira indomo, kibanziriza izina ry’igihamagawe kandi gituma indomo y’iryo zina itakara iyo riyifite. Iyo izina gisobanura riri mu bumwe kiba wa, ryaba riri mu bwinshi kikaba mwa. Ni ukuvuga ko gikoreshwa gusa muri ngenga ya kabiri y’ubumwe n’ubwinshi. Ijambo risobanura igihamagawe rikurikirwa iteka n’ikinyazina ngenga gifite igicumbi – e.
Iyo dukoresheje ikinyazina mpamagazi duhamagara ibindi bintu bitari abantu, ibyo bintu bifatwa nk’abantu mugiye kuvugana maze isanisha ryose rigakorwa mu nteko ya mbere cyangwa iya kabiri kuko ari zo ziranga abantu.
Urugero:
1. Yewe wa nyana we, nzakorora neza, nkugaburire ubwatsi butoshye, nkuhire amazi meza, maze uzambyarire izindi nka nyinshi!
2. Mwa biti mwe, nzabagurisha.
Dore imbonerahambwe y’ibinyazina mpamagazi:

Umwitozo:
1.5. Itorero ry’Igihugu n’amatorero ndangamuco

Itorero ry’Igihugu n’amatorero ndangamuco bifite uruhare runini mu kwimakaza umuco nyarwanda n’indangagaciro. Itorero ry’Igihugu ni urwego rugamije gukangurira Abanyarwanda uburere mboneragihugu. Rigamije kwimakaza uburenganzira bwa muntu, demokarasi, imiyoborere myiza, kwiteza imbere mu bukungu n’izindi ndangagaciro. Itorero ry’Igihugu ritanga umusanzu mu gufasha gukemura ikibazo k’imyumvire n’imyitwarire, no gufasha guhindura imikorere idashimishije hashingiwe ku muco nyarwanda. Itorero ry’Igihugu si gahunda y’amahugurwa gusa ahubwo rigamije no gutoza Umunyarwanda kuba umusemburo w’impinduka nziza.
Mu itorero, Abanyarwanda bigiramo imyitwarire iboneye no kutaba ibigwari. Biyibutsa za kirazira, bagahugurwa ku bijyanye n’imiyoborere myiza, guharanira kuba intwari, kwanga ubuhemu, gufatanya n’abandi mu gukemura ibibazo no kwirinda ubugambanyi.
Intore rero ni zo musemburo w’impinduka nziza mu ngeri nyinshi z’ubuzima bw’Igihugu, imibereho myiza y’umuryango n’iterambere.
Ni byiza ko Abanyarwanda bagira ubumenyi n’ubumenyingiro bituruka mu mashuri yaba ay’inshuke, abanza, ayisumbuye n’amakuru. Nyuma y’ibyo hagomba kwiyongeraho imyitwarire igendanye n’umuco n’indangagaciro zikwiye kuranga umuntu w’inyangamugayo. Ni ngombwa kwimakaza kirazira zijyana n’indangagaciro, abiga bakamenya ko kizira kwica, kwiba, gusebanya, gutukana, kugira umwanda, kwivangura, kutumvira, kugira ubusambo, kudakora imikoro wahawe, gutererana abari mu kaga, kugira ubusambo, kurenganya abo uyoboye n’ibindi.
Mu Rwanda kandi dufite n’amatorero ndangamuco. Aya matorero ndangamuco afasha kwimakaza umuco wo gutarama no guhiga nk’imwe mu nzira nziza zo kugaruka ku isoko y’umurage w’u Rwanda no kuwuhesha agaciro. Ni amatorero asusurutsa abitabira ibitaramo mu mbyino n’imihamirizo gakondo byo mu duce dutandukanye tw’Igihugu.
Usibye Itorero ndangamuco ry’Igihugu «Urukerereza» hari n’andi matorero anyuranye afasha mu kwimakaza umuco nyarwanda binyujijwe mu mbyino n’indirimbo. Ubu amatorero amaze kumenyekana cyane ni Inganzo ngari, Intayoberana n’andi menshi. Aya matorero rero agira uruhare runini mu kumenyekanisha u Rwanda mu maserukiramuco mpuzamahanga yitabira.
Usibye rero kuba amatorero nk’aya afasha mu kumenyekanisha umuco nyarwanda, anafasha abayagize kwiteza imbere bagashobora kwigirira akamaro no kukagirira imiryango yabo. Aya matorero ndangamuco yunganira Itorero ry’Igihugu mu kwimakaza umuco gakondo n’indangagaciro nyarwanda.
Byafatiwe ku nyandiko “Amateka y’Itorero ry’Igihugu”
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Abantu batoranyijwe mu bandi ngo bigishwe imyitwarire iboneye.
2. Umuntu utari inyangamugayo mu byo akora, utari intwari.
3. Ibintu bidakwiye gukorwa mu muryango.
4. Umuntu wagaragaweho ibikorwa byiza by’ indashyikirwa.
5. Ibintu bashyira mu mutobe ugahinduka inzoga, babishyira mu mitsima ukongera ubunini.
6. Ihuriro ry’ abantu bagamije ibiganiro byubaka, hakivangamo kubyina, kuririmba no gusangira amafunguro
Koresha mu nteruro zawe bwite amagambo akurikira:
1. Umusemburo 4. Indangagaciro
2. Intore 5. Amatorero
3. Iterambere
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Itorero ry’Igihugu rifite akahe kamaro?
2. Mu Itorero ry’Igihugu abantu bigiramo iki?
3. Muri uyu mwandiko haravugwamo ko ari ngombwa kwimakaza iki?
4. Amatorero yandi avugwa mu mwandiko afite akahe kamaro?
5. Itorero ndangamuco rigaragariza he ibihangano byaryo?
6. Kumenya imibereho y’ abakurambere byamarira iki urubyiruko?
7. Urabona byagenda bite Itorero ry’ Igihugu ridakoze inshingano zaryo uko bikwiye?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko?
2. Kora inshamake y’uyu mwandiko mu mirongo itarenze icumi.
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Muhereye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko mumaze gusoma, mwungurane ibitekerezo mugaragaza uko byagenda Abanyarwanda baramutse batitabiriye Itorero ry’Igihugu ntihabeho n’amatorero ndangamuco. Ni izihe ngaruka byagira ku muco nyarwanda no ku Banyarwanda ubwabo?

Mu matsinda cyangwa se mwese hamwe mu ishuri nimushinge itorero ndangamuco muhange indirimbo n’imbyino, muge mwitoza mu mwanya ugenewe imikino n’imyidagaduro maze muzage museruka mu gihe k’ibirori ku ishuri ryanyu n’ahandi mwatumirwa.
1.6. Ikeshamvugo ku isekuru, ku ngobyi no ku rusyo

Mu muco nyawanda, hari ibikoresho bubahaga cyane kubera akamaro byari bibafitiye maze babishakira imvugo yabugenewe. Icya mbere bubahaga ni ingobyi umubyeyi yahekagamo umwana. Ingobyi zabaga zikannye mu mpu z’intama mu gihe iz’ubu ziba zikoze mu myenda cyangwa mu budodo. Nta washoboraga rero kuvuga ngo agiye kugura ingobyi. Bavugaga ko ari ukuyikosha. Ingobyi kandi ntimeswa ahubwo irahanagurwa kuko kumesa ingobyi ari igitutsi. Ingobyi kandi ntibayijugunya yashaje ahubwo barayishyingura yakuze.
Ibindi bikoresho bubahaga ni urusyo n’isekuru. Kubigura ni ukubikosha. Urusyo ntibavuga ngo rwamenetse babyita gusandara. Isekuru na yo yarubahwaga kuko ari yo yifashishwaga cyane mu gutegura ibiribwa. Ntibazwa, iraramvurwa, ntimeneka iraribora, ntisaza irakura. Ayo ni amwe mu magambo yabugenewe akoreshwa kuri ibyo bikoresho. Namwe mwihatire kumenya ayandi kugira ngo mutazatatira umuco wacu.
Ibibazo byo gusubiza:
a) Nimutahure imvugo isanzwe n’imvugo yabugenewe ikoreshwa ku ngobyi, isekuru n’urusyo maze mubyuzuze mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira:
b) Musanga ari iyihe mpamvu biriya bikoresho bigenerwa imvugo yihariye?
1. Inshoza y’ikeshamvugo
Ikeshamvugo ni ikoreshwa ry’amagambo yabugenewe ku bantu no ku bintu Abanyarwanda bubahaga cyane mu muco wabo.
2. Amagambo yabugenewe ku isekuru


3. Amagambo yabugenewe ku ngobyi


4. Amagambo yabugenewe ku rusyo

Imyitozo:

Kera Abanyawanda bari bafite ibikoresho bya Kinyarwanda byabafashaga mu mibereho yabo ya buri munsi, birimo ingobyi, isekuru n’urusyo. Duhereye ku ngobyi bahekagamo abana, yari igikoresho cyubashywe na buri wese. Nta wahekaga mu ruhu rw’ihene cyaraziraga. Bakoreshaga uruhu rw’intama. Uwabaga adatunze intama, iyo yabyaraga yajyaga kugura ingobyi mu batunzi. Yabaga ikomeye ku buryo yayihekagamo abana benshi mbere yo kuyijugunya. Ingobyi kandi yagirirwaga isuku, ikameswa, kandi igasigwa amavuta kugira ngo yorohe.
Iyo umubyeyi yabaga yabyaye, abandi babyeyi bazaga kumushyigikira bakamusera ifu yo gushigishamo igikoma. Ifu bayisyaga ku ibuye rinini, bakoresheje amabuye mato. Babanzaga guhonda urusyo, barangiza bakarutereka ku mabuye hanyuma bagashyiraho ibyo gusya, bagatangira bagasya.
Iyo babaga barangije gusya, bakuragaho ifu bakoresheje utwatsi.
Isekuru yo bayifashishaga mu gusekura amasaka n’uburo kugira ngo biveho umurama. Isekuru zabazwaga mu biti by’imivumu. Udashoboye kuyibaza yarayiguraga. Mu gusaza kw’isekuru yaratobokaga cyangwa igasaduka.
Ibi rero byari ibikoresho bya kinyarwanda Abanyarwanda bikoreraga. Kuri ubu byasimbuwe n’ibya kizungu, ariko isekuru yo na n’ubu iracyakoreshwa. Urusyo narwo n’ingobyi ihekwamo abarwayi nabyo biracyakoreshwa mu duce tumwe tw’igihugu.

Ndavuga mu mvugo isanzwe wowe uvuge mu mvugo iboneye:
1. Kugura ingobyi 6. Mpa ako kabuye bashesha
2. Kumesa ingobyi 7. Iyi ngobyi irashaje
3. Isekuru yasadutse 8. Uriya mugabo abaza amasekuru.
4. Abasyi batangiye gusya 9. Tura iyo sekuru uyigurishe.
5. Ndi guhonda urusyo 10. Mpereza icyo giti nisekurire ubunyobwa.
1.7. Umurage n’izungura mu Rwanda

Hari hashize igihe kinini mama yitabye Imana, data asigara ari umupfakazi. Kubera urukundo data yakundaga nyakwigendera, ntiyigeze ashaka undi mugore. Ahubwo yakomeje kuturera, atwitaho adutoza imico myiza.
Ntiyigeze aba nka ba babyeyi gito basigaye batandukana bakuze, ugasanga umugabo atandukanye n’umugore nta n’imperekeza amuhaye. Nuko hashize igihe, data amaze kugera mu za bukuru, afatwa n’indwara araremba.
Ubusanzwe ntiyigeraga aryama cyangwa ngo yicare ku manywa nta kintu ari gukora, maze haza guhita icyumweru cyose adashobora kuva mu buriri. Yari amaze iminsi arwaye iryinyo, bamujyana mu bitaro, ariko iryinyo ntiryakira, bamugarura mu rugo. Nuko ishinya irabyimba, itama rirabyimba, mu muhogo harabyimba, mu minsi mike aba atagishoboye kugira icyo arya ngo akimire no kuvuga bitangira kumunanira.
Hashize iminsi adutumaho twese abana be, abahungu n’abakobwa, abanza kuduha impanuro arangije araturaga. Ubwo ni bwo natangiye kumva ko umubyeyi wadukunze akaduha uburere bwiza, agiye gutabaruka.
Amaze kutugabanya imitungo yari afite yose, twese aturinganiza, aratwihanangiriza agira ati: “Bana bange, uyu murage w’ibintu mbasigiye nta gaciro gakomeye ufite. Ntuzabateranye kuko ari ubusabusa. Umurage ukomeye mbasigiye ni urukundo, ubumwe, ubufatanye no gukunda umurimo. Izo ndangagaciro nazigendeyeho muri ubu buzima maze ku isi. Ni zo zizabageza ku butunzi nyabwo, ubutunzi muzishakira mwebwe ubwanyu. Dore nakoze uko nshoboye nshaka ubutunzi, nyamara nta gaciro kanini bufite, kuko mu minsi mike hazaba hagezweho ibindi bitari amazu n’amasambu. Iby’isi bigenda bihinduka uko bwije n’uko bukeye”.
Nuko umubyeyi amaze kuvuga atyo ajya mu cyumba ke, akagenda ahamagara umwana umwumwe ahereye ku mukuru akamuha umugisha. Aho mu cyumba ke ni ho yambwiriye ijambo ryanyubatse ringirira akamaro kurusha ibindi byose yambwiye.
Yafashe ikiganza cyange akimarana umwanya, maze arambwira ati: “Mwana wange akira umugisha. Iyi mbuto nguhaye, nuyitera ku rutare izamere, nuyitera mu butayu izere, aho ikiganza cyawe kizakora hose, hazasesekare uyu mugisha nguhaye, maze umusaruro w’ukuboko kwawe ugende ugwira ubutitsa.”
Iryo jambo data yambwiye ryangiriye akamaro gakomeye. Icyo nkoze cyose ngikorana ikizere, kandi koko kikampira. Ibyo byatumye nibuka ijambo rikomeye nasomye mu gitabo kimwe rigira riti: “Umurage uruta iyindi dushobora gusigira abana bacu n’abadukomokaho bose si amafaranga cyangwa ubundi butunzi twarundanyije mu buzima bwacu, ahubwo umurage mwiza ni imico n’ukwemera batwigiyeho.”
I. Inyunguramagambo

Koresha mu nteruro yawe bwite amagambo akurikira:
1. Umunani 3. Impanuro
2. Umurage 4. Kugera mu za bukuru
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Kuki umurage w’imitungo, uyu musaza avuga ko nta gaciro ufite?
2. Ni uwuhe murage ukomeye uyu musaza yasigiye abana be?
3. Ni iki kindi uyu musaza yahaye abana be kivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
4. Kuri wowe usanga umurage umusaza yahaye abana be ufite akahe gaciro, uwugereranyije n’umutungo w’ibintu?
5. Umwana ubara iyi nkuru avuga ko uyu murage wamumariye iki?
6. Ni ayahe magambo y’umuntu w’umuhanga urimo kuvugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
7. Ni ibiki biranga umuco nyarwanda dusanga muri uyu mwandiko?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko?
2. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Ni izihe ngero z’umuco nyarwanda ziri kuvugwa mu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Mu muco nyarwanda abakobwa ntibahabwaga umunani nka basaza babo bava inda imwe. Hari abantu bakiyumvisha ko abakobwa badakwiye guhabwa umunani no kuzungura ababyeyi babo kimwe n’abahungu. Mwebwe mubitekerezaho iki?
1.8. Inkuru yo mu Kinyamakuru: Tutitonze umuco wacu waducika

Nyuma yo gukora umuganda usoza ukwezi, abaturage b’Umurenge wa Jabana mu Karere ka Gasabo, bagiranye ikiganiro n’umunyamakuru ku nsanganyamatsiko ivuga ku “Ihinduka ry’umuco nyarwanda”, maze umunyamakuru asohora inyandiko igaragaza ibitekerezo byabo.
Iterambere tugezemo ririmo kutuzanira ibintu byinshi bitandukanye. Muri byo harimo ibyiza tugomba guharanira kandi tukabyakira ariko harimo n’ibibi dukwiye kurwanya tukabyamaganira kure.
Kera umwana yarererwaga mu muryango kandi akagira umwanya wo kuganira n’ababyeyi be. Kuri ubu, usanga abantu bamaze gutwarwa n’akazi. Kera umugoroba waharirwaga igitaramo, naho ubu uharirwa amasomo ya nimugoroba ku babyeyi maze ugasanga abana basa n’aho birera. Abana na bo ntibakibona akanya ko gukina.
Barereshwa tereviziyo cyangwa amafirimi. Ababyeyi benshi b’abagabo bataramira mu tubari bagacyurwa n’ijoro.
Nyamara mwibuke ko baca umugani ngo “uburere buruta ubuvuke.”

Mu guca umugani ko “uburere buruta ubuvuke”, Abanyarwanda bashakaga kuvuga ko uburere bw’umwana bufite akamaro gakomeye mu mibereho ye, kuruta uburyo yavutsemo. Uburere bw’umwana rero butangira akivuka, bugakomereza mu muryango avukamo no mu bo umwana ahura na bo bose. Nyuma bukomereza mu mashuri aho ava yabaye umuntu mukuru wifatira ibyemezo mu byo akora.
Mu busanzwe rero, abana bose bavuka bameze kimwe, kandi bashobora kugira ubwenge. None se kuki habaho abahinduka inzererezi, abandi bakagira imyitwarire mibi? Si uko baba barabuze uburere bwiza? Buri mwana rero ahawe uburere bukwiye, yavamo umuntu ukomeye kandi w’ingirakamaro.
Uwaciye uyu mugani rero ntiyashatse kuvuga ko umurezi aruta umubyeyi, ahubwo yashatse kugaragaza ko abana bose bakwiye kubona uburere bumwe kugira ngo ubwenge bwabo bwuzuzanye n’ubumenyi, maze buri wese agire amahirwe angana n’aya mugenzi we. Kuvukira ahantu heza rero nta cyo byakumarira niba udaharaniye kuba intyoza, ukagira ibitekerezo bizima, ugahitamo ibyiza ukareka ibibi kandi ugaharanira gukorana umurava mu byo ukora byose.
Kera rero uburere bw’umwana bwabaga bwitaweho cyane akaba ari yo mpamvu Abanyarwanda babuciragaho imigani itandukanye bagira bati: “Umwana apfa mu iterura.” Cyangwa ngo “Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito.”
Muri iyi nyandiko rero ndagira ngo ngaye imico mibi igenda idusatira. Icya mbere ngaya ni ababyeyi batita ku burere bw’abana babo ugasanga baratwawe no gushaka imitungo itandukanye bakibagirwa ko bafite inshingano yo kurera abo babyaye.
Icya kabiri ni imyitwarire idahwitse y’urubyiruko usanga rwaratwawe n’imico y’ahandi nk’imyambarire iteye isoni. Ibyo rwose ni ibyo kwamaganwa kuko bihabanye n’umuco ukwiye kuturanga.
Muri iki gihe mu Rwanda, abana bose bahawe amahirwe yo kwiga amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye. Banyeshuri rero nimwumve ko mufite inshingano zo kwigana umwete, maze buri wese aharanire kubyaza ayo mahirwe umusaruro uko ashoboye.
Nimuharanire kumenya gusoma no kwandika, mwihatire kumenya kubara, nimurangiza amashuri abanza mwarafashe neza ibyo mwize, muzakomeza ayisumbuye ndetse mugere no muri za kaminuza. Ibyo bizabafasha kujijuka, no kugera ku rwego rw’abakenewe mu mirimo, maze mubone uko mwibeshaho. Ntimuzacikwe n’iyo migisha kandi mwarahawe amahirwe yose yo kuyigeraho.
Umwanditsi: Mutoni Agnes
Bifatiye ku byasohotse mu Kinyamakuru” Umuco” cyo ku wa 30 Ugushyingo, 2016, urupapuro rwa 22-26
I. Inyunguramagambo

1. Uburere
2. Ubuvuke
3. Idusatira
Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro wihimbiye.
1. Uburere
2. Ubuvuke
Sobanura iyi migani yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
1. Umwana apfa mu iterura
2. Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ni iki kivugwa muri iyi nkuru?
2. Umutwe w’inkuru ni uwuhe? Ubona hari aho uhuriye n’ibivugwamo? Gute?
3. Ni ayahe makuru ukuye muri iyi nyandiko? Wumva hari icyo akunguye?
4. Hari ikinyamakuru waba warigeze gusoma? Kivuge unatubwire muri make inkuru wasomyemo.
5. Ni ibihe binyamakuru bivuga ku bana cyangwa ku rubyiruko uzi?
6. Ni ibiki wakunze mu byo umaze gusoma muri iyi nkuru?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko

1. Uyu mwandiko utandukaniye he n’iyindi myandiko uhereye ku buryo wanditse?
2. Haravugwamo iki?
3. Ugamije iki?
4. Muhereye ku bisubizo mumaze gutanga, uyu mwandiko mwawita iki?
1.9. Inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru
1. Inshoza y’inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru
Inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru ni inyandiko igamije kugeza ku bayisoma amakuru y’ibintu byabayeho cyangwa se igamije kunenga, gushima gusesengura no kugaragariza abayisoma ikintu iki n’iki umunyamakuru aba yabonye akifuza kukigeza ku basomyi.
2. Imiterere y’inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru

4. Ibyo umunyamakuru akwiye kumenya
.Kumenya ubwoko butandukanye bw'inkuru
.Kumenya uko ubara inkuru yawe.
.Kumenya gutondeka inkuru uhereye ku by'ingenzi.
.Mu makuru babanza kuvuga iby'ingenzi
Aho inkuru y’ikinyamakuru itandukaniye n’inkuru y’ubuvanganzo ni
uko inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru yo ihera ku byabaye ikabirondora nta
gushyiramo amakabyankuru yakonona ukuri kw’ibivugwa.
Umwitozo:
Subiza iki kibazo:
Andika inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru itarengeje impapuro ebyiri,
ugendeye ku miterere yayo. Ubare inkuru y’ibintu wahagazeho wowe
ubwawe cyangwa wabwiwe n’undi muntu, wumva wageza ku bandi.
1.10. Imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru.
Musome iki gice maze musubize ibibazo bigikurikiye.
Iserukiramuco Nyafurika ry’Imbyino, ku nshuro yaryo ya munani
ryabereye mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2013, aho ryaranzwe n’imbyino
zo mu mico itandukanye yo mu bihugu birenga ikenda byo muri Afurika,
n’u Rwanda rurimo. Iki gikorwa cyabereye i Remera. Mu mbyino zo mu
mico gakondo yo hirya no hino muri Afurika, u Rwanda rwahagarariwe
n’Itorero Urukerereza. Ababyinnyi baryo baje bitwaje uduseke, havamo
inuma ziraguruka ubwo badupfunduraga. Hari kandi itorero ry’abana
bakiri bato bari mu kigero k’imyaka hagati ya cumi n’ibiri na cumi
n’umunani ryitwa “Imena,” na bo bagaragaje ubuhanga mu mbyino zo
mu muco wa kinyarwanda.

Umurishyo w’ingoma zo mu gihugu cy’u Burundi na wo washimishije
abatari bake, kimwe n’imbyino zo mu itorero ryo mu gihugu cya Misiri
aho usanga abakobwa bazunguza amayunguyungu naho abahungu
bakikaraga.
Iri Serukiramuco Nyafurika ry’Imbyino ryazengurutse no mu yindi
migi itandukanye yo mu Gihugu nka Karongi, Rwamagana, Huye na
Musanze.
Soma izi nteruro maze utahure aho inyuguti nkuru zagiye
zikoreshwa:
1. Iserukiramuco Nyafurika ry’Imbyino.
2. U Rwanda rwahagarariwe n’itorero Urukerereza.
3. Imigi itandukanye yo mu Gihugu nka Karongi, Rwamagana, Huye
na Musanze yakiriye iri serukiramuco.
Inshamake ku mikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru.
Inyuguti nkuru ikoreshwa aha hakurikira:
1. Ku ntangiriro y’interuro
Ingero:
Umuco ni uburyo bwo gutekereza no kubaho kwa buri muntu ku giti
ke n’ukw’ imbaga y’abatuye isi. Umuco ugizwe n’ibyiza byose bituma
umuntu abaho kandi akamererwa neza.
2. Inyuma y’akabago, akabazo n’agatangaro.
Ingero:
Ni nde utazi ibyiza byo kubana mu mahoro? Keretse utarabona
intambara.
Intambara ni mbi, irasenya, ikica, igatera inzara. Nimuharanire
amahoro aho muri hose!
Mbega umwana mwiza! Areba neza.
3. Nyuma ya “ati, atya, atyo, ngo” bikurikiwe n’utubago
tubiri.
Urugero:
Baratubwiye bati: “Mwige mushyizeho umwete mutazatsindwa.”
4. Ku mazina bwite aho yanditse hose.
Ingero: Ndahayo, Murekatete, Nyabarongo, Sine, Kigali, Nyamasheke........
5. Ku nyuguti itangira:
a) Imibare iranga iminsi
Ku wa Mbere, ku wa Kabiri, ku Cyumweru …
b) Amazina y’amezi
Ingero: Nzeri, Ukwakira, Ugushyingo, Mutarama …
c) Ibihe by’umwaka mu Kinyarwanda
Ingero: Umuhindo, Urugaryi, Itumba, Iki.
6. Ku nyuguti itangira amazina y’imirimo, ay’inzego z’imirimo
n’ay’amashyirahamwe.
Ingero:
– Minisitiri, Umuhuzabikowa w’Umurenge, Umuyobozi
w’Akagari.
– Ishyirahamwe Abaticumugambi, Koperative Abadacogora,
Itorero Urukerereza…
7. Ku nyuguti itangira:
a) Amazina y’impamyabushobozi:
Ingero: Dogiteri Ndindabaganizi Aloyizi avura neza.
b) Amazina y’ubwenegihugu
Ingero: Abanyarwanda n’Abanyekongo barahahirana.
c) Amazina y’icyubahiro:
Ingero: Nyakubahwa Minisitiri w’Uburezi.
d) Amazina y’inzego z’ubutegetsi:
Ingero: Dutuye mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru, Akarere ka
Musanze, Umurenge wa Cyuve.
e) Amazina y’ubwoko:
Ingero: Abega, Abashambo, Abasinga,…
f) Amazina y’indimi:
Ingero: Ikinyarwandanda n’Ikigande bifite aho bihuriye?
g) Amazina y’ibikorwa byamamaye mu mateka:
Ingero: Intambara ya Mbere y’isi yose yageze no mu Rwanda.
8. Ku nyuguti itangira ijambo “igihugu” iyo rivuga u Rwanda:
Urugero: Ibendera ry’Igihugu.
9. Ku nyuguti itangira izina ry’inyandiko cyangwa ry’igitabo.
Urugero: “Isiha rusahuzi”
10. Ku nyuguti itangira izina ry’ikinyamakuru
Ingero: – Hobe ni akanyamakuru k’abana
– Imvaho Nshya isomwa n’Abanyarwanda benshi.
11. Izina bwite ritari iry’idini n’irindi rifatwa nka ryo, ryandikwa mu
nyuguti nkuru ryose iyo riri ku ntangiriro no ku mpera y’inyandiko
nk’ibaruwa cyangwa amasezerano, n’iyo riri mu rutonde rw’amazina
y’abandi bantu.
Urugero: NDINDABAGANIZI Aloyizi.
Nyamara ryandikwa mu nyuguti nto uretse inyuguti iritangira, iyo
riri mu mwandiko rwagati.
Urugero: Umbwirire Ndindabaganizi Aloyizi ko mutashya cyane.
Umwitozo:
Kosora interuro zikurikira ukurikiza imikoreshereze
y’inyuguti nkuru:
– Mukamana ni umunyamuryango wa koperative abaticumugambi.
– Mu Ruganda rw’Umuceri rwa kabuye bagira abakozi benshi.
– ngomba kwirinda Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside nkunda bagenzi
bange nk’ uko nikunda.
– Ibinyobwa Bitujuje Ubuziranenge tugomba Kubyamagana
tugashishikariza bose kubirwanya kuko bidutera Indwara.
Mfashe ko:
– Kuganira n’ababyeyi bituma tumenya umuco.
– Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga kerekana utunze n’icyo atunze.
Urugero: Kalisa ari mu modoka ye.
– Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda bufite imigenzo myinshi myiza nko
kwakira abashyitsi, gusaba umugeni, guherekeza umugeni,
ubusabane...
– Ikinyazina mpamagazi gituma igihamagawe cyumva ko bashaka
ko kiza cyangwa se ko gitega amatwi.
Urugero: Wa mwana we, kurikira.
– Itorero ry’Igihugu n’amatorero ndangamuco atuma umuco udacika.
– Hari amagambo yabugenewe ku isekuru no ku rusyo kubera ko
ibi bikoresho byubashywe mu muco w’Abanyarwanda.
– Abahungu n’abakobwa bafite uburenganzira bungana mu izungura
mu Rwanda.
– Inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru ifite uturango twayo ari two: izina
ry’ikinyamakuru yavuyemo, inomero y’ikinyamakuru, itariki
gisohokeyeho, urupapuro rw’ikinyamakuru, urwego inkuru irimo
n’izina ry’uwanditse inkuru no kuba yanditse mu mpushya zihagaze
ziteganye.
– Hari amagambo yandikishwa inyuguti nkuru. Muri yo twavuga
nk’amazina bwite, inyuguti itangira interuro...
1.11. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere
Inkwavu mu bantu
Kera habayeho abana babiri, umukobwa akitwa Karabo, umuhungu
akitwa Shema. Shema yari muto kuri Karabo. Iwabo bari baturiye
ishyamba. Iryo shyamba ryabagamo urukwavu arirwo bita Bakame.
Bakame, ikaba n’inshuti yabo magara. Yakundaga kubafasha gutashya,
barangiza ikabaherekeza, ikabarenza ishyamba, hanyuma ikagaruka.
Ibyo biba igihe kirekire, kugera ubwo Bakame yifuje kujyana na bo ngo
bibanire.

Umunsi umwe, Karabo na Shema baza gutashya, Bakame ibabonye,
iribwira iti: “Uyu munsi ntibanshika ndatahana na bo. Karabo na Shema
bayikubise amaso, barishima, barayihobera, ibasaba ko bakwijyanira.
Mu gihe bakibitekerezaho, imvura iba iraguye. Bajya kugama , bambuka
umugezi, biroha mu buvumo, basanganirwa n’impyisi.” Impyisi ikubise
amaso Bakame n’abana iriyamira iti: “Murakaza neza mboga zizanye!
“Bakame isubiza Warupyisi iti: “Ngo zizana! Uzi ukuntu uyu muhigo
wanduhije? Bakame iti: “Kandi Bihehe njya mbona uzaba Barihima.
Ubwo se ko uyu muhigo nawukuzaniye, ngira ngo twumvikane uko
dukwiye kubana, ku buryo igihe uzaba nta kintu waramuye nzajya
ngufasha guhiga, none nundya uraba wungutse iki ko n’ubundi uzongera
ugasonza?”

Warupyisi ibaza Bakame iti: “None uragira ngo tubigenze dute?”
Bakame iti: “Aho twambukiye, nahabonye igiti k’ipapayi, ndagira ngo
umfashe dusarure amapapayi nabonye yeze ndi burye, ubwo nawe uri
bube wica isari. “ Warupyisi iti: “Waretse se nkaba nsamuye aka gato,
umukuru nkaza kumwikuza nyuma?” Karabo na Shema babyumvise
barushaho kugira ubwoba. Bakame ibwira Warupyisi iti: “Ihangane
dore imvura irahise, ahubwo reka tugende umfashe gusoroma ayo
mapapayi, turire rimwe. Warupyisi iti: “None se ko ntazi kurira ibiti
ndakumarira iki? “Bakame iti:” Nta cyo bitwaye, turifashisha umwe
muri aba bana.”

Warupyisi, Bakame, n’abana barasohoka, berekeza iruhande rwa wa
mugezi wari wuzuye. Bakame ibwira Shema iti: “Ambukira kuri kiriya
kiraro, wurire kiriya giti k’ipapayi, nugerayo ndakubwira ikindi uri
bukore. “Irahindukira ibwira Warupyisi iti: “Nawe ugiye guhagarara
muri ariya mazi, uriya mwana natera ipapayi, wowe urikubite umutwe
nk’utera umupira ringereho.” Bakame ikimara kuvuga ityo, Warupyisi
yihutira kujya guhagarara mu mazi itabanje kubitekerezaho. Yikubita
mu mazi, imira nkeri, irashya imigeri, ihita ipfa. Bakame yiterera
hejuru iti: “Turarusimbutse.” Ihamagara Karabo, ibwira na Shema iti:
“Imanukire dutahe, Warupyisi yapfuye.” Bakame ijyana n’abana, nuko
ibana n’abantu gutyo, irabyara, irororoka. Inkwavu ziba zikwiye mu
bantu kubera abana.
Si nge wahera, hahera Warupyisi.
USAID, REB, EDC, DRAKKAR, Muze bana twandike dusome, urup. 7-14.
I. Inyunguramagabo
1. Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ukurikije
uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
Gutashya, bayikubise amaso, kumwikuza, turarusimbutse.
2. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo ukuye mu mwandiko:
a) Abana bagiye……………………………… mu ishyamba.
b) Buri munsi turya imbuto z’………………………………
c) Ntitugipfuye …………………………. icyago cyagiye.
3. Koresha amagambo yabugenewe muri iyi nteruro:
a) Umukobwa tuvukana yankijije impyisi yari igiye kundya.
b) Impyisi yari igiye kurya se wa data ararusimbuka.
4. Uzurisha mu nteruro aya magambo:
Naritaye, fata iya mbere, mwinejeje, amatsiko, murangwa.
a) Banyeshuri muge ………………………………….. n’isuku
n’ikinyabupfura.
b) Ko mbona mwese …………………………….. nk’abatashye
ubukwe?
c) Umuntu ugira ………………………………….. ahururira
iteka ibintu byose.
d) Ngaho………………………………….. abandi bagukurikire.
e) Humura ………………………………….. mu gutwi.

II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ni bande bavugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Abana bakijijwe na nde?
3. Ni iki cyatumye Bihehe yemera gusohoka mu isenga?
4. Ni bande batumye inkwavu ziba mu bantu?
III. Ibibazo ku ikeshamvugo
Kosora aho biri ngombwa ukoresha ijambo ryabugenewe:
a) Mpereza iryo buye mpondeshe uru rusyo n’umushishi
nduhanagure.
b) Yagiye kugura ibuye baseraho n’iryo bashesha, kuko andi
ashaje.
c) Uwo mwana wikoreye isekuru, muyimuture, murebe ko
itamenetse, muyimanike ku rusika.
d) Baje bikoreye isekuru ibajwe mu giti cy’umuvumu.
e) Isekuru imwe yari ishaje, ku buryo yamenetse batararangiza
gusekura.
f) Iyi ngobyi irashaje muyijugunye mugure indi.
IV. Imikoreshereze y’ibinyazina
a) Vuga ubwoko bw’ibinyazina biciyeho akarongo.
1. Ni iki mushaka kugura mwa bana mwe?
2. Wa nkoko we ndakugurisha.
3. Inka yange ikamwa litiro umunani ku munsi.
b) Simbuza ikinyazina ngenera ngenga gikwiye
amagambo aciyeho akarongo mu nteruro zikurikira.
1. Nitwa Mutabaruka. Inka za Mutabaruka zororerwa mu
biraro.
2. Yitwa Sezibera. Abana ba Sezibera biga mu mashuri abanza.
3. Imirima ya Rutebuka yararaye wagira ngo ntakiba mu rugo.
4. Inka za Karenzi na Semiharuro zisigaye ziba mu biraro.
V. Imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru
Kosora amakosa y’imyandikire ari muri aka gace
k’umwandiko:
abana be bamusabye ibikoresho by’ishuri; nuko abasubiza abuka
inabi. nyina biramubabaza abwira umugabo we ati: “ubwo se ni uko
wari ukwiriye gusubiza abana?” nuko arahaguruka arikubita basigara
bumiwe.
VI. Guhanga
Andika inkuru yanyuzwa mu kinyamakuru wubahiriza imiterere
y’inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru.
2 Ibidukikije
2.1. Twakoze urugendo shuri dusura imigezi,
inzuzi n’ibiyaga by’u Rwanda

Tugitangira umwaka wa gatandatu, umwarimu wacu yadusezeranyije
ko nitwitwara neza mu gihembwe cya mbere, bazaduhemba kujya mu
rugendo shuri rwo gusura ibiyaga, imigezi n’inzuzi by’u Rwanda. Ibyo
bintu byiza rero ntibyari kuducika. Abanyeshuri bose twigana twafashe
umugambi wo kwitwara neza, dutangira gufatanya mu mikoro n’imirimo
y’ishuri. Abatarumvaga neza amasomo amwe n’amwe twarabafashije,
dutangira gutangwaho urugero mu kigo cyose. Umwarimu wacu rero
na we yakomeje isezerano, abibwira umuyobozi w’ikigo cyacu, maze
turangije gukora ibizamini, umunsi twari tumaze igihembwe dutegereje
uba urageze. Twahagurutse i Muhanga saa mbiri za mu gitondo,
tubanza gusura uruzi rwa Nyabarongo, ndetse abari bitwaje ibyuma
bifotora bararufotora.
Twayigezeho turahagarara, tuva mu modoka, twitegereza ikiraro
gihuza Intara y’Amajyepfo n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Nuko turangije mwarimu
atubwira imiterere ya Nyabarongo agira ati: “Iyi Nyabarongo mubona
rero ni rwo ruzi runini kandi rurerure runyura hagati mu Gihugu cyacu.
Rwambukiranya u Rwanda, ruhereye mu majyaruguru kuko rufite isoko
ya Mukungwa ituruka mu biyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo mu Ntara
y’Amajyaruguru. Rugenda rusakuma imigezi mito yose, rukanyura mu
magepfo rugafata Akanyaru, maze rwagera ku mupaka wa Tanzaniya
rukabyara Akagera turi bugereho uyu munsi mbere yo gutaha.”

Ubwo tuvuye ku ruzi rwa Nyabarongo, twambutse ikiraro twinjira mu
Mujyi wa Kigali dukomeza twerekeza ku Kiyaga cya Muhazi.
Ikiyaga cya Muhazi cyo rero giteye amabengeza kandi ni kirekire kurusha
uko ari kigari. Kiri hagati y’Uturere twa Gasabo na Gicumbi, Gatsibo
na Rwamagana ndetse kigakomeza kikagera ku Karere ka Kayonza.
Gikikijwe n’ahantu hatandukanye ho kuruhukira ndetse n’amahoteri.
Ku nkengero zacyo hamwe usanga hari urufunzo, ahandi imigano,
ndetse n’ibindi biti bitari birebire. Gifite amazi meza y’urubogabogo
kuko imisozi igikikije yose yashyizweho amaterasi arwanya isuri. Si
kigari ku buryo iyo uri hakuno ubona inkombe yacyo yo hakurya neza.

Twamaze kuruhukira ku Rwesero tugenda iruhande rw’icyo kiyaga
cyose, turinda tugera i Kayonza nuko twinjira muri Pariki y’Akagera.
Aho muri pariki twasuye ikiyaga k’Ihema cyubatseho na Hoteri Ihema,
dusura ikiyaga cya Nasho, Rwehikama na Rwampaga, dusoza urugendo
rwacu dusura uruzi rw’Akagera rugabanya u Rwanda na Tanzaniya.

Ubwo twaracumbitse, bukeye bwaho tumanuka iya Bugesera, dusura
ibiyaga bya Cyohoha na Rweru. Urugendo twarushoreje ku Kanyaru,
duhindukira dusubira i Muhanga.

Ubwo rero umwarimu wacu yadusezeranyije ko ubutaha nidukomeza
kwitwara neza, tuzasura ibiyaga n’inzuzi biri mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo,
iy’Uburengerazuba n’iy’Amajyaruguru. Tuzahera kuri Mwogo, dusure
Rusizi isohoka mu Kiyaga cya Kivu, tugende inkengero z’icyo kiyaga
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
1. Urugendo shuri 6. Inkengero
2. Gufata umugambi 7. Inkombe
3. Gusakuma 8. Ibirwa
4. Ikintu giteye amabengeza
5. Amazi meza y’urubogobogo
b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro yawe bwite ukurikije
ibisobanuro byayo mu mwandiko:
1. Urugendo shuri 3. Gusakuma
2. Guhuza umugambi 4. Amazi y’urubogobogo
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Nimusubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Akamaro k’ibiyaga n’inzuzi ni akahe?
2. Andika nibura ahantu hane basuye.
3. Urugendo shuri mwumva rumaze iki?
4. Ni ibihe biyaga bivugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Biherereye hehe?
5. Umwarimu yabasezeranyije iki?
6. Mushatse gukora urugendo shuri ku ishuri ryanyu mwumva
mwasura iki

III. Gusesengura umwandiko

Subiza ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko?
2. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko ?

IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo

Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kibazo gikurikira:
Ni akahe kamaro k’imigezi, ibiyaga n’inzuzi?
2.2. Ikinyazina nyamubaro

Nimusome aka gace k’umwandiko maze mutahure imiterere
n’umumaro by’amagambo aciyeho akarongo.
Uko dukwiye gukoresha igihe cyacu
Kugira ngo dutere imbere tugomba gukora kandi ibyo dukora byose
tukabikora vuba. Dore dufite icyumweru k’iminsi irindwi. Jya rero
ugabanya akazi kawe mu gihe maze uvuge uti: “Ibi nzabikora mu munsi
umwe. Ibi nzaba nabigezeho mu minsi ibiri, biriya nzabirangiza mu
minsi itatu. Dore ibyo nzakora mu minsi ine, naho biriya nzabikora
mu minsi itanu, itandatu, cyangwa irindwi.” Hari n’ibyo ushobora
gukora mu minsi irenze iy’icyumweru nk’ibyo wakora bikarangira mu
minsi umunani, ikenda, cumi n’ibiri…

Ibibazo byo gusubiza:

1. Amagambo aciyeho akarongo asobanura iki?
2. Afite uwuhe mumaro ku mazina aherekeje?
3. Muhereye ku miterere n’umumaro wayo mwayita iki?
4. Muhereye ku buryo yisanisha n’amazina aherekeje, mubona guhera
ku “umunani” gusubiza hejuru yisanisha kimwe no kuva kuri rimwe
kugera kuri karindwi?

Inshoza y’ikinyazina nyamubaro

Ikinyazina nyamubaro ni ikinyazina kivuga umubare w’ibintu birangwa
n’amazina giherekeje. Kigizwe n’imibare kuva kuri rimwe kugera kuri
karindwi kuko ari yo yisanisha mu nteko zitandukanye. Naho guhera ku
“umunani” gusubiza hejuru si ibinyazina ahubwo ni amazina (amazina
nyamubaro) kuko atisanisha n’andi mazina aherekeje.
Tuvuga: Abantu umunani, inka umunani, ibiti umunani, abantu ikenda,
amashuri ikenda ....
Imiterere y’ikinyazina nyamubaro

Ikinyazina nyamubaro kigira ibicumbi: -mwe, -biri, -tatu, -ne, -tanu,
-tandatu, -rindwi, kandi kikisanisha mu nteko zose.
Urugero
1. Ishuri rimwe
2. Abana bane
3. Inka zirindwi
Imbonerahamwe y’ibinyazina nyamubaro

Imyitozo:

Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:

1. Tanga ingero z’interuro ebyiri zirimo ikinyazina nyamubaro.
2. Erekana ibinyazina nyamubaro muri izi nteruro:
– Kamana yakoye umugore we inka umunani: eshatu muri zo
ni inyarwanda izindi eshanu zisigaye zikaba inzungu.
– Umwana we wa kabiri afite imyaka irindwi.
– Abanyeshuri makumyabiri na bane ni bo bashoboye gutsinda,
batandatu baratsinzwe.

2.3. Inyamaswa zo muri pariki

Abanyeshuri twigana mu mwaka wa gatandatu tuyobowe n’umwarimu
wacu mu mpera z’icyumweru gishize twasuye icyanya cy’Akagera
n’ingagi mu birunga.
Ku wa Gatandatu, twazindutse mu nkoko duhurira ku Murindi wa Kigali
twerekeza mu Kagera. Mu cyanya cy’Akagera, twakiriwe n’ushinzwe
kuyobora ba mukerarugendo adutembereza ishyamba ryose, maze
tugenda twihera ijisho ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda. Twabonye ibintu
byinshi bishimishije nk’imirambi myiza ibereye ijisho n’amataba atagira
uko asa ahegereye i Gabiro. Twabonye imigunga n’imigenge, ndetse
n’iminyinya bifatanye urunana nk’abantu basabana. Twabonye imikoma
n’imikoyoyo, imyiha n’imikenke n’ibindi biti by’inganzamarumbo.
Icyo cyanya kandi gituwe n’inyamaswa zitabarika.
Mu nyamaswa z’amajanja twabonye intare, ingwe, urusamagwe, impyisi
n’imbwebwe.
Mu nyamaswa zirisha twabonye amashyo y’imbogo, twiga izisumba
zose, impara n’imparage, inyemera n’izindi.

Mu ziba mu mazi, twabonye imvubu zireremba mu biyaga biharaze
ishyamba ry’Akagera ndetse n’ingona zogagira mu ruzi rw’Akagera.
Inzovu twazisanze ku nkombe y’ikiyaga Ihema zirimo zirisha zishagawe
n’ibyana byazo.
Ibyiza twabonye mu cyanya cy’Akagera ntitwabivuga ngo tubirangize,
bwakwira bugacya; bisaba kwigirayo ukihera ijisho umutungo kamere
wacu wahuruje amahanga.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko:
1. Icyanya 3. Umurambi
2. Zishagawe 4. Itaba
b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo

Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro yawe bwite ukurikije
ibisobanuro byayo mu mwandiko.

1. Kuzinduka mu nkoko
2. Kwihera ijisho
3. Gufatana urunana

II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

Nimusubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.

1. Ni ba nde bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni hehe basuye? Babonyeyo iki?
3. Ni izihe nyamaswa babonye ukurikije aho ziba?
4. Usibye inyamaswa ni ibihe bindi bidukikije babonye?

III. Gusesengura umwandiko

Subiza ibi bibazo bikurikira:

1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko?
2. Ni iki wungukiye kuri uyu mwandiko?

IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kibazo gikurikira:

Muhereye ku bivugwa muri uyu mwandiko, nimutange ibitekerezo byanyu
mugaragaza akamaro ka za pariki. Ese musanga igihe ubutaka bwo
guhinga n’ubwo guturaho ari buto, ari ngombwa ko hagumaho ibyanya
bigenewe inyamaswa ndetse n’amashyamba? Kubera iki?
2.4. Utabusya abwita ubumera
Nimusome iyi nsigamigani maze mugerageze gutahura
ibisobanuro by’imvugo zidasanzwe zakoreshejwemo.
Iyi mvugo bayikoresha iyo babonye umuntu wese umara gushira impumu
akiyibagiza amagorwa azahutsemo, ahubwo agatsikamiza agahato
abo bahoze bayasangiye; ni bwo bavuga bati: “Koko utabusya abwita
ubumera!” Wakomotse kuri Karake ka Rugara w’i Bumbogo bwa Huro
(ubu ni mu Karere ka Rulindo); ahasaga umwaka wa 1600.

Guhera ku ngoma za kera kugeza kuri Kigeri Rwabugiri, habagaho
abanyamuhango b’umuganura, bagatura i Bumbogo; ndetse bakaba
ari na bo batware babwo bwose. Inteko yabo yari ku musozi witwa
Huro. Bukeye umutsobe Nyamwasa wari umugenga w’abasyi icyo
gihe, asaba umukobwa wo mu ngabo za Mibambwe Gisanura yise
“Abambogo b’umuganura”. Abakobwa babo ni bo basyaga umutsima
w’umuganura nyine. Uwo mukobwa yitwaga Karake akaba mwene
Rugara w’Umusegenge. Agasyana n’abandi bakobwa b’urungano.

Ni na ho Nyamwasa yamuboneye aramushima aramusaba. Amaze
kumurongora, Karake aranezerwa, kuko noneho aho gusya agiye kujya
ahagarikira abasyi. Ahimbazwa n’ubutwarekazi; abakobwa baje gusya
akabahagarikirana urutoto, abisyigingiza yitotomba ngo barizenutsa
ntibasyana umwete.

Abo bakobwa babyirukanye bakamubwira bamwenyura, bati: “Mbese
ntuzi ko uburo bukomera?” Karake akabasubizanya izenezene, ati:
“Ubu na bwo ni uburo si ubumera?”(ntiburuhije). Abakobwa bagatinya
kumuseka ngo bitabakorera ishyano; bagasekera mu bipfunsi. Bibaho
bityo. Bukeye Karake yubura ingeso yo gusinda. Nyamwasa yaza
agasanganirwa n’umugono, agasanga umugore yasinziriye uburiri
ari ibirutsi gusa. Karake si ugusinda arasayisha! Bituma umugabo
amwanga aramuzinukwa, aramusenda asubira iwabo. Rubanda bari
bazi ubukundwakare bwe baratangara.

Hashize iminsi, igihe cy’umuganura w’ibwami kiragera. Bakoranya
Abambogo b’umuganura bose ngo baze gusya kwa Nyamwasa. Ubwo
Rugara se wa Karake yari afite umugore w’umukecuru, kandi nta
n’umukobwa wundi afite wo kumucungura. Biramushobera ati: “Ibi
mbigenze nte, ko nta wundi mwana mfite; kandi ko kohereza Karake
kwa Nyamwasa ngo asyane n’abo yahoze ahagarikiye byamutera
ipfunwe ribi?” Abandi b’amacuti ye bati: “Nutamwohereza bizakugwa
nabi!”Abuze uko abikika apfa kumwoheraza ajya mu basyi, ati: “ Jya
gusya uburo bw’ibwami nta kundi twabikika!”

Karake arashoberwa ariko aremera apfa kugenda, agenda aseta inzira
ibirenge. Ageze kwa Nyamwasa abakobwa baranzika barasya, Karake
abajyamo afata urusyo rwe. Agize ngo arapfukama biramutonda.
Agize ngo arasya biramunanira, kuko yari amaze guhuga hashize
igihe kinini ari mu mukiro. Noneho ba bakobwa baramwubahuka
baramuseka baramukwena, mbese baramukwenura bamuhinyura; bati:
“Erega nyabusa shikama usye vuba, dore ubwo si uburo ni ubumera!”
Bamucyurira ko igihe yakinaga n’umurengwe, yari yarirengagije ko
gusya uburo ari impingane.

Nuko mu mataha, abakobwa batahana Karake bamuhinyura, ijambo
riba gikwira i Bumbogo risakara u Rwanda riba umugani. Bawinjiza mu
yindi yigisha kudakora iki cyangwa kiriya. Kuva ubwo rero umuntu wese
umaze gushira impumu, akirengagiza amagorwa azahutsemo, ntacire
abo bari bayasangiye akari urutega, bakamuciraho uwo mugani bagira
bati: “Utabusya abwita ubumera!” Baba bamugereranya na Karake
wirengagije ko gusya uburo ari impingane.

Byakuwe: MINISITERI Y’URUBYIRUKO, UMUCO NA SIPORO, Ibirari
by’Insigamigani, Icapiro ry’Ingoro y’Umurage w’u Rwanda, Igitabo cya kabiri, Icapiro rya
3, Printer set, 2005.
I. Inyunguramagambo

a) Mwongere musome uyu mwandiko maze mushakemo
amagambo afite ibisobanuro bikurikira:

1. Azahutse mu magorwa 6. Ipfunwe
2. Inteko 7. Impingane
3. Barizenutsa 8. Bamuhinyura
4. Si ugusinda arasayisha 9. Izenezene
5. Aramusenda 10. Urutoto

b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro:
1. Ipfunwe,
2. Aramusenda.

II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

Nimusubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.

1. Mu mwandiko bavuga ko umuganura bawiteguraga bate?
2. Iyi mvugo “Utabusya abwita ubumera” yakomotse kuri nde?
3. Ni ukubera iki abakobwa babyirukanye na Karake
bamubwiraga bati: “Ntuzi se ko uburo bukomera”?
4. Ese iyi myitwarire ya Karake urayishima? Sobanura.
5. Ni iyihe nama wagira abantu bitwara nka Karake,
bagasuzugura abandi kubera ko babasumbya ubushobozi?
6. Ni ayahe masomo y’ingenzi twakura muri iyi nsigamigani?

III. Gutahura imvugo zidasanzwe

a) Tahura imvugo zidasanzwe ziri muri izi nteruro zavuye
mu mwandiko ugerageze no kuzisobanura:
1. Ntacire akari urutega abo bari bayasangiye.
2. Agenda aseta inzira ibirenge.
3. Bagasekera mu bipfunsi.
b) Izo mvugo wazita ngo iki?
2.5. Inshoberamahanga
Inshoza n’uturango by’inshoberamahanga
nshoberamahanga ni imvugo y’ubuhanga, ifite igisobanuro akenshi
gishingiye ku muco, cyangwa ku igereranya, bityo ntiyumvikane neza
ku batari abenerurimi.
Akenshi iba igizwe n’amagambo abiri cyangwa atatu. Si interuro yuzuye
nk’imigani y’imigenurano.
Ingero:
– Guca ku nda: Kunywana.
– Guca ruhinganyuma: Kwihisha umuntu ukajya gukora ikintu
kimubangamiye.
– Guca ikibungo: Kubanza guca hirya no hino mbere yo kurasa
ku ngingo, kuzigura.
– Guca ibiti n’amabuye: Kuzana inkubiri uhitana ibyo uhuye na
byo mu nzira.
– Guca amano: Gusitara bikabije.
– Gutera isekuru: Gucumbagira.
– Gutera inogo: Gutamira byinshi mu gihe cyo kurya
wungikanya.
– Gutera ububyara: Gukinisha umuntu mu magambo.
Inshoberamahanga igira umumaro wo gukarishya imvugo no
kugaragaza ubuhanga mu rurimi. Nta nyigisho iba ibumbatiye
nk’imigani migufi.
Imyitozo:
1. Shaka nibura inshoberamahanga icumi kandi utange
n’ibisobanuro byazo.
2. Uzurisha inshoberamahanga ubona zikwiriye
– Dore Kamana ....................................... kubera ko yavunitse.
– Kuki ushaka ......................................., mbwira udatinze.
– Yamuteye ....................................... amuvumbura mu bandi.

2.6.Twasuye Pariki y’Akagera

Umwaka ushize ubwo twarangizaga umwaka wa gatanu, twasuye
Pariki y’Akagera tugamije kwirebera ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda. Twari
tumaze umwaka dukusanya amafaranga tubifashijwemo n’umwarimu
wacu kuko buri wese yari gukenera nibura ibihumbi birindwi, harimo
amafaranga yo kwishyura ubuyobozi bwa pariki hamwe n’ayo
kudutunga uwo munsi wose.

Uwo munsi rero twazindutse mu museke tugera ku ishuri ryacu kare,
maze saa moya za mu gitondo tuba duhagurutse ku kigo cyacu. Ubwo
twanyuze i Kigali tureba uwo mugi dore ko hari n’abatari bakawugezemo

bagendaga batangarira inzu ndende z’amagorofa, imihanda inyura
hejuru y’iyindi n’imodoka z’uruvunganzoka ukaba wagira ngo buri
muntu utuye mu Mujyi wa Kigali afitemo iye.
Twasohotse mu mugi tunyura i Rwamagana, dukomeza iya Kayonza
maze mu mwanya tuba twinjiye muri Pariki. Abashinzwe kurinda pariki
baduhaye abatuyobora bakagenda batwereka inyamaswa zitandukanye
ari na ko badusobanurira.

Inyamaswa twabanje kubona ni impara n’imparage.

Ziba zirisha mu mukenke ahantu hatari ibiti byinshi kandi ntizibona
abantu ngo zihunge. Twarazegereye turazitegereza na zo ziratureba
tukabona ari byiza.
Ubwo twigiraga imbere gato, twabonye ishyo ry’imbogo tukabona zisa
nk’inka z’isine.
Uwari ushinzwe kutuyobora yatubujije kuva mu modoka kuko imbogo
ari inyamaswa zigira amahane. Ushatse kuzegera zakwica kuko zicisha
amahembe yazo. Twazirebeye kure tutavuye mu modoka, ariko ubwo
natwe twari twagize ubwoba.
Ubwo twarakomeje tubona inzovu, tubona imvubu ziri mu mazi, tubona
na Twiga bita Gasumbashyamba zigira ijosi rirerire.
Si inyamaswa gusa twabonye ahubwo twabonye udusozi twiza turiho
ingara z’iminyinya n’ibyatsi by’umukenke utera utwo dusozi amabengeza.
Twasuye kandi ibiyaga bitandukanye bimwe twiga mu masomo
y’ibidukikije, twe twabibonye n’amaso.

Gutembera ukabona ibyiza bitatse isi yacu nta ko bisa. Bituma umuntu
yihera amaso ibyiza bitatse isi, kandi birajijura. Ba mukerarugendo
babona ibintu byiza byinshi. Natwe ubu twiyemeje ko tuzajya tuzigama
amafaranga buhorobuhoro, maze tukazasura n’ahandi hantu hari
ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda ndetse tukazajya no mu bihugu bidukikije.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Mwongere musome uyu mwandiko maze mushakemo
amagambo afite ibisobanuro bikurikira:

1. Amagorofa 4. Uruvunganzoka
2. Mu museke 5. Umukerarugendo
3. Ishyo 6. Ingara z’iminyinya

b) Imyitozo y’inyunguramagambo
Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro ziboneye wihimbiye
1. Mu museke 2. Ishyo 3. Uruvunganzoka
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

Nimusubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Abanyeshuri bateguye urugendo rwabo bate?
2. Ni ibiki babonye mu Mujyi wa Kigali?
3. Mu gusura Pariki y’Akagera bari bagamije iki?
4. Ni izihe nyamaswa babonye muri Pariki y’Akagera?
5. Kuki uwari ushinzwe kubayobora yababujije kuva mu modoka?
6. Ni ibiki bindi babonye bitari inyamaswa?
7. Mwumva urugendo nk’uru rwo gusura ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda
bimariye iki abanyeshuri?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko

Subiza ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Tahura ingingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.
2. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Umaze gusoma uyu mwandiko ni izihe ngamba wafata kugira
ngo nawe uzabashe kwirebera ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda aho
kubibarirwa?
IV. Gukina bigana
Mu matsinda muhimbe agakino kagaragaza uko gahunda y’abanyeshuri
yo gusura ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda muri Pariki y’Akagera cyangwa
iy’Ibirunga yagenze kuva bategura urugendo kugera rurangiye. Mu
bakinankuru harimo abanyeshuri bari gutegura gahunda y’uko bazakora
urugendo, bafashe ikemezo cyo kuyigeza ku mwarimu. Umwarimu
arabashyigikira na we abafashe kurutegura ndetse no kuvugana
n’ubuyobozi bwa pariki. Hari kandi ushinzwe kuyobora ba mukerarugendo
ugenda abasobanurira ibyo babona ku munsi w’urugendo.
2.7. Itondaguranshinga: imbundo
Soma aka gace k’umwandiko maze utahure imiterere
n’umumaro by’amagambo yanditse atsindagiye.
Kwiga ni ukwigana
Mu buzima dukenera kwiga no kumenya byinshi kugira ngo dukore
ibidufitiye akamaro kandi tubeho neza. Kwiga rero si ukujya mu ishuri
imbere y’umwarimu gusa. Mu ishuri tuhakura ubushobozi bwo gushobora
gusoma no kwandika ndetse no gusesengura ibyo abanyabwenge
banditse mu bitabo. Nyamara hari ibintu byinshi dushobora kwigishwa
n’ababyeyi bacu n’abandi bantu duhura na bo.

Gutembera rero bituma duhura n’abantu benshi ndetse tukabona
ibintu bitandukanye kandi ibyo duhura na byo byose biratwigisha. Ibyo
duhuye na byo byose, byaba ibibi cyangwa ibyiza biratwigisha. Ni yo
mpamvu bavuga ngo “kugenda cyane bitera kubona.”

Banyeshuri rero muge mwumva ko uko mukoze urugendo shuri,
uko mutembereye, muge mwumva ko hari icyo mugomba kuhigira.
Umuntu wese muhuye na we muge mumwigiraho, ikibi mumubonaho
mwe mukirinde, ikiza mumubonaho mukigane. Kwiga ni ukwigana.
Ibibazo byo gusubiza:
1. Amagambo yanditse atsindagiye mubona avuga iki?
2. Atangirwa n’izihe ngombajwi?
3. Ubona afite iyihe mimaro mu nteruro arimo?
4. Ukurikije icyo ariya magambo avuga n’imimaro yayo mu nteruro
wayita iki?
Inshoza n’uturango by’inshinga iri mu mbundo

Imbundo ni inshinga idatondaguye. Imbundo ivuga igikorwa, imimerere
cyangwa imico bidafite uwo bicirwa. Ni uburyo bw’inshinga butagira
umwihariko ku byerekeye imyifatire y’uvuga ku cyo ashaka kumenyesha
ubwirwa. Ukora igikorwa ntaba agaragara. Imbundo ni inshinga
idatondaguye. Itangirwa buri gihe n’ingombajwi «k» ikurikiwe n’inyajwi
«u». Iyo ngombajwi «k» ishobora guhinduka «g» mu nshinga zimwe na
zimwe.
Ingero: Kuvuga, guteka, kubabara…
Imbundo ishobora kwitwara nk'izina:
Iyo yitwaye nk’izina ifata indomo maze ikagira umumaro nk’uw’izina.
Iryo zina ribarirwa mu nteko ya 15 y’amasano kimwe n’andi mazina
nka: ukuboko, ukwezi, ukuguru,…
Ingero:
– Ukugenda kwe kwaratubabaje kuko yadusize twenyine.
– Ugusaba imbabazi kwe kwakiriwe neza maze habaho kwiyunga.
Imbundo kandi yitwara nk'inshinga itondaguye
Iyo imbundo yitwaye nk’inshinga itondaguye, ntigira indomo. Ishobora
kugira ibyuzuzo biyitaruye cyangwa biyihagitsemo ndetse ikaba yagira
indango yemeza cyangwa ihakana. Ishobora nanone kuvugirwamo
ibizaba cyangwa ibitazaba no kongerwaho ingereka zinyuranye.
– Inshinga iri mu mbundo ni inshinga idatondaguye iguma mu nteko
ya 15.
Urugero: Kugenda (nt 15)
– Inshinga iri mu mbundo ishobora kugira icyuzuzo kiyitaruye cyangwa
kiyihagitsemo.
Urugero: Guhinga umurima o Kuwuhinga.
– Inshinga iri mu mbundo ishobora gukoreshwamo impakanyi “ta”.
Ingero:
1. Guteka o kudateka
2. Kwigao kutiga
– Inshinga iri mu mbundo igira indagihe n’inzagihe.
Imyitozo:
1. Tahura imbundo ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
Kubaka si ugusenya ni ukugereka ibuye ku rindi.
Kubaka ni ukuzamura inkuta z’inzu ukayisakara, ukayitunganya kugira
ngo ishobore guturwamo.

Icyo gikorwa ntikiba cyoroshye na gato kuko kigomba gusiza ikibanza,
kuzamura inkuta, gushyiraho amakumbo, no gusakara. Kubikora bisaba
ingufu n’ubwenge, ndetse n’igihe kuko ntibishobora gukorwa mu munsi
umwe.

Gusenya byo ni uguhirika ibyubatswe. Ntibisaba ubuhanga ubwo
ari bwo bwose. Kubikora biroroshye ariko ni bibi, kuko gusenya ni
ukwangiza. Iyo usenye ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose kongera kucyubaka
birakuvuna.

Iyi mvugo rero ishaka kuvuga ko kubaka bivuna nyamara gusenya
bikoroha. Nyamara kubaka ni byo byiza gusenya bikaba bibi. Ni imvugo
rero idukangurira guharanira kubaka aho gusenya.

Nimuharanire kubaka aho gusenya, muharanire gusigasira ibyubatswe
aho kubisenya icyo gihe gutera imbere bizaborohera.
2. Tanga imbundo ku nshinga zikurikira:
– Ariga
– Aratashye
– Ntahinga
3. Shyira mu nzagihe izi mbundo:
– Kwiga
– Kudataha
– Kunguka
4. Ubaka interuro ebyiri ukoresheje inshinga ziri mu
mbundo.
Mfashe ko:
– Mu bidukikije mu Rwanda harimo imigezi, ibiyaga, inyamaswa,
imisozi, amashyamba…
– Ikinyazina nyamubaro kivuga umubare w’ibintu kuva kuri rimwe
kugeza kuri karindwi.
Urugero: Mfite ibiti bitanu.
– Inshoberamahanga ni imvugo ikomeye umuntu utari umwenerurimi
adapfa kumva.
Urugero: Uriya mugabo aragenda atera isekuru bivuga ko agenda
acumbagira.
– Mu itondaguranshinga harimo imbundo.
Urugero: Ashaka gukora none ndetse no kuzakora.
2.8. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
Umwandiko: Kurwanya isuri
Ubutaka bwacu burushaho kugunduka ku buryo abahinzi bahinga
ntibeze nk’uko kera byahoze. Kugunduka k’ubutaka guterwa n’uko
amazi y’imvura agenda atwara ubutaka bwiza bworoshye kandi bwera.
Haramutse hadafashwe ingamba zo kurinda ubwo butaka, isuri yadusiga
iheruheru ntituzongere kweza, amasambu yacu akaba nk’ubutayu.
Tugomba kwihatira kurwanya isuri kuko ari yo ituma ubutaka bugunduka

ndetse tukihatira no gufumbira dukoresha ifumbire y’imborera n’ifumbire
mvaruganda.

Ni twe dufite inshingano zo gufata neza ubutaka bwacu tuburinda kwangirika
kugira ngo buduhe umusaruro dukeneye. Kudakora inshingano zacu
ni amakosa kandi bidufiteho ingaruka zikomeye. Kurumbya kubera ko
ubutaka bwagundutse, biduhoza mu nzara z’akanda, mu bukene, mu
bibazo by’ubushyamirane kubera ko abasangira ubusa bitana ibisambo.
Hakwiye rero gufatwa ingamba. Ingamba ya mbere ni uguca imiringoti
ahantu hahanamye naho ahadahanamye cyane tukahaca amaterasi
y’indinganire. Icya kabiri ni ugutera ibyatsi bifata ubutaka ndetse n’ibiti
bituma butagunduka. Icya gatatu ni ugufata neza amazi yose y’imvura
ducukura ibyobo hafi y’amazu tukayayoboramo. Ayo mazi ashobora
no kwifashishwa mu kuhira imyaka mu gihe k’izuba. Mbese kuki abatuye
mu butayu badataka inzara, twe tubona imvura igihe kinini tugahorana
ibibazo by’inzara? Ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ubutaka ntibisaba
ubuhanga buhambaye cyane. Ahubwo bisaba ubushake, umuhate
n’ishyaka bya buri wese.

Gucukura imiringoti ni igikorwa cyoroshye gikorwa n’umuntu ku
giti ke akurikije uko ahinga isambu ye, akagenda ashyiramo inkingo
ziringaniye kandi zingana. Guca amaterasi y’indinganire byo bisaba
kwiyambaza inzobere. Ushinzwe ubuhinzi mu kagari cyangwa mu
murenge yabidufashamo. Naho ibyo gutera ibyatsi n’ibiti birwanya
isuri nta buhanga bisaba. Gucukura ibyobo bifata amazi ni igikorwa
cyoroshye cyane kuko dusanzwe twicukurira imisarane, ingarani
n’ibindi.

Ku misozi ihanamye ho hakwiye guterwa amashyamba na yo adufasha
kurwanya isuri. Ni ngombwa gucukuramo imiringoti igabanya
umuvuduko w’amazi kandi bigatuma amazi arekamo akoreshwa n’ibiti
kuko biba biyakeneye cyane. Isuri rero dukwiye kuyirwanya dushyizeho
umwete kuko iri mu bintu byangiza ibidukikije itwara ubutaka, isenya
amazu ndetse itaretse n’ubuzima bw’abantu. Kubungabunga ibidukikije
ni ubundi buryo bwo kubungabunga ubuzima bwacu.
I. Inyunguramagambo
Tanga ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko
yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko, unakoreshe buri jambo mu
nteruro imwe yumvikanisha neza igisobanuro cyayo.
1. Kugunduka 4. Inshingano
2. Ingamba 5. Inzobere
3. Ubutayu 6. Iheruheru
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko:
1. Mu mwandiko barasobanura ko igunduka ry’ubutaka riterwa
n’iki?
2. Ni izihe ngamba zitangwa mu mwandiko zafasha mu kurwanya
isuri?
3. Ni izihe ngaruka zituruka ku kutita ku bikorwa byo kurwanya
isuri?
4. Ni ibihe bikorwa bivugwa mu mwandiko umuntu ku giti ke
yakwikorera mu kurwanya isuri?
5. Impuguke se zo zafasha gute mu rwego rwo kurwanya isuri
yangiza ibidukikije?
6. Ni ibihe bidukikije isuri ikunda kwangiza?
7. Ni ibihe bindi isuri yangiza bitavuzwe mu mwandiko?
III. Ikibonezamvugo
Erekana ikinyazina nyamubaro muri izi nteruro:
– Twahuye turi abantu umunani. Abagabo batatu n’abagore
batanu.
– Umwana wa mbere mu mwaka wa kabiri afite imyaka irindwi.
– Abanyeshuri makumyabiri na bane ni bo bashoboye gutsinda,
batandatu baratsinzwe.
IV. Inshoberamahanga:
1. Tanga inshoza y’inshoberamahanga.
2. Koresha izi nshoberamahanga mu nteruro ziboneye.
a) Gukura ubwatsi
b) Gutera utwatsi
3. Tanga ibisobanuro by’inshoberamahanga zikurikira :
a) Kurambika inda ku muyaga:
b) Gutwita ibiyaga:
c) Gusera mu birere :
d) Kugira umutwe munini:
e) Akaboko karekare:
4. Huza inshoberamahanga n´ibisobanuro byazo.

5. Tanga ingero ebyiri z’interuro aho inshinga
yakoreshejwemo nk’izina.
6. Tanga ingero ebyiri mu nteruro aho imbundo yitwaye
nk’inshinga.
V. Ihangamwandiko
Hanga umwandiko ku kubungabunga ibidukikije ugaragaza akamaro
kabyo n’ingaruka mbi zo kutabyitaho (nturenze amapaji abiri).
3 Ubuzima bw’imyororokere
3.1. Ubuhamya bw’umuntu wanduye indwara
yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.

Mfite imyaka cumi n’ibiri nkaba naranduye indwara yitwa Mburugu.
Ndatekereza ko mukimara kubyumva muhita muvuga muti: “Umva
umukobwa w’igicucu wishora mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye.”
Nyamara n’ubwo ibyo byambayeho, ndifuza kubibabwiza ukuri kugira
ngo namwe bitazababaho.

Nari maze igihe gito nkundana n’umuhungu witwaga Byusa. Andusha
imyaka ibiri. Naramwizeraga rwose. Mbere y’uko ankoresha
imibonano mpuzabitsina ntabishaka, twari twaraganiriye ku bintu
byinshi. Twumvikanye ko tuzirinda, tukifata kuzagera ubwo dukura
tukubakana urugo. Kwifata byaramunaniye akajya anyinginga ngo
dukore imibonano mpuzabitsina nkamwangira.
Umunsi umwe, yaje kuntumira iwabo. Njyayo nsanga ari we wenyine
uhari kandi yanyiteguye. Yanyakirije fanta ariko sinamenya ko yari
yashyizemo ibiyobyabwenge. Nange nabaye umupfapfa sinagira
amakenga mpera ko ndagotomera n’isari nyinshi.
Nyuma uko twakomezaga kuganira twahuje urugwiro
ntakwishishanya, ni ko nagendaga numva nsa n’uhinduka mu mubiri
wose: nkumva nsa n’utazi neza iyo ndi, nkanyuzamo nkabira ibyuya
umubiri wose, nkumva agatotsi kagenda kantwara bukebuke ndetse
mfite n’ikizungera kugeza ubwo nasinziriye nezaneza.

Aho mperukira amakuru y’ibyabaye, nibuka Byusa ambwira ngo
ninge kuryama mu cyumba cy’abashyitsi negusinzirira mu cyumba
cy’uruganiriro. Ngo yagiraga ngo age kumpamagarira ababyeyi be
baze bampe ubutabazi bw’ibanze kuko yakomezaga kunyumvisha ko
nafashwe na marariya akaba ari yo yatumaga ngubwa nabi. Nyamara
zari nka za mpuhwe za Bihehe kuko yari azi neza ibyo yakoze agira
ngo agere ku mugambi we bitamugoye.

Ubwo naje kuzanzamuka nyuma, numva nshaka kujya gucisha
hejuru ndamuhamagara. Yaraje ajya kunyereka aho niherera
mpageze ndisuzuma nsanga yankoreye ibya mfura mbi. Kuva ubwo
nahise ngwa mu kantu mbura icyo nkora nshwana na we. Ibyo
byose ntiyabyemeraga ahubwo yampinduraga umusazi. Byamaze
kunyobera, ndataha ndyumaho sinahita mbwira ababyeyi bange uko
byangendekeye ngo batavaho bavuga ko nari nsanzwe niyandarika.

Nyamara wahishira ibindi byose ariko ntiwahishira ikikubungamo.
Hashize igihe gito, natangiye kumva ngira uburyaryate mu gitsina.
Ntabwo byambabazaga ariko nahise ntangira kwibaza niba
byaraturutse ku mibonano mpuzabitsina nashowemo. Gusa sinakekaga
ko Byusa nubwo yampemukiye yaba agendana izo ndwara zandurira
mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, kuko nta kintu nabonaga ku mubiri we
cyagaragazaga uburwayi. Ngakomeza kwibaza niba yaba yari afite
uburwayi, impamvu yaba yaragambiriye kunyanduza ku bwende.
Umunsi umwe rero nafashe ikemezo cyo kubimubazaho. Nuko
ambwira ko na we yagiraga uburyaryate kandi bukaba bwaratangiye
amaze kuryamana n’umwe mu bakobwa bakundanaga mbere. Nyuma
yaho yatangiye kujya agira umuriro akajya abona n’uduheri dutukura
ku ruhu rwe. Ngo yabibajijeho umukobwa bari bakoranye imibonano,
amubwira ko yari muzima, kandi ko yahuraga n’abasore yizeraga
gusa. Nyuma yaho, uko kugira umuriro byarahagaze, n’uduheri
ntitwongera kugaruka, nuko akeka ko nta kibazo afite.

Maze kumva ibyo, nafashe ingamba yo kujya kwisuzumisha. Ingorane
yabaye iyo gusaba muganga ngo adupime. Nari mfite kandi ubwoba
bwo kubibwira ababyeyi bange, kuko ntashakaga ko bamenya ko
nakoze imibonano mpuzabitsina. Nababwiye rero ko ngiye kubonana
na muganga kuko numvaga ntameze neza, sinababwira ko ngiye
kwipimisha. Ku bw’amahirwe, ababyeyi bange babyakiriye neza,
bishimira ko ntekereje kujya kwa muganga.

Muganga na we yanyakiriye neza, aransuzuma asanga mfite
ubwandu bwa mburugu. Yambajije aho nanduriye ndabimutekerereza
hanyuma antuma kuzana na Byusa. Yaraje aramusuzuma maze na
we amusangamo ubwo bwandu. Gusa ndashimira muganga kuko
yaduhumurije, aratuvura, anatwumvisha ko mburugu n’ubwo ari
indwara mbi, ishobora kuvurwa igakira vuba cyanecyane iyo ugiye kwa
muganga hakiri kare. Baduteye inshinge buri wese kuri buri tako, nyuma
dusubiyeyo twasanze twarakize kandi na bwa buryaryate burakira.

Nanone yadusobanuriye ko iyo itavuwe neza, ishobora gutera ubugumba,
indwara zo mu mutwe, ndetse no gukuramo inda ku bagore cyangwa
bakabyara abana bafite ubumuga bw’ingingo kandi ntibabashe kubaho.
Nyuma yaho Byusa yagiye kubibwira umukobwa bari barakoranye
imibonano mpuzabitsina mbere, na we ajya kwipimisha arivuza.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Gerageza gusobanura buri jambo kandi urikoreshe mu
nteruro iboneye.
1. Imibonano mpuzabitsina 4. Ubugumba
2. Gusama inda 5. Gukuramo inda
3. Uburyaryate

b) Imyitozo y’inyunguramagambo

1. Tanga impuzanyito z’amagambo aciyeho akarongo.
a) Maze kumva ibyo, nafashe ingamba yo kujya kwipimisha.
b) Mburugu ishobora gutera ubugumba, indwara zo mu mutwe,
ndetse no gukuramo inda ku bagore cyangwa bakabyara
abana bafite ubumuga.
c) Byusa yagiye kubibwira umukobwa bari barakoranye
imibonano mpuzabitsina na we ajya kwipimisha arivuza.
2. Uzurisha impuzanyito z’amagambo ari mu dukubo.
a) Uyu muntu yari yishwe n’ ………………… (inzara)
b) Mu Rwanda ………………… bafite umumaro. (abategarugori)
c) Nafashe …………………cyo kwipimisha (ingamba)
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko.
Musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Kuki uyu mukobwa watanze ubuhamya yumvaga ko abamwumva
bamwita igicucu?
2. Uyu mukobwa, ni ubuhe butwari wamushimira?
3. Kuki nta muntu ugomba kwizera ko atarwaye umurebesheje
ijisho gusa?
4. Ni irihe somo rikomeye wakuye mu buhamya bw’uyu mukobwa?
5. Ese wowe uramutse ugize ibyago ukandura imwe mu ndwara
zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, watinyuka kubibwira
ababyeyi bawe ndetse ukajya no kwivuza kwa muganga?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko

Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:

1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa muri rusange muri uyu
mwandiko?
2. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi zigize uyu mwandiko.
3. Ni ayahe masomo y’ingenzi twakura muri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku byavuzwe mu mwandiko
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kibazo gikurikira:

Muramutse muhuye n’umuntu wanduye indwara yandurira mu
mibonano mpuzabitsina mwamugira iyihe nama?
Umukoro
Ganiriza abo mubana mu rugo ku cyo umukobwa yakora aramutse
afashwe ku ngufu agakoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina.
3.2. Itondaguranshinga: Ibihe bikuru by’inshinga
Soma witonze aka gace k’umwandiko, maze ukurikije ko inshinga ziciyeho
akarongo zivuga igikorwa cyahise, ikirimo gukorwa cyangwa ikizaza
uzuzuze mu mbonerahamwe ikurikiraho:
Dukwiye guhora dusoma.
Mwana wange ubwo ubona njijutse nta kindi mbikesha ni ugusoma
ibitabo bitandukanye.
Kera nkiri muto narasomye biratinda. Nasomye ibitabo byinshi
bitandukanye: iby’ubuvanganzo, iby’ikibonezamvugo, n’iby’inkuru
bitabarika. Narasomaga sinibuke no kurya iyo nabaga naguye ku
gitabo kiryoshye.
Kandi na n’ubu ndacyasoma, ejo narasomye ndetse no mu
kanya nasomye kandi n’ubu urabona ko ndi gusoma. Hari umunsi
ngira akazi kenshi ku manywa, bwajya kwira umuriro ukabura,

ngatangira kwibaza nti: “Ubu koko ndacyasomye?” Iyo byanze
nshana agatadowa ngasoma nibura amakuru y’ibyabaye uwo munsi.
Buri munsi rero ndasoma nkamenya amakuru kandi nkagira icyo
nunguka. Nsoma ibitabo, ngasoma ibinyamakuru, ngasoma n’ibyo ku
mbuga nkoranyambaga. Ubu na nimugoroba ndasoma ibinyamakuru
byasohotse uyu munsi. Ejo na bwo nzasoma iby’ejo. Ejobundi na bwo
nzasoma iby’aho n’umwaka utaha nzasoma ibizaba bigezweho.
Nzakomeza nsome kugira ngo nkomeze kujyana n’igihe, kuko ibyo
ku isi bigenda bihinduka. Ubwenge bukomeza kwiyongera, udasomye
wasigara
Ibibazo byo gusubiza:
1. Ibihe bivugwamo ibikorwa biri muri iyi mbonerahamwe ni bingahe?
2. Muhereye ku bihe no ku bikorwa bivugwa mu nshinga mwashyize
muri iyi mbonerahamwe, mwavuga ko ibihe bikuru by’inshinga ari
ibihe?
3. Duciye umurongo tukawita igihe, mwawugabanyamo kangahe
mukurikije ibihe izi nshinga mwabonye zitondaguwemo?
A. IMPITAGIHE
Impitagihe ivuga ibyahise kare cyangwa kera ikigabanyamo impitakare
n’impitakera.
1. Impitakare
Impitakare yumvikanisha igikorwa cyarangiye mu gihe cyashize, ariko
kitarengeje uyu munsi, mu kanya kashize.
Ingero:
a) Nasomaga igitabo.
b) Nasomye igitabo.
c) Nsomye igitabo.
d) Ndagisomye.
e) Icyo gitabo nagisomye.
Izi nshinga zumvikanisha igikorwa kimaze gukorwa, ariko cyarangiye
bitarenze uyu munsi cyangwa mu kanya kashize
2. Impitakera
Impitakera yumvikanisha igikorwa cyarangiye mu gihe cyashize,
uhereye ejo hashize ugana hirya yaho.
Ingero:
a) Nkiri muto nasomaga ibitabo byinshi mu cyumweru.
b) Mu mwaka ushize nasomye ibitabo bine.
c) Kera narasomye cyane.
d) Ejo nasomye umunsi wose.
Izi nshinga zumvikanisha igikorwa cyamaze igihe gikorwa ariko
cyarangiye ejo hashize cyangwa hirya yaho.
B. INDAGIHE
Indagihe ivuga ibiba muri aka kanya, ibiba ubusanzwe, ibyabaye kera
bivugwa mu nkuru, ibikorwa bigikomeza, bityo ikigabanyamo indagihe
y’aka kanya, indagihe y’ubusanzwe n’iy’imbarankuru, n’iy’igikomezo.
1. Indagihe y’ubu: ubungubu, mu kanya kaza, mu kanya gashize
Indagihe y’ubu yumvikanisha ikirimo gukorwa ubu, aho uvugiye.
Urugero:
Ndasoma igitabo
2. Indagihe y’ubusanzwe
Indagihe y’ubusanzwe yumvikanisha igikorwa gisanzwe gikorwa.
Nta wamenya intangiriro n’iherezo ryacyo.
Ingero:
a) Nsoma igitabo.
b) Iyo mbonye akanya ndasoma.
c) Ndasoma buri munsi.
d) Nsoma igitabo kimwe mu minsi ine.
3. Indagihe y’imbarankuru
Indagihe y’imbarankuru umuntu ayikoresha avuga ibyabaye kera
nk’aho ari iby’ubu. Isa nk’indagihe y’ubusanzwe, bigatandukanira ku
nshoza.
Ingero:
a) Yagiye mu nzu nuko arambura igitabo arasoma.
b) Nuko icyo gihe turasoma abantu baratangara.
4. Indagihe y’igikomezo
Indagihe y’igikomezo yumvikanisha igikorwa kikirimo gukorwa
ubungubu, nta wamenya igihe cyatangiriye, nta n’uwamenya igihe
kiri burangirire.
Ingero:
a) Ndacyasoma igitabo.
b) Turacyategura ibikorwa tuzakora mu muganda.
Hari n’indagihe y’igikomezo ikoreshwa kenshi mu nteruro zisa
n’izibaza, ariko zinatangara: ingero: a) Ubu se ndacyasomye cya
gitabo ko ndeba bwije? b) Aho aracyakoze wa murimo?
Zumvikanamo igikorwa kifujwe gukorwa mu kanya uvugiyemo
cyangwa kari buze, cyangwa mu gihe kizaza, ariko aho uvugiye ukaba
utagifite ikizere gihamye ko kiri bukorwe.
C. INZAGIHE
Inzagihe ivuga ibiza kuba cyangwa ibizaba nyuma y’igihe cyo kuvuga.
Yigabanyamo inzahato n’inzakera.
1. Inzahato
Inzahato ivuga ibiri bube nyuma yo kuvuga, ariko ntibifate undi munsi.
Ingero: Ku gicamunsi uratera umupira.
Ibiri bube uyu munsi mu kanya kaza bishobora kandi kuvugwa mu
ndagihe iyo twongeyeho akajambo karanga igihe.
Ingero:
a) Ndaza mu kanya
b) Ndaje ube untegereje
2. Inzakera
Inzakera ivuga ibizaba ejo hazaza cyangwa mu bihe bizakurikiraho.
Irangwa na za-
Ingero:
Nzasoma igitabo.
Imyitozo:
1. Soma interuro ikurikira uyishyire mu nzagihe.
Umuganga na we yatwakiriye neza twembi nge na Byusa, kandi
asanga dufite ubwandu bwa mburugu.
2. Mukurikize ruhamwa yatanzwe maze mutondagure inshinga
mu gihe cyatanzwe mu dukubo.
a) Mutoni ( gusobanurira: inzagihe) bagenzi be.
b) Uburagaza (kwica: impitagihe) abantu benshi mu myaka ya
kera.
c) Mu Mpeshyi nta mvura ( kugwa: indagihe).
d) Mburugu ni imwe mu ndwara (kwandurira: indagihe) mu
mibonano mpuzabitsina.
e) Iyi nka (kuza: inzagihe) ibyatsi yarishije.
3.3.Twirinde indwara zandurira mu myanya
ndangagitsina

Urubyiruko rugomba kumenya ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere,
rukamenya uko imibiri yabo ikora, bityo rugashobora kwirinda indwara
zandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina, rukirinda kubyara rutarageza
igihe.

Indwara zandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina zikwirakwizwa no
gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina abantu batikingiye. Izo ndwara rero
ziva ku muntu wanduye zijya ku wundi, bityo uko abantu bakorana
imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abantu batandukanye akaba ari ko zigenda
zikwirakwira.

Ubuzima bw’imyororokere rero bugira uruhare mu buryo tubaho.
Bugomba gutekerezwaho umuntu akiri muto, bityo akamenya uko
yitwara mu busore cyangwa mu bukumi bwe, kugeza mu gihe abaye
mukuru agashaka cyangwa agahitamo kudashaka.
Kutamenya ibijyaye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere bigira uruhare
rukomeye ku mibereho y’umuntu no mu iterambere rye. Kwandura
indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ni ingorane zikomeye
cyanecyane iyo akiri muto.
Akenshi abazanduye bakiri bato batinya kuzivuza, maze zikamunga
imibiri yabo. Zirabangiza ugasanga nta ntege bafite, ndetse abenshi
bikabaviramo gupfa imburagihe.

Na none kubyara ukiri muto ni ibyago bikomeye kuko bigutesha intego
zose wari ufite mu buzima. Abenshi bahagarika amashuri, bakajya
kurera abana babyaye. Ubuzima bwabo rero buba bubaye bubi.
Ubuzima bwiza bw’imyororokere rero bugira uruhare ku mibereho
y’abantu, ku iterambere ryabo, ku ngufu bagira zo gukorera igihugu,
bityo bukagira uruhare ku iterambere ry’isi muri rusange.

Ubuzima bw’imyororokere bugomba kumvikana neza mu gihe abantu
bakiri bato kugira ngo bitegure uko bazabaho bamaze gukura, birinde
imibonano mpuzabitsina kugeza bashatse. Ibyo bibarinda indwara
zandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina.

Ubuzima bubi mu bijyanye n’imyororokere buha icyuho indwara,
gufatwa ku ngufu, gucuruzwa kw’abantu, inda zititeguwe ndetse n’imfu.
Nyamara indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zishobora
kwirindwa kuko umuntu ni we uzikururira. Kuzirinda rero ni ukwirinda
imibonano mpuzabitsina mu gihe utarashaka ngo ugire umuntu umwe
mubana mukubaka urugo. Kujarajara mu bantu batandukanye rero
ni byo bikwirakwiza indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.
Kwifata ku bakiri bato bakirinda imibonano mpuzabitsina ni byo
byabarinda izo ndwara.

Ku bananiwe kwifata, nibura bagomba kwibuka gukoresha agakingirizo.
Izishobora kwanduzwa n’ibikoresho bisangirwa nka tirikomonasi na
zo zirindwa buri wese agira igikoresho ke k’isuku kandi akagisukura.
Nimwirinde indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina rero,
bizatuma mugira ubuzima bwiza.
I. Inyunguramagambo:
a) Musobanure amagambo akurikira.
1. Guha icyuho
2. Inda zitateguwe
3. Kujarajara
4. Imburagihe
b) Imyitozo ku nyunguramagambo
Koresha buri jambo mu nteruro yumvikanisha inyito yaryo:
1. Guha icyuho
2. Inda zitateguwe
3. Kujarajara
4. Imburagihe
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Wumva kumenya ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere
byagufasha iki?
2. Ubuzima bw’imyororokere bugira uruhare rukomeye mu
mibereho yacu bute?
3. Kuki abantu bagomba kumva neza bakiri bato ibijyanye
n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere?
4. Indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zikwirakwira zite
mu bantu?
5. Andika ingaruka zo kwandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano
mpuzabitsina.
6. Ni gute ubuzima bwiza bw’imyororokere bwagira uruhare mu
iterambere ry’igihugu?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Gerageza gusubiza ibi bibazo:
1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize uyu mwandiko.
2. Ni ayahe masomo wigiye kuri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku byavuzwe mu
mwandiko
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kibazo gikurikira:
Mubona hakorwa iki kugira ngo indwara zandurira mu mibonano
mpuzabitsina zicike mu bantu?
3.4. Ikinyazina mbaza
Musome iki kiganiro maze mutahure imiterere n’umumaro
by’amagambo yanditse atsindagiye
Muhire: Uraho Mahoro!
Mahoro: Uraho Muhire!
Muhire: Noneho se ibyo wambaye ni ibiki?
Mahoro: Ibihe se udasanzwe ubona?
Muhire: Ibyo wambaye nyine.
Mahoro: Iki ni igisarubeti n’ingofero by’abafundi.
Muhire: Usigaye uri umufundi se? Wabyigiye he se?
Mahoro: Ubu ndangije mu ishuri ry’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro.
Muhire: Ubwo se baguhemba angahe ku munsi?
Mahoro: Bampemba kimwe n’abandi bafundi.
Muhire: Yewe, sinari nzi rwose ko hariho abakobwa b’abafundi.
Mahoro: Ubu abakobwa natwe dusigaye twubaka rero. Kandi
turabizi kuko twabyize.
Muhire: Ni iterambere ridasanzwe. Nange rwose ninjya kubaka ni
wowe uzanyubakira.
Mahoro: Gira vuba ahubwo maze nzakwereke ko natwe dushoboye.
Ibibazo byo gusubiza:
1. Amagambo: ibihe, angahe, afite uwuhe mumaro mu nteruro?
2. Mubona ashobora kwisanisha mu nteko zitandukanye?
3. Muhereye ku miterere n’umumaro wayo mwayita iki?
4. Amagambo abaza nka: nde? ryari? ki? he? Na yo yashyirwa muri
ubu bwoko bw’amagambo?
a) Inshoza y’ikinyazina mbaza
Ibinyazina mbaza ni amagambo aherekeza amazina cyangwa
akayasimbura, afasha mu kubaza usobanuza cyangwa wifuza kumenya
umubare w’ibintu. Habaho andi magambo abaza nka: nde? ryari? ki?
Ariko atari ibinyazina mbaza.
Ingero: Ni nde? Inka ki? Uzaza ryari?
b) Imiterere y’ikinyazina mbaza
Ikinyazina mbaza kigira ibicumbi bitatu ari byo:
– ngahe? – he? – e?.
Ikinyazina mbaza gifite igicumbi –ngahe? kisanisha n’inteko ziri mu
bwinshi gusa.
Urugero:
Ufite abana
Ikinyazina mbaza gifite igicumbi “he?” kisanisha n’inteko zose kikaba
gishobora kuba kigufi cyangwa kirekire.
Ingero: – Ushaka akahe gacuma?
– Ushaka agacuma kahe?
Ikinyazina mbaza gifite igicumbi “e?” kisanisha n’inteko ya 16 gusa.
Ingero: – Utuye he?
– Uvuye hehe?
Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina mbaza

Imyitozo:
1. Tahura ibinyazina mbaza muri aka gace k’umwandiko
Gutegura gahunda y’igihembwe.
Mu ntangiriro ya buri mwaka buri munyeshuri aba akwiye kwibaza
ibibazo bikurikira:
Muri uyu mwaka tuziga amasomo angahe? Amasomo mbona
akomeye ni ayahe? Nkeneye amakaye angahe? Isomo iri n’iri rigaruka
inshuro zingahe mu cyumweru? Ibintu bikunze kungora ni ibiki? Ni he
nakwigira hamfasha kwiga mu mutuzo? Ni abahe bantu bamfasha mu
myigire yange? Ibintu bishobora kundangaza bigatuma ntiga neza ni
ibiki?
Iyo umaze kubona ibisubizo by’ibyo bibazo uba warangije gutsinda.
2. Mutahure muri iki kinyatuzu gikurikira ibinyazina mbaza
nibura bitatu.

3.5. Nzirinda ikintu cyose cyanshora mu
busambanyi.

Ingimbi n’abangavu bakunze gushukwa n’abantu bakuze, bakabashora mu
mibonano mpuzabitsina batarageza igihe. Akenshi bashukishwa utuntu
duto nk’amafaranga, imyenda, utuntu turyoshye two kurya cyangwa
kunywa batarashobora kwigurira n’ibindi.

Imibonano mpuzabitsina rero yangiza ubuzima, igatuma abo
bangavu n’ingimbi bahagarika amashuri yabo, intego zabo z’ubuzima
zigahagarara. Nyamara ibyo byose umwana amaze gukura ashobora
kubigeraho, akifasha. Kwirinda gushorwa mu mibonano mpuzabitsina
rero ni ukwirinda kugira irari ry’ibyo utarashobora kwiha, ukirinda
abagushuka.

Ingaruka ni nyinshi ku bantu bishora mu mibonano mpuzabitsina
bakiri bato. Hari ingaruka zigaragara ku mubiri nko kurwara indwara
zandurira mu myanya ndangabitsina ndetse no gutwara inda ku
bana b’abakobwa. Nyamara kandi hari n’ingaruka ku mibereho, ku
mitekerereze n’ imyitwarire y’umwana. Harimo kwisuzugura, kutigirira
ikizere, kuraruka no kwiyanga. Kuri ibyo, hiyongeraho kandi imyitwarire
yo kumva afite ikimwaro cyangwa kuba umushizi w’isoni.
Buri mwangavu cyangwa ingimbi agomba kwiyumvisha iki kintu: “Mfite
uburenganzira bwo guhakanira umuntu wese ushaka kunshora mu
mibonano mpuzabitsina. Singomba kwishora mu mibonano mpuzabitsina
kubera ko nkunda umukobwa cyangwa umuhungu.”

Kwishora mu mibonano mpuzabitsina rero ntibituma umwangavu
cyangwa ingimbi bangirika ku mubiri gusa, bibatera no kwangirika
mu bwonko. Ubwonko rero ni rwo rugingo rukomeye mu bijyanye
n’imibonano mpuzabitsina. Iyo mu bwonko harangije kwangirika nibwo
usanga umuntu atagishobora kwifata, imibonano mpuzabitsinda ikaba
ari yo imugenga, intego zose yari afite mu buzima zikazima, agatangira
gutsindwa mu ishuri byarimba akarivamo, indi mirimo yose igahagarara.
Kubaho gutyo rero ni ukubaho nk’inyamaswa itagira ubwenge bwo
gukora ibintu muri gahunda iyi n’iyi yihaye.

Kugira ngo utegure ubuzima bwawe neza ni ukumenya guhuza ibyo
bintu bitatu ari byo: umubiri, umutima n’ubwonko. Umubiri ugomba
kurindwa kuko ushobora kwangirika kandi ni na wo ukora igikorwa,
umutima ni wo uvamo ibyiyumvo naho ubwonko bukaba ari bwo
buvamo ibitekerezo.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Mushake ibisobanuro by’aya magambo.
1. Irari 3. Ubwonko
2. Umushizi w’isoni 4. Ibyiyumvo
b) Imyitozo ku nyunguramagambo
Mukoreshe aya magambo mu nteruro zumvikanisha icyo asobanura:
1. Irari 3. Ubwonko
2. Umushizi w’isoni 4. Ibyiyumvo
c) Fora ndi nde?
Ni nge shingiro ryo gutekereza kandi ibyumviro byose ndabitegeka
Ndi ………………
Ifashishe aka gakino ka “fora ndi nde?” ubaze ikibazo cyo gufindura
amagambo akurikira: umutima, inka, ingimbi, umwangavu.
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Ni ibiki abantu bakuze bakunze gushukisha ingimbi n’abangavu
bagamije kubashora mu mibonano mpuzabitsina?
2. Hari igishuko wowe wari wahura na cyo muri ubwo buryo?
Wakitwayemo ute?
3. Rondora ingaruka ku bantu bishora mu mibonano mpuzabitsina
bakiri bato.
4. Kwangirika mu bwonko bizana izihe ngaruka ku wishoye mu
mibonano mpuzabitsina akiri muto?
5. Kwirinda imibonano mpuzabitsina ukiri muto ni ukurinda ibintu
bitatu. Ni ibihe? Kubera iki? Wabirinda ute?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo:

1. Andika ingingo z’ingenzi zigize uyu mwandiko unawukorere
inshamake.
2. Garagaza isomo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko.
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kibazo gikurikira:

Ese urukundo n’ubucuti hagati y’umuhungu n’umukobwa bigaragarira
mu gukorana imibonano mpuzabitsina?
3.6. Ikinyazina mboneranteko
Soma interuro zikurikira maze utahure imiterere n’umumaro
by’amagambo aciyeho akarongo:
1. Za dodo ziraryoha.
2. Ba marume bamfashije kwiga.
3. Ka Mukamana kagira urugwiro.
4. Mfite ba masenge babiri kandi bombi bize iby’ubwubatsi.
Ibibazo byo gusubiza:
1. Aya magambo aciyeho akarongo murabona aherekeza amazina
ateye ate?
2. Ubona afite uwuhe mumaro?
3. Uhereye ku miterere n’umumaro byayo wayita ngo iki? Hari irindi
zina ryabyo muzi?
4. Mumaze kubona uko biteye n’uko bikoreshwa mwavuga ko ibinyazina
mboneranteko ari iki?
a) Inshoza y’Ikinyazina mboneranteko
Ikinyazina mboneranteko ni amagambo akoreshwa imbere
y’amazina bwite n’amazina rusange adafite indomo akerekana inteko
izina ririmo. Bakita ikinyazina mboneranteko cyangwa ikinyazina
ndanganteko.
b) Imiterere y’ikinyazina mboneranteko
Ikinyazina mboneranteko kigira igicumbi “-a”, kigatuma ijambo
kibanjirije rihindura inteko mu kurishondeka, kuritubya no kuritubura.
Ingero
Bya Muhoza biraje.
Rwa Muhire ni urunebwe.
Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina mboneranteko:

Imyitozo
1. Shyira izina Murorunkwere mu nteko ya 12 maze ukore
isanisha riboneye:
Murorunkwere agira umutima mwiza.
2. Koresha ijambo marume mu nteko ya 11 usanishe n’andi
magambo mu nteruro ikurikira:
Marume yanyambuye isambu yange.
3. Andika ubwoko bw’ijambo riciyeho akarongo.
a) Ni utuhe dutebo ka Mbonigaba kaboshye?
b) Ka kana ka Matayo kagize amanota angahe?
c) Za nka zawe ni zo zituma wigira za magabo?
3.7. Gera umuzinga ku wa Bugegera

Uyu mugani Abanyarwanda bawuca iyo bashaka kwigisha umuntu
ngo akurikize urugero rwiza abonana abandi; ni ho bagira bati: “Gera
umuzinga ku wa Bugegera!” Wakomotse ku mugabo wo ku Ntenyo
mu Nduga y’epfo witwa Bugegera, akaba umugaragu wa Mirenge,
umukungu w’ikirangirire bajya bakurizaho kuvuga ngo naka atunze
ibya Mirenge ku Ntenyo. Ni ahasaga umwaka wa 1700.

Mirenge uwo nguwo amaze gukungahara cyane mu Nduga yose
rubanda baramushikiraga, baza kumucaho inshuro; kandi ubwo
bukungu bwe bwakomokaga ku mizinga y’inzuki yagikaga, bituma
agira ubuki bwinshi, abafite amasaka, ingumba n’imfizi bakabimuzanira
bagatetura (kugurana ubuki). Nuko biba aho bishyize kera, wa mugabo
Bugegera w’umugaragu wa Mirenge wari umukene cyane ageretseho
no kuba yaracitse intoki z’ikiganza k’iburyo akajya yitegereza imizinga
ya Mirenge bahakura ubutitsa; azirikana n’ibintu bazanira Mirenge
bagurana. Ni ko kwigira inama ati: “Ahari nange mboshye imizinga
nkayagika ubanza namera nka Mirenge; n’aho kandi ntasa na we,
nibura nakwibeshaho!” Ati: “Inzuki Mirenge ntazifata ngo azishyire mu
mizinga ye; byongeye si n’abantu be batera ngo bazinyage bazizane mu
mizinga.”

Ni bwo atangiye aca imicundura n’akaboko kamwe k’ibumoso; mu
Nduga y’ epfo kera nta shyamba ryahabaga; hari umukenke wiganjemo
urucundura; na we Mirenge, ibiti yaboheshaga imizinga, abantu
be babikuraga mu Mayaga ku Rutabo rwa Kinazi. Bugegera amaze
kugwiza uduti twe, abwira umugore we Nyirampumbya ati: “Nshakira
amarwa meza nziyingingire umuntu wo kwa Mirenge azambohere
umuzinga, nange nzagike ndebe ko twabona ubuki bukadukiza!” Uwo
mugore we, Nyirampumbya ngo yagiraga amarwa y’iziko atangaje.
Ahera ko aracanira; umusemburo uramuhira uratumbagira, abonye
ko ushamaje yimuka ku buriri bwe ahunga umugabo we, kugira ngo
na hato batarengwaho bakawica; dore ko kera umusemburo na wo
wiraburirwaga.

Nuko Nyirampumbya yenga amarwa ngo atangaza Abanyenduga,
bose barayahururira barizihirwa. Bageze aho, Bugegera araterura
ati: “Umva bantu muteraniye aha; icyatumye mbatumira, ndasaba ko
uwamenya kuboha umuzinga yazawumbohera nkazamuhemba amarwa
arenze aya”! Abari aho barumirwa; havamo umwe w’umuhanga mu
buboshyi bw’imizinga ati: “Tutagombye kuwuboha, ngeweho ndawufite
uzaze nywuguhe”. Bugegera na Nyirampumbya babyumvise barishima
cyane babwira uwo mugabo bati: “Ntibigombera gutinda, jyana n’uyu
mwana”. Amukorera umuzinga awuzanira se.

Mu gitondo awagika mu munyinya wari imbere y’irembo rye. Amaze
kuwagika agira amahirwe winjira vuba, ugiye kwera urasizora; yenze
ubuki buratangaza buruta ubwo kwa Mirenge kure. Ababubonye
bahakana ko atari ubw’umukenke, bakeka ko ari ubw’i Bugesera
bw’igiti kitwa Urusinzagwa. Bamaze kwishimira ubuki bwa Bugegera,
bahinyura ubwo kwa Mirenge bati: “Mbese imizinga ya Mirenge yayigize
nk’iya Bugegera ikera ubuki bw’Ubusinzagwa ntibe myinshi y’ubusa!”
Nuko kuva ubwo Bugegera arakira aranezerwa akijijwe n’umuhate wo
kwigana gukora yagika akazinga ke kamwe kakarusha iyo kwa Mirenge
kwera. Ni bwo Abanyanduga babigize umuhango bakajya bigana ibifite
akamaro babonana abandi.
“Kugera umuzinga ku wa Bugegera” ni ukwigana urugero rwiza
ubonana abandi.
MINISITERI Y’URUBYIRUKO, UMUCO NA SIPORO, Ibirari by’Insigamigani, Icapiro
ry’Ingoro y’Umurage w’u Rwanda, Igitabo cya kabiri, Icapiro rya 3, Printer set, 2005.

I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Mushake ibisobanuro by’aya magambo:
1. Ikirangirire 7. Amarwa
2. Baramushikiraga 8. Umusemburo
3. Kumucaho inshuro 9. Ushamaje
4. Imizinga 10. Wiraburirwaga
5. Ingumba 11. Araterura
6. Kwagika
b) Imyitozo ku nyunguramagambo
1. Uzurisha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zatanzwe:
umusemburo, ubuki, yarateruye, umuvumvu, inzuki.
a) Mugabo ............................ aravuga ati: “Sinshobora kurara
ntariye inyama.”
b) Mu ifarini bashyiramo .................................. kugira ngo umugati
ubyimbe.
c) Ikigage bashyizemo............................... kitwa amarwa.
d) Nagitse umuzinga uhita winjirwamo n’......................... ubu ndi
............................ utegereje guhakura nkabona .........................
2. Uzuza iyi migani ukoresheje amagambo ukuye mu
mwandiko.
a) Uwavuga ay’...................... ubuki ntibwaribwa.
b) Igiti kimwe si...................................
c) Ntawujya mu .................................. ngo abure inkoni aca.
d) Ukurusha ......................... aba akurusha urugo.
e) Ubuze ay’iburyo akama ay’.............................
f) Ubwenge bw’....................... burayobera.
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Iyi mvugo “Gera umuzinga ku wa Bugegera” yaturutse he?
2. Ubukungu bwa Mirenge yabuvanye he?
3. Kugira ngo Bugegera ashobore kwibeshaho yagize ikihe
gitekerezo?
4. Kugira ngo Bugegera abone umubohera umuzinga yasabye iki
umugore we?
5. Kugera umuzinga ku wa Bugegera bisobanura iki?
6. Umuntu ukora umwuga wo korora inzuki bamwita ngo iki?
7. Hitamo igisubizo cy’ ukuri. Uyu mwandiko ni:
a) Inkuru
b) Igitekerezo
c) Insigamigani
d) Umugani muremure.
III. Gusesengura umwandiko.
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi zigize uyu mwandiko.
2. Ni izihe nyigisho z’ingenzi twakwigira kuri iyi nsigamigani?
3. Ukurikije imiterere y’uyu mwandiko n’ibivugwamo, wavuga ko
insigamigani ari iki, irangwa n’iki?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku byavuzwe mu mwandiko:
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:
Insanganyamatsiko zo gutangaho ibitekerezo:
1. Ese gucika intoki z’ikiganza bikwiye gutuma umuntu asabiriza?
2. Uhereye ko Bugegera yiganye Mirenge yarangiza agakora
nk’ibye ndetse akanamurusha, bigatuma abantu bamwegukira
bakava kuri Mirenge, wavuga ko Bugegera ari umunyeshyari
mubi cyangwa wamwita umuntu uharanira kunguka ubwenge
agamije kwibeshaho.
3.8. Insigamigani
1. Inshoza n’uturango by’insigamigani
– Insigamigani ni zimwe mu bice bigize Ikinyarwanda, zikaba
zaragaragariraga cyane, mu mivugire, mu migendere, mu myumvire,
mu mikorere no mu mibereho y’ubuzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.
– Ijambo insigamigani ryagendeye ku magambo abiri y’Ikinyarwanda
ari yo “gusiga” n’ “umugani”. Nk’uko amateka y’ubuvanganzo
nyarwanda abigaragaza, umugani ni ipfundo ry’amagambo atondetse
neza, akubiyemo ihame ridutoza gukora iki cyangwa se kudakora
kiriya.
– Ijambo gusiga, rikaba rishaka kuvuga kugira ikintu runaka usigira
umuryango mugari uzajya ukwibukiraho, kikaba umurage wabo
w’ibihe birebire.
– Insigamigani yo ni ahantu cyangwa se abantu babaye inkomoko
y’umugani kimwe n’ibindi abantu berekejeho ibitekerezo nk’inyamaswa,
inyoni, n’ibindi. Aha ni ho hava izina “ibirari by’insigamigani”. Bikaba
bishaka kuvuga aho ikintu cyanyuze kigana aha n’aha.
– Insigamigani rero ni amayira, amateka, amagambo, n’uburyo
imvugo yabaye umugani yadutsemo igihe iki n’iki, ahantu aha n’aha.
2. Imirangururire y’insigamigani

Barangurura insigamigani, bagaragaza aho naka yanyuzemo ubwe,
cyangwa aho Gacamigani we yahimbiye kunyuzamo ikindi yitiriye
umugani. Bati: “Umugani uyu n’uyu wakomotse kuri kanaka cyangwa
se nyiranaka”. Bakigisha cyangwa se bakibutsa imimerere yo guhimba
kwe, ishobora kumera nk’iya wa wundi wa mbere bakurijeho.

Dore mbese nk’umugani baca bagira ngo “Arimo Gishegesha ntavura”
bavuga ko wakomotse kuri Gishegesha cya Bungura wo mu Bibungo
bya Mukingo mu Nduga, na Bugabo wo mu Bugesera, ahasaga mu
wa 1600, ku ngoma ya Mibambwe Gisanura. Wamamaye kuko
Gishegesha yayoboye Abanyarwanda batera u Bugesera, agakuza
Bugabo amata mu kanwa ari bwo akigabana. Yamubereye kirogoya
kuko yamunyagishije inka atarazimarana kabiri. Iyo rero amaronko
yajemo kirogoya ikayavutsa nyirayo ni bwo bagira bati: “Arimo
Gishegesha ntavura”. Ubwo baba bigana Bugabo wamaze kunyagishwa
na Gishegesha akavuga atyo, ati: “Arimo Gishegesha ntavura”.
Umukoro
Mushake izindi ngero nibura eshatu z’insigamigani mwaba muzi, muvuge
n’icyo zisobanura: mushobora kwifashisha isomero cyangwa mukabaza
abantu bakuru.
3.9. Dore umunyana

Dore umunyana weee!
Dore umunyana weee! Ntukababare
Dore umunyana weee!

1. Umunyana weee!
Uwanga u Rwanda rwacu, shenge weee,
Iyo nganji iganje shenge weee,
Uwanga u Rwanda wacu ntakatubemo
Dore umunyana weee!
2. Umunyana weee!
Uwanga abana bacu, shenge weee,
Iyo nganji iganje shenge weee,
Uwanga abana bacu ntakatubemo
Dore umunyana weee!

3. Umunyana weee!
Uwanga ubumwe bwacu, shenge weee,
Iyo nganji iganje shenge weee,
Uwanga ubumwe bwacu ntakatubemo
Dore umunyana weee!

4. Umunyana weee!
Uwanga Abanyarwanda, shenge weee,
Iyo nganji iganje shenge weee,
Uwanga Abanyarwanda ntakatubemo
Dore umunyana weee!
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Mushake ibisobanuro by’aya magambo.
1. Umunyana 3. Inganji
2. Ntakatubemo 4. Kuganza
b) Umwitozo ku nyunguramagambo
Mukoreshe aya magambo mwubake interuro ziboneye
zumvikanisha ko mwumva icyo asobanura.
1. Umunyana 3. Inganji
2. Ntakatubemo 4. Kuganza
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko
a) Hitamo igisubizo nyacyo
1. Mu gitero cya mbere umuririmbyi avuga ko ari nde
udakwiye kutubamo?
a) Umunyana
b) U Rwanda rwacu
c) Uwanga u Rwanda rwacu
2. Ni iki gikwiye gutuma tutababara kivugwa mu
mwandiko?
a) Kubona umunyana
b) Indirimbo
c) Umubabaro
b) Subirisha yego cyangwa oya
1. Ukurikije umwandiko umunyana ni ikintu kiza ............................
2. Uwanga Abanyarwanda ntakatubemo .........................................
c) Subiza ibibazo bikurikira
1. Iyi ndirimbo ifite ibitero bingahe?
2. Ni iki umwanditsi yifuza ku muntu wanga abana?
3. Andika inyikirizo y’iyi ndirimbo.

III. Kungurana ibitekerezo no guhanga bandika
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kibazo gikurikira:
1. Ni ryari umuntu ashobora kuririmba?
3.10. Uturango tw’indirimbo
Mushake ibiranga indirimbo
Indirimbo irangwa n’injyana iryoheye amatwi n’amagambo ateye ubwuzu
ku buryo uyumva yumva yishimye.
Irangwa kandi n’ibitero bikubiyemo ibitekerezo bitandukanye
twagereranya n’ibika byo mu mwandiko usanzwe. Igira kandi n’inyikirizo
igenda igaruka.
Indirimbo irangwa n’amajwi akunze guherekezwa n’ibicurangisho
bitandukanye bituma amajwi yayo arushaho kuryohera amatwi.
Umukoro
Nimutegure indirimbo muzajya muririmba mu birori cyangwa mu masaha
agenewe imyidagaduro mukurikije uturango tw’indirimbo.
Mfashe ko:
– Indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zishobora kwirindwa
abantu bifata, hakoreshwa agakingirizo ku bananiwe kwifata,
abashakanye bakirinda gucana inyuma.
– Ibihe bikuru by’inshinga birimo impitagihe, indagihe n’inzagihe.
Urugero: – Abana bakina buri munsi.
– Ejo hashize abana barakinnye.
– Ku wa Gatatu utaha abana bazakina.
– Ikinyazina mbaza gifasha mu kubaza usobanuza cyangwa ushaka
kumenya umubare w’ibintu.
Urugero: Ufite imyaka ingahe? Utuye hehe? Wiga ku kihe kigo?
– Ikinyazina mboneranteko kerekana inteko izina ryashyizwemo.
Urugero: Dore ka Muhoza karaje! Muhoza yashyizwe mu mu nteko
ya 12.
– Insigamigani ni imvugo yaturutse ku bikorwa by’umuntu wasize
umugani.
Urugero: Bateye Rwaserera. Bivuga gusahinda bateza imvururu.
– Indirimbo igira uturango twayo. Twavuga nk’ibitero n’inyikirizo
igenda igaruka ndetse n’injyana ipimye.

3.11. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu
Umwandiko: Ntugahe umwana ngo uranguze.
Uyu mugani bawuca iyo babonye umuntu ugiye kwitsembaho utwe
ngo akunde ashimishe uwo aha; ni bwo bamubwira bamwigisha,
bati:“Ntugahe umwana ngo uranguze!” Wakomotse ku nama Rujugira
yagiriye Sebutuku wo mu Bwanacyambwe, ahayinga umwaka wa 1700.
Ku ngoma ya Kilima Rujugira, uwo mugabo Sebutuku wari utuye i Nduba
mu Bwanacyambwe; yashatse umugore babyarana abana b’abahungu
batandatu; ntibagira umukobwa babyarana. Abana arabarera, bamaze
kuba abasore bose arabashyingira. Ngo yari afite amatungo menshi
n’abagaragu benshi.

Bukeye akoranya inshuti ze n’abavandimwe kugira ngo ahe abana
be iminani. Bamaze guterana ahamagaza abahungu be, n’abakazana
baraterana, ahamagaza inka ze zose, n’abagaragu be abigabagabanya
abana be bose. Ntiyagira icyo yisigira: ari inyarurembo, ari ingarigari
mu matungo no mu bagaragu; byose aratsemba.

Abavandimwe n’inshuti ze babibonye baramubaza bati: “Cyose
Sebutu! Ko tureba utanze ibintu byawe byose ntiwisigire na kamwe,
wowe uzatungwa n’iki?” Ati: “Abana bange bazantunga nk’uko
nange nabatunze; ati: “Ko nabatunze ari batandatu, bo bazananirwa
kuntunga ndi umwe? Kandi ibyantungaga ari bo mbihaye nta na kimwe
ngeruyeho?” Abandi bati: “Ngaha tuzaba tureba uko bizagenda.”
Bungamo bati: “Icyakora ni bwo bwa mbere tubona ibi!” Barikubura
barataha; ariko bataha bamugaye.

Abana rero bamaze guhabwa iminani yabo muri byose, baraterana
bajya inama y’uburyo bazatunga se. Bemeranya ko bazajya bakuranwa
gufata igihe bazana amata n’ibindi byose bitunga abantu.
Ubwo habanza mukuru wabo; atanga abafatagihe n’amata amutunga,
ndetse n’imyaka n’amayoga y’iminsi yose rugeretse! Babigira batyo
bakuranwa kugeza ku muhererezi wabo. Bamaze guhetura, haba
hatahiwe mukuru wabo. Yiyibagiza amasezerano ya barumuna be
yanga kohereza ibitunga se.

Sebutuku ategereza ingemu araheba. Arahaguruka ajya kubaza
icyatumye bamurangarana. Arabateranya ati: “Mwangenje mute
ko ngiye kwicwa n’inzara?” Abatanu bamubwira ko hari hatahiwe
mukuru wabo, bati: “Ni we wakurangaranye”. Sebutuku amubaza
icyabimuteye. Umuhungu aramwihorera. Sebutuku abwira barumuna
be ati: “Nimumwihorere muntunge nzajya kumurega ibwami.” Abandi
bati: “Nta bwo twamucaho ari we wari utahiwe!”

Nuko Sebutuku biramushobera, arikubura arataha. Ageze iwe
inzara iramurembya n’umugore we nyina wa ba bana, ndetse kuva
ubwo bamukubita amaso bakareba hasi. Abavandimwe ba Sebutuku
barabibona, baramubwira bati: “Tutakikubwira!” Noneho bashaka
ibimutunga, bamuha n’abagaragu bamuherekeza ajya ibwami kurega
abahungu be.

Ahaguruka iwe i Nduba ya Bwanacyambwe, asanga Kilima i Ntora.
Ageze ibwami akoma yombi, ati: “Nyayasani mfite abana batandatu.
Narabubakiye mbegurira ibyange byose, dusezerana kuntunga, none
banyicishije inzara kandi narabareze ari batandatu; bananiwe kundera
ndi umwe.”

Ibwami babaza Sebutuku bati: “Wabahaye ibyawe byose ntiwisigira
inyarurembo?” Undi ati: “Nabeguriye ibyange byose, ngira ngo
bazantunge nk’uko nange nabatunze.”
Abari aho bose baseka Sebutuku; bati: “Kabishywe upfuye bene ako
kageni ; ni wowe wiyishe.” Bati: “Nka nde wundi wabibonanye, kuva na
kera mu bakubanjirije batanze iminani?” Bati: “Ni nde wabonye yiyaka
ibintu bye byose akabyegurira abana agasigara ubusa!”
Nuko Sebutuku abura icyo abasubiza arataha. Amaze kwikubura
Cyilima ntiyanyurwa, atumiza abana be n’abagaragu n’inka z’iminani
yabo. Bene Sebutuku bageze ibwami, berekana amatungo se yabahaye.
Kilima ategeka abatware be ati: “Nimugabanye Sebutuku n’abana be,
umwana wese mumuhe inka munani n’abagaragu munani, ibisagutse
byose Sebutuku abyegukaneho ingarigari.” Abwira abari aho bose
bakuru ati: “Ntihazagire ukora ibyo Sebutuku yakoze, ngo najya guha
abana aranguze.”

Kuva ubwo umugani uhama utyo mu Rwanda, uturutse ku iteka Kilima
Rujugira yaciriye kuri Sebutuku. Umugani na wo wamamara mu
Rwanda uturutse ku ijambo Rujugira yabwiye abakuru, ati: “Mubyeyi
wabyaye, ntugahe umwana ngo uranguze”.
“Kuranguza: Kwikuraho byose ugasigara amara masa.”
MINISITERI Y’URUBYIRUKO, UMUCO NA SIPORO, Ibirari by’Insigamigani, Icapiro
ry’Ingoro y’Umurage w’u Rwanda, Igitabo cya kabiri, Icapiro rya 3, Printer set, 2005.
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Kora interuro wifashishije aya magambo ukoresheje
inyito afite mu mwandiko:
a) Iteka
b) Bene ako kageni
2. Andika impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira:
a) Ikibondo
b) Bamurangarana
3. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo ari mu mwandiko.
a) Abatajya ......................... babeshywa byinshi.
b) Sebutuku yatanze byose ntiyisigira ..........................
c) Iyo utunze ......................... nyinshi ni zo zigukamirwa.
4. Sobanura izi nshoberamahanga:
a) Kwicinya icyara
b) Amaguru ayabangira ingata
5. Tondeka aya matsinda y’amagambo maze areme
interuro ziboneye, kandi uzandike witondeye utwatuzo
badutoje kutandavura – kuko ntakiza badukinze – kurangwa
n’ubutwari n’ubwitonzi – nshime abatubyaye – ngo dukenkemure
igihugu cyacu – mumpe urubuga.
II. Kumva umwandiko
1. Muri uyu mwandiko haravugwamo ba nde?
2. Uyu mugabo Sebutuku aragawa iki?
3. Ni iyihe mpamvu yatumye Sebutuku ajya kuregera umwami
abahungu be?
4. Ni irihe teka umwami Cyilima Rujugira yaciye kubera Sebutuku?
5. Umwami Cyilima Rujugira yaciye ate urubanza rwa Sebutuku?

III. Ikibonezamvugo
1. Amagambo aciyeho akarongo ni bwoko ki?
a) Uriya mwana we arakora iki hariya?
b) Urabikura hehe? Aho mbikura ni nge uhazi
c) Muri aba bana uwawe ni uwuhe?
d) Mbega ngo rwa Semuhanuka ruritwara nabi!
2. Tanga ingero z’interuro ebyirebyiri wakoreshejemo ikinyazina
mbaza n’ikinyazina mboneranteko.
3. Shyira inshinga y’iyi nteruro mu nzagihe
Mfite akana.

IV. Ubuvanganzo
1. Insigamigani ni iki?
2. Tanga urugero rw’insigamigani ebyiri waba uzi.
3. Indirimbo irangwa n’iki?
4 Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
4.1. Uburinganire n’ ubwuzuzanye mu mirimo
yo mu rugo
Sugira ni umuhungu umwe uvukana na mushiki we Mahoro. Sugira
yiga ibijyanye n’imyuga ariko akiga ataha mu rugo. Ku ishuri agerayo
saa moya n’igice, amasomo agatangira saa moya na mirongo ine
n’itanu; bagataha saa kenda na mirongo ine n’itanu. Iyo ageze mu rugo
afasha nyina imirimo yo mu rugo nko koza amasahani, guteka ibya
nimugoroba, gukora isuku akoropa inzu, akubura, n’ibindi.

Afite se badahuje imyumvire ku bijyanye n’imirimo yo mu rugo. Aba
abwira umuhungu we ati: “Ubundi nta muhungu uteka ngo akubure. Iyo
ni imirimo y’abagore n’abakobwa. Nunayikora jya wihisha, ntugakubure
bakubona, ntugateke bakubona; abakobwa batazakubenga. Umugabo
yitekera iyo yapfakaye atarashaka undi mugore, cyangwa se
yarasuhukiye ahandi guhahira urugo.” Nyina wa Sugira yari yabumvise.
Nuko aramubwira ati: “Ubwo urashaka kungandishiriza umwana;
imirimo nta we yishe, ubwiza bw’umusore ni imbaraga ze. Ko uvuze se
ko umugabo yashoboraga kwitekera, yateka ate atarabyitoje mbere?”
Nuko se arasubiza ati: “Ahubwo wowe urashaka kumugira ikigoryi.
Nta muhungu wo guteka ngo akubure.”

Nyamara Sugira we arababwira ati: “Mwembi ndabumva nimureke
kwirushya. Kera koko ni ko byahoze, ariko ibintu bigenda bihinduka.
Ubu umuntu atize gukora imirimo yose nta cyo yageraho. Kandi
umugore n’umugabo badafatanyije nta kintu bageraho. Nk’uko kera
nta muhungu wakuburaga, ni na ko nta mukobwa wubakaga, ariko ubu
urebye abo twigana mu myuga ni benshi rwose kandi barubaka kimwe
natwe. None se ko Karegeya yize guteka akaba ari ko kazi akora muri hoteri,
ntibimutunze kandi ntabayeho neza kurusha abantu benshi? Ahubwo
mushiki wange atinze kuhagera ngo twungurane ibitekerezo ku buryo
tuzajya dufatanya mu mirimo yose.”

Ntibyatinze rero Mahoro agera mu rugo aje mu biruhuko. Nuko abanza
kuganira n’ababyeyi be na musaza we, ababwira amakuru yo ku ishuri
na bo bamubwira ayabo.

Umugoroba ugeze, Mahoro na Sugira baraganira, bumvikana ko bagiye
kujya bafatanya imirimo yose yo mu rugo maze bagahinga, bagatera
intabire, bagakora isuku mu rugo n’ibindi.

Ntibyatinze uburyo bafatanyaga mu mirimo yose bugaragaza
umusaruro. Iwabo hahoraga isuku kurusha mu ngo zose baturanye.
Barahingaga barangiza bagatera intabire, hanyuma bakabona igihe
cyo gusoma ibitabo no guhugurana mu byo biga.

Ibyo byatumye bakundana, maze abana bose babareberaho, bigana
urugero rwabo. Se wabanje kutabyumva kubera ko yari agitsimbaraye
ku bya kera, yageze aho arabashima, maze na we atangira kujya
afasha nyina mu mirimo itandukanye yo mu rugo. Abishyize hamwe
ntakibananira.

I. Inyunguramagambo

a) Musobanure aya magambo:
1. Intabire 3. Amahoteri
2. Kugandisha 4. Kungurana ibitekerezo

b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo

Mwubake interuro ziboneye zikoreshejwemo aya magambo
ku buryo mwumvikanisha ko mwumva icyo asobanura.

1. Intabire 3. Amahoteri
2. Kugandisha 4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko

Nimusubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Ni ba nde bavugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Ni iyihe mirimo yo mu rugo ivugwa mu mwandiko?
3. Mahoro yiga iki?
4. Sugira arashima iki umwuga wo gukora ibijyanye n’amahoteri?
5. Ni iyihe myitwarire ya Sugira wamushimira?
6. Ni iyihe myitwarire igayitse y’ umugabo ivugwa mu mwandiko?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko

Musubize ibi bibazo:
1. Ni iki kivugwa muri rusange muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku byavuzwe mu
mwandiko
Mwungurane ibitekerezo kuri iki kibazo:
Muhereye ku myitwarire ya se wa Sugira mubona ari izihe
ngaruka byatera mu muryango?
V. Guhanga bandika.

Subiza iki kibazo:

Komeza iyi nkuru werekane irindi herezo iyo uyu mugabo
atisubiraho

4.2. Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu mashuri.

Mu Rwanda ndetse no ku isi yose, uburere bw’umwana w’umukobwa
bwitaweho, kugira ngo barusheho kumuteza imbere kuko usanga mu
mateka yaragiye atitabwaho bihagije.

Impamvu zatumaga abakobwa batigishwa nka basaza babo, ni uko
babanje gufatwa nk’abantu bagenewe gushaka no kubyara, kandi
bagafatwa nk’abafite ubushobozi buke mu bijyanye n’imyigire.

Mu gihe batangiye kwiga na bwo, ahenshi bakunze kwigishwa amasomo
ajyanye no gukora imirimo yoroheje.
Kuri ubu abakobwa bagomba kwiga kimwe n’abahungu, bagahabwa
iby’ibanze bibafasha kwiga neza kimwe na basaza babo.
Mu bintu byakundaga gutera abakobwa ipfunwe bari ku ishuri ni
iyo babaga bagiye mu mihango. Abenshi basibaga ishuri ndetse
bakamara iminsi myinshi. Abandi bajyaga bamwazwa na basaza babo
ugasanga babavugiriza induru. Nyamara ibyo ntibikiriho. Abakobwa
bashyiriweho uburyo bwo kwisukurira ku ishuri mu gihe bagiye mu
mihango, bagenerwa icyumba cyabo kirimo ibikoresho bitandukanye
bakenera muri icyo gihe.
Abahungu kandi na bo bagomba kumenya ko kujya mu mihango
kwa bashiki babo atari ikintu kibi. Ahubwo ni ikimenyetso cy’uko
bazaba ababyeyi bakabyara abana nk’uko na bo bavutse. Ababiseka
rero bagomba gufatwa nk’abatabihugukiwe, bagasobanurirwa kandi
bakihanangirizwa ko batagomba gukwena bagenzi babo kubera uko
bavutse.
Abakobwa rero kimwe n’abahungu, bagomba guhabwa amahirwe
angana yo kwiga, kandi buri wese akiga ibihwanye n’ubushobozi bwe,
ntihagire uhezwa mu mashuri aya n’aya.
Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu mashuri ni bwo shingiro ry’amajyambere
nyakuri, atagira uwo aheza.

Nimuze twese tubushyigikire, abana b’abakobwa kimwe n’ab’abahungu
babone amahirwe angana yo kwiga kandi buri wese yige ibyo yumva
bimubereye kandi yiyumvamo.
Nyamara buhorobuhoro, abakobwa na bo bagaragaje ko bashoboye
amasomo y’ubumenyi ndetse n’ay’imyuga.
Kuri ubu abakobwa bagomba kwiga kimwe n’abahungu, bagahabwa
iby’ibanze bibafasha kwiga neza kimwe na basaza babo.
Mu bintu byakundaga gutera abakobwa ipfunwe bari ku ishuri ni
iyo babaga bagiye mu mihango. Abenshi basibaga ishuri ndetse
bakamara iminsi myinshi. Abandi bajyaga bamwazwa na basaza babo
ugasanga babavugiriza induru. Nyamara ibyo ntibikiriho. Abakobwa
bashyiriweho uburyo bwo kwisukurira ku ishuri mu gihe bagiye mu
mihango, bagenerwa icyumba cyabo kirimo ibikoresho bitandukanye
bakenera muri icyo gihe.

Abahungu kandi na bo bagomba kumenya ko kujya mu mihango
kwa bashiki babo atari ikintu kibi. Ahubwo ni ikimenyetso cy’uko
bazaba ababyeyi bakabyara abana nk’uko na bo bavutse. Ababiseka
rero bagomba gufatwa nk’abatabihugukiwe, bagasobanurirwa kandi
bakihanangirizwa ko batagomba gukwena bagenzi babo kubera uko
bavutse.

Abakobwa rero kimwe n’abahungu, bagomba guhabwa amahirwe
angana yo kwiga, kandi buri wese akiga ibihwanye n’ubushobozi bwe,
ntihagire uhezwa mu mashuri aya n’aya.
Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu mashuri ni bwo shingiro ry’amajyambere
nyakuri, atagira uwo aheza.

Nimuze twese tubushyigikire, abana b’abakobwa kimwe n’ab’abahungu
babone amahirwe angana yo kwiga kandi buri wese yige ibyo yumva
bimubereye kandi yiyumvamo.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Musobanure aya magambo:
1. Kujya mu mihango
2. Icyumba cy’umukobwa
3. Gukwena
4. Ipfunwe
b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Mwubake interuro ziboneye mukoresheje aya magambo
1. Kujya mu mihango
2. Icyumba cy’umukobwa
3. Gukwena
4. Ipfunwe
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Iyi nkuru iravuga kuki?
2. Kera umukobwa yafatwaga ate mu bijyanye no kwiga?
3. Kuki kuri ubu umukobwa ahabwa amahirwe angana
n’ay’umuhungu mu kwiga?
4. Ese kujya mu mihango bikwiye gutera ipfunwe umwana
w’umukobwa? Sobanura.
5. Umwanditsi ararangiza atugira iyihe nama?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko

Subiza ibi bibazo:
1. Ni iki wigiye kuri uyu mwandiko?
2. Andika inshamake yawo mu mirongo itarenze icumi.
3. Ni iki kivugwa muri rusange muri uyu mwandiko?
4. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize uyu mwandiko.
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku mwandiko
Mwungurane ibitekerezo kuri iki kibazo:

Uramutse ufite abana babiri umuhungu n’umukobwa hakaboneka
ubushobozi buke bwo kubarihira amashuri wahitamo nde ngo abe
ari we wiga? Garagaza impamvu.

4.3. Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu ngo no mu
mashuri.

Muri iki gihe, haravugwa cyane ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
hagati y’abana b’ibitsina byombi. Ese bwifashe bute? Abantu bose
babwumva kimwe? Babushyira mu ngiro kimwe? Kera ibintu byari
byifashe bite? Ubu bwo bimeze bite? Ibitekerezo tugiye kwandikaho
biraza bisubiza ibi bibazo kimwe n’ibindi ntarondoye.

Sinatangira kuvuga ku mibanire yacu hagati y’abakobwa n’abahungu,
ntabanje kuvuga icyo numva ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye.
Nagerageje kubaza abantu bakuru icyo uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
ari cyo. Abansobanuriye, bambwiye ko abakobwa mu gihe cyahise
bagiye bakandamizwa, ntibahabwe umwanya mu iterambere kimwe
n’abahungu. Aho rero ni ho haturutse amahame agamije guha umuhungu
n’umukobwa umwanya umwe mu bibera kuri iyi si dutuyeho, bityo bose
bagafatanya kuyubaka ntawukandamije undi.

Mu ngero nyinshi bampaye, numvisemo ko abakobwa kenshi bafatwaga
nk’abadakeneye kwiga, kuko bagomba kwita ku ngo bakaba rero batari
bakeneye kujya mu mashuri. Muri uyu mwandiko, nange nifuje kuvuga
uko mbona ibijyanye n’uburinganire hagati y’abahungu n’abakobwa,
nkurikije ibyo nagiye mbona ku bibera mu ngo no mu mashuri cyangwa
ibyo nagiye nganiraho na bagenzi bange.
Muri iki gihe rero, uburinganire mbona na bwo butaragerwaho cyane
mu ngo. Abana b’abakobwa baracyavunishwa kuko bafatwa nk’aho ari
bo bagomba kumenya imirimo yo mu rugo nko guteka, gukora isuku,
kumesa imyenda, no kubaha basaza babo.

Nitanzeho urugero, mbere nkiri muto nabonaga akanya ko gukina na
musaza wange, nimugobora tugakorera hamwe imikoro, twarangiza
tukareba tereviziyo ndetse tugataramana n’ababyeyi bacu, nange
nkumva n’ibitekerezo bya data.

Nyamara aho mariye kugera mu mwaka wa gatanu, mama yatangiye
kumbwira ngo ninge njya rimwe na rimwe mu gikoni ndebe uko bateka
kandi nange mbyitoze. Nashatse no gusigana ngo kuki musaza wange
we ataza ngo dufatanye, mama ambwira ko nge nk’umukobwa ngomba
kumenya guteka, kuko nintabimenya urugo ruzananira.

Mama rero, yageze n’aho ajya ambwira ngo ninge mfasha musaza
wange, mumesere imyenda. Namubaza nti: “Ese kuki namumesera
we ntamesere, akambwira ko ngomba kwitoza kubaha umugabo
nzashaka.”

Muri iki gihe iyo umukozi adahari, usanga imirimo yambanye myinshi,
ngateka, nkoza ibyombo n’ibindi. Sinkibona umwanya wo kujya gukina.
Hambere aha bwo nagiye gukina ntashye ntinze hamwe na musaza
wange, mama arantonganya. Yambwiye ko umukobwa agomba gutaha
kare. Ngo gutaha ntinze byazamviramo kwiyandarika.

Musaza wange we usanga yifitiye uturimo duke nko gukoropa mu nzu,
kujya guhaha rimwe na rimwe no gutera ipasi.
N’ubwo mbona akanya ko gukora imikoro kimwe na musaza wange,
umwanya wo kwidagadura mbona tutawuhuje rwose.

Mpereye kuri izi ngero zitandukanye, mbona uburinganire hagati
y’abakobwa n’abahungu butaragerwaho. Umukobwa aracyahabwa
uburere bugamije kumutegurira kuzaba umugore urebwa cyane
n’inshingano zo mu rugo kurusha umuhungu. Ni ngombwa ko ababyeyi
bacu bakomeza guhabwa amahugurwa bakumva neza na bo ihame
ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bityo bagahinduka bakajyana n’igihe.
Ni bwo natwe bazabudutoza nk’uko mu ngo zimwe na zimwe babwumva
neza bafata abana babo kimwe bakabaha n’amahirwe angana muri
byose.

Mu mashuri ho mbona bisa n’ibyagezweho, kuko abakobwa bitabwaho,
bagahabwa ibikoresho bibafasha kwisukura nk’igihe bagiye mu mihango
ntibitume basiba ishuri. Imikoro n’indi myitozo yo ku ishuri usanga ihuza
abakobwa n’abahungu, bose bagahabwa umwanya wo kujya imbere
bagatanga ibitekerezo. Uretse wenda abakobwa bamwe usanga
bakomeza kugira amasonisoni, usanga mu mikino yose dushobora
kuyitabira.

Gusa ntitwabura kwemeza na none ko hari imikino usanga abahungu
bashoboye kurusha abakobwa, nk’uw’umupira w’amaguru; abakobwa
na bo bakagira imikino bashoboye kurusha abahungu.

Mu kwanzura rero navuga ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati
y’abahungu n’abakobwa bugenda bugerwaho mu mashuri. Ariko mu
ngo, henshi haracyatangwa uburere butuma umukobwa azakomeza
kuba ari we wenyine ushingwa imirimo yo mu rugo. Twizere ko bizagenda
bihinduka buhorobuhoro uko igihe gihita kikajyana n’imyumvire yacyo
n’uko amajyambere agenda yiyongera.

I. Inyunguramagambo:
a) Musobanure aya magambo:
1. Ntawukandamije undi
2. Baracyavunishwa
3. Gusigana
4. Kwiyandarika
5. Amajyambere
6. Kujya mu mihango
b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Mwubake interuro zikoreshejwemo amagambo zumvikanisha
ko mwumva icyo asobanura.
1. Ntawukandamije undi 2. Baracyavunishwa
3. Kujya mu mihango 4. Gusigana
5. Kwiyandarika 6. Amajyambere
c) Vangura amagambo ureme interuro ziboneye.
1. nyakuri, bwo, uburinganire, mu muryango, n’ubwuzuzanye, ni.
2. kubuza, ntawukwiye, w’umukobwa, w’umuhungu, cyangwa,
umwana, kwiga.
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko:
a) Nimusubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu
magambo yanyu bwite
1. Ni gute mu gihe cyo hambere abakobwa bakandamizwaga?
2. Kuki mu gihe cyo hambere abakobwa bafatwaga
nk’abadakeneye kwiga?
3. Garagaza impamvu umwana w’umukobwa akeneye kumva
ibitekerezo bya se?
4. Umukobwa ashatse gusiganya musaza we nyina yamubwiye
ngo iki? Gira icyo ubivugaho.
5. Ni iki kivugwa ko kidindiza uburinganire bw’umwana
w’umukobwa n’uw’umuhungu?
6. Ni iki kigaragaza ko uburinganire bw’umwana w’umukobwa
n’uw’umuhungu bugenda bugerwaho mu mashuri?
b) Subiza ukoresheje yego cyangwa oya. Nyuma usobanure
impamvu ubyemeza cyangwa ubihakana.
1. Umuhungu afite uburenganzira bungana n’ubw’umukobwa.
2.. Uko imyaka ishira ni ko ababyeyi bagenda bumva
uburenganzira bw’abana.
III. Gusesengura umwandiko:
Musubize ibi bibazo:
1. Ni ibihe bitekerezo by’ingenzi bivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Uwanditse uyu mwandiko urumva igitekerezo ke ari ikihe?
Yemeza ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bwagezweho cyangwa
agaragaza ko hakiri intambwe igomba guterwa?
3 Ingero atanga wumva zimufasha kutwemeza ko ibyo avuga ari
ukuri?
4. a) Umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu ngo no mu
mashuri” utangira ute?
b) Usozwa ute?
c) Uwahanze uwo mwandiko yifashishije iki kugira ngo
agaragaze ko ibitekerezo atanga ari ukuri?
6. Musome ibikurikira ku ihangamwandiko maze mukore imyitozo
bijyanye.
4.4. Ihangamwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira.
a) Garagaza ibice by’ingenzi bigize uyu mwandiko werekane aho buri
gice gitangirira n’aho kirangirira.
b) Umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu ngo no mu
mashuri” ufite ibika bingahe?
1) Inshoza y’ihangamwandiko
Guhanga umwandiko ni ugutanga ibitekerezo uhitamo uruhande
ubogamiraho ku nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe, wabanje kwiga ikibazo,
ukifashisha ingingo zumvikana kandi zifatika ndetse ziherekejwe n’ingero.
2) Amabwiriza y’ihangamwandiko
Insanganyamatsiko ishobora kuba ijyanye n’iby’umuco, ubukungu,
politiki, imibereho y’abaturage, iyobokamana, ubutabera n’ibindi.
Insanganyamatsiko ushobora kuba wayihawe cyangwa wayitekereje
wowe ubwawe. Insanganyamatsiko ni ikintu k’ingenzi kigomba
kwitonderwa, kuko ibyandikwa ni cyo biba bishingiyeho, kandi uburyohe
bw’umwandiko buturuka ku nsanganyamatsiko n’uburyo wayanditse.
N’ubwo buri muhanzi agira inganzo ye mu buryo bwo kuryoshya
igihangano, hari amahame y’ingenzi agomba gukurikizwa kugira ngo
umuntu aboneze igihangano ke. Ayo mahame ni:

1. Gutekereza
Mbere yo kwandika ubanza gutekereza ku nsanganyamatsiko ushaka
kwandikaho, ukayiyumvisha, ukayigira iyawe, cyanecyane iyo ari iyo
wahawe. Kumva ingingo wandikaho bikorwa mu byiciro bibiri:
a) Kuyisoma witonze, ukayisesengura, ushaka inyito z’amagambo
ayigize. Impamvu ni uko ijambo rimwe rishobora kugira inyito
nyinshi.
b) Gushakamo ijambo cyangwa amagambo fatizo yaguha inzira
n’imbibi by’insanganyamatsiko.
.Iyi ntambwe ya mbere ni ingenzi kuko udashobora kubona ibitekerezo utanga
ku bintu nawe utumva neza.
2. Kwegeranya ingingo (ibitekerezo).
Iyo umaze kumva neza insanganyamatsiko, utangira kwandika ku
rupapuro rwo guteguriraho ibitekerezo. Ukusanya ingero, amagambo
meza yavuzwe n’abandi, ibyawe ubwawe waba uzi, n’ibindi. Biba byiza
iyo insanganyamatsiko wandikaho uyiziho byinshi, kandi ugashingira ku
bintu bifatika.

3. Guhitamo inzira (Guhitamo uruhande ushyigikira)
Mbere yo kwandika ugomba guhitamo imwe mu nzira eshatu zishoboka:
niba igitekerezo gikubiye mu nsanganyamatsiko ari cyo uragishyigikira,
niba atari cyo ukakirwanya, niba ubona nta ho wabogamira ujya
hagati no hagati ugatanga igitekerezo kidafite aho kibogamiye, ariko
gikosora impande zombi: urw’abakirwanya n’urw’abagishyigikiye.
Niba insanganyamatsiko yatanzwe ari ikibazo, ushaka uburyo
wagisubiza uhereye ku ngingo wegeranije.
Hari amoko abiri y’ingingo zigufasha kugera ku bitekerezo biboneye:
– Ingingo zishyigikira ibitekezo byawe cyangwa byatanzwe.
– Ingingo zivuguruza ibyo bitekerezo.
Izo ngingo zombi zigufasha kugera ku bitekerezo biboneye.
Izo ngingo zombi zigufasha kugera ku bitekerezo biboneye.

4. Gukora imbata:
Imbata y’umwandiko igira ibice bitatu by’ingenzi:
a) Intangiriro (iriburiro)
b) Igihimba
c) Umusozo (umwanzuro)
4.1. Intangiriro
Intangiriro y’umwandiko, bayita na none iriburiro.
Muri icyo gice, dushobora gusangamo:
– Ibikubiye mu mwandiko n’inyungu bawutezeho.
– Ibice by’ingenzi bikubiye mu mwandiko wawe.
– Impamvu ugiye kwandika.
Iriburiro rigomba kuba ryujuje ibi bikurikira:
a) Kuba ari rigufi, rifite ireme, riteye amashyushyu, ku buryo
urisomye agira amatsiko yo gusoma ibikurikiyeho.
b) Mu iriburiro, ntugomba kunyura kure cyane; ugomba guhita
umenyesha icyo ugiye kwandikaho.

c) Mu iriburiro, ntugomba guhita werekana uruhande ubogamiyeho
ku nsanganyamatsiko, kuko waba umaze amatsiko abasoma,
ntibakomeze gusoma.
4.2. Igihimba
Ni igice kivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko ku buryo burambuye. Iki gice
kerekana ibitekerezo n’ingingo zinonosora kandi zumvikanisha
uruhande nyir’ukwandika ashyigikiye. Kubera uburebure bw’igihimba,
n’ibitekerezo binyuranye bikigize, iki gice kigenda kigabanywamo ibika.
Ku ntangiriro ya buri gika, hajya ijambo rigihuza n’icyakibanjirije, ku
buryo hagaragaramo uruhererekane rw’ibitekerezo. Ibyo bikorwa
no hagati y’intangiriro n’igihimba, ndetse no hagati y’igihimba
n’umusozo.
Ayo magambo yunga igika n’ikindi ni nka:
– Nk’uko tumaze kubivuga haruguru,
– Nyamara,
– Bitabangamiye ibyo tumaze kuvuga,
– Bityo rero,
– Mu by’ukuri…
Impugukirwa:
a) Inzira wahisemo, ntihita igaragara mu ntangiriro y’igihimba. Ahubwo
igenda iyobora ibitekerezo byawe, yumvikana ku buryo buziguye mu
bitekerezo, mu ngero, mu magambo yavuzwe n’abandi usubiramo…
b) Buri ngingo y’ingenzi, igenda yiharira igika.
c) Hari igihe ikibazo cyagira ibisubizo cyangwa ibitekerezo bibiri. Icyo
gihe ubanza kwigizayo icyo utemera (kugisenya), kitajyanye n’inzira
yawe, hanyuma ukabona gukurikizaho igitekerezo wowe ushyigikiye.
Urugero: Bamwe bavuga ko isi n’ibiyiriho bitaremwe n’Imana.
Nyamara, iyo witegereje ubuhanga byaremanywe… ntiwabura
kuvuga ko ababitekeza batyo bibeshye.
d) Ntukagaruke ku gitekerezo wavuze.

e) Ingingo zigenda zikurikirana ukurikije ingufu, inyurabwenge
n’injyabihe ku buryo ugenda wumvisha umusomyi inzira yawe kandi
uyimwemeza.
4.3. Umusozo
Umusozo ni igice kerekana ku mugaragaro uruhande rw’umwanditsi
ku kibazo cyavuzwe mu iriburiro. Nta ngingo nshya izamo. Iki gice
gishobora gufata intego zikurikira:
– Kwanzura ibitekerezo byawe muri make.
– Gutanga inama iyo ari ngombwa.
5. Kwandika
Kwandika, ntibikorwa umujyo umwe, ndetse iyo ari ngombwa byafata
n’iminsi, kugira ngo ushobore kwandika utuje neza. Nyuma rero usubira
mu byo wateguye, ugakuramo ibitari ngombwa, ibyisubiramo, ibikabya,
ndetse ukongeramo ibyaba bibuzemo. Muri iki gice kandi, ni ho ushakisha
amagambo yabugenewe kandi aryoshye. Byongeye kandi uboneraho
ugakosora amakosa y’imyandikire n’utwatuzo.
Mu mwandiko, ntugatinye gushyiramo ibitekerezo n’ingero bishimishije,
bisekeje, ariko byose bigusha ku byo wiyemeje kwigisha.
Imyitozo:
1) Nimwongere musome umwandiko wahanzwe ku nsanganyamatsiko:
“Uko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye buteye mu ngo no mu mashuri” maze
mugaragaze ibice by’ingenzi biwugize hanyuma mushushanye uko biteye
ku rupapuro.
2) Hanga umwandiko utarengeje ipaji ebyiri kuri iyi nsangamatsiko:
Uko abakobwa n’abahungu bafatanya mu mirimo y’ishuri no mu mikoro
ku ishuri nigaho.

Insanganyamatsiko:

Mu ishuri habonetsemo ababishyigikiye n’abatabishyigikiye. Umwarimu
yasabye ababishyigikiye gushyira urutoki hejuru, maze baba makumyabiri
na babiri ku banyeshuri mirongo ine na batanu twigana.
Ubwo yasabye ababishyigikiye kujya ukwabo abagabanyamo amatsinda
abiri, hanyuma n’abatabishyigikiye bigabanyamo amatsinda abiri, maze
buri tsinda ritegura ibitekerezo byaryo ku mpapuro.
Amatsinda yahawe amazina ya A, B, C, D.
Amatsinda A na C yari arimo abashyigikiye ko abahungu bafatirwa ku
manota menshi naho amatsinda B, D arimo abatabishyigikiye. Ijambo
ryagendaga rihabwa umukobwa cyangwa umuhungu wo mu itsinda
A cyangwa C, agakurikirwa n’undi mukobwa wo mu itsinda B/D ngo
ajore ibitekerezo byatanzwe

Umukobwa wo mu itsinda A: Nge rwose nshyigikiye ko abahungu
bafatirwa ku manota menshi kuko bagiye biga kuva kera, bakaba
barize ari benshi ku buryo buhagije kurusha abakobwa. Amateka
arabigaragaza kuko no mu myanya y’ubuyobozi no muri za kaminuza,
abakobwa bari bakiri bake cyane. Iki rero ni cyo gihe cyo kubateza
imbere ngo na bo batange umusanzu wabo mu kubaka u Rwanda.

Umukobwa wo mu itsinda B: Twe mu itsinda ryacu twunguranye
ibitekerezo dusanga biriya rwose atari byo. Niba abakobwa ba kera
barakandamijwe, ibyo byararangiye, ntibyagombye kudukurikirana.
Nge numva umuntu atakosora amakosa akora ayandi. Kuko niba
ibyo byarabayeho mu mateka bigomba gukosorwa ariko noneho
twese tukaringanizwa, bagafatira ku manota amwe, uyafite akagenda,
utayafite agasigara, hatarebwe icyo ari cyo. Icyo gihe ubushobozi ni
bwo bwaba bushingiweho.

Umuhungu wo mu itsinda C: Nge ndabona gufatira ku manota
atandukanye ku bahungu n’abakobwa ari byiza. Nk’ubu iwacu
abakobwa nkurikira babiri bose ntibashoboye kwiga, kubera ko
babashyingiye bakiri bato. Nyamara bakuru bange bose barize. Nge
rero numva abakobwa na bo bakwiye gushyigikirwa bakiga ari benshi,
bakaziba icyuho cyatewe n’uko kera abakobwa batitabwagaho cyane
mu kubigisha.

Umukobwa wo mu itsinda D: Ngewe simbishyigikiye kuko hari
musaza wange utarashoboye kwemererwa kujya mu mashuri biga
bacumbikirwa kandi nyamara abakobwa yari yarushije bo babonye
ibigo. Kuri nge rero mbifata nk’akarengane kuko niba tugomba
kuringanira, tugomba kuringanira nyine, ntihagire urengana.

bakobwa n’abahungu. None rero nimutange umwanzuro:
Umukobwa wo mu itsinda A: Ngewe umwanzuro natanga ni uko
Leta yakora uko ishoboye rwose hakiga abakobwa benshi bashoboka.
Umukobwa wo mu itsinda B: Nge mbona atari wo muti, kuko gufata
umunyeshuri ufite amanota make hagasigara ufite menshi, bibabaje.
Nge umuti natanga ni uko hafatirwa ku manota amwe, kugira ngo
hatagira uwumva ko yaharenganiye.

Umuhungu wo mu itsinda C: Nge mbona iki ari igihe kiza cyo guha
abakobwa umwanya na bo ngo batange umusanzu wabo mu kubaka
igihugu. Kuba abagabo ari bo bize cyane bituma hari icyo Igihugu
gihomba mu burere bw’abana mu ngo, mu mikoreshereze y’umutungo
n’ahandi. Nge mbona guteza imbere umukobwa byaba ari ugukemura
ikibazo cy’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu nzego zose. Kuba nta
bakobwa benshi bize mbere mbona ari yo mpamvu baba bake mu
nzego zitandukanye.

Umuhungu wo mu itsinda D: Nsangiye igitekerezo na mugenzi
wange ko abana bose bagomba gufatwa kimwe. Ibindi byaba ari
akarengane.

Umwanzuro: Burya rero, Leta ntipfa gushyiraho ingamba izi n’izi
batabanje kuzigaho. Kuba hari abakobwa bahabwa ibigo kandi hari
abahungu babarushije amanota batabibonye, ni uko abahungu baba
wenda batsinze ari benshi, kandi ibigo bigomba kubakira ari bike.
Mwibuke ko hari ibigo by’abakobwa bitakira abahungu, ariko ibigo
byinshi byigamo abahungu biba byakira n’abakobwa. Gusa na none hari
ibigo byakira abahungu gusa nka za seminari zirererwamo abitegura
kuba abapadiri. Ntihazagire rero ucika intege ngo ni uko atahawe ikigo
yigamo acumbikirwa kuko ubu uburezi bwakwiriye hose mu Rwanda.
Icya ngombwa ni ukwiga ushyizeho umwete. Kandi uko amashuri
azagenda yiyongera icyo kibazo kizakemuka burundu.

I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Musobanure aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko.
1. Itsinda
2. Kuziba icyuho
3. Akarengane
4. Gucika intege
b) Koresha aya magambo akurikira mu nteruro yawe bwite
ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
1. Itsinda
2. Kuziba icyuho
3. Akarengane
4. Gucika intege
II. Ibibazo ku kiganiro mpaka:
Nimusubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Umaze gusoma cyangwa kumva iki kiganiro mpaka, wowe
wumva ushyigikiye uruhe ruhande?
2. Mubona abanyeshuri baratanze ibitekerezo bifite ireme?
3. Ibitekerezo abanyeshuri batanze bihuriye he n’umwanzuro
watanzwe n’umwarimu?
4. Ese ubona umwanzuro watanzwe n’umwarimu ushyigikiye
uruhe ruhande?
5. Muhereye ku buryo impande zitandukanye zagiye zitanga
ibitekerezo muri iki kiganiro, mwavuga ko ikiganiro mpaka ari
iki?
6. Ikiganiro mpaka kiba kigamije iki?
7. Amabwiriza agenga ikiganiro mpaka ni ayahe?

4.6. Ikiganiro mpaka
1. Inshoza y’ikiganiro mpaka

Ikiganiro mpaka ni ikiganiro kiba hagati y’abagize amatsinda abiri
basobanura neza ibitekerezo byabo, mu gihe abandi bo batabyemera
bagerageza kubereka ko ibyabo ari byo biboneye.
Itsinda rimwe rishyigikira ingingo yo kuganiraho yatanzwe naho irindi
rikayivuguruza. Mu biganiro mpaka abantu birinda kujya impaka za
ngo turwane, iyo uvuguruza igitekerezo cya mugenzi wawe ugaragaza
ikinyabupfura mu magambo uvuga no mu marenga ukora.

Mu kiganiro mpaka hagaragaramo umuyobozi w’ibiganiro, umwanditsi,
ushinzwe kugenzura igihe n’ushinzwe imvugo iboneye. Abo kandi baba
begeranye; hakaboneka n’impande ebyiri: uruhande rushyigikira ingingo
yatanzwe n’ uruhande ruyivuguruza.
2. Intego y’ ikiganiro mpaka

Ibiganiro mpaka mu mashuri bituma abanyeshuri bakorera hamwe,
ibitekerezo byubaka bigatangwa, bakunguka amagambo mashya.
Abanyeshuri bakora ubushakashatsi, bakandika, bakabaza kandi
bagasobanukirwa. Gusobanukirwa kuvuye mu gucukumbura bituma
bagira ubushobozi mu gusoma no kwandika bigendanye n’ibyo bagomba
kwiga, bakagira uruhare mu masomo yabo bafashijwe n’umwarimu.

Ibiganiro mpaka bituma umunyeshuri aba intyoza mu kuvuga,
gushakashaka, gusoma,kwandika, gutekereza no gutanga ubutumwa
avugana n’abandi. Ibiganiro mpaka bituma abanyeshuri mu rwego
barimo urwo ari rwo rwose batanga ibitekerezo bifasha abandi mu
mibanire myiza no mu bukungu kandi batagize uwo bakomeretsa.

Mbere yo kujya impaka muhitamo igitekerezo kigibwaho impaka.
Igitekerezo kigibwaho impaka gishingira ku byigwa kugira ngo abiga
barusheho gusesengura ibyo biga.

3. Uko ubushakashatsi bwakorwa
Abanyeshuri bahabwa umwanya nk’amasaha atatu bashakisha
ibitekerezo. Umwarimu abereka uko babyandika. Ibi bituma abanyeshuri

bagaragaza impano zabo mu mitekerereze, mu gutanga ibitekerezo no
mu kwiyoborera ibiganiro ubwabo.
4. Mu gihe bajya impaka.
Hatoranywa umuyobozi w’ibiganiro. Ashobora kuba umwarimu cyangwa
umunyeshuri. Umuyobozi agomba kuvuga adategwa, akagaragaza
ikinyabupfura. Atanga amagambo bahererekanya hagati y’abashyigikiye
igitekerezo n’abatagishyigikiye, akirinda kubogama.
Mu gihe bajya impaka, buri munyeshuri ugiye gutanga igitekerezo
yerekana ikarita ye yanditseho ko ashyigikira cyangwa avuguruza
igitekerezo cy’undi. Iyo umunyeshuri amaze guhabwa ijambo inshuro
eshatu, umuyobozi aba amuretse kugira ngo n’abandi babashe gutanga
ibitekerezo byabo.
5. Gusoza ibiganiro mpaka
Abajya impaka ubwabo bashobora gusaba ko ikiganiro gisozwa cyangwa
se umwarimu akabafasha kugisoza. Buri ruhande rutanga umwanzuro,
rukusanya ibitekerezo byatanzwe.
6. Ibigomba kwitabwaho
Abanyeshuri bashakira hamwe indangagaciro bagomba kugenderaho
mu gihe bajya impaka, harimo izi kurikira:

Iyo kujya impaka birangiye habaho isuzuma. Abanyeshuri bakoresha
urundi ruhande rwa ya karita yanditseho uruhande barimo bakagaragaza
uko babonye ikiganiro kigenze. Bashobora kwandika mu muvugo,
bagashushanya n’ubundi buryo.
Umwitozo
Insanganyamatsiko: Abana b’abahungu n’ab’abakobwa bagomba
gukora kimwe imirimo yose yo mu rugo ntawuvuga ngo: umurimo
uyu n’uyu wahariwe umukobwa cyangwa umuhungu. Murabishyikiye
cyangwa ntimubishyigikiye?
4.7. Amagambo afatana n’atandukana (nuko,
ni uko, n’uko, ni ko, ni ubwo, n’ubwo,
nubwo, ni bwo)
Musome uyu mwandiko maze musubize ikibazo
cyabajijweho.
Injangwe yacitse umurizo
Injangwe yagiye gufata inkoko, ifatwa n’umutego uyica umurizo. Uko
ihuye n’izindi zikagenda ziyiseka bikayitera ipfunwe. Iryo pfunwe rigatuma
yumva ifite ubusembwa bukomeye bityo ikifuza ko na zo zamera nka yo.
Umunsi umwe, ubwo yari mu nzira igenda ijya guhiga icyo kurya, ihura
n’indi njangwe na yo itagira umurizo irayihagarika zitangira kuyaga.
Nuko irayibwira iti : “Niko mugenzi wange duhuje ubusembwa?” Indi iti:
“ Dore re! Busembwa ki?” Imwe ya mbere iti: “Bwo kutagira umurizo”.
Iya kabiri, imaze kumva ibyo, imara akanya yiyumvira cyane nyuma ivuga
nk’itangaye iti: “Akarizo wacitse ni ko kagutera ipfunwe bigeze aho!”
Yongeraho iti: “Nge n’ubwo ntagafite ntacyo numva mbaye cyantera
ipfunwe mu bandi”.

Iya mbere, nyuma yo kumva ko iya kabiri ibyo kutagira umurizo nta
cyo biyibwiye, iti: “Nyamara kwirengagiza ubumuga bwawe, n’ubwo
ni ububwa mu bundi kandi ni ko kaga kawe”. Iya kabiri iti: “Ni uko
utekereza koko? Uranyibeshyaho nta kibazo binteye narangije kwiyakira.
Ikibi ni ukugira ikibazo udashobora kugira icyo ugihinduraho ntiwiyakire,
ugahora witesha umutwe ku busa. Wowe ububwa bwawe ni ubwo bwo
kutiyakira. N’uko kutiyakira nugukomeza kuzakugiraho izindi ngaruka
mbi ndakuburiye”. Ikimara kuvuga ibyo, ihita yigendera.

yo yananiwe kwiyakira na yo ibibonye ityo, ica ukwayo igenda yimyiza
imoso. Ngo igere imbere, ihura n’izindi ariko zo zifite imirizo. Ni bwo
biyanze mu nda, irazibwira iti: “Mfite ijambo rimwe mbabwira. ” Izindi ziti:
“Tuguteze amatwi.” Na yo iti: “Imirizo yacu iraturushya rwose. Kandi
n’iyo dushatse kwihisha mu mwobo ntitume twihisha neza uko bikwiye.
Twagenda kandi tukayikurura inyuma yacu cyangwa tukayishinga;
ntabwo dushobora kuyihisha ngo idukundire. Ndetse n’iyo dushatse
gufata imbeba, turayizunguza, zikatwumva zigahunga. Ikindi kandi
mutayobewe, ni uko dukunda gufatwa n’umutego ku murizo.
Ngewe rero, nanze ko wazongera kundushya ukundi ndawuca. Ni cyo
gituma mbagira inama yo kuyica mwese.”
Izindi njangwe zose zisekera icyarimwe biratinda. Inkuru muri zo irayibaza
iti: “Niko, muri twe hari uwakuganyiye ko imirizo yacu iturushya? Igituma
utubwira utyo, ahari ni uko wawucitse. Ahubwo urashaka ko natwe
tumera nkawe, ngo we kubura umurizo wenyine. Igendere twakumenye.”
Nuko ngo yumve ayo magambo, ihita yirukanka yikura ityo mu isoni.
Musubize ikibazo gikurikira:

Nimugende muvuga impamvu amagambo yanditse atsindagiye, hamwe
yanditswe mu ijambo rimwe, ahandi akandikwa atandukanye.
Imyandikire y’amagambo: “nuko, ni uko, nuko, niko, ni ko nuko,
nubwo, ni bwo, n’ubwo...”

Amagambo: “nuko, ni uko, n’uko, ni ko, niko ni ubwo, n’ubwo”,
yandikwa mu ijambo rimwe iyo yunga igitekerezo ku kindi cyabanje,
akandikwa mu magambo abiri iyo ari inshinga “ni” ikurikiwe
n’ikinyazina cyangwa akandikwa akaswe iyo agizwe n’icyungo
gikurikiwe n’ikinyazina.
Ingero zayo n’impamvu yandikwa mu ijambo rimwe cyangwa
akandikwa atandukanye
– Niko muri twe hari uwakuganyiye ko imirizo yacu iturushya?
Niko: ni ijambo rikoreshejwe bahamagara umuntu.
– Igituma utubwira utyo, ahari ni uko wawucitse.
Ni uko: ni amagambo abiri: ingirwanshinga “ni”, ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina
mbanziriza “uko”.
– Na yo iti: “Imirizo yacu iraturushya rwose”.
Na yo: ni amagambo abiri: icyungo “na” n’ikinyazina ngenga “yo”
gisimbura injangwe. Mu myandikire icyungo “na” gitandukana
n’ikinyazina ngenga muri ngenga ya gatatu.
– Ni cyo gituma mbagira inama yo kuyica mwese.
Ni cyo: ni ingirwanshinga “ni” ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina ngenga “cyo”.
– Ikindi kandi mutayobewe, ni uko dukunda gufatwa n’umutego ku
murizo.
Ni uko: Ni ingirwanshinga “ni” ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina mbanziriza
“uko”.
– Nuko ngo yumve ayo magambo, ihita yirukanka yikura ityo mu
isoni.
Nuko: Ni icyungo. Rirunga igitekerezo ku cyakibanjirije.
– N’ubwo ni ububwa bundi.
N’ubwo: Ni icyungo “na” gikurikiwe n’ikinyazina nyereka “ubwo”.
– Ubwiza bwawe ni ubwo kwishimira.
Ni ubwo: Ni ingirwanshinga “ni” ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina ngenera
“ubwo”.
Imyitozo
a) Andukura izi nteruro ukosora imyandikire:
1. Uku gutwi niko numvisha.
2. Uko uvuga niko na nge mvuga.
3. Mbese urarizwa nuko bakubenze.
b) Uzurisha amagambo ukuye mu dukubo:
1. Umugore yunzwe n’umugabo ……………. arakira (ni uko,
n’uko, nuko)
2. Uku kwezi ……………. gusarura imyaka. ( ni uko, n’uko, nuko)
3. Uko watwaye ………….nasigaranye birangana. ( ni uko,
n’uko, nuko)
Mfashe ko:
– Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ku bahungu n’abakobwa ari ngombwa
mu mashuri no mu mirimo yo mu rugo kugira ngo iterambere
ry’igihugu rigerweho vuba kandi ntawusigaye.
– Ikiganiro mpaka gituma abantu batanga ibitekerezo byubaka mu
kinyabupfura bakirinda gukomeretsa abandi bakagira uruhare mu
kubaka Igihugu ndetse n’isi muri rusange.
– Hari amagambo afatana n’atandukana mu myandikire. Nubwo
ajya gusa ariko si amwe mu bisobanuro byayo
Ingero: – Nubwo uje sinari ngukeneye.
– Ni ubwo buki nshaka.
4.8. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
Amateka y’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
Uburinganire ni imibanire n’imikoranire hagati y’abantu b’igitsina gore
n’igitsina gabo bo mu muryango runaka. Bitewe n’umuco n’amateka
usanga hari imirongo igenga imikorere, imibereho, imyambarire,
y’abagabo cyangwa abagore.

Nyamara kubera ko mu gihe cya kera abagabo ari bo bakunze kugira
ijambo, usanga ahenshi baragiye bagenera igitsina gore umwanya uri
hasi yabo, bakabafata nk’abanyantege nke, ndetse hamwe na hamwe
bagakandamizwa. Uko abantu bagenda bajijuka, ni ko babona ko
n’abagore cyangwa abakobwa bafite ubushobozi ari mu by’ubwenge
cyangwa mu bijyanye n’imirimo ikenera ingufu.

Mu Rwanda rwo hambere, abagore bari bafite inshingano zabo
bihariye n’abagabo na bo bakagira izabo bihariye hashingiwe ku ngufu
n’uburere bya buri wese. Abahungu bahabwaga uburere bujyanye
n’imirimo bari gukora bamaze kuba abagabo, ni ukuvuga kurwanirira
igihugu, no kuba umuhizi muri byose. Bigishwaga amateka y’imiryango
n’ibisekuruza byabo kugira ngo bamenye uko bazagera ikirenge mu
cy’abakurambere babo mu kuba intwari haba ku rugamba ndetse no
mu buzima busanzwe.
Bahabwaga n’imyitozo ngororamubiri kugira ngo bazavemo ingabo
z’igihugu. Kubera ko izi zari inshingano z’abagabo, nta mukobwa wigaga
ibijyanye na byo. Imirimo nyakuri yari igenewe abahungu ni ukuragira
amatungo, gutashya inkwi no kuvoma rimwe na rimwe. Yashoboraga
kandi kujya guhiga no guhinga.

Hari imirimo rero yarindwaga abana b’abahungu nko gukubura,
kumesa imyenda, guteka, gusya, koza imbehe n’ibindi kuko byafatwaga
nko kubatesha agaciro. Abakobwa bahabwaga uburere bushingiye
cyanecyane ku gukora imirimo ireba urugo no kuzavamo abagore
bashoboye kwita ku ngo zabo. Mu mirimo bitozaga bakiri bato harimo
iyo kuboha imitako itandukanye, guteka, kwita ku bana, gukora isuku
mu rugo, no kubaha abagabo babo.

Umugore yabaga yitezweho kubyara abana benshi kugira ngo
umuryango utazacika, maze ibyo bigatuma ahora atwite, yaba
adatwite akaba yonsa kandi afite n’abandi bana benshi agomba kwitaho
bikamubuza kuba yakwitabira indi mirimo yamuteza imbere.

Nyamara ubu ibi byarahindutse. Abana bose barareshya kandi bagomba
guhabwa uburere bumwe nta vangura. Abahungu n’abakobwa bose
bagomba kwiga. Mu mashuri, amashami yose yoherezwamo abana
b’ibitsina byombi kandi abakobwa bagenda bagaragaza ubushobozi
kimwe n’abahungu. Biga amashami y’ubumenyi ndetse n’ay’imyuga
kandi bakayashobora. Mu kazi, bashobora gukora imirimo imwe,

bakinjira mu nzego z’ubuyobozi ndetse bakajya no mu ngabo z’igihugu.
Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye rero ni ngombwa kugira ngo abantu
bose batere imbere ntawuhejwe. Nimuharanire kubushyigikira no
kubwimakaza aho muri hose.
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo ari mu mwandiko
a) Umuhizi b) Bagakandamizwa. c) Kujijuka.
2. Koresha ijambo “ingabo” mu nteruro ebyiri zidahuje
inyito
3. Erekana amagambo asobanura kimwe n’aya aciyeho
akarongo ari mu mwandiko:
a) Abahungu bahabwaga ubumenyi bujyanye n’imirimo bazakora
bamaze kuba abagabo.
b) Kera abagore n’abagabo bagiraga inshingano zihariye
hashingiwe ku ngufu n’uburere byabo.
4. Kora interuro iboneye ukurikiranya neza amagambo
yatanzwe
a) Ni-na-Imana-yo-abatindi-ibogosha-irema.
b) Bose-abantu-imbere-barareshya-y’amategeko.
5. Simbuza aya magambo aciyeho akarongo imbusane
zayo
a) Abagabo bakunze kugira ijambo.
b) Yashoboraga kubika imyenda ye.
II. Kumva umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko uribanda kuki?
2. Ni iki cyatumaga abagore batitabira imirimo ibateza imbere?
3. Kuri ubu abakobwa bitwara bate mu mashuri?
4. Kuki uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ari ngombwa?
5. Igitekerezo cyo kubyara abana benshi cyarahindutse.
Mugereranye igihe cya kera n’icy’ubu mu Rwanda.
6. Andika imirimo ibiri ivugwa mu mwandiko abahungu
batakoraga. Mugire icyo muvuga ku mpamvu umwanditsi
atanga.
III. Ikibonezamvugo
Kosora imyandikire y’amagambo atsindagiye
1. Impamvu afite ubuzima bwiza nuko anywa ibinyobwa bifite
ubuziranenge.
2. Uko wabikoze nuko nabikoze birasa.
3. Ubu bwatsi nubwo bwose ndabujyanira inka zange.
IV. Ihimbamwandiko
Garagaza imbata y’umwandiko “Amateka y’uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye”, werekana intangiriro, igihimba n’umwanzuro.
V. Ibiganiro mpaka
Jya impaka na bagenzi bawe kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko:
Uburezi budaheza bushyigikira imyigire y’abakobwa kurusha
imyigire y’abahungu.
5 Gukorera mu mucyo
5.1. Kamuhanda na Katabirora

Habayeho umugabo wari umucuruzi akagenda urugo ku rundi agurisha
ibicuruzwa bye. Yari afite abana benshi bikamusaba gukora cyane ngo
ashakishe ibibatunga. Abantu bari baramwise Kamuhanda kubera ko
yahoraga agenda acuruza. Umunsi umwe, aza kugera mu mugi wari
utuyemo umugabo witwaga Katabirora bari barabaye inshuti bakiri
bato. Arahacumbika, biba amahire asanga nyiri urugo ari umucuruzi
nka we. Nuko barakorana batangira kunguka. Nyamara uwo mugabo
yari yarahindutse umunyamahugu mu bucuruzi bwe.

Igihe kimwe, ubwo bari bageze munsi y’igiti baruhuka, babara
amafaranga bari bamaze kunguka, Kamuhanda abonye amaze kugira
amafaranga menshi mu mufuka, abwira uwo mugenzi we ati: “Mbikira
aya mafaranga.” Barayabara, Katabirora ayajyana mu rugo iwe
arayabika. Bakomeza gucuruza. Hashize iminsi, Kamuhanda ashaka
gutaha. Niko kubwira mugenzi we ati: “Undebere ya mafaranga yange,
ejo ndashaka gutaha.” Katabirora abyumvise atera hejuru ati: “Ugire
kuba warabaye mu nzu yange nkugaburira ku mafaranga yange, none
aho kunyishyura ngo ninguhe amafaranga utambikije?” Kamuhanda
abanza kugira ngo ni imikino. Ni ko kubaza Katabirora ati: “Ubwo
se koko urakomeje? Ntiwibuka amafaranga naguhaye ngo umbikire
twicaye munsi y’igiti kiri hirya hariya?” Umugabo ati: “Reka da! Ibyo
uvuga simbyumva. Wambikije amafaranga wowe?”

Kamuhanda abonye bimuyobeye, yitabaza abayobozi. Bateranya
abunzi babagezaho ikibazo cyabo. Bagerageje kubaza Katabirora
uko byagenze, arahakana aratsemba, yemeza ko Kamuhanda nta
mafaranga yamuhaye. Byababaje Kamuhanda cyane. Abunzi ni ko
kubaza Kamuhanda bati: “Ese uyamuha nta muntu n’umwe wari uhari
cyangwa ngo mube mwarakoranye inyandiko?” Kamuhanda ati: “Nta
muntu n’umwe wari uhari. Twari tuvuye gucuruza twicara munsi
y’igiti turuhuka. Nuko tubiganiraho nyamubitsa kugira ngo ntazayata
cyangwa bakayanyibira mu nzira. Nari mwizeye rwose nk’inshuti kuko
twabyirukanye dukundana.”

Umwe mu bunzi wari usheshe akanguhe arabumva, nuko aramubwira ati:
“Ndumva amaherezo urubanza rwawe ruri bugutsinde. Dore ndabona
ufite terefone. Genda uge munsi y’icyo giti, uhicare. Nukiyoberwa uraba
utsinzwe. Numara kuhagera ukicara uduhamagare maze tukubaze
ibibazo. Ubwo mu byo uri bube utubwira turabonamo ukuri cyangwa
tuvumburemo ko utubeshya. Hari n’igihe icyo giti kiri bukubere
umugabo!” Kamuhanda arahagarara ariyumvira kuko yumvaga ibyo
uwo mwunzi avuze bidashoboka, ariko ku bwo kubaha aragenda.

Amaze gutirimuka aho, wa musaza ukuriye inteko y’abunzi yitarura
inteko gato amuhamagara kuri terefoni maze aramubaza ati: “Ndizera
ko warangije kugera munsi y’igiti. Wahageze?” Kamuhanda ati: “Oya
sindahagera haracyari akanya kugira ngo ngereyo.” Wa musaza
aramubwira ati: “Cyo noneho ba uretse ngire icyo mbaza mugenzi
wawe.” Ahindukirira Katabirora aramubaza ati: “Ko avuga ngo yageze
munsi y’igiti, urumva ari byo?” Katabirora arahakana ati: “Reka da!
Sinababwiye ko uriya mugabo ari umubeshyi. Icyo giti kiri kure cyane
ntashobora kuba yakigezeho kano kanya.” “None se ko avuze ngo ni igiti
cy’umuvumu, kiri hano hafi, na byo ni ukubeshya?” Katabirora noneho
yiterera hejuru araseka cyane ati: “Mbega umubeshyi! Ndababwiza
ukuri rwose icyo giti ni igiti cya avoka kiri haruguru y’umuhanda.”

Nuko wa musaza abwira Katabirora ati: “None se ubwo ntiwivuyemo?
Nta bandi bagabo dukeneye. Urarwiciriye. Ni gute wamenya icyo giti
aho giherereye n’icyo ari cyo? Wakimenye rero kubera ko ari cyo
mwari mwicaye munsi Kamuhanda aguha amafaranga.” Katabirora
n’uburyarya bwinshi acira amarenga wa musaza ngo barebe uko
baheza ayo mafaranga cyanecyane ko ntawabonye Kamuhanda
ayamuha, undi amubera ibamba. Ni ko kumucyaha n’umujinya mwinshi
agira ati: “Zana amafaranga y’umuvandimwe wawe ureke ubuhemu.”
Nuko ahamagara Kamuhanda ati: “Igarukire, urubanza rwarangiye.”
Nuko Katabirora ajya mu nzu iwe, avanayo agapfunyika k’amafaranga,
agahereza Kamuhanda.

Kamuhanda ashimira abunzi, ariko cyanecyane ashimira uwo musaza
w’inararibonye, wamenye kugamburuza Katabirora akavuga ukuri
yashakaga guhisha. Nuko abwira abari aho ati: “Cyo nimushake icyo
dusangira maze niyunge n’uyu muvandiwe washatse kundiganya kuko
burya “Umuti w’ubutindi ni ukwanga guhemuka!”
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.

1. Umunyamahugu 10. Kwivamo
2. Katabirora, 11. Kurwicira
3. Urakomeje? 12. Inararibonye
4. Guhakana ugatsemba 13. Kugamburuza
5. Gusesa akanguhe 14. Kuriganya
6. Umugabo 15. Ubutindi
7. Kwiyumvira 16. Kubera umuntu ibamba.
8. Gutirimuka
9. Kwitarura
b) Imyitozo y’inyunguramagambo
a) Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro yawe bwite:
1. Kuriganya 6. Kugamburuza
2. Kwivamo 7. Ubutindi
3. Umunyamahugu 8. Kwitarura
4. Katabirora 9. Gutirimuka
5. Kurwicira 10. Kwihaniza (umuntu).

b) Muzi ko mu Kinyarwanda habaho indangagaciro na kirazira.
Indangagaciro ni zo twese duharanira kugira, tugaca ukubiri
na kirazira. Mumaze gusoma uyu mwandiko, mwuzuze
imbonerahamwe ikurikira mugaragaza uwo muzaba we n’uwo
mutazaba we muri aba bantu bakurikira: umutindi, imfura,
umutekamutwe, umwanzi wa ruswa, indyarya, indahemuka,
igisambo, incakura, umushukanyi, inyangamugayo, umwizerwa,
umunyakuri, umunyaburiganya, inyaryenge, inziragihemu,
Katabirora

c) Tondeka aya magambo ku buryo ukora interuro zuzuye kandi
zifite icyo zisobanura.
1) guha-inyangamugayo-umuntu-wange-arebana-utari
-amakuru-n’umwirondoro-n’umutungo -Sinakwemerawange.
2) hasi-abakozi-ubunyangamugayo-Iyo-imisoro buri-bo-kandi
-bafatanya-isanduku-kunyereza-ari-n’abacuruzi-ya-bamwe
-bakagombye-mu-kuyigeza-Leta.
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Kamuhanda ni muntu ki?
2. Kamuhanda ni ryo ryari izina rye? Sobanura.
c) Tondeka aya magambo ku buryo ukora interuro zuzuye kandi
zifite icyo zisobanura.
1) guha-inyangamugayo-umuntu-wange-arebana-utari
-amakuru-n’umwirondoro-n’umutungo -Sinakwemerawange.
2) hasi-abakozi-ubunyangamugayo-Iyo-imisoro buri-bo-kandi
-bafatanya-isanduku-kunyereza-ari-n’abacuruzi-ya-bamwe
-bakagombye-mu-kuyigeza-Leta.
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko

Musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Kamuhanda ni muntu ki?
2. Kamuhanda ni ryo ryari izina rye? Sobanura.
3. Yisunze nde mu kazi ke? Yabitewe n’iki?
4. Kuki Kamuhanda yabikije mugenzi we amafaranga?
5. Garagaza ko ibyo Kamuhanda yakekaga kuri mugenzi we ntaho
byari bihuriye n’ukuri.
6. Kamuhanda yitwaye ate mugenzi we amaze guhakana
amafaranga yamubikije?
7. Abunzi bakoze iki bamaze gushyikirizwa ikirego cya Kamuhanda?
8. Kuki umwunzi mukuru yabwiye Kamuhanda ko igiti gishobora
kumubera umugabo?
9. Katabirora yafashwe n’iki?
10. Garagaza ko umwunzi mukuru yari inararibonye koko.
11. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko
2. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kibazo gikurikira:
Ni iki ugaya cyangwa ushima umwunzi mukuru, Kamuhanda na
Katabirora?

V. Gukina bigana
Musome iki kibazo mukine mwigana.
Muhereye ku mwandiko mumaze gusoma, nimuhimbe agakino
mwigana abakinankuru bavugwamo mugamije gushyigikira
ubunyangamugayo bw’umwunzi mukuru no kurwanya ubuhemu
bwa Katabirora.

Iyo bavuze ruswa jya wumva kwaka cyangwa kwakira impano, amaturo
n’indonke iyo ari yo yose kugira ngo ukore ibiri cyangwa ibitari mu
nshingano zawe. Ruswa kandi ni ugukoresha ububasha bwawe kugira
ngo utume undi afata ikemezo ku nyungu zawe, cyangwa iz’undi wifuza.

Mu kwakira impano zituma akoresha nabi ububasha yahawe, umuryi wa
ruswa aba agamije kwikungahaza, gukiza abo mu muryango we cyangwa
inshuti ze yirengagije akarengane bikurura. Buri gihe utanga ruswa hari
uwo avutsa uburenganzira afite cyangwa yemererwa n’amategeko,
kimwe n’uko hari uwo arutisha abandi basangiye uburengazira.

Twibaze ibyangirika igihe umuyobozi runaka, umuganga, umusifuzi
w’umupira, umukozi wo mu ruganda cyangwa undi muntu ufite ububasha
ubu n’ubu, yakora ikintu cyangwa akagira icyo yirengagiza gukora
agamije inyungu ze ku giti ke cyangwa iza mwene wabo, cyangwa kubera
ko yabonye impano, amafaranga, n’ibindi.

Abayobozi bamunzwe na ruswa, barangwa no gukoresha ikenewabo,
ikimenyane, maze ugasanga umutungo w’igihugu wihariwe n’abantu
bamwe. Muri icyo gihe usanga abandi banyunyuzwa imitsi, bahakirwa
uburenganzira bwabo ku gihugu kuko baba barabwambuwe. Aha ni
ho usanga umunyeshuri w’umuhanga ari we utsindwa hagatsinda
utabikwiye, umucuruzi udatanze ruswa ntiyunguke, umuhinzi akabura
ubutaka bwo guhinga kandi hari abafite ibikingi bipfa ubusa, umuganga
ntavure abarwayi uko bikwiye kuko nta kantu yakiriye. Ruswa rero ni
mbi ku buryo bwose. Isumbanya abantu, ntibagire amahirwe angana,
ngo buri wese ashobore gukora no kwiteza imbere akurikije ubushobozi
bwe. Ruswa itera ubunebwe, igatuma abantu badakora bashishikaye
kuko abadakora babaho neza kurusha abakora.
Kubera gutinya ibihano, abayitanga n’abayakira bayivuga kwinshi
bajijisha. Usanga bayita bitugukwaha, inyoroshyo, gukanda amaguru,
kwica akanyota, ururimi rwa veterineri, umuti w’ikaramu, inzoga
y’abagabo, risansi y’imodoka ku muyobozi, agatike, umuhuza, kurya
akantu, ubutumwa n’andi.

Uburyo bwitabazwa na bwo ni bwinshi. Hari amafaranga, izindi ndonke
nk’inka, imirima, amazu... ishimishamubiri rijyana n’ubusambanyi,
ubucuti cyangwa ubufatanye bubi hagati y’abafite imyanya runaka,
bimwe bya mfasha iki nange nzagufasha kiriya ubutaha, igitinyiro,
iterabwoba, ikimenyane, guharabika n’ibindi.

Ruswa yica indangagaciro zose aho ziva zikagera, ikaba isoko yo
kwiyandarika ku bakobwa. Ruswa ntitana n’amacakubiri kuko ikurura
inzangano hagati y’abantu kubera ko bamwe batoneshwa abandi
bakarenganywa. Ruswa yica ubutabera, ikamunga ukuri, igaha icyuho
akarengane n’amahugu. Ruswa ituma igihugu kidatera imbere, kuko
ibyiza by’igihugu bitagera ku bantu bose uko bikwiye, hakabaho
abigwizaho umutungo, mu gihe abandi bicira isazi mu jisho.

Utanga ruswa kimwe n’uyakira bose baba bafite icyaha. Uyitanga aba
agamije kubona ibintu bidaciye mu mucyo, ndetse bitamukwiriye. Uyakira
na we aba atesheje agaciro akazi ke, kuko aba aciye ukubiri n’inshingano
ze. Bombi nta soni bagira kuko bayifata nk’umuco bakaba barangwa
no kubura ubunyangamugayo, kubura uburere, gushaka gukira vuba,
kudakorera mu mucyo kuko ntawuyitanga cyangwa ngo ayakire ku
mugaragaro. Muri make nta kiza cya ruswa.
Ruswa igira ibibi byinshi k’uyitanga n’uyihabwa. Ese kuyica birashoboka?
Nta gishoboka nka byo! Ku bushobozi bwanyu, nimuharanire
kuyirwanya mutunga agatoki aho igaragaye.

Kuyica nta kundi ni ukurenga ubujiji dusobanukirwa n’ububi bwayo.
Abayobozi mu nzego zose n’abaturage muri rusange bashingiye
ku ndangagaciro y’ubunyangamugayo batinyuke bange kwaka
ruswa no kuyitanga. Abayihabwa bange kuyakira, abaturage
bakangurirwe kuyimenya, kuyirinda, kuyirwanya no kuyitangaho
amakuru. Amabwiriza agaragaza uko serivisi zitangwa mu nzego zose
za Leta ashyirwe ahagaragara kandi asobanure neza ibisabwa n’igihe
ubyujuje ahabwa serivisi yifuza.

Ingufu nizishyirwe mu kwigisha abaturage kumenya guharanira
uburenganzira bwabo, mu kwamagana ruswa, gutunga agatoki aho
igaragaye, kongera ubufatanye hagati y’inzego zigenzura n’izirwanya
ruswa no guhana by’intangarugero abo igaragayeho. Abaturage twese
n’abayobozi duhagurukire rimwe nk’abitsamuye tuyirwanye kandi
tuzayitsinda.
I. Inyunguramagambo

a) Tahura mu mwandiko amagambo asubiza ibibazo
bikurikira

1. Bampimba utuzina tujijisha ngo noroshya ibibazo kandi iyo bagiye
kumfata no kuntanga barihisha. Abanyakuri banyamaganira
kure kubera ko munga ubukungu bw’igihugu. Ubwo ndi nde?
2. Nta cyo nakumarira utampereje. Uwo mugayo uhabwa nde?
3. Utari uwange cyangwa uwo ntazi simureba n’irihumye. Iyo
nenge indanga ni iyihe?
4. Aho nageze abantu ntibongera kuvuga rumwe kuko
mbasumbanya bamwe mbarutisha abandi. Ni iki munenga?
5. Mpora ntegereje ko bagira icyo bampa kugira ngo mbakemurire
ibibazo. Ubwo mba nkurikiranye iki munenga?
6. Abanyishinze bahora bampereza kuko nsa n’ikirondwe ntajya
mpaga. Ubwo abo bantu mbakorera iki kigayitse?

7. Iby’abandi mbitwara ku mayeri kandi nkabiheza. Wanyamagana
unshinja iki?
8. Aho mba aha nirinda guhemuka nkarya ibyo naruhiye. Ubwo
ndangwa n’iki?
9. Nca mu ziko sinshye. Ubwo ndi iki?
10. Nta cyo mpisha ibyange byose mbikorera ahabona. Aho nkorera
ni he?
b) Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zawe bwite
ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu nteruro.
1. Indonke 7. Ishimishamubiri
2. Ruswa 8. Amacakubiri
3. Kuvutsa 9. Amahugu
4. Ikenewabo 10. Icyuho
5. Impano 11. Bombi
6. Kunyunyuza imitsi 12. Indangagaciro

II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite

1. Sobanura mu magambo yawe uko wumva ruswa?
2. Ni iki gituma abantu barya ruswa?
3. Ni gute ruswa ishyigikira akarengane?
4. Hangirika iki iyo igihugu cyamunzwe na ruswa?
5. Ububi bwa ruswa bugaragarira he?
6. Abatanga ruswa babiterwa n’iki?
7. Garagaza ko abatanga cyangwa abakira ruswa baba bazi ko
ari bibi.
8. Erekana ko kurwanya ruswa mu Rwanda bishoboka.
9. Sobanura uburyo kwirinda gutanga ruswa byatuma tugira
umuco wo kuzigama.
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku byavuzwe mu mwandiko
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kibazo gikurikira:
Ni uwuhe muganda mwatanga mu rugamba rwo guhashya ruswa?

5.3. Gukorera ku mihigo bituma wiha gahunda

Ubu gahunda iriho ni ugukorera ku mihigo kuko bifasha buri muntu
gukorera ku ntego. Bimufasha kandi kwisuzuma akareba ko ibyo yahize
abishyira mu bikorwa. Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho imihigo y’ingo
aho zihigira ibikorwa zizageraho mu gihe runaka. Buri rugo rusabwa
kugira ikaye y’imihigo, rugaragarizamo ibyo bikorwa, rukabigaragariza
umukuru w’umudugudu rubarizwamo, na we akabyemeza abishyiraho
umukono.

Munyengabe Reveriyani ni umuhinzi mworozi ntangarugero w’imyaka
62. Iyi gahunda yo gukorera ku mihigo yayumvise vuba kandi ayishyira
mu bikorwa. Yemeza ko iyi gahunda y’imihigo y’ingo imaze guhindura
byinshi mu rugo rwe, kuko ibyo ahize gukora agerageza uko ashoboye
kose kugira ngo abigereho. Yageze kuri byinshi atari kuzageraho ku
buryo bworoshye. Asanga iyo umuturage ahize umuhigo akawuhigura
bimuha imbaraga ubutaha akazakora ibyisumbuyeho.

Ku bwe, gahunda nziza nk’iyi ifasha mu iterambere ku buryo bugaragara
kuko ituma umuturage yikorera isuzumabikorwa hakiri kare, ibyo
atari yageraho akabasha gufata ingamba zo kubigeraho. Ni mu gihe
kandi aba yamenye imbogamizi yagize n’ubufasha azakenera bibaye
ngombwa. Yifuje ko muri buri mudugudu iyi gahunda y’imihigo y’ingo
yakurikiranwa neza hashyirwaho itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura uko ya
mihigo igenda ishyirwa mu bikorwa. Byatuma hatabaho kwirara ngo
umuturage yirengagize ibyo yahize.

Gukorera ku mihigo byatumye arushaho kwiteza imbere mu buryo
bufatika. Afite ubuhinzi bukomatanyije n’ubworozi ndetse n’ubukorikori
butandukanye. Yoroye inka za kijyambere, yahinze urutoki, yahinze
ibijumba, ahinga imyumbati, ahinga n’imiteja, iyo yeze iba ifite uburebure
n’ubwiza bihebuje. Iyi miteja ngo imaze kumugeza kuri byinshi kuko
anafite isoko ryayo i Kigali. Mu mihigo ye, yahize ni ukuva kuri hegitari
imwe y’ubuhinzi bw’imyumbati akagera kuri imwe n’igice, akavugurura
ubuhinzi bwe bw’ibijumba, akajya no mu bwisungane mu kwivuza ndetse
agakorana na banki.

Mbere yo gukorera ku mihigo umuryango we wabaga mu nzu
y’amabati arindwi. Aho batangiriye guhiga, babashije kuyivugurura,
barayongera, bayishyiramo amashanyarazi n’amazi. Barahingaga
bakeza utudobo dutatu tw’ibishyimbo ariko aho batangiriye gukorera
ku mihigo, umusaruro wabo wavuye ku tudobo dutatu uba imifuka itatu
138
y’ibishyimbo. Imihigo yabafashije gukora kare kandi bagakorera ku
gihe. Nta gikorwa na kimwe umuturage ashobora kumva ko atageraho
kandi hari ubuyobozi bumwegereye kandi bwiteguye kumufasha.

Iyo ugeze mu rugo rwe usanga ari ahantu hafite isuku kandi bigaraga
ko ari urugo rwifashije. N’ikimenyimenyi bamaze kwiyubakira biyogazi
ikora neza. Umufasha w’uyu mugabo, avuga ko kuva bakubaka biyogazi
ibicanwa bakoreshaga mbere byagabanutse cyane. Biyogazi inabafasha
mu kwita ku bidukikije no kubungabunga ubuzima muri rusange.
Akomeza agira ati: «Ibi byose mubona tubikesha gukorera ku mihigo
no gukorera ku ntego. Icyo twiyemeje kuzakora mu mwaka runaka
turacyandika hanyuma tugahora dukurikirana ko tukigeraho. Iyi kayi
y’imihigo idufasha gusuzuma aho tugeze cya gikorwa tukandikamo.
Gukorera ku mihigo bitanga imbaraga n’ishyaka mu bikorwa uba
wateganije gukora.»

Abayobozi ku rwego rw’Akarere baramugendereye muri gahunda yo
kureba iterambere abaturage bamaze kugeraho no kubagira inama
kugira ngo barusheho kunoza ibyo bakora. Batangajwe n’ibikorwa
bahasanze maze basaba abaturage kumufataho urugero kugira ngo
na bo batere intambwe ifatika mu mibereho yabo.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Nimushake muri uyu mwandiko amagambo afite
igisobanuro gikurikira:

1. Ikintu wiyemeza kuzageraho mu gihe runaka.
2. Icyo ugamije kugeraho.
3. Kwiyemeza icyo uzaba ugezeho mu gihe runaka.
4. Gushyira mu bikorwa icyo wari warahize.
5. Kurenga urugero rwari ruteganyijwe.
6. Igenzura rigamije kureba aho ugeze ushyira mu bikorwa ibyo
wiyemeje.
7. Kwemeza ibigomba gukorwa kugira ngo ugere ku cyo wiyemeje.
8. Ikintu cyose gituma utagera ku cyo wiyemeje, ibibazo ugira mu
gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo wiyemeje.
9. Kurangara ntukore uko bikwiye.
10. Gukorera ibintu icyarimwe.
11. Urugo rukize, rutagize icyo rubuze.
12. Inkwi zo gucana.
13. Ingufu z’umwuka zibyarwa n’udukoko bita bagiteri zicagagura
ibikomoka ku bimera, ku mwanda w’amatungo cyangwa
ku musarane w’abantu bifungiranye mu cyobo kidashobora
kwinjiramo umwuka wo hanze.
b) Koresha mu nteruro zawe bwite amagambo akurikira:
1. Imihigo 5. Gufata ingamba
2. Intego 6. Kwirara
3. Guhigura 7. Imbogamizi
4. Kwisumbura 8. Gukomatanya
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Nimusubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Gukorera ku mihigo bimaze iki?
2. Gahunda yo gukorera ku mihigo iteye ite?
3. Umuryango wa Munyengabe wahize kuzagera ku bihe bikorwa?
4. Uyu muryango wahiguye ute imihigo wahize?
5. Hakorwa iki kugira ngo iyi gahunda irusheho kugenda neza?
6. Umuryango wa Munyengabe wagize ruhare ki mu kubungabunga
ibidukikije?
7. Uwiyemeje gukorera ku mihigo asabwa iki kugira ngo abashe
guhigura neza imihigo ye?
8. Akarere kagaragaje gate ko gashyigikiye gahunda y’imihigo
y’ingo?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Gutegura imihigo y’ishuri.
Umwitozo:
Nimutegure ingingo mwumva mwahigira kugeraho muri uyu mwaka
hano mu ishuri ryanyu.
5.4. Dutange amakuru ku byo dukora

Kera gutanga amakuru ku byo umuntu akora byari ubushake.
Abanyamakuru binubiraga kudahabwa amakuru na bamwe mu bari
bashinzwe kuyatanga cyanecyane mu nzego za Leta. Ariko ubu
byarahindutse gutanga amakuru byamaze kuba itegeko.
Abayobozi mu nzego zigenga n’iza Leta basabwa gutanga amakuru
n’iryo tegeko ryamaze gushyirwaho umukono no gutangazwa mu
igazeti ya Leta. Ibi bizafasha abanyamakuru kubonera amakuru bashaka
ku gihe ndetse n’Abanyarwanda bayahabwe ku gihe. Uzaramuka yanze
gutanga amakuru ku byo akora azabihanirwa n’itegeko, natabikora
neza na bwo abibazwe n’amategeko. Abayobozi mu nzego za Leta
n’izigenga rero bafite inshingano zo gushyiraho umukozi uhoraho
ushinzwe gutanga amakuru, yaba adahari akagira umusimbura.

Abanyamakuru mu Rwanda bavunikaga bashaka amakuru ndetse
hamwe ntibayabone. Hari n’aho umuyobozi ushinzwe gutanga amakuru
yangaga kwitaba terefoni cyangwa se agasubiza umunyamakuru ko
afite ibimuhugije ku buryo adafite umwanya wo kuvugana na we.
Itegeko rirasobanutse kuko riteganya uburyo amakuru yakwa. Amakuru
asabwa n’umuntu ku giti ke cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu mu rurimi urwo
ari rwo rwose mu ndimi zemewe n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika
y’u Rwanda. Hakoreshwa imvugo, inyandiko, terefoni, ikoranabuhanga
cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’itumanaho bitabangamiye ibiteganywa n’iri
tegeko. Usaba amakuru ni we ugaragaza uburyo yifuza kuyahabwamo.
Iyo uburyo usaba amakuru yifuza kuyahabwamo burenze ubushobozi
bw’urwego rusabwa kuyatanga, yishyura ikiguzi kijyanye n’uburyo
ayifuzamo.

Ahanini kwimana amakuru byaterwaga n’impungenge abatanga
amakuru bagiraga, kubera kutizera abanyamakuru bayahaye, no gutinya
ko amakuru batanze ashobora kubagiraho ingaruka. Izi mpungenge
itegeko ryarazikemuye kuko rigaragaza amakuru yemewe gutangwa.
Akaba ari yo mpamvu abanyamakuru bagomba gukora kinyamwuga
bakagarurira ikizere abatanga amakuru, bakunze kuyimana bitwaza
ko abanyamakuru babavugira ibyo batavuze. Abayobozi na bo bajya
batanga amakuru ku gihe batagoranye kugira ngo imikoranire y’inzego
igende neza kandi n’abagenerwabikorwa ari bo baturage babashe
kugira uburenganzira kuri ayo makuru.
Iri tegeko ntirifasha abanyamakuru mu kazi kabo gusa, ahubwo rifasha
n’Abanyarwanda muri rusange. Uburenganzira bwo kubona amakuru
ni inyungu z’Abanyarwanda bose kuko riha n’abatari abanyamakuru
kubaza inzego za Leta cyangwa izigenga amakuru bashaka.

Gushyiraho itegeko ni ikintu kimwe, ariko kurishyira mu bikorwa
bikaba ikindi. Inzego zose bireba zirasabwa gukora ibishoboka byose
rikubahirizwa. Birasaba kandi nanone abanyamakuru n’Abanyarwanda
muri rusange gukomeza guharanira uburenganzira bwabo.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Huza ijambo n’igisobanuro cyaryo ukoresheje akambi.
b) Koresha mu nteruro yawe bwite amagambo akurikira;
kwinuba, guhatira, kubazwa (ibyo utakoze), inshingano, guhuga,
kubangamira, ingaruka, gukemura.

c) Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo ari
mu dukubo.

(igaruka, gusimbura, gusimbuza, yinubira, yinukira, kubangamira,
kubagarira, ingaruka)
a) Uyu mwana ...................... buri gihe ibyo bamutumye.
b) Umuntu udaheruka gukaraba yumva ......................
c) Reka ...................... bagenzi bawe batazagucikaho.
d) Dusabwa ...................... yose kuko tutazi irizera n’irizarumba.
e) Uzirengere ...................... zizava mu kudatangira amakuru ku
gihe!
f) Uze ...................... biriya biti byaboze ibikiri bizima.
g) ...................... uyu mukinnyi biramvuna kuko naniwe cyane.
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Nimusubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Ni iki cyatumaga abantu batitabira gutanga amakuru ku byo
bakora?
2. Ni iki noneho gishobora kubaha ikizere bagatanga amakuru nta
cyo bishisha?
3. Abatanga amakuru n’abanyamakuru barasabwa iki muri iki
gihe?
4. Uwakwaka amakuru, ufite ubuhe bushobozi bwo kuyamuha?
5. Umunyamakuru akwatse amakuru mu buryo udafitiye ubushobozi
wabyifatamo ute?
6. Ko utari umunyamakuru itegeko rigena uburyo amakuru
atangwa rikumariye iki?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Gutegura amakuru no kuyatangaza.

Nimutegure amakuru ku byabaye ku ishuri ryanyu muri iki cyumweru,
ayo mutazi mubaze abayobozi n’abarimu niba hari inama zabaye,
maze muyatangarize abandi banyeshuri.
5.5. Umwirondoro w’umuntu
Urugero rw’ umwirondoro wa Bizimana
1. Ibiranga umuntu:
– Amazina: BIZIMANA Kamegeri
– Amazina ya data: KAMEGERI Silasi
– Amazina ya mama: KANKUNDIYE Ana
– Itariki y´amavuko: 12 Mata 1990
– Aho navukiye: Umurenge wa Kigarama
: Akarere ka Kicukiro
– Aho ntuye: Umurenge wa Kanombe
: Akarere ka Kicukiro
– Irangamimerere: Ingaragu
– Ubwenegihugu: Umunyarwanda
– Aho mbarizwa:
Kanombe
Agasanduku k’iposita: 1209 Kigali
Terefoni: 0784455762
2. Amashuri nize
– Amashuri yisumbuye: 2002-2008 ku kigo cy’Urwunge
rw’Amashuri yisumbuye rw’i Mukura.
– Amashuri abanza: 1996-2002 ku kigo cya Remera.
3. Impamyabumenyi
Impamyabumenyi y’amashuri yisumbuye A2 mu ndimi.
4. Imirimo nakoze n’uburambe mu kazi:
2009-2014: Umukozi wigenga uhindura inyandiko mu ndimi (Igifaransa,
Ikinyarwanda n’Icyongereza).
2014- 2016: Umukozi mu icapiro ryigenga rya Kigali ku Kimihurura
ushinzwe gukosora imyandikire y’indimi.
5. Indimi nkoresha:
Ikinyarwanda: Nkizi neza cyane
Igifaransa: Nkizi neza
Icyongereza: Nkizi neza cyane
6. Ubundi bumenyi:
Ndi umukinnyi w’umupira, w’ amaguru.
Mfite impamyabushobozi mu butabazi bw’ibanze mu gihe k’impanuka.
Ndi umukangurambaga mu butabazi bw’ibanze mu gihe habaye
impanuka.
Ndemeza ko ibyo mvuze haruguru ari ukuri.
Kanombe, ku wa 28 Mutarama 2016.
BIZIMANA Kamegeri
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwirondoro:
1. Ingaragu
2. Impamyabumenyi
3. Impamyabushobozi
b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo:
Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro wihimbiye:
1. Ingaragu
2. Impamyabumenyi
3. Impamyabushobozi
II. Ibibazo ku mwirondoro
Musubize ibibazo bikurikira muhereye ku rugero
rw’umwirondoro wa Bizimana:
1. Umwirondoro ni iki? Umaze iki?
2. Umwirondoro ukorwa na nde?
3. Kuki abakoresha bakenera umwirondoro w’ushaka akazi?
4. Umwirondoro ukorwa ute?
5. Ni ibiki uwirondora agomba kwirinda?
6. Ni ibihe bice by’ingenzi bigize umwirondoro?
5.6. Umwirondoro
1. Inshoza y’umwirondoro
Umuntu wese ushaka akazi asabwa kuzuza umwirondo uherekeza ibaruwa
isaba akazi cyangwa ugatangwa wonyine, kugira ngo umukoresha amenye
ibyerekeranye n’uwo agiye guha akazi. Umwirondoro rero ugaragaza
amazina y’umuntu, aho akomoka, ikigero arimo, amashuri yize n’imirimo
yakoze ndetse n’ibindi ashoboye mu buzima. Iyo umukoresha asomye
umwirondoro w’usaba akazi, ahita abonamo uburyo yagiye yitwara
mu mirimo itandukanye, cyangwa aho yize kuko ashobora no kubanza
kubaza ababanye na we ku ishuri no mu kazi kugira ngo amenye uko
yitwara.

Utegura umwirondoro rero agomba kuvugisha ukuri, ntatange amakuru
atari yo kuko byamukururira kwimwa akazi cyangwa akakirukanwaho
n’iyo yaba yararangije kukabona.

Umwirondoro ahanini ukoreshwa mu mabaruwa y’ubuyobozi iyo
uwandika yawusabwe cyangwa ashaka kwerekana ko uhuje n’umuntu
bifuza guha akazi. Ni yo mpamvu umwirondoro urangizwa n’interuro
yemeza ko ibikubiyemo ari ukuri.
2. Uko umwirondoro ukorwa
Umwirondoro ukorwa umuntu agaragaza ibice by’ingenzi bitanu ari byo :
a) Ibiranga umuntu
Hagaragariramo amazina y’uwirondora, amazina ya se n’aya nyina,
itariki, ukwezi n’umwaka yavutseho, aho atuye n’aho abarizwa igihe
hatandukanye, irangamimerere ye (niba yubatse cyangwa akiri
ingaragu), ubwenegihugu bwe n’aho abarizwa.
b) Amashuri yize n’impamyabumenyi afite
Muri iki gice, uwirondora agaragaza amashuri yize, aho yayize n’igihe,
imyaka yize, amashami yakurikiye n’impamyabumenyi yahavanye.
c) Imirimo yakoze n’uburambe mu kazi
Uwirondora agaragaza imirimo yagiye akora, igihe yayikoreye,

aho yakoraga n’ibyo yakoraga. Asoreza ku murimo aba afite igihe
yandika umwirondoro we (iyo afite akazi).
d) Indimi akoresha
Uwirondora agaragaza indimi avuga cyangwa akoresha n’igipimo
azikoresherezaho. Ni ukuvuga uko azi ururimi uru n’uru niba aruzi
neza cyane, neza cyangwa aruzi buhoro.
e) Ubundi bumenyi afite
Muri iki gice cya nyuma, uwirondora agaragaza ubundi bumenyi
cyangwa ubushobozi afite butajyanye n’amashuri yize. Ni nk’ibindi
ashoboye gukora cyangwa afitemo impano, amahugurwa yakoze
n’impamyabushobozi yahawe n’ibindi.
Umwitozo:
Ufatiye urugero ku mwirondoro wa Bizimana Kamegeri, uzuza uru
rupapuro nk’aho rwakabaye urw’umwirondoro wawe
Umwirondoro wange
Amazina: .........................................................................................
Amazina ya data: ..........................................................................
Amazina ya mama: ......................................................................
Igihe navukiye: ................................................................................
Aho navukiye:
Umudugudu wa...................................... Akagari ka ...........................................
Umurenge wa ............................Akarere ka ............................ Intara ya ...........................
Aho ntuye:
Umudugudu wa ............................ Akagari ka ............................
Umurenge wa ............................ Akarere ka ............................ Intara ya ............................
Irangamimerere: ......................................................................
Ubwenegihugu: ......................................................................
Amashuri nize:
Kuva mu ............................ Kugeza ............................:
Kuva ............................ Kugeza ............................:
Kuva ............................ Kugeza ............................:
Imirimo nakoze
Kuva ............................ Kugeza ............................:
Indimi nkoresha: Ikinyarwanda, Icyongereza, Igifaransa, Igiswahili...
Ubundi bumenyi:...................................................................
Ndemeza ko ibyo maze kuvuga ari ukuri.
Bikorewe i ............................ ku wa ............................
............................
...........................
5.7. Ibaruwa isaba akazi

I. Inyunguramagambo:
a) Sobanura aya magambo:
1. Ubudakemwa 2. Umugereka
b) Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro zigaragaza ko
uyumva:
1. Ubudakemwa 2. Umugereka
II. Ibibazo byo kumva ibaruwa
Musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku ibaruwa mu magambo
yanyu bwite.
1. Ni nde wanditse iyi baruwa? 4. Atangira ate?
2. Yandikiye nde? 5. Arangiza ibaruwa ye ate?
3. Ni iyihe mpamvu yanditse?
III. Gusesengura ibaruwa
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Vuga ibice by’ingenzi bigize ibaruwa yanditswe na Bizimana.
2. Ni ibiki Bizimana yitayeho mu ibaruwa ye?
3. Uhereye ku bice bigize ibaruwa iri ahabanza n’ibisobanuro
bikurikira, andukura imbata igomba gukurikizwa mu kwandika
ibaruwa.
4. Iyi baruwa ni bwoko ki?
5.8. Ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi
a) Inshoza y’ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi
Ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi ni urwandiko wandikira umuyobozi runaka ufite
icyo umusaba cyangwa umugezaho. Urwo rwandiko ruba rugufi kuko
ruvuga iby’ingenzi wifuza nta kurondogora. Urwo rwandiko rugira
impamvu, iyo mpamvu ni yo uwandika yibandaho ntage ku ruhande. Niba
hari ibisobanuro byiyongera kuri iyo mpamvu cyangwa hari inyandiko
zigomba kuyiherekeza, bivugwa mu rwandiko ariko bikayiherekeza
nk’umugereka. Mu ibaruwa uvuga ko ubigeretseho.
Ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi igira ibice biyigize n’imiterere yihariye. Aho
bitandukanira n’ibaruwa isanzwe, ya gicuti ni uko ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi
iba ngufi kandi ikavuga iby’ingenzi ntirondogore cyangwa ngo itange
ibisobanuro bidakenewe. Uyandikirwa ntaba afite igihe cyo guta mu
bidafite akamaro.
b) Ibice bigize ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi
Ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi ifite ibice bikurikira bigaragaza:
1. Uwandika n’aho abarizwa: Iki gice cyandikwa hejuru mu nguni
y’ibumoso bw’urupapuro. Muri make ibi umuntu yabyita “Uwandika
n’aho abarizwa”. Icyo gice ni iki gikurikira:
BIZIMANA Kamegeri
Akagari ka Karugira
Umurenge wa Gikondo
Akarere ka Kicukiro
2. Aho ibaruwa yandikiwe n’itariki yandikiweho: Ibyo bijya hejuru
mu nguni, iburyo bw’urupapuro. Icyo gice ni iki:
Gikondo, ku wa 20/6/2016
3. Uwandikiwe n’aho abarizwa: Iki gice kijya munsi y’umwirondoro
w’uwandika kigatangirira mu rupapuro rwagati. Icyo gice ni iki:
Bwana Umuyobozi w’Ikigo cy’Amashuri Abanza cya GikondoKicukiro.
4. Impamvu yatumye ibaruwa yandikwa: Ijya munsi y’umwirondoro
w’uwandikiwe, ikigaragaza igitumye wandika. Kigatangirira ku
ntangiriro y’urupapuro. Icyo gice ni iki:
Impamvu: Gusaba akazi k’ubuzamu

5. Amagambo ahamagara uwandikiwe: Icyo gice cyandikwa munsi
y’umwirondoro w’uwandikiwe, kigaherwa buri gihe n’akitso. Ni iki
gikurikira:
Bwana Muyobozi,
6. Intangiriro: Ni igika kirimo impamvu yatumye wandika. Icyo gice
ni iki:
Nshimishijwe no kubandikira iyi baruwa mbasaba akazi k’ubuzamu
bwo ku manywa.
7. Igihimba: Ni igika kimwe cyangwa byinshi bisobanura uko uwandika
yamenye ko umwanya uhari n’ubushobozi afite bwo gukora ako kazi.
Ni ibika bikurikira:
Maze kumva itangazo mwacishije kuri radiyo zitandukanye ku
wa Mbere tariki ya 18/6/2016 musaba abashaka akazi k’ubuzamu
bw’amanywa, niyemeje kubandikira mbasaba ako kazi kuko
ngashoboye.
Mu by’ukuri ndi umusore wahuguwe mu byo gucunga umutekano
w’ibigo mu gihe cy’amezi atandatu kandi ndi inyangamugayo nk’uko
byemezwa n’ikemezo cy’ubudakemwa mu mico no mu myifatire
nahawe n’ubuyobozi bw’umurenge wa Gikondo ntuyemo. Icyo
kemezo kiri ku mugereka w’uru rwandiko kimwe n’umwirondoro
wange.
8. Umusozo: Ni igika gisoza giheruka ibindi bika kirimo ikizere
cy’uwandika cyo kubona igisubizo gishimishije. Icyo gika ni iki:
Mu gihe ngitegereje igisubizo cyanyu kiza, mbashimiye umutima
mwiza muzakirana ikifuzo cyange.
9. Amazina y’uwandika n’umukono we: Bijya munsi y’ibaruwa
ahahera iburyo bw’urupapuro bigahera rwagati. Icyo gice ni iki
gikurikira:
BIZIMANA Kamegeri
c) Ibyo uwandika ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi yitaho
Uwandika ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi, yitwararika gusiga umwanya ibumoso
n’iburyo bw’urupapuro kugira ngo uwakira ubutumwa abone aho afata
abusoma atabuhishe n’intoki bubera kubufatamo. Ibaruwa yanditse neza
ibamo ibika ku buryo buri gitekerezo kiharira igika cyacyo.
Buri gika gitangira umurongo. Hagati y’igika n’ikindi hasigara umwanya
munini. Ibaruwa yanditse neza iba ifite utwatuzo kandi tugomba
gukoreshwa neza mu nteruro: akitso kagatandukanya ibice bibiri
by’interuro, akabago kagatandukanya interuro ebyiri. Utwo ni two
twatuzo dukoreshwa mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi. Byaba byiza hakoreshejwe
interuro ngufi kuko zituma igitekerezo cyumvikana neza kurushaho.
d) Imbata y’ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi
Imbata y’ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi iteye ku buryo bukurikira:
Uwandika n’aho abarizwa Aho yandikira n’itariki
Urwego rw’ubuyobozi
rw’uwandikirwa n’aho
abarizwa
Impamvu: ................................................
Amagambo ahamagara
umuyobozi wandikirwa
Igika k’intangiriro ................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Igika gitangira igihimba .....
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Igika cy’umusozo .................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Amazina y’uwanditse
ibaruwa
Umukono we

Umwitozo
Andika amabaruwa akurikira:
1. Andikira umuyobozi w’ikigo wizeho umusaba kuguha
indangamanota z’imyaka ibiri ibanziriza uwa nyuma
wahize, kuko ukeneye kuzigereka ku rwandiko rusaba ishuri
ryisumbuye.
2. Andikira umukuru w’ishuri muturanye umusaba akazi ko
gukoramo isuku mu biruhuko.
5.9. Amatangazo

Itangazo rya mbere

Umuryango wa Nyakwigendera Makwandi Diyonizi utuye mu Kagari
ka Gatwaro, Umurenge wa Gitesi Akarere ka Karongi, ubabajwe no
kumenyesha inshuti n’abavandimwe cyanecyane Kamana Siriro uri muri
Uganda, umuryango wa Munyemana Silasi uri mu Miyove, Akarere ka
Gicumbi, uwa Rusagara Rayimondi uri i Rubavu n’umwana we Rwakayiru
Serisi uri mu Bubiligi, ko umusaza Makwandi Diyonizi yitabye Imana
kuri uyu wa Mbere tariki ya 30 Gicurasi 2016 isaa mbiri z’igitondo azize
impanuka. Ababyeyi, inshuti n’abavandimwe basabwe gutabara. Itariki
n’aho umurambo uzashyingurwa barabimenyeshwa mu rindi tangazo.
Umuryango ubaye ubashimiye kuwufata mu mugongo kwanyu.
KIGENZA Mamenero Erike.

Itangazo rya kabiri
Repubulika y’u Rwanda
Minisiteri y’ Uburezi
Minisiteri y’Uburezi iramenyesha ababyeyi bafite abana biga mu mashuri
abanza n’ayisumbuye ko itariki yo gutangira amasomo y’umwaka
w’amashuri wa 2016 ari ku wa Mbere tariki ya 02/02/2016. Abanyeshuri
biga mu mashuri yisumbuye barasabwa kubahiriza ibi bikurikira:

Ku biga mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru, iy’Uburasirazuba n’Umujyi wa
Kigali, umunsi wo kugenda ni ku wa Gatandatu tariki ya 31/01/2016.

Ku biga mu Ntara y’Uburengerazuba n’iy’Amajyepfo ni ku Cyumweru
tariki ya 1/02/2016.
Ikitonderwa:

a) Abanyeshuri bose bateganyirijwe imodoka zizajya zibafata aho
basanzwe bazitegera.
b) Buri munyeshuri asabwe kuza yambaye umwenda we w’ishuri kandi
akitwaza n’ikarita y’ishuri kugira ngo abanyeshuri bazabe ari bo
babanza kujya mu modoka mbere y’abandi bagenzi.
c) Abayobozi b’ibigo barasabwa kwitegura abo banyeshuri ku minsi
bateganyirijwe kubagereraho.
Bikorewe i Kigali, tariki ya 25/01/2016.
Umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye
……………………………….
Bimenyeshejwe:
– Abayobozi b’Intara n’Umujyi wa Kigali (bose).
– Abayobozi b’Uturere (bose).
Itangazo rya gatatu
RUCIKIBUNGO Natanayeri utuye mu Mudugudu w’Ibuga, Akagari
ka Karugira, mu Murenge wa Kigarama, Akarere ka Kicukiro, Umujyi
wa Kigali ararangisha ibyangombwa bye byaburiye muri tagisi
RAB 041X ikora mu muhanda wa Kimironko-Gikondo-Nyenyeri ku
wa Gatanu Kamena 2016 nyuma ya saa sita. Ibyo byangombwa ni
irangamuntu, agatabo k’Ubwishingizi bw’indwara n’agatabo ka banki.
Byari mu ikotomoni y’umukara. Uwabibona yabishyikiriza Rucikibungo
Natanayeri ukorera muri Gare ya Nyabugogo cyangwa agahamagara
kuri nomero 0783030875 cyangwa 0722667834. Ibihembo bishimishije
biramuteganyirijwe.
RUCIKIBUNGO Natanayeri
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
1. Gufata umuntu mu mugongo
2. Gare
b) Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro zigaragaza ko
uyumva:
1. Gufata umuntu mu mugongo
2. Gare
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo mu magambo yanyu bwite:
1. Itangazo rya mbere ryatanzwe na nde? Aramenyesha ba nde?
Arabamenyesha iki?
2. Itangazo rya kabiri ryatanzwe na nde? Rigenewe ba nde?
3. Itangazo rya gatatu ritandukaniye he n’irya kabiri?
III. Gusesengura amatangazo
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni izihe ngingo zivugwa mu itangazo rya mbere, irya kabiri
n’irya gatatu?
2. Uhereye ku bivugwa muri ariya matangazo:
a) Itangazo ni iki?
b) Ni ubuhe bwoko bw’ariya matangazo?
1. Inshoza y’amatangazo
Amatangazo ni inyandiko ngufi ziba zigamije kugira ubutumwa zitanga
ku bo zandikiwe cyangwa zitangarizwa. Ubu butumwa butandukana
bitewe n’ubwoko bw’itangazo ni ukuvuga impamvu ituma uwandika
aryandika. Ni yo mpamvu amoko y’amatangazo ashingira ku mpamvu
zayo.
2. Amoko y’amatangazo
Hari:
- Amatangazo abika (ajyana no kubwira abandi iby’urupfu
rw’umuntu, kumushyingura n’ibindi bijyana).
- Amatangazo amenyesha
- Amatangazo arangisha
- Amatangazo yamamaza
3. Ibiranga amatangazo
Muri rusange, amatangazo arangwa n’ibintu by’ingenzi bikurikira:
- Uwandika itangazo
- Aho atuye cyangwa akorera
- Impamvu ituma atanga itangazo
- Abo yandikira cyangwa amenyesha
- Ubutumwa ashaka kubwira abo yandikira. Niba ari igikorwa
avuga aho kizabera, itariki n’isaha kizaberaho.
- Kurangiza ashimira.
Mu matangazo amwe n’amwe uwandika ashobora kurangiza
yizeza igihembo k’uzashyira mu bikorwa ibyo asaba. Mu
matangazo y’inzego z’ubuyobozi, uwandika ashobora gusaba
abantu gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo yanditse cyangwa akagira abo
asaba kubishyirisha mu bikorwa. Ashobora kandi kugaragaza abo
agenera kopi y’iryo tangazo by’umwihariko muri « bimenyeshejwe
».
- Aho itangazo ryandikiwe n’itariki
- Amazina n’umukono by’uwanditse cyangwa utanze itangazo.
Umwitozo
1. Andika itangazo ribika. Umuntu uzi witabye Imana. Uratabaza bene
wabo ngo baze gutwara umurambo uri mu buruhukiro bw’ibitaro
runaka. Nyakwigendera yazize impanuka y’imodoka ku muhanda
runaka.
2. Himba itangazo urangisha ikintu wataye.
3. Andika itangazo ritumira abantu mu nama yo gutegura isabukuru
y’umubyeyi wawe umaze imyaka mirongo inani avutse. Ubwire
abantu aho izabera, isaha izaberaho n’ingingo bagomba kuziga
by’umwihariko. Ku batahazi wabamenyesha uburyo bazahagera
bifashishije tagisi. Urangize ubashimira umutima mwiza bazitabirana
iyo nama. Univuge wowe ubatumira.
5.10. Muyobozi ukeneye abandi

1. Umuyobozi dushima dushimagiza
Ni ukingura amarembo bakamugana
Ni ugira urugwiro ntabe intare
Ni ukorera mu mucyo ntiyimike ubwiru
Ni uwanga amahugu akimika ukuri.
2. Niba uri umukozi w’umwaga
N’abagusuye ukajya ubakanga
Uzasigara umeze nk’inshike
Ubure abakugana ari bo ukorera
Uzatorwa na nde mu bo waheje?
3. Erega muyobozi ukeneye abandi
Uge wirinda kuba ikigwari,
Ukorane umwete ukemure ibibazo
Abaje bakugana ubavune bwangu
Ntihakagire uwo unigana ijambo.
4. Uzajya wihina iyo mu biro
N’abagusuye ubaheze hanze
Utazi uwavamo n’umuranga!
Kwiba uhetse biragatsindwa
Uzaba ubwiriza uwo mu mugongo.
5. Nimucyo rero dukorere mu mucyo
Imirimo yacu ntituyibwike;
Amakosa abonetse tuyakosore
Abakuru n’abato baturirimbe,
Utugannye wese abone dushaka
Ibyo kumutoza gukora neza.

I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko:
1. Umwaga 5. Ikigwari
2. Kwiba uhetse 6. Umuranga
3. Kubwiriza uwo mu mugongo 7. Kubwika.
4. Inshike
b) Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro ngufi ziboneye:
1. Umwaga
2. Ikigwari
3. Umuranga.
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko
Hitamo igisubizo kiri cyo muri bitatu byatanzwe:
1. Ingaruka zo kuba umunyamwaga ni:
a) Gukangara abakugana.
b) Kugira abakunzi bameze nkawe.
c) Gucikwaho n’abantu ukabaho wenyine.
2. Kugira umwaga ni:
a) Kutishimira iby’abandi bagezeho.
b) Kutihanganira abakurogoya.
c) Kuka inabi abakugana bose kuko ubabonamo abaje kurya
ibyawe batabikoreye.
3. Ntukabe umunyamwaga kuko:
a) Uwo uri we wese ukeneye abandi.
b) Abantu bose bakumenya uko uri.
c) Uba ikigwari.
4. Uyu muvugo uragukangurira:
a) Kwakirana urugwiro abakugana bose ntawuheza.
b) Gukomera ku byawe abantu ntibabirire ubusa.
c) Kutavogerwa n’ubonetse wese.
5. Uyu muvugo urarwanya ingeso mbi zikurikira:
a) Ubugugu, ubunebwe, guha abato urugero rubi n’umujinya.
b) Kwiba, guhishahisha no gukena.
c) Kwihisha abagusuye bagutunguye.
6. Kuba umunyabugugu:
a) Wabiraga abana bawe.
b) Ntiwabiraga abana bawe.
c) Ni ngombwa kuko bica agasuzuguro.
7. Umuti uhabwa umunyamwaga ni:
a) Ukugenderera abandi akareba uburyo yakirwa.
b) Ukuririmbwa n’abato n’abakuru.
c) Ukwibera wenyine kugira ngo atagira uwo abangamira.
8. Umunyamwaga akwiye :
a) Kunengwa kugira ngo yikosore.
b) Gushyigikirwa kuko yikangarira.
c) Kwamaganwa aho ageze hose.
9. Ugusuye:
a) Mutoze gukora neza.
b) Mucyahe atazakumenyera.
c) Muhishe ibyo ukora atazagukirana.
10. Niwihisha abakugana:
a) Uzabura uwamamaza ibyo ukora cyangwa n’uwakurangira
umugeni.
b) Ntuzasohora byinshi byo kubakiriza.
c) Ntawuzagutesha umutwe .
11. Abantu bazadushima:
a) Nituba ibigwari.
b) Nidutoza abana bacu ubucakura.
c) Nidukosora amakosa yacu kandi tukanoza ibyo dukora.
12. Uyu mwandiko ni:
a) Ikivugo.
b) Igihozo.
c) Umuvugo.
Umwitozo wo kuvuga:
Soma uyu mwandiko inshuro nyinshi, uwufate mu mutwe, hanyuma
uwuvugire imbere y’abandi wubahiriza injyana yawo kandi ushyiramo
isesekaza.
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo:
1. Iyo usomye uyu mwandiko wumva uryoheye amatwi ku buryo
ujya kumera nk’indirimbo. Biterwa n’iki? Ubwo buryohe wumva
mu mwandiko babwita iki?
2. Interuro zigize uyu mwandiko ziteye zite ugereranyije n’izo
usanzwe ubona mu yindi myandiko? Zitwa ngo iki?
3. Ibitekerezo bikubiye mu mwandiko, ubona bikubiye mu bika,
kimwe no mu yindi myandiko? Ibyo bice bikubiyemo ibitekerezo
bigize umwandiko byitwa ngo iki?
4. Ukurikije uko uyu mwandiko uteye wawita ngo iki?
5.11. Umuvugo
a) Inshoza y’umuvugo
Umuvugo ni igihangano ku nsanganyamatsiko uhimba yihitiramo
cyangwa ahabwa, kigahimbirwa gutanga ubutumwa ariko kandi ku buryo
kinaryohera amatwi y’abacyumva. Ikibanezeza ni ururirimbo ruterwa
n’ibisikana ry’amajwi yo hejuru n’ayo hasi, injyana iterwa n’interuro ngufi
zijya kureshya ndetse n’isubirwamo ry’amajwi asa, ibisikana ry’imigemo
itinda n’ibanguka. Kubera ko aba ashaka gutaka ikivugwa, uhanga
umuvugo yitondera imitoranyirize y’amagambo yabugenewe akoresha
bitewe n’iryo asanga ryakumvikanisha neza igitekerezo ke.
b) Ikivugwa
Iyo uhimba umuvugo, uhitamo insanganyamatsiko bitewe n’ubutumwa
ukeneye kugeza ku bakumva cyangwa basoma ibyo wahanze. Uyishakira
ibitekerezo bifatika bituma abakumva bishimira ibyo ubabwira, ku buryo
batabifata nko kubatesha igihe. Ibyo bitekerezo, ubishakira amagambo
atuma biryoha, ukabanza kubishakira imbata ituma bikurikirana neza
kugira ngo utaza kwisubiramo.
c) Uturango tw’umuvugo
Umuvugo urangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
a) Imikarago: Interuro z’umuvugo ni zo bita imikarago, ziba ngufi
kandi igitekerezo gishobora gufata imirongo myinshi ku buryo ibice
by’interuro byakagombye gukurikirana ku murongo umwe bishobora
kujya ku mirongo itandukanye.
b) Amagambo atoranyijwe neza: Uhanga umuvugo ahitamo
amagambo agusha ku ngingo ku buryo ataza kurambirana.
Iyo arambiye abamwumva ntibita ku byo ababwira, akaba nko
gucurangira abahetsi.
c) Isubirajwi: Isubirajwi rishingira ku ijwi runaka risubirwamo
ikigenderewe ari ukunogera amatwi y’abazumva igihangano
ryakoreshejwemo.
d) Injyana: Umuvugo ugomba guhimbwa ku buryo worohera abawufata
mu mutwe ari byo bita kuwutora. Imitondekere y’imikarago igira
uruhare runini mu kunoza injyana y’umuvugo.
Nujya guhanga umuvugo rero uzihatira kubahiriza izi ngingo tumaze
kuvuga niba ushaka kubarirwa mu mubare w’abahanga mu guhanga
umuvugo kandi urabishoboye.
Umwitozo
Guhanga umuvugo
Hanga umuvugo wumvikanisha urukundo ufitiye umubyeyi wawe
n’impamvu zigutera kumukunda ku buryo bwihariye. Ukore ku
buryo wumvikanisha imbamutima z’umuntu ukunda undi ku buryo
budasanzwe. Nurangiza uwutore maze uwubwire bagenzi bawe
ushyiramo isesekaza.
Mfashe ko:
– Gukorera mu mucyo ari ngombwa ku bantu bose. Bituma
hamenyekana ibyo bakora.
– Tugomba kurwanya ruswa kuko imunga ubukungu bw’Igihugu.
– Kwiha gahunda mu gihe dukorera ku mihigo bituma tuyesa neza.
– Dukwiye gutanga amakuru ku byo dukora kugira ngo abandi
batwigireho cyangwa se batwunganire.
– Umwirondoro w’umuntu utangwa hagaragazwa ukuri
kw’ibimuvuzweho.
– Mu kwandika ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi twitondera ibice biyigize ari
byo: Uwandika n’aho abarizwa, aho ibaruwa yandikiwe n’itariki
yandikiweho, uwandikiwe n’aho abarizwa, impamvu yatumye
ibaruwa yandikwa, amagambo ahamagara uwandikiwe, intangiriro,
igihimba, umusozo, amazina y’uwandika n’umukono we.
– Umuvugo mwiza urangwa n’ibi bikurikira: imikarago migufi
amagambo meza atoranyijwe, amajwi yisubiramo cyangwa
amagambo agaruka n’injyana nziza iryoheye amatwi.
5.12. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu
Soma witonze uyu mwandiko maze usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
Inkuru y’umucuzi n’umurobyi
Nkunze kuganira na sogokuru akambwira udukuru dushimishije agamije
kuntoza gutekereza no kwisobanurira ibintu bimwe na bimwe. Nimusoma
iyi nkuru mwitonze muratahura icyo yashakaga kunyumvisha.
Agira ati: “Umucuzi w’ibyuma yari afite ibikoresho bitatu by’ingenzi:
umuvuba, inyundo n’ibuye yarambikagaho ibyuma bishyushye byatukuye
akabikubitisha inyundo nini iremereye agakuramo amashoka, imihoro,
ibyuma, ibigembe by’amacumu, impindu, amapiki, amasuka, amayugi,
amayombo n’ibindi.

Uyu umucuzi bamuzaniye amasuka abiri y’amafuni bamusaba
kubacuriramo amapiki abiri. Bamusigira umwana w’ihene nk’igihembo.
Bagitirimuka aho, undi mugabo aramwegera ati: “Uzababwire ko
havuyemo ipiki imwe, maze indi uzayimpe nange nguhe umwana w’ihene;
uzaba ugize ihene ebyiri dore usanzwe uri inshuti yange.”

Umucuzi aramusubiza ati: “Ngewe Ntamuhanga ku myaka yange
sinkunda ibyinshi byotsa amatama, kandi nzi ko inda nini yishe ukuze.”
Yasohoje amasezerano yagiranye n’uwamuzaniye amafuni. Nyiri ipiki
abonye zicuze neza, dore ko yari atuye ahantu h’uruharabuge, acurisha
andi mapiki icumi, amugororera ikimasa k’ibihogo bahinduka inshuti.

Reka rero angerere no ku by’umugabo warobaga amafi yarangiza
akayagurisha. Umunsi umwe amaze kuroba ifi yayigurishije Sehirwa,
amusaba kuyimubagira, anasiga amwishyuye amafaranga ibihumbi
bitatu. Basezerana ko agaruka kuyitwara nyuma y’amasaha abiri
akayitekera abashyitsi be. Akiva aho hakuzira umugabo w’umukire na
we washakaga ifi. Umurobyi amubwira ko agiye kuyimurobera. Undi
ati: “Mpa iriya nguhe ibihumbi bitanu, uraroba indi ube ari yo uha uwo
wari uyibikiye”. Reka wa murobyi azabyemere atange ya fi!

Nyamugabo yaribwiraga ati: “Ndaroba indi fi nyimubagire ntarabukwa.”
Ubwo hari abagabo batanu babibonye. Yararobye habe ngo abone
n’imwe dore ko bwari bumaze no gucya. Nyiri ifi agarutse ati: “Mpa ifi
yange nge gutekera abashyitsi, dore burakeye badasanga bitarashya.”
Umurobyi habe ngo n’iyo mu nda izajorore! Undi abibonye yiyemeza
gushyikiriza ikirego umuyobozi w’uwo musozi. Nyamugabo abimenye
aca ruhinga nyuma ajya kureba umuyobozi aramubwira ati: “Rwose
muyobozi, reba uko wandengera nzajya nkuzanira ifi ya buri cyumweru.
Uvuge ko ndi inyangamugayo, nange ndashaka abagabo b’indarikwa
banshinjura.”

Umuyobozi yaramushwishurije aramubwira ati: “Ahubwo itegure
duhurire n’abandi ku karubanda saa kumi zuzuye.” Abaturage bamaze
guterana, umuyobozi aha ijambo urega atanga n’abagabo batatu
babonye bagura ifi nini. Mu kwiregura, umurobyi icyuya cyaramurenze,
atangira kuvuga adidimanga. Abo yari yemereye kugurira inzoga
bakamushinjura baramwigurutsa, umugore we azunguza umutwe
arimyoza. Yaratsinzwe bamuca indishyi z’akababaro. Abuze ubwishyu,
bagurisha ubwato yakoreshaga mu burobyi ndetse bamuha akato.
Sogokuru arambaza ati: “ Niba wumva, wumvise iki?”
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu nteruro kandi uyakoreshe mu nteruro zawe bwite.
1. Ikigembe 5. Ku karubanda
2. Uruhindu 6. Kudidimanga
3. Amayombo 7. Guha umuntu akato.
4. Ibyinshi byotsa amatama

b) Tahura mu mwandiko amagambo asubiza ibibazo
bikurikira. Fora ndi nde cyangwa ndi iki?
1) Ndi umugabo ukuze cyane kandi nkunda kuganira n’abana
mbatoza kumenya ubwenge no kwanga umugayo. Ubwo ndi
nde kuri bo? Bo ni iki kuri ge?
2) Mfite amazuru asohora umwuka utwika ibyuma bikorohera
ubicura. Ubwo ndi iki?
3) Ibiti mbirya ntabibabarira iyo ngeze mu ishyamba
ndaryararika. Ubwo ndi iki?
4) Iyo intore zitanyambaye ntizihamiriza kandi iyo zinkandagiye
nzitema ibirenge. Ubwo ndi iki?
5) Abahigi banyambika imbwa mu ijosi turi mu muhigo
zanzunguza inyamaswa zikavumbuka. Ubwo ndi iki?
6) Aho mba aha turazirana, nzarya duke ndyame kare. Ubwo
nzirana n’iki?
7) Ushatse guhinga mu mabuye aranyitabaza kuko aho
kungimbisha nyasatura nkaterera hejuru itaka. Ubwo ndi iki?
8) Ntunzwe no kujugunya urushundura mu mazi nkazamura
ibinyamaga. Ubwo ndi nde?
9) Nzabihamya kuko nabihagazeho. Ubwo ndi nde?
10) Banyibuka iyo umunyacyaha atsinzwe agomba kwishyura.
Ubwo ndi iki?
11) Si mu mazi, si imusozi. Mpibera ngenyine kubera amafuti
yange. Aho ni he?
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ni ba nde bavugwa muri iyi nkuru?
2. Ubunyangamugayo bw’umucuzi bwamumariye iki?
3. Amaherezo y’umurobyi yaje kuba ayahe?
4. Ruswa ni iki?
5. Ni iyihe ruswa umurobyi yashakaga gutanga?
6. Abatanga ruswa bayiha nde?
7. Igihembo gitaniye he na ruswa?
8. Urakeka ko ari iki cyatumye icyuya kirenga umurobyi
wireguraga
9. Muri uyu mwandiko, urugero duhabwa ni uruhe mu rwego rwo
kurwanya ruswa?
10. Ni akahe kamaro k’umuvuba mu buzima bw’umucuzi?
11. Ese igihano umurobyi yahawe urabona kimukwiye? Sobanura
igisubizo cyawe mu mirongo itarenze itanu.
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Kuki buri muturarwanda akangurirwa kurwanya ruswa?
3. Ni izihe ngamba zishoboka zafatwa mu kurwanya ruswa?
4. Ni izihe mpamvu zitera abantu gutanga cyangwa kwakira ruswa?
IV. Ibaruwa n’umwirondoro
1. Ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi itaniye he n’ibaruwa ya gicuti?
2. Vuga ibice by’ingenzi bigaragara mu mwirondoro.
V. Guhanga
1. Himba umuvugo wo kurwanya ruswa.
2. Andika itangazo ryo kurangisha igikapu cyawe cyatakaye.
6 Ubukerarugendo
6.1. Dusure Pariki y’Igihugu ya Nyungwe

Mu buzima bw’umuntu ibimera bifite akamaro kanini cyane. Kubyitegereza
biraturuhura, bikongerera amaso yacu ubushobozi bwo kubona neza
kandi bikatwibagiza ya mirimo yacu ya buri munsi akenshi turangiza
twaguye agacuho. Ariko uzi guhora wicaye hamwe kandi utarwaye,
ugahora utaka umunaniro udashira kandi aho kuruhukira hatabuze?
Waje nkagutembereza tukerekeza mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo tugambiriye
kwisurira ishyamba rya Nyungwe na Pariki y’Igihugu ricumbikiye? Wari
uzi ko icyo cyanya giherereye mu magepfo y’uburengerazuba bw’u
Rwanda, muri Afurika yose ngo cyaba ari cyo gifite ishyamba ry’inzitane
rimaze igihe kirekire?

Pariki ngiye kugutemberezamo ifite ishyamba kimeza ujya wumva
rikaba ririmo amoko menshi y’ibiti, ibyatsi n’ibihuru, n’amoko menshi
y’indabo. Ifite ibiti binini by’inganzamarumbo ndetse n’ibivamo imiti ya
Kinyarwanda. Ni yo irimo amasoko amwe abyara imigezi myinshi yo
mu Rwanda. Isoko y’uruzi rwa Nili na yo ikomoka muri iri shyamba.

Umwihariko w’iyi pariki tugezeho rero ni amoko agera kuri cumi
n’atatu y’inguge utasanga ahandi ku mugabane w’Afurika, ari na cyo
cyanecyane gikurura ba mukerarugendo bakaba benshi muri iyi pariki.

Ngibyo ibyondi n’amabara yabyo y’umukara n’umweru, ngibyo
ibihinyage, ngizo inkomo, inkima, impundu, imikunga, inkende, ngibyo
ibishabaga, ngizo galago ntoya n’inini ndetse n’ibitera.

Igitego nguteze rero urakibona niwihera ijisho ikiraro cyo mu kirere,
muri metero mirongo itanu uvuye ku butaka. Kiri butume dusura iyi
pariki tuyihereye hejuru, tubona amaso ku maso utunyoni ndetse
n’utunyamaswa byituriye muri iri shyamba.

Icyo kiraro gifite uburebure bwa metero ijana na mirongo itanu
cyubatswe mu gihe cy’amezi umunani.
Ngaho rero nkurikira, nizere ko umunaniro uwushira wose ugacyura
amakuru meza ugeza ku bandi, bamwe batinya ubukerarugendo
ngo ni ubw’abanyamahanga bo ntibubabereye; ubabwire ko n’ibiciro
bidakanganye. Nk’Abenegihugu twishyura amafaranga ibihumbi bitanu
by’amanyarwanda. Wongere uvuge uti: “Muge namwe musura Igihugu
cyanyu, mwireka ibyiza byacyo byiharirwa n’abanyamahanga.”
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
1. Kugwa agacuho 5. Ishyamba ry’inzitane
2. Ubuso 6. Ishyamba rya kimeza
3. Kugambirira 7. Igiti k’inganzamarumbo
4. Ubutita 8. Ikiraro
b) Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro yawe bwite ukurikije
ibisobanuro byayo mu mwandiko:
1. Ubuso 5. Inganzamarumbo
2. Ubutita 6. Ikiraro
3. Inzitane 7. Kugambirira
4. Kimeza 8. Kugwa agacuho
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Nimusubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Pariki y’Igihugu ya Nyungwe iherereye he?
2. Muri Pariki ya Nyungwe hagaragaramo ibihe bimera?
3. Muri Pariki ya Nyungwe hagaragaramo izihe nyamaswa?
4. Pariki ya Nyungwe ifite uwuhe mwihariko andi mapariki adafite
muri Afurika?
5. Ni akahe kamaro iyi pariki ifitiye Afurika muri rusange
n’igihugu cya Misiri by’umwihariko?
6. Iyi pariki ifitiye Abanyarwanda akahe kamaro?
7. Agashya kari muri iyi pariki ni akahe gatuma isurwa
bidasanzwe?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Hina uyu mwandiko mu mirongo icumi.
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku byavuzwe mu mwandiko.
Mwungurane ibitekerezo kuri iki kibazo:
Ko ubutaka bwo guhinga bugenda bugabanuka mubona byaba
bikwiye ko ubuso bwa za pariki bugabanywa abantu bakabona
ubutaka buhagije?
6.2. Ikeshamvugo
Ikeshamvugo ku mwami no ku ngoma
Musome agace k’umwandiko gakurikira maze mutahure
amagambo yabugenewe munayashakire ibisobanuro mu
mvugo isanzwe.

Mu Rwanda rwa kera, imihango y’abiru yateganyaga ko umwami
atagomba kwima ingoma, uwo asimbuye akiriho. Umwami rero
yagombaga kubanza gutanga kugira ngo undi yime ingoma. Abami b’u
Rwanda babaga bamaze gutanga, batabarizwaga ahantu hatandukanye
bitewe n’amazina yabo ya cyami, ndetse n’uburyo batanzemo.
Ikimenyetso k’ibwami cyari ingoma. Ni zo zamubamburaga, yaba
atetse ijabiro zikamuvugirizwa, yajya kwibikira zigahumuza. Iyo ingoma
zatangiraga gusuka, abantu bamenyaga icyo zimenyesha bitewe
n’umurishyo. Abavuzaga ingoma babitaga abakaraza.
Musubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Aya magambo asobanura iki mu mvugo isanzwe
a) Kwima ingoma
b) Gutanga
c) Batabarizwaga
d) Zamubamburaga
e) Kwibikira
f) Zigahumuza
g) Gusuka
h) Umurishyo
i) Abakaraza
2. Aya magambo bayita iki muri rusange?
3. Mutahure andi magambo yabugenewe akoreshwa ku
mwami no ku ngoma.
1. Ikeshamvugo ku mwami

2. Ikeshamvugo ku ngoma

Umugezi urasuma
Isuka irarangira
Indege irahinda
Ikeshamvugo rijyanye n’ubwinshi bw’inyamaswa
n’ibintu
Ikeshamvugo rijyanye n’ubwinshi bw’inyamaswa
Inka nyinshi ziba zigize ishyo. (Zigeze ku munani)
Intama, ihene nyinshi ziba umukumbi. (Zigeze ku munani)
Ingurube nyinshi ziba zigize umugana. (zirenze imwe)
Inzuki nyinshi zikora irumbo.
Imbwa nyinshi ziba zigize umukeno. (zirenze imwe)
Ikeshamvugo rijyanye n’ubwinshi bw’ibintu
Amashyi menshi aba urufaya.
Indirimbo nyinshi ziba urwunge.
Amajwi menshi avuga urwunge.
Impundu nyinshi zikaba urwanaga.
Ikeshamvugo rijyanye n’intaho y’abantu,
n’inyamaswa
Ikeshamvugo rijyanye n’intaho y’abantu
Umuntu ataha mu nzu.
Umwami ataha mu ngoro.
Ikeshamvugo rijyanye n’intaho y’inyamaswa
Inzoka itaha mu mwobo.
Impyisi zitaha mu isenga.
Imbeba itaha mu muheno.
Inyoni itaha mu cyari.
Amatungo ataha mu kiraro.
Inzuki zitaha mu muzinga.
Inkwavu ziba mu kibuti.
Inyana zitaha mu ruhongore.
Umwitozo
Uhereye ku bumenyi bwawe n’ibyo wize mu ikeshamvugo,
huza amagambo ari mu ruhushya rw’ibumoso n’igisobanuro
kiri mu ruhushya rw’iburyo ukoresheje akambi.

Niba ushaka kwishimisha ukaruhuka imirimo umazemo iminsi, ngwino
nkwijyanire gusura Pariki y’Akagera. Turafata umuhanda ugana i
Kayonza, nituhagera dukate tugana Nyagatare na Kagitumba ku
mupaka. Nitugera ku cyapa k’imbogo i Gabiro turakata iburyo, mu
minota mike turaba dutangiye pariki nyirizina.
Nk’uko aya mazina abitubwira, pariki yacu iherereye mu burasirazuba
bw’u Rwanda bushyira amajyaruguru.Izina Akagera irikomora ku ruzi
rw’Akagera ruhuza igihugu cyacu na Tanzaniya. Iyi pariki yashinzwe mu
1934 hagamijwe guha inyamaswa icyanya cyo kubamo zituje zidatinya
kwicwa na ba rushimusi cyangwa abandi.
Ni yo pariki yonyine ushobora kubonamo icyarimwe imirambi n’utununga
byamezeho ubwatsi n’ibiti bigufi, ibishanga, ibiyaga n’igice k’ishyamba
ritoshye. Ibiyaga birimo Ihema n’ibindi biyaga bito byinshi bikikijwe
n’urufunzo rurerure byorohereza inyamaswa kubona amazi yo kunywa.
Yewe, inyamaswa zo zirahari ngo ngwino urebe! Maze agatsinda
zose zirashishe kandi zifite umubiri ukeye wagira ngo hari uzuhagira
akazisiga! Si gusa ndumva ari Imana izisiga ikazinogereza! Ubwiza
bwazo bwararahiriwe, burenga imisozi busingira ibihugu, bureshya ba
mukerarugendo bayoboka iy’Akagera.

Mu z’amajanja higanje intare rwabwiga ari yo mwami nyiri ishyamba,
ingwe ari yo rwara idatana n’urusamagwe rwagowe ngo rwaba ruhora
ruyihetse irushinga inzara ngo rwihute, imbwebwe, imondo, isega,
impyisi mahuma, umukara, inkobe, urutoni n’izindi.

Izuza zo ntiwazibara. Si ngaya amashyo y’imbogo rwarikamavubi
zihora zizunguza umutwe zijunditse umujinya? Aya si amasasu, izi si
inyemera, inimba n’itamu, inkoronko, isatura zahiriwe no kuryiruka
nk’izarigabanye ari na ho zakuye akabyiniriro ka burugumesitiri? Izi ni
impara n’imparage. Itegereze n’izi twiga ari zo bise musumbashyamba
kuko zikurunguruka zigusuhuriza mu bushorishori bw’ibiti. Izindi

nyamaswa zikunda kuziba hafi kuko ngo zishobora kubona mbere
icyago kije, zaba zihunze n’izindi nyamaswa zikamenya ko zatewe
zigashyira bugeri. Ngizi imvubu zirirwa zireremba mu biyaga bihorana
ituze, inzovu rwabunga zahawe intebe ku nkombe y’ikiyaga k’Ihema. Na
cyo tugisure maze zidusanganize ubwuzu n’urugwiro nk’aho zisanzwe
zitubona muri iri shyamba ry’iminyinya n’iminyonza.

Mu biguruka, reba imisambi ihora yasokoje isunzu, kagoma, inkona
n’inkongoro bihora birwanira intumbi z’inyamaswa, mukoma, inkware
n’inkurakura, inyange n’ibigagari, iswikiri n’ishwima n’izindi nyinshi
cyane.

Kuba wahisuriye ukahashima, uzareshye n’abandi bazahasanga byinshi
bishimishije: imirambi myiza udaheza ijisho n’utununga twamezeho
umukenke inyamaswa zirisha n’amataba ateze adatemba kandi atagira
uko asa atakurambira kuyagenda. Iyi migenge n’iminyinya bifatanye
urunana, birasa n’ibitwereka ko gucudika atari ibya muntu gusa, ahubwo
ko n’ibimera bishobora kutubera urugero mu mibanire yacu. Imikoma,
imyiha n’imikenke n’ibindi biti by’inganzamarumbo bidutegereje biteze
yombi bisa n’ibitubwira ngo “turakaza neza turisanga.” Wanganya iki
iri zuba rimurika ibigarama, imisozi n’ibibaya twitegeye aho duhagaze

kuri Hoteri Akagera, wanganya iki aya mahumbezi azanwa n’akayaga
kaduhuha kadusuhuza katureshya ngo tutagenda tutahicaye ngo
turuhuke?
Pariki y’Akagera ifite umwanya ukomeye cyane mu byiza bitatse igihugu
cyacu ikaba n’umutungo kamere w’agaciro kanini cyane. Nimuharanire
kuyisura, muzavayo mwishimye.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
1. Icyanya 6. Gusatira
2. Rushimusi 7. Rwabunga
3. Akanunga 8. Musumbashyamba
4. Umurambi 9. Rwarikamavubi
5. Gutoha
b) Koresha aya magambo akurikira mu nteruro yawe bwite
ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
1. Icyanya 5. Rwabunga
2. Gutoha 6. Rwabwiga
3. Utununga 7. Rwarikamavubi,
4. Gusatira 8. Musumbashyamba
c) Garagaza itandukaniro riri hagati y’amagambo aciyeho
akarongo nurangiza uyatondeke ukurikije uko ibyo
asobanura bigenda bisumbana mu bunini.
1. Ibiyaga byo mu Kagera bituma inyamaswa zibona amazi yo
kunywa.
2. Uruzi rw’Akagera rukomoka mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe.
3. Umugezi wa Nyabarongo uhura n’Akanyaru bigahinduka
Akagera.
4. Inyanja ya Mediterane imaze guhitana abimukira barenga
ibihumbi icumi.

5. Imodoka zagabanyije umuvuduko ngo zidatera abagenzi
ibiziba.
6. Bino bitonyanga birakonje cyane.
d) Mushake mu mwandiko amagambo asobanura kimwe
n’aya akurikira:
1. Icyanya 7. Kwiruka uhunga
2. Rwabwiga 8. Mahuma
3. Udusozi tugufi 9. Rwabunga
4. Rwara 10. Amadovize
5. Rwarikamavubi 11. Kurakara
6. Musumbashyamba 12. Amafu.
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Nimusubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Pariki y’Akagera iherereye he?
2. Yashinzwe ryari?
3. Yashinzwe na nde kandi kubera iki?
4. Pariki bisobanura iki?
5. Ni uwuhe mwihariko w’iyi pariki?
6. Ibimera biboneka muri iyi pariki ni ibihe?
7. Ni izihe nyamaswa ziboneka muri iyi pariki?
8. Iyi pariki ifitiye igihugu cy’u Rwanda akahe kamaro?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo ku bivugwa mu mwandiko
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku bibazo bikurikira:
1. Pariki y’Igihugu ya Nyungwe iri ahantu hashobora kwera icyayi.
Mukurikije ibiyivugwaho mu mwandiko, mubona yaba ifite akamaro
kurusha uko yahingwa, ubuso iriho bugaterwamo icyayi?
2. Ni izihe ngaruka nziza cyangwa mbi gihinga Pariki byagira?

6.4. Dusobanukirwe n’ingagi muri Pariki
y’Ibirunga

Ibirunga bigaragara mu Rwanda birimo Karisimbi, Gahinga, Sabyinyo,
Muhabura na Bisoke bikaba muri Pariki y’Ibirunga iherereye mu
majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda. Ni yo ibonekamo ingagi
zo mu misozi cyangwa zo mu birunga. Pariki y’ibirunga irimo urusobe
rw’ibinyabuzima nk’ibimera ndetse n’inyamaswa. Ibimera bigenda
bitandukana bitewe n’ubutumburuke. Igice cyayo kinini cyateweho
ishyamba ry’iriterano, warirenga ukagera ku ishyamba ry’urugano.

Muri rusange iyi pariki irimo amoko menshi y’ibimera harimo n’amoko
arinzwe mu rwego mpuzamahanga kuko asigaye hake ku isi. Mu
nyamaswa zitari ingagi hari iz’inyamabere nk’inguge zo mu bwoko
bw’inkima, inzovu nke, impyisi z’amabara, inyoni, ibikururanda n’imitubu,
n’amoko menshi y’udukoko.

Mu mwaka wa 1967, Umunyamerikakazi Dayana Fose (Diana Fossey)
uzwi ku izina rya Nyiramacibiri yatangiye gukorera ubushakashatsi
ku ngagi muri iyi pariki. Ashinga ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Karisoke
cyakoreraga hagati ya Karisimbi na Bisoke. Guhera ubwo, igihe ke
kinini akakimara muri pariki yita ku ngagi. U Rwanda rumukesha kuba
yarahesheje agaciro ingagi zo mu Rwanda, asaba ko zitabwaho ku
rwego mpuzamahanga.
Yarakoze we watumye tumenya ingagi uko iri, iki kirori gikurura
ba mukerarugendo bakava ikantarange baje kukireba no kugisura,
amadovize akisuka yisukiranya. Nawe nuyisura muzahura kandi ni
byiza ko ujyayo uyizi neza. Ingagi n’ubwo zitazi kuvuga no kwandika
ngo zisobanure amategeko azigenga mu mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko,
uwitegereje imibereho yazo akabana na zo igihe kirekire yasanze
zitabaho mu buryo bubonetse bwose.

Zaba mu gatsiko cyangwa mu muryango, ingagi zimenyamo inkuru
n’intoya kandi intoya zikubaha inkuru. Ingagi y’ingabo iruta izindi mu
myaka, ubwo iba irengeje imyaka mirongo ine, ni yo iba umukuru
w’umuryango. Iyo ishaje cyane itagishobora kuyobora izindi, ingabo
yindi isheshe akanguhe iyakira uwo murimo. Ikaba yazitegeka kwimuka
nk’iyo aho zabaga hatakiboneka ibyo zirya cyangwa se hatangiye
kuboneka abahigi benshi. Ingore na zo zirubahana ku buryo ingore
imwe ishobora kuyobokwa n’izindi.

Nanone nk’uko tuvuga ngo umuntu ni we wihesha agaciro n’icyubahiro,
ingagi na zo ni ko zibibona. Umutware wazo kugira ngo yubahwe, ni
uko aba ayobora neza. Akamenya gutabara ingagi zaguye mu mutego.
Akongera umubare w’ingagi zigize agatsiko, cyanecyane areshya
ingore mu tundi dutsiko, zikaba zakwiyizira mu ke. Akagira igitsure
gituma yakiza nk’izirwanye cyangwa izenderanyije. Ngo hari igihe
iz’ibyana zenderanya zigashaka kurwana kandi wenda zatangiye zikina
dore ko ngo zibikunda cyane, nyamara zabona inkuru muri zo cyangwa
umutware wazo azirebye ikijisho zikamwara zikabireka.
Ibindi ingagi zifite bitangaje, ni nko kubabazwa n’urupfu rwa mugenzi
wazo, kurwaza umurwayi zirinda kumusiga wenyine, kwisokoza
ubwoya, cyanecyane ingore, guheka abana bazo mu mugongo, guseka
iyo zishimye n’ibindi.

Ingagi zashoboraga kuba zaratsembwe n’abahigi iyo Nyiramacibiri
atigomwa byinshi ngo yemere guhara ubuzima bwe azitangire.
Nashimirwe kuba yaremeye kuza kwibanira na zo mu ishyamba
ryuzuyemo ibisura byinshi, mu mbeho kandi ikabije yo mu birunga,
asize ababyeyi n’inshuti muri Amerika.

Ni urugero rwiza kuri mwebwe abakibyiruka, kuko mugomba
guhaguruka mugashakashaka namwe mukavumbura.

I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
1. Ikantarange 5. Kwenderanya
2. Kuyobokwa 6. Kureba ikijisho
3. Kureshya 7. Kwicuza
4. Igitsure
b) Imyitozo y’inyunguramagambo
1. Aya magambo uko ari abirabiri ataniye he?
a) Ikirunga/umusozi g) Ibirori/ikirori
b) Ubutaka/ibitaka h) Amadovize/amafaranga
c) Agaciro/igiciro i) Ingabo/umugabo

d) Ikigo/urugo j) Ingore/umugore
e) Umuhigi/umushimusi k) Uburebure/ubutumburuke.
f) Ubwoko/amoko
2. Iyo bavuze aya magambo vumva iki?
a) Urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima e) Imitubu
b) Inyamabere f) Ibimera
c) Ibikururanda g) Ibiguruka
d) Udukoko h) Ingugunnyi.
3. Muri aya magambo toranyamo ayo ugenda wuzurisha
imbonerahamwe ikurikiraho:
Ingagi, isandi, umusambi, inzovu, umukenke, umunyinya,
impongo, twiga, imbeba, urumende, urukwavu, umuntu,
inturusu, umwumbati, ishaka, uruyuki, inda, igiheri, impyisi,
inkima, ikirunga umusozi, ikigagari, umuko, uruziramire,
umubu, urutozi, urucaca, pasipalumu, inshira, ibiyaga.

II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Nimusubize ibi bibazo mu magambo yanyu bwite
1. Pariki y’ibirunga iherereye he?
2. Ifite uwuhe mwihariko ku isi no muri Afurika?
3. Vuga amateka yayo mu mirongo itarenze itanu.
4. Nyiramacibiri ni muntu ki?
5. Ni ibihe binyabuzima biba muri iyi pariki?

6. Ni iki kitwereka ko ingagi zifite gahunda mu mibereho yazo?
7. Ni iyihe ngagi itegeka izindi?
8. Zisimburana ryari kuri uwo murimo wo gutegeka?
9. Umutware w’ingagi agenza ate kugira ngo yubahwe?
10. Erekana ukuntu ingagi zijya kugira imico nk’iy’abantu.
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Kora inshamake y’uyu mwandiko mu mirongo icumi

Ahantu haba nyaburanga kubera ibyiza bibereye ijisho bihagaragara.
U Rwanda ni igihugu gitatse ibyiza byinshi kamere byahogoje isi yose.
Gitatswe n’imisozi miremire, ibibaya, inzuzi, imigezi n’ibiyaga, inyamaswa
z’ingeri zose n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima binyuranye. Abagenda u
Rwanda bakunda gutungurwa kandi bagatangazwa no kuba rutuwe
n’abaturage bafite umuco umwe, ururimi rumwe n’imigenzo imwe. Ibi
ni ibintu bidasanzwe mu bihugu byinshi byo ku isi. Ariko kandi uwasuye
u Rwanda, kugira ngo arusheho kurumenya kuko ari igihugu kihariye,
hari ahantu henshi atakwibuza gusura kuko haba hamukurura. Aho ni
ho twita ahantu nyaburanga kandi ni henshi.
Aho uzi ibiyaga by’ibivandimwe bya Burera na Ruhondo munsi y’ikirunga
cya Muhabura? Uzi ishusho ya Yezu Nyirimpuhwe i Nyarushishi n’ingoro
ya Bikiramariya Umunyamibabaro i Kibeho? Nonese niba utaragera
mu Rukari ngo urebe inyubako gakondo z’Abanyarwanda uracyakora
iki? Wari wabona Muhazi ku mugoroba izuba rirenga? Naho se imirima
y’icyayi, ureba ukabona ibereye ijisho! Naho se ibere rya Bigogwe?
Ahantu nyaburanga watemberera mu rwa Gasabo ntiwahavuga ngo
uhamareyo. Gusa, aho ni hamwe mu ho twarambagije wasura uramutse
ubonye akanya. Nawe kandi habaye hari aho uzi ntubuzwa kuharatira
bagenzi bawe ubagezaho uko wahasanze. Mu hantu nyaburanga
wavuga ntiwakwibagirwa Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga na Pariki
y’Igihugu y’Akagera. Niba utararabukwa ibirunga ngo ube warabonye
ingagi waratanzwe. Kugukumbuza ni ukukwereka amashusho nawe
ukaribagira. Iyi ni ingagi ibangikanye n’ikirunga cya Karisimbi, kimwe
gisumba ibindi biri kumwe nka Gahinga, Sabyinyo, Muhabura na Bisoke
kuko kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 4.507. Iri sunzu ryererana si imvi
cyangwa ifu y’imyumbati, ahubwo ni yo masimbi ujya wumva atamirije
impinga ya Karisimbi ari na ho iryo zina rituruka.

Ukiri aha mu majyaruguru, ntiwabura no gusura amashyuza mu Karere
ka Rubavu. Gusa si ho abarizwa honyine kuko uyasanga no mu Karere
ka Karongi n’aka Rusizi. Amashyuza ni amazi ashyushye aturuka
hasi mu butaka akagera hejuru arimo kubira. Ugize amahirwe wese
yo kuyasura asanga ari ibintu bitangaje. Abaturiye amashyuza mu
myemerere yabo, bavuga ko afite izindi ngufu zihariye, ngo abavura
indwara zinyuranye zirimo inzoka zo mu nda, amavunane, rubagimpande,
indwara z’imitsi, n’izindi ndwara, akaba ari yo mpamvu usanga abantu
b’ingeri zose bayidumbaguzamo, bayagaramamo abandi na bo
bayavoma bakayajyana mu ngo zabo. Bamwe mu babasha kuyasura
usanga bayotsamo ibiribwa nk’ibijumba, imyumbati, ibitoki byashya
bakabisomeza ayo mazi ashyushye.

Wari wabara iki se ntarakugeza ku Karwa k’Amahoro. Wageze mu
Karere ka Karongi, ukaza utagasuye nta mahoro wagira bitewe n’uko
usanga abantu babyiganira mu bwato butwara abakajyaho. Ngaho
irebere nawe uvuge ahandi wabonye heza nk’aha hantu.
Wageze ku Karwa k’Amahoro unyurwa n’akayaga gahuhera gaturuka
mu kiyaga cya Kivu. Ni wo mutima w’uburanga n’ubwiza bw’iki kiyaga.
Aka karwa kari mu Kivu hagati, mu rugendo rw’iminota nka 20 mu
bwato uvuye ku nkombe. Ni kamwe mu turwa 16 turi mu Karere ka
Karongi. Iyo wagasuye ureba zimwe mu nyamanswa zirimo inkende
ukanabasha kwitegera ikiyaga neza ureba n’amashyamba meza
yakimezeho. Wahageze ntiwabura kuhifotoreza ngo ubike urwibutso
rw’ibihe bidasanzwe wahagiriye.
Nanone ubwo wageze ku Kivu menya ko kiza ku mwanya wa
gatandatu mu bunini muri Afurika. Ntuhave utageze ku mucanga ngo
wumve akayaga gahuha gahuhera kagaba ituze ritaha ku mutima
nk’uko umuririmbyi yabicuranze. Ntuziteshe kugarama mu ntebe
zihateguye zigutegereje ngo witegereze amazi y’urubogobogo afata
ibara rihindagurika bitewe n’ikirere. Uzambwire ko hari ahandi nka ho
wabonye.
Inyubako ndende cyane wabonye kugeza ubu ni iyihe niba utaragera
muri Kigali?

Uwo munara w’Umujyi wa Kigali wawucaho utararamye ngo urebe
ukuntu ibicu byiruka ku ijuru ukitaza uwuhunga ugira ngo ukuguye
hejuru? Ngaho ihere ijisho umbwire ko atari ikirori? Benshi mu basura
Kigali batayiherutse bavuga ko uyu mugi ugenda utera imbere cyane.
Hari abavuga ko batungurwa cyane n’inyubako nyinshi nziza zigenda
zirushaho kwiyongera. Umunara w’Umujyi wa Kigali (Kigali City
Tower) ni wo muturirwa usumba iyindi muri Kigali. Ufite inyubako 18
zigerekeranye ukaba mu nyubako nziza ziheruka kubakwa vuba aha.

Reka tunanyarukire mu Rugando ku Kimihurura turahasanga Kigali
Komveshoni (Kigali Convention Center) n’icyumba cyayo k’inama ifite
ishusho imeze nk’iy’inzu nyarwanda ya gakondo, yihinduranya amabara
iyo bumaze kwira! Aha gakondo yahujwe na kijyambere maze amata
abyara amavuta! Erega iyo nzu ni yo yakiriye inama ya 27 y’Abakuru
b’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Afurika kuva ku itariki ya
10 kugeza ku ya 18 Nyakanga 2016.

Nakubwiye ko uwarata ahantu nyaburanga mu Rwanda ataharangiza.
Gusa reka tunyarukire no ku ngoro y’ Ubugeni n’Ubuhanzi iri i Nyanza
mu Rukari. Nitugerayo turahasanga byinshi kandi bishya birimo inka
z’inyarwanda zizwi ku izina ry’“Inyambo”. Hari n’abatahira benshi
bazitaho bavuga amazina y’inka bakanaririmbira abashyitsi amahamba
mu ngoro y’umwami. Ayo mahamba n’amazina y’inka hamwe n’imurikwa
ry’inyambo ni ibyongera kwerekana ko uhasanga umuco nyarwanda
ukawibonera n’amaso imbona nkubone. Turanasobanurirwa neza
iby’umunsi w’umuganura wizihizwa muri Kanama buri mwaka. Uwo
munsi ugaragaza imigenzo n’imihango yakorwaga ibwami no mu
mpande zitandukanye z’igihugu. Turanasura icyumba cy’abana kiswe
“Reka gikure”, cyakira cyanecyane abana bari hagati y’imyaka ine
na cumi n’itanu, hagamijwe gutuma bagira ubumenyi mu bijyanye
n’imibanire, umuco n’ubuhanzi bizanwa n’amatsiko, guhimba, kwibaza
n’ubumenyi rusange bw’abana. Turasura n’ibihangano bishushanyije
by’abana b’Abanyarwanda byuzuye mu bice bimwe by’iki cyumba
kugira ngo tuzabone uko tubishishikariza abana b’Abanyarwanda.

Ducumbikiye aha atari uko aho dusura hashize. Turashaka kuguha
umwanya ngo nawe utubwire aho watugereye ari ho huzuza uru
rugendo rwo kurambagira igihugu cyose. Ngaho haguruka ukigende,
ukizenguruke ukimenye neza uzabone icyo ubwira abandi, ejo ba
mukerarugendo batakikurusha kandi warakivukiyemo. Ugire urugendo
ruhire!

I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
1. Guhogoza 14. Rubagimpande
2. Gukurura 15. Kwidumbaguza
3. Kumarayo 16. Gusomeza
4. Kurambagiza 17. Kubara
5. Kurabukwa 18. Akarwa
6. Gukumbuza 19. Kwitegera
7. Kuribagira 20. Akabyiniriro
8. Kubangikana 21. Kurambagira
9. Gutamiriza 22. Amahamba
10. Amasimbi 23. Amazina y’inka
11. Amashyuza 24. Umutahira
12. Ingeri 25. Umuganura.
13. Amavunane
b) Koresha aya magambo akurikira mu nteruro wihimbiye
ukurikije icyo asobanura mu mwandiko:
1. Guhogoza 6. Kwidumbaguza
2. Kurambagira 7. Gusomeza
3. Kuribagira 8. Kwitegera
4. Gutamiriza 9. Kurambagiza
5. Amashyuza 10. Umuganura.
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Nimusubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite
1. Ahantu nyaburanga twabonye hagaragara iki kihariye?
2. Pariki n’ahantu nyaburanga bitaniye he?
3. Pariki n’ahantu nyaburanga bimariye iki igihugu cyacu?
4. Toranya muri aya mashusho akurikira afite aho akwibutsa
wasomye mu mwandiko.

III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Mwungurane ibitekerezo kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko:
Utekereza iki kuri iyi nteruro: “Ubwiza bw’ahantu cyangwa bw’ikintu
buba mu ijisho ry’uhareba cyangwa ukireba.” Tanga ingero
zumvikanisha neza igitekerezo cyawe.
Umunsi wo kwita abana b’ingagi izina wizihirizwa mu Kinigi mu birometero
cumi na bitanu uturutse mu mugi wa Musanze. Iki gikorwa abaturage
baturiye Pariki y’Ibirunga bakigiramo uruhare bafatanyije n’abashyitsi
baba bitabiriye uwo munsi. Ubuheruka uyu munsi wabanjirijwe no gutaha
isomero ry’Umurenge wa Kinigi nk’igikorwa kegerejwe abaturage kivuye
mu gusaranganya inyungu z’ibiva muri pariki.
Mu gihe k’icyumweru hatanzwe ibiganiro ku kurinda urusobe
rw’ibinyabuzima, hatahwa ibikorwa remezo byubatswe n’Ikigo k’Igihugu
Gishinzwe Iterambere (RDB) ku mafaranga kigenera abaturage baturiye
pariki, n’amasosiyete agera kuri mirongo itandatu y’abikorera akorana
na ba mukerarugendo abajyana gusura mu Rukari, Kibeho, Nyungwe
na Pariki y’Akagera.

Usibye abaturage, kwita izina byitabirwa kandi n’abashyitsi bavuye
imihanda yose. Haba hari ba mukerarugendo n’abandi b’ubusa binjiza
amadovize mu Gihugu n’imifuka y’abakozi babitaho ikarushaho
kubyibuha. Mbese kwita izina abana b’ingagi ni umunsi ukomeye
by’umwihariko ku Banyamusanze. Ari abanyabugeni, ari abahoze ari ba
rushimusi muri Pariki y’Ibirunga bagera kuri magana inani bibumbiye mu
makoperative y’ubukorikori n’ubugeni, ari abanyamahoteri n’abatwara
ba mukerarugendo, bakorera amafaranga atandukanye n’ayo bakorera
mu bindi bihe. Abo ba rushimusi bigishijwe ubukorikori n’ubugeni none
burabatunze n’imiryango yabo.

Kuri uwo munsi, abanyabugeni n’abanyabukorikori bacururiza ku
muhanda uva Musanze ugana mu Kinigi bunguka amafaranga menshi,
ku buryo buri wese ashobora kwinjiza ibihumbi ijana na mirongo itanu.

Mu mahoteri usanga ibyumba byashize, ibiryo bikaribwa, inzoga
zikanyobwa. Mbese ibintu byose biba bigenda neza cyane, n’abahinzi
bakabona isoko ry’umusaruro wabo kuko amahoteri aba akeneye ibyo
kugaburira abo bashyitsi. Ikindi, amasosiyete atwara ba mukerarugendo
na yo abona akazi kenshi bitandukanye n’indi minsi. Mu Mugi wa Musanze
ndetse no mu Murenge wa Kinigi ufatwa nk’igicumbi cy’ubukerarugendo
habarurwa amahoteri agera kuri makumyabiri acumbikira cyanecyane
ba mukerarugendo.

Ubukerarugendo bukorerwa muri Pariki y’Ibirunga bwahinduye
ubuzima bw’abantu bagera ku gihumbi na magana atanu, bubaha
akazi hafi ya bose bakesha amaramuko yabo ya buri munsi. Muri
bo hari abatwaza ibikapu ba mukerarugendo n’abakora ibikorwa
by’ubukorikori n’ubugeni.
Inyungu zikomoka kuri pariki zigera ku baturage bose bayituriye.
Miriyoni zisaga ijana na cumi zashowe mu bikorwa remezo nk’amashuri,
imiyoboro y’amazi ndetse n’amashyirahamwe y’abaturage yongererwa
ubushobozi. Imirimo yose ijyanye n’ubukerarugendo yaba iyo mu
mahoteri cyangwa iyo kubaka urukuta rubuza inyamaswa konera
abaturage ikorwa n’abatuye mu murenge wa Kinigi. Uyu murenge
wahawe imiyoboro y’amazi kandi wubakirwa amashuri meza ubikesha
iryo saranganya ry’inyungu z’ibiva muri pariki. Kubera iyi poritiki
yo gusaranganya inyungu z’ibiva muri pariki yatangiye muri 2005,
abayituriye barushijeho kubona ko ari iyabo bagira uruhare mu
kuyibungabunga, bishimira ibyo yabagejejeho.

Akamaro k’ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda rero ni ntagereranywa
kuko igihugu kihungukira byinshi birimo kugaragaza isura nziza
mu iterambere, ubukungu n’umutekano. Gusa hari ibintu by’ingenzi
bigomba kwitabwaho kugira ngo ubukerarugendo butadindira n’ibyo
bwari butegerejweho bikagenda nka Nyomberi.

Gukurura ba mukerarugendo bisaba kubizeza umutekano no kubakira
neza. Umuntu ukeneye kureba ingagi zo mu Birunga nta handi yazibona
ataje mu Rwanda. Ahaza kuko ashobora kuhabona umutekano usesuye.
Nta mukerarugendo waba afite amakuru y’uko ahantu runaka hatari
umutekano usesuye ngo abe yafata umwanzuro wo kuhatemberera azi
neza ko ashobora kuhagirira amakuba.

Abaturage ndetse n’abanyeshuri bakeneye kumenya akamaro
k’ubukerarugendo n’uruhare rwabwo mu guhindura ubuzima bwabo
n’ubw’igihugu. Ubukangurambaga bugomba gukorwa ubutitsa ngo
bamenye uko bitwara imbere y’ababasura n’imbere y’imico mishya
bababonaho.

Guteza imbere ubukerarugendo ni no gukangurira abanyagihugu
gukunda gusura ibyiza bigitatse. Ntibikwiye kumva ko umukerarugendo
ari umuntu uturutse mu bihugu bya kure gusa. Ibyiza nyaburanga bitatse
igihugu ntibikwiye kuba umwihariko w’abanyamahanga cyanecyane
abazungu. N’abenegihugu bakeneye gutembera no kwinezeza. Ni yo
mpamvu abanyagihugu akenshi bagabanyirizwa igiciro cyo gutemberera
ahari ibyiza nyaburanga ugereranyije n’abanyamahanga.
I. Inyunguramagambo
Koresha mu nteruro zawe bwite amagambo akurikira:
1. Gukesha amaramuko 4. Ubutitsa
2. Kudindira 5. Inzitizi
3. Ubukangurambaga 6. Kugenda nka nyomberi
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Hitamo igisubizo kiri cyo muri bitatu byatanzwe kuri buri
nomero.
1. Umunsi wo kwita izina abana b’ingagi uba ugamije:
a) Guhuza abaturiye Pariki y’Ibirunga mu birori bakishima
bakarya bakanywa.
b) Guteza imbere ubukerarugendo no kwinjiriza igihungu
amadovize atuma giteza imbere ibikorwa remezo
bitandukanye.
c) Kurwanya ba rushimusi bangiza Pariki y’Ibirunga.
2. Ubukerarugendo bufitiye inyungu:
a) Leta yonyine yo yakira amadovize.
b) Abaturiye pariki bo binjiza amafaranga bakura ku
banyamahanga.
c) Abanyarwanda bose kuko amadovize yinjijwe akoreshwa mu
gutunganya ibikorwa remezo bidufitiye akamaro twese.
3. Igituma ba mukerarugendo bakunda u Rwanda ni uko:
a) Rwateye imbere mu bukungu
b) Abaturage bavuga ururimi rumwe
c) Hari umutekano usesuye kandi bakaba banakirwa neza
4. Ubukerarugendo bufitiye akamaro kanini ubukungu
bw’u Rwanda kuko:
a) Bugaragaza isura nziza yarwo.
b) Burata ubukungu bwarwo.
c) Bwinjiza amadovize menshi.
5. Kugira ngo ubukerarugendo burusheho guteza imbere
ubukungu bw’u Rwanda:
a) Abanyarwanda bose bogomba kububonamo akazi.
b) Hagomba gukoramo abantu babihugukiwe kandi babyigiye.
c) Hagomba kongerwa ibiciro ku basura pariki.
6. Umukerarugendo ni:
a) Umunyamahanga gusa uvuye kure uzerera areba imisozi
n’amashyamba.
b) Umuntu wese wirirwa azerera bwakwira akarara ku gasozi
cyangwa mu ihoteri.
c) Umunyamahanga cyangwa umwenegihugu utanga
amafaranga kugira ngo asure ibyiza nyaburanga biri mu
gihugu mu rwego rwo gutembera no kwinezeza.
7. Abaturage bahugurirwa ubukerarugendo kugira ngo:
a) Bage bitondera abazungu batembera igihugu batabaha
amafaranga ava mu iterabwoba.
b) Basabe amadovize abanyamahanga barebye ibintu byabo.
c) Bamenye uko bakira neza ba mukerarugendo n’uko bacagura
mu mico babazanira bagafata itabatesha agaciro.
8. Ibiciro by’ubukerarugendo biba bito ku benegihugu:
a) kuko nta mafaranga bagira.
b) kuko baba bareba ibintu by’iwabo.
c) kugira ngo barusheho kubwitabira.
9. Mu birori byo kwita izina abana b’ingagi:
a) Nta ba mukerarugendo baba barimo.
b) Nta mafaranga baca kuko aba ari umunsi mukuru.
c) Hinjizwa amafaranga n’andi y’ubusa.
10. U Rwanda, Uganda na Kenya byashyizeho urwandiko
rw’inzira rumwe:
a) Kuko biri mu Muryango w’Ubukungu w’Ibihugu by’Afurika
y’Iburasirazuba.
b) Kugira ngo byongere ibyinjizwa n’ubukerarugendo bityo
n’ababonamo akazi biyongere ku buryo bugaragara.
c) Kuko bifite umugambi wo guhinduka igihugu kimwe.
11. Kwita izina byitabirwa:
a) N’abanyamusanze gusa.
b) Na ba mukerarugendo bonyine kuko ari bo biba byateguriwe.
c) N’abantu bavuye hirya no hino.
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ikibazo gikurikira:
Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku kibazo gikurikira:
Musanga hakorwa iki kugira ngo Abanyarwanda barusheho kwakira
neza ba mukerarugendo kandi banasobanukirwe n’akamaro
k’ubukerarugendo ku Gihugu cyacu?
V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Shushanya ikarita y’u Rwanda ushyiremo ahantu nyaburanga
hatanu mu ho wavumbuye mu myandiko wize.
6.7. Ubwoko bw’amagambo adahinduka:
icyungo
Soma aka gace k’umwandiko maze uvuge imiterere
n’umumaro by’amagambo yanditse atsindagiye.
Nubwo amagambo yavugwaga bwose, nubwo amatorero
anyuranye yakomeje kwiyereka ndetse n’intore zigahamiriza,
nakomeje gutekereza no kwibaza kuri izo ngagi n’ibyo zakoraga
nsanga bitangaje. Niko kwibwiriza negera umwarimu wigisha ku
kigo cyacu ngo ansobanurire ibyo nakomezaga kubona. Namubajije
ukuntu utwo twana tw’ingagi turi bumenye kwisubiza mu rugo
kandi tutazanye na za nyina. Na we ntiyantengushye yampaye
igisubizo gisobanutse ko izo nitaga ingagi zitari zo ahubwo bari
abana b’abantu bambaye nk’ingagi. Bakaba bari bahagarariye
ingagi nyirizina kuko zo zitashoboye kuza mu birori.
Ibibazo byo gusubiza:
1. Ubona amagambo yanditse atsindagiye afite uwuhe mumaro mu
nteruro? Wayita iki?
2. Shaka andi magambo akoreshwa kimwe n’aya ku buryo yajya mu
bwoko bumwe.
Inshoza y’icyungo
Icyungo ni ijambo ritagoragozwa rihuza amagambo abiri afitanye isano:
izina n’irindi zina, ntera n’indi, inshinga n’indi nshinga, ikinyazina n’ikindi
kinyazina cyangwa rigahuza ibice by’interuro.
Amagambo aba adahinduka iyo yandikwa kimwe buri gihe. Ni ukuvuga
ko adashobora kugoragozwa. Ijambo ritagoragozwa ni iridashobora
kugira inteko, rigahora ari rimwe ryaba riherekeje ijambo riri mu bwinshi
cyangwa riri mu bumwe. Rero ibyungo biri mu magambo adahinduka.
Ibyungo birimo amoko abiri:
1. Ubwoko bwa mbere ni ubw’ibyungo biva mu nteruro igahindura
igitekerezo cyangwa ikagitakaza.
Gereranya izi nteruro ebyirebyiri:
a) – Aririmba nk’ufite agahinda. (Ufite agahinda na we baririmba
kimwe.)
– Aririmba ufite agahinda. (Ufite agahinda ni we aririmba.)
b) – Yandakariye boshye mbifitemo uruhare. (Nta ruhare mbifitemo
ariko ntibyamubujije kundakarira.)
– Yandakariye mbifitemo uruhare. (Afite impamvu zo
kundakarira kuko mbifitemo uruhare.)
Mu nteruro za kabiri muri aya matsinda yombi y’interuro, nta
gereranya ririmo kuko icyungo “nka” cyavuyemo. N’ibisobanuro byazo
bitandukanye n’ibisobanuro by’interuro za mbere kuko bivuga ibindi.
2. Ubwoko bwa kabiri ni ubw’ibyungo biva mu nteruro ntihindure
igitekerezo.
Gereranya izi nteruruo zikurikira ebyirebyiri zikurikirana.
a) – Urahinga kandi ushonje?
– Urahinga ushonje?
b) – Yandebye maze araseka.
– Yandebye araseka.
c) – Arabwirwa ariko ntiyumva.
– Arabwirwa ntiyumva.
Izi nteruro uko zikurikirana, ebyirebyiri zisobanura kimwe zaba zirimo
ibyungo: “kandi”, “maze” na “ariko” cyangwa bitarimo.
Amatsinda y’ibyungo akurikije igisobanuro cyabyo
1. Icyungo na kifashishwa mu kunga cyangwa guhekeranya no
kwifashisha.
Ingero:
a) Kalisa na Mulisa ni impanga.
b) Intare n’ingwe ni inyamaswa z’inkazi.
c) Agenda n’igare iyo agiye ku kazi.
Ikitonderwa:
Icyungo na kigira impindurantego no ikoreshwa imbere y’imbundo,
y’indangahantu n’imbere y’umugereka w’ahantu:
a) Kuzamuka no kumanuka birabusanye.
b) Yambujije ibwami no ku karubanda.
c) Aracisha hepfo no haruguru!
2. Ibyungo byifashishwa mu kugereranya: nka, boshye:
a) Agenda nk’uwenda kugwa.
b) Yikorera nka ruvakwaya.
c) Arakorora boshye impongo!
3. Ibyungo byuzuza: ko, ngo
a) Ndashaka ko muva hano.
b) Aravuze ngo mukore mutikoresheje.
4. Ibyungo byifashishwa mu guhitamo: cyangwa, keretse
a) Birye cyangwa ubireke nta byo wahinze.
b) Sinumva keretse uvuze cyane.
5. Ibyungo byifashishwa mu kubangikanya cyangwa mu
kubusanya: uretse ko, nyamara, nkanswe
a) Ndamukunda uretse ko atabizi.
b) Urangaya nyamara ntundusha guhinga neza.
c) Nange byansinze maze iminsi niga nkanswe uriya udaheruka
kureba mu ikaye!
6. Ibyungo byifashishwa mu kongeraho: kandi, ndetse
a) Ariga kandi agakora muri hoteri.
b) Ndamwirukana ndetse noye kumuhemba.
7. Icyungo kiziganya: iyo
– Iyo mbimenya simba naje.
8. Ibyungo byifashishwa mu kuvuga impamvu cyangwa
inkurikizi: kuko, kugira ngo, none
a) Yibye none baramufunze.
b) Ruhuka kuko wakoze.
c) Ndaje kugira ngo dufatanye.
9. Icyungo kifashishwa mu kwivuguruza: nako
– Mpereza, nako mperekeza ndagiye.
Umwitozo
Simbuza utudomo dutatu icyungo gikwiye ukuye muri ibi
bikurikira: na, no, nko, nka, nkanswe, keretse, cyangwa, kuko,
nako, none, kugira ngo, ndetse, kandi
1. Kamana … Safari baravukana.
2. … inyange zirapfa … ibyiyone!
3. Ntira … ntiza igare nyarukire ku maduka.
4. Yanze kuza … namutumiye.
5. Aragenda … ku rukuta akubitaho agahanga!
6. Namuzanye … umubaze icyamuteye kwivumbura.
7. Nta kica … irungu.
8. Yasize akinze … urufunguzo ararubuze.
9. Nta cyo nakora … ubanje kunsobanurira.
10. Ntiwandenganya … waje utanteguje.
11. Genda … urorere.
12. Erega hano mwahahinduye … mu kabari!
13. Nibishoboka ndaza kugusura … nkuzanire n’umwuzukuru wawe.
Ku wa kabiri tariki ya 1 Nyakanga 2014, mu Kinigi mu Karere ka
Musanze, habereye ku nshuro ya cumi umuhango wo kwita izina
abana b’ingagi cumi n’umunani.
Najyanyeyo n’abandi banyeshuri twigana mu mwaka wa gatandatu.
Uwo munsi wahuriranye n’ikiruhuko kuko twizihizaga umunsi mukuru
w’ubwigenge bw’Igihugu cyacu. Ari abanyeshuri ari n’abaturage twese
twari twabukereye. Gusa icyanshimishije cyane ni uko umuntu wese
wabaga yahageze yahabwaga icyo kurya n’icyo kunywa nta vangura,
kandi buri wese akanywa icyo ashaka. Uyu mwaka, insanganyamatsiko
yagenewe umuhango wo Kwita Izina ni “Kubungabunga ibidukikije
haterwa inkunga abafatanyabikorwa mu kurinda umutungo kamere
wacu.” Ni mu gihe ingagi zo mu birunga zizwiho gukurura ba
mukerarugendo benshi bava mu bice bitandukanye by’isi. Igituma
duhamagarirwa kubungabunga ubuzima bwazo ni uko zisigaye hake ku
isi, harimo aha muri Pariki y’Ibirunga, ihuriweho n’ibihugu by’u Rwanda,
Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Kongo na Uganda.

Kuva mu gitondo kugeza hafi saa tanu z’amanywa, mu muhanda uva
mu mugi wa Musanze werekeza mu Kinigi abantu bari uruvunganzoka,
bagenda umwe ku wundi, kandi bose bishimye. Mu gihe twari
tugitegereje abayobozi, abitabiriye ibirori bagendaga bahabwa icyayi,
ababishoboye bagafata agakawa, kuko mu Kinigi haba imbeho nyinshi
cyane. Hari amatorero n’andi y’ubusa yakomezaga gusimburana
asusurutsa abantu bari bateraniye aho.
Hari intore, abahanzi batandukanye baririmba ku giti cyabo ndetse habaye
n’irushanwa ryo kubyina. Byatumye mbona abahanzi batandukanye
imbonankubone, kuko ubundi najyaga numva kenshi indirimbo zabo kuri
radiyo. Nahise numva nange ngomba kuzaba umuhanzi.
Abayobozi bamaze kuhagera, buri wese mu bafashe ijambo yashimiye
abitabiriye uwo muhango anasaba imbaga yari iteraniye aho
guharanira ubusugire bw’ingagi cyanecyane ko zinasigaye hake cyane
ku isi. Nyuma yaho hakurikiyeho kwita amazina abana b’ingagi. Nge
njyayo sinumvaga ukuntu ingagi ziza kuza zikajya mu birori maze
bakazita amazina zarangiza zigataha mu ishyamba. Ihurizo rikomeye
ryari ukuntu abana b’ingagi bari buze cyangwa niba turi bubasange mu
ishyamba. Namwe se si ko mwabikekaga? Mbandikiye iyi nkuru ngo
abatarahageze mwumve uko byagenze.
Abana b’ingagi ntaramenya ko bari abana b’abantu bihinduye ingagi
nagiye kubona mbona barahasesekaye, bajya mu myanya. Nahise
ntangara cyane ndiyamira. Uwo bajyaga kwita izina yaratambukaga
akigira imbere abantu bakamubona bakamufotora. Natangajwe
cyane n’uburyo ingagi zizi ubwenge nk’ubw’abantu neza neza. Zimwe
bamaraga kuzita zigaseka, zikigaragura aho mu kibuga ndetse
zikadukorera n’amasiporo, tukazikomera mu mashyi twishimye. Na zo
zikishima, zarangiza zikamenya gusubira mu mwanya wazo!
Nakomeje gutangara ntangarira utwo tugagi duto, uko twumvira
n’uko twubahiriza ibijyanye n’umuhango nk’aho ari abantu! Iyo
bahamagaraga yigiraga imbere bakavuga se na nyina, barangiza kuyita
izina igasubira mu mwanya wayo, hakaza indi. Natangajwe no kumva
abanyamahanga bita ingagi amazina y’Ikinyarwanda. Ayo nibuka
ni “Birashoboka, Masunzu, Ndengera, Imikino, Inkindi, Nkurunziza,
Nakure na Nkundurwanda, Twiyubake na Kwigira, Isange, Tebuka,
Ubukombe na Mboza.”

Mu magambo yahavugiwe igikorwa kigana ku musozo, hibanzwe
cyanecyane ku kamaro Pariki y’Ibirunga ifitiye abayituriye n’ubufatanye
bugomba kuba hagati y’abaturage n’ubuyobozi kugira ngo umusaruro
itanga urusheho kubageraho no kubagirira akamaro. Mu bikorwa
bakesha uwo musaruro harimo kubaka amashuri, kugeza amazi meza
ku baturiye ibirunga n’ibindi. Abanyarwanda bakanguriwe kurushaho
gusura ingagi cyanecyane ko bafite amahirwe yo kuba muri bake
bazisigaranye ku isi. Umunyanijeriya yavuze ko ingagi z’iwabo baziriye
bakazitsemba twese tugwa mu kantu! Rubanda rurarya da! N’ukuntu
ingagi iteye neza neza nk’umuntu bagatinyuka bakayirya? Yewe,
agahugu umuco n’akandi umuco koko!

Mbere y’uko intore zihamiriza ngo zisoze ibirori byacu nk’uko bisanzwe
mu Kinyarwanda, umushyitsi mukuru, umugabo munini w’amasoso
wambaye n’amataratara, yahawe ijambo yongera gushimangira ko
ingufu zizakomeza gushyirwa buri munsi mu kurushaho kubungabunga
ubusugire bw’ingagi zo mu birunga. Ni n’icyo cyansigayemo cyonyine!

Nubwo amagambo yavugwaga bwose, nubwo amatorero anyuranye
yakomeje kwiyereka ndetse n’intore zigahamiriza, nakomeje gutekereza
no kwibaza kuri izo ngagi n’ibyo zakoraga nsanga bitangaje. Niko
kwibwiriza negera umwarimu wigisha ku kigo cyacu ngo ansobanurire
ibyo nakomezaga kubona. Namubajije ukuntu utwo twana tw’ingagi
turi bumenye kwisubiza mu rugo kandi tutazanye na za nyina. Na we
ntiyantengushye yampaye igisubizo gisobanutse ko izo nitaga ingagi
zitari zo ahubwo bari abana b’abantu bambaye nk’ingagi. Bakaba bari
bahagarariye ingagi nyirizina kuko zo zitashoboye kuza mu birori.

Nange ngatangare ukuntu inyamaswa yitwara nk’umuntu kuva ibirori
bitangira kugera birangira! Ubwo ni bwo nasobanukiwe, naho ubundi
nari ngiye gutaha numva ko ingagi ari abantu neza neza.
Uko bimeze kose byari bishimishije, nawe nubona akanya ibirori
by’ubutaha ntibizagucike.
I. Inyunguramagambo
a) Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko:
1. Twari twabukereye 6. Kwiyamirira
2. Insanganyamatsiko 7. Agahugu umuco akandi umuco
3. Uruvunganzoka 8. Kwiyereka
4. Gususurutsa 9. Gutenguha.
5. Gusesekara
b) Koresha, mu nteruro, aya magambo akurikira:
1. Twabukereye
2. Kwiyereka.
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko mu magambo
yanyu bwite:
1. Ibirori bivugwa mu mwandiko bishingiye ku ki?
2. Ibyo birori byabereye he kandi byitabirwa na ba nde?
3. Uyu muhango ko ukorwa buri mwaka uba ugamije iki?
4. Sobanura muri make uko umuhango wo kwita izina abana
b’ingagi ugenda.
5. Mu mazina yahawe ingagi haragaragaramo ibihe byifuzo?
6. Ni iki gishobora kuba cyaratumye ingagi z’ahandi zicika?
7. Kuki utubwira iyi nkuru yavuze aya magambo ngo “agahugu
umuco akandi umuco”?
8. Ubara iyi nkuru ni muntu ki?
9. Ikibazo yakomeje kwibaza ni ikihe? Yaje kugisubizwa ate?
10. Ubutumire aduha asoza inkuru ye ni ubuhe?
III. Gusesengura umwandiko
Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Erekana ibice by’ingenzi bigize uyu mwandiko, uvuge aho buri
gice gitangirira n’aho kirangirira.
2. Uyu mwandiko wawita iki ukurikije uko utangira, ibivugwamo
n’uko urangira?
6.9. Inkuru
a) Ibiranga inkuru
Inkuru irangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
1. Ubara inkuru/umubarankuru.
2. Igihe n’aho ibintu byabereye.
3. Uko ibyabaye byatangiye.
4. Uko ibyabaye byagenze.
5. Abagize uruhare mu byabaye.
6. Uko byarangiye.
b) Kubara inkuru ni iki?
– Kubara inkuru ni ukugeza ku bandi ibyo umuntu yabonye cyangwa
yumvise abyanditse cyangwa abivuze. Kuvuga ibyo wabonye ni ko
kubara inkuru.
– Iyo ubara inkuru uba uri umubarankuru ukavuga ibyo wabonye uko
byagenze.
– Kugira ngo inkuru ibe yuzuye igomba kugaragaza uruhererekane
rw’ibikorwa, uwabikoze cyangwa ababikoze, aho byabereye, igihe
byabereye, uko byagenze, impamvu yabiteye n’uko byarangiye.
– Burya aba afite ibibazo agenda asubiza atabizi: Habaye iki? Ni nde
wabigizemo uruhare? Ni iki cyabigizemo uruhare? Byabereye he?
Hari ryari? Byagenze bite? Kubera iki?
– Igihe ubara inkuru, ushobora kubikora muri ngenga ya mbere niba
ibyo uvuga cyangwa wandika byabaye warabigizemo uruhare.

Urugero: Abana b’ingagi koko nagiye kubona mbona barahasesekaye,
bajya mu myanya.
– Mu gihe utabigizemo uruhare, witabaza ngenga ya kabiri cyangwa
iya gatatu.
Urugero: Abana b’ingagi koko ukabona barahasesekaye, bakajya
mu myanya.
Urugero: Abana b’ingagi koko abona barahasesekaye, bajya mu
myanya.
– By’umwihariko iyo wandika inkuru, ubanza kuyikorera imbata.
Intangiriro: Kuvuga muri make icyo ugiye kuvugaho
Igihimba: Kuvuga uko ibikorwa byagiye bikurikirana kuva ku cya
mbere kugera ku cya nyuma, buri gikorwa kikiharira igika
Umusozo: Inshamake y’ibyabaye n’isomo bitanga.
Umwitozo
Guhanga bandika
Umaze gusoma imyandiko no kureba amashusho kuri pariki z’Igihugu
n’ahantu nyaburanga. Ni nk’aho wasuye aho hantu naho waba wari
utarahagera. Andika inkuru kuri uru rugendo ugaragaza ibyiza
wabonye hamwe muri aha hantu ugereranyije n’ibyo wari warumvise
bahakubwiraho.
6.10. Ubwoko amagambo adahinduka:
imigereka/ ingera
Musome aka gace k’umwandiko maze mugerageze gutahura
imiterere n’umumaro by’amagambo yanditse atsindagiye:
Kuva mu gitondo kugeza hafi saa tanu z’amanywa, mu muhanda uva
mu mugi wa Musanze werekeza mu Kinigi abantu bari uruvunganzoka,
bagenda umwe ku wundi, bishimye, kandi bambaye neza. Twahageze
kare maze mu gihe twari tugitegereje abayobozi, abitabiriye ibirori
bagendaga bahabwa icyayi, ababishoboye bagafata agakawa, kuko
mu Kinigi haba imbeho nyinshi cyane. Hari amatorero n’andi y’ubusa
yakomezaga gusimburana asusurutsa abantu bari bateraniye aho.
Ibibazo byo gusubiza:
1. Amagambo yanditse atsindagiye urumva avuga iki?
2. Yongera iki mu nteruro?
3. Wayita iki uhereye ku miterere n’umumaro wayo?
4. Ukurikije icyo asobanura ubona aya magambo wayashyira mu moko
angahe?
a) Inshoza y’umugereka/ingera
Umugereka ni ijambo ritagoragozwa, risobanura izina, ntera, inshinga,
cyangwa undi mugereka. Ni ijambo ryumvikanisha uburyo, igihe, inshuro
ikintu gikorwa cyangwa ahantu gikorerwa.
b) Amoko y’imigereka/ingera
1. Umugereka w’uburyo
a) Uyu mwana aririmba neza.
b) Noneho ko Kibwa asa nabi?
c) Humura ndavuga buhoro.
d) Gira vuba tugende tudakererwa.
2. Umugereka w’igihe
a) Nageze hano kare.
b) Mbe Bihehe ko ugenda nijoro?
c) Uyu mugabo muzi kuva kera.
3. Umugereka w’inshuro
a) Vuga rimwe gusa mbasohore.
b) Ubunyereri bunyigeze kabiri.
c) Nturenze inshuro eshanu z’ako kebo.
4. Umugereka w’ahantu
a) Aryamye hejuru y’ameza.
b) Agiye hakurya y’uruzi.
c) Ipusi ikunda munsi y’ameza.
Imyitozo:
Subiza ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Shaka iyindi migereka y’uburyo uyikoreshe mu nteruro zawe
bwite.
2. Shaka iyindi migereka y’igihe uyikoreshe mu nteruro zawe
bwite.
3. Shaka iyindi migereka y’inshuro uyikoreshe mu nteruro zawe
bwite.
4. Shaka iyindi migereka y’ahantu uyikoreshe mu nteruro zawe
bwite.
Mfashe ko:
– Ubukerarugendo bufitiye Igihugu cyacu akamaro kanini. Bwinjiriza
Igihugu amadovize, butuma ibidukikije bibungabungwa ndetse
abaturiye ibyiza nyaburanga n’Abanyarwanda muri rusange
bakegerezwa ibikorwa remezo. Biryo tugomba kubungabunga
ibidukikije.
– Hari amagambo yabugenewe ku mwami no ku ngoma. Kubera
ko umwami yari yubashywe cyane ndetse n’ingoma na yo yari
yubashywe cyane.
– Pariki y’Akagera irimo ibyiza byinshi bitatse u Rwanda. Twavugamo
indyanyama n’indyabyatsi, inyoni, umwuka mwiza, ibiti by’amoko
menshi, ibiyaga n’ibindi.
– Pariki y’Ibirunga ituwe n’ingagi zikurura ba mukerarugendo benshi.
– Hari ahantu henshi nyaburanga mu Rwanda. Twavuga nk’i Kibeho,
kuri Muhazi n’ahandi henshi.
– Hari amagambo y’ibyungo n’imigereka adahinduka ngo yisanishe
mu nteruro.
Urugero: – Nubwo utambonye, ni ubwo bunyobwa nashakaga.
– Nubwo ugiye ni utwo tunyobwa nashakaga
6.11. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa
gatandatu
Akamaro k’ubukerarugendo
Ubwiza bw’u Rwanda buhera mu murwa mukuru warwo wa Kigali.
Isuku yawo ni cyo gitego yatsinze indi migi yo muri aka karere ndetse
no mu mahanga. Imiturirwa igenda yiyongera ubutitsa, imihanda mishya
ishyirwamo kaburimbo, kandi hagateganywa umwanya w’ubusitani
n’uwo guteramo ibiti kugira ngo Kigali ikomeze kugira akuka keza.
Iri terambere rijyana n’isuku, ni ryo rituma n’umubare w’abashyitsi
bagenderera u Rwanda ukomeje kwiyongera ubutitsa. Abenshi kandi
baza mu rwego rw’ubukerarugendo, baje kwirebera ibyiza bitatse u
Rwanda.

Ubukerarugendo ni kimwe mu bintu byinjiza amafaranga menshi mu
gihugu. Bushobora gufasha mu kurwanya ubukene, kandi bugafasha
igihugu gutera imbere iyo bwitaweho.
Mu bihugu byinshi, ubukerarugendo bufite uruhare rukomeye mu
iterambere kubera ko bufasha igihugu kubona amafaranga y’amadovize,
kandi bugatuma abenegihugu babona imirimo.Mu bihugu bikiri mu
nzira y’amajyambere n’icyacu kirimo, ubukerarugendo bufite akamaro
cyane.

Mu bintu bikurura ba mukerarugendo mu bihugu byacu harimo:
ikirere kiza kidashyuha cyane kandi ntigikonje bikabije, imisozi iteye
amabengeza, n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye. Ibyo usanga biboneka
cyane mu byaro byacu. Ibintu ba mukerarugendo bakenera usanga
bidahenze. Akenshi bakenera ibintu bikorwa n’abanyabukorikori bacu,
abanyabugeni, ababoshyi n’abakora imitako itandukanye. Impamvu ni
uko ibyo baba bakeneye ari ibyo batabona iwabo. Kubera izo mpamvu,
ubukerarugendo bwadufasha kwihangira imirimo kandi itagombera
igishoro kiremereye.
Ubukerarugendo bufasha kandi izindi nzego z’ubukungu gutera imbere,
harimo amahoteri, amaresitora n’utubari.
Ubukerarugendo budufasha no kumenya agaciro k’umuco wacu. Imbyino
zacu n’ibihangano gakondo, iyo tubona bikunzwe n’abanyamahanga,
bidutera natwe ishema kumva ko bidufitiye akamaro, maze bikadutera
umwete wo kubisigasira.
Ba mukerarugendo rero baje gusura ibyiza biri muri pariki zacu, zirimo
iy’Akagera na Nyungwe, ariko cyanecyane ingagi zo mu birunga. Hari
kandi n’abazanwa no kwirebera ahari amahirwe mu ishoramari kubera
uburyo u Rwanda ruborohereza. Kuri abo yiyongeraho abaza baje
kwitabira inama mpuzamahanga zibera mu Rwanda. Aba bose ni ko
baba bakeneye aho kwidagadurira, kugura ibicuruzwa bitandukanye,
ariko kandi iyo izuba rirenze, aba bashyitsi bakenera aho barambika
umusaya muri hoteri zitandukanye.
Abo bashyitsi rero bafite akamaro gakomeye ku Rwanda rwacu.
Bakwiye kwakirwa neza kuko ari abashyitsi b’imena iwacu. Kubakira
neza ni ukumenya kubavugisha mu kinyabupfura kandi tukababanira
kivandimwe. Iyo basuye igihugu cyacu ni twe bigirira akamaro.
Namwe rero banyeshuri nimucike ku ngeso zo kubona abazungu
mukabashungera nk’aho ari ibikoko. Kubakomera ngo “muzungu,
muzungu”, ni ukugaragaza ubujiji n’uburere buke. Ingeso yo
kubasabirizaho na yo muyicikeho, ahubwo mutekereze icyo mwakora
cyatuma namwe bababona nk’abana b’abanyabukorikori.
Ibyo mwakora birahari. Hari nko kubaka inzu no gukora imodoka mu
bikenyeri, gushushanya ibintu bitandukanye ndetse no kubayobora mu
gihe babikeneye. Muge kandi mukoresha indimi mwiga mu mashuri

muganire na bo, kuko muziga kugira ngo muzikoreshe. Nimubigenza
mutyo, muzaba mwigaragaje nk’abana barezwe kandi bashyira mu
bikowa ibyo bize.
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
a) Abanyabukorikori d) Gusigasira
b) Abanyabugeni e) Gushungera
c) Igishoro f) Kubakomera.
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ni iki gituma abanyamahanga basura u Rwanda bagenda biyongera?
2. Abasura u Rwanda bazanwa n’iki?
3. Ubukerarugendo bufitiye Igihugu cyacu akamaro kanini? Sobanura.
4. Ni ubuhe bufasha abanyamahanga basura u Rwanda baba bakeneye?
5. Ni gute dukwiye kwakira ba mukerarugendo?
6. Uramutse utuye aho ba mukerarugendo bakunze gutemberera
wakora iki kugira ngo nawe ugire icyo wabagurisha aho kubasabiriza?
III. Ikibonezamvugo
1. Soma neza aka gace k’umwandiko utahuremo ibyungo
n’imigereka ubigaragaze.
Mu bintu bikurura ba mukerarugendo mu bihugu byacu harimo:
ikirere kiza kidashyuha cyane kandi ntigikonje bikabije, imisozi iteye
amabengeza, n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye. Ibyo usanga biboneka
cyane mu byaro byacu. Ibintu ba mukerarugendo bakenera usanga
bidahenze. Akenshi bakenera ibintu bikorwa n’abanyabukorikori
bacu, abanyabugeni, ababoshyi n’abakora imitako itandukanye.
Impamvu ni uko ibyo baba bakeneye ari ibyo batabona iwabo. Kubera
izo mpamvu, ubukerarugendo bwadufasha kwihangira imirimo kandi
itagombera igishoro kiremereye.
IV. Ikeshamvugo
1. Huza imvugo ziri mu ruhushya A n’ibisobanuro byazo biri
mu ruhushya B
2. Uzuza izi nteruro ukurikije uko bita imvugo cyangwa urusaku
rw’ibintu bikurikira:

IV. Kubara inkuru:
Tekereza ku hantu waba warigeze kujya mu rugendo: ku isoko, mu munsi
mukuru, gusura abantu, cyangwa urundi rugendo urwo ari rwo rwose
maze uhereye ku biranga inkuru twize, utubwire inkuru y’uko byagenze
utarengeje ipaji ebyiri.
Imyandiko y’inyongera
Umuvugo: Dore inama banyeshuri
Niba wiga uri mu ishuri
Uramenye imirimo wasize iwanyu
Uramenye impamba baguhaye
Umenye gukurikirana ibyo wiga
Ubwo wirinde kubura byose.

Umenye amategeko agenwa n’ishuri
Ko bayakurikiza uko yatanzwe
N’amafaranga agurwa ibyo ukeneye
Yari akwiye gukora ibindi
Wite ku masomo yakujyanye.

Niba uvuye kwiga kandi
Ntugatinzwe no gusamara
Jya ukina wiruka ugana iwanyu
Ubafashe imirimo y’umugoroba
Uzi ko itavunanye ariko ni myinshi.

Usenge Imana iteka ryose
Ni yo mubyeyi usumba byose
Ni umukungu utunze byose
Ihorana ubuntu igabira bose
Irinda iwanyu mu bihe byose.
Mwana kunda umurezi wawe

Ari na we mwarimu ukwigisha
Uzajye umwumvira muri byose
Ashinzwe ubwenge n’umuco byawe
Ni umubyeyi ungana so na nyoko.

Arakwitangira buri munsi
Amasomo atanga akayategura
Akanayagenera imfashanyigisho
Wamara kwicarana n’abandi
Akayaguhana umutima mwiza.
Uhorane umwete uge umwigana.
Ijambo ryose avuze uritore
Riba ribumbiyemo ubuhamya
Cyangwa inama z’ingirakamaro
Zizakugenga ubuzima bwawe bwose.

MINISITERI Y’UBUREZI 2000, Gusoma 6, Igitabo Cy’umunyeshuri Imprimerie Scolaire,
urup. 6-7.
Insigamigani: Byahumiye ku mirari!

Iyi mvugo bayikoresha iyo babonye umuntu wongereye andi matwara na yo
adahwitse ku mico bari basanzwe bakemanga; ni bwo bagira bati: “Noneho
yahumiye ku mirari.” Wakomotse kuri Rwamanzi w’Umunyagisaka, ari kwa
Cyirima Rujugira i Ntora mu Bwanacyambwe (Kigali); ahayinga umwaka wa
1700.

Kuri iyo ngoma, i Gisaka hateye inzara ndende ihaba icyorezo.
Abanyagisaka bagumya guhaha mu bihugu byegeranye. Ubwo
bahahishaga impu z’ingwe kuko ari cyo gihahishwa bari bagishobora
kubona ku bw’umuhigo n’umutego w’inyamaswa. Inzara irakomeza
ica ibintu biratinda. Bigeze aho umugabo witwa Muhoza wari se wabo
wa Kimenyi Rwahashya umwami w’i Gisaka, abura icyo ahahisha,
ahaguruka iwe ajya gusaba umuhungu wabo impu zo guhahisha. Agezeyo
aramubwira ati: “Inzara yandembeje, none nje kugusaba impu z’ingwe
zo guhahisha!” Kimenyi aramwumvira, aramwitegereza mu bumenyi
bwe, dore ko yitwaga Kimenyi; ati: “Kandi gahu k’ingwe nkwambara
nkutinya.” Ubwo yamuhanuriraga ko mu nda ye hazakomoka umwami
uzatsinda i Gisaka.

Muhoza yumvise amubwiye atyo ararakara. Aramubaza ati: “Mwana
wange ni uko umbwiye?” Yungamo iti: “Iyi nzara irantsinda ahandi
itantsinze mu gihugu cya data na sogokuru”. Arikubita arataha, ariko
ataha adatashye. Bigeze nijoro aracika, acikana n’abana be barimo
umukobwa we Rwesero na mwishywa we Rwamanzi; bacikira mu
Rwanda. Baraza basanga Cyirima i Ntora mu Bwanacyambwe; aho
niho ubu bita ku Gisozi, bahatunguka ku gasusuruko.
Muhoza atuma umugabo Mutamura kumuvunyishiriza ibwami; ati:
“Genda umbwirire Cyirima, uti Muhoza aragushaka ngo mubonane”.

Mutemura ajya kuvuga ubutumwa. Cyirima yumvise ko ari Muhoza
aratangara, ati: “Ubwo se Muhoza azanwe n’iki? Yatangazwaga n’uko
yari asanzwe azi ko ari se wabo wa Kimenyi, ntiyumve ikimugenza mu
Rwanda. Abwira Mutemura ati: “Hogi umubwire muzane”. Aragenda
amuzana mu rugo, bamwiteguranye icyubahiro kinini. Bararamukanya,
bamuha intebe aricara, bazana inzoga baramuha, ayisangira na
Mutemura kuko nta mwami wasangiraga.
Haciyeho iminsi, Cyirima ajya kumusura. Agezeyo abona umukobwa
we Rwesero aramubenguka, aramushima aramurongora, babyarana
Ndabarasa, wamuzunguye ku ngoma akitwa Kigeli. Ubwo bwa bumenyi
bwa Kimenyi rero buba buruzuye, bwa bundi yabwiraga Muhoza ati:
“Kandi gahu k’ingwe nkwambara nkutinya”.

Dore rero ko Muhoza yari yaracikanye n’uwo mukobwa we Rwesero
na mwishywa we Rwamanzi, bombi barebaga imirari, ni cyo gituma
Abanyarwanda bakuru, bavuga ko imirari yaturutse i Gisaka.

Rwamanzi uwo yari umukogoto wo kuboneza imyambi, akamenya no
kwizibukira akaburarugero. Aho amariye kumenyana n’Intarindwa
(umutwe w’ingabo za Cyirima), bajya kumasha hamwe agumya
guhamya, arusha benshi mu Ntarindwa. Bamaze kumasha bajya
kurasa impiru, ngo barebe urusha abandi kwizibukira, na bwo
Rwamanzi arabarusha. Havamo umugabo wo mu Ntarindwa witwaga
Sebuharara, ati: “Nimureke murase, niyizibukira araba aturusha twese”.
Bose barabyemera. Bajyana mu ruhando, Rwamanzi aritanganika,
Sebuharara aramuforera, arinjiza, ararekera. Rwamanzi agize ngo
arizibukira, undi aba yamugemye impiru mu jisho rwagati. Ripfa
ubwo, arahumiriza. Abahungu bariyamirira bati: “Rwamanzi ahumiye
ku mirari!” Barabikuririza, bijya mu bitaramo, babiharara mu mvugo
birarimbanya, bigeza ubwo bihindutse umugani. Nuko babona umuntu
usanzwe atari yibereyeho agwiriwe n’indi nsongerezi, bati: “Naka
yahumiye ku mirari”! Naho byaba ari ibintu bizambijwe n’indi nkomyi
y’inkonkobotsi, bati: “Byahumiye ku mirari”.

Guhumira ku mirari = kongera ibibi mu bindi.

Minisiteri y’Amashuri Makuru n’Ubushakashatsi mu by’Ubuhanga, Ibirari
by’insigamigani, igitabo cya kabiri, urup. 101-102

Insigamigani: Arata inyuma ya Huye
“Arata inyuma ya Huye!”, ni imvugo bavuga iyo babonye umuntu
uhondogera abatamwitayeho. Wakomotse ku ngaruzwamuheto
y’Umurundi, ivugana na Nyarwaya rwa Mazimpaka; ahagana mu mwaka
wa 1700.
Igihe kimwe Yuhi Mazimpaka yashatse gutera Umurundi witwaga
Rusengo rwa Kanagu. Bageze kwa Rusengo arabanesha, ingabo
ziratabaruka. Noneho ibwami babibonye batyo baragisha (baraguriza
icyatsinda Rusengo); bereza umusozi witwa Huye. Ubwo Nyarwaya
asubira kwa Rusengo na none ari we mugaba; ariko agenda yitwa
Huye.
Mu ngabo batabaranye hakabamo Umurundi bari baranyaze kwa
Rusengo amambere. Bageze mu nzira ahamagara Nyarwaya, ati:
“Nyarwaya!” Nyarwaya aramwiyama. Umurundi ati: “Umva mwana
w’umwami”, Nyarwaya, ati: “Unyita umwana w’umwami umbonye mu
ngoma?” Ati: “Mbe mugirwa w’umwami ko nguhamagara ntunyitabe!”
Nyarwaya, ati: “Unyita umugirwa umbonye mu bigega?”

Umurundi ararakara; ati: “Nyihorera nitugera mu ngoro ngari mu
ngombe kwa Rusengo uzanyitaba ntaguhamagaye!” Nyarwaya, ati:
“Nyabusa si ukwanga kukwitaba, ahubwo ni uko natabaye nitwa
Huye”. Umurundi ati: “Ubwo bwose kubwira intumva byabaye guta
amagambo inyuma ya Huye?” Barakomeza baratabara. Bageze kwa
Rusengo basanga yagiye kurarira i Kuzi kwa Mutaga. Umurundi
atangira gutata kuko ari we wari uzi iby’iwabo.

Rusengo arashyira araza. Umurundi abwira Nyarwaya, ati: “Rusengo
yaje”. Ubwo Nyarwaya yambara imyambaro y’ubugaba, ajya imbere
y’ingabo yitwaje intorezo; batera Rusengo. Batungutseyo, Rusengo
akubise Nyarwaya amaso agira ubwoba; aramubaza ati: “Mbe mwana
w’umwami!” Nyarwaya, ati: “Winyita umwana w’umwami ntumbonye
mu ngoma!”

Rusengo, ati: “Mbe mugirwa w’umwami!” Nyarwaya, ati: “Unyita
umugirwa w’ibwami umbonye mu bigega?” Rusengo, ati: “Izina
nguhamagaye ko uryanga ubundi witwa nde?” Nyarwaya, ati: “Nabishe
nahindutse, nitwa Huye!” Rusengo, ati: “Uhinduka ngo ubigenze ute?”
Nyarwaya, ati: “Uko mbigenza urabyibonera!” Ati: “Naje ndi Huye
Karuretwa Imanzi y’Uburunga, nyamunyaga amagana amapfizi
agapfana umurindo; naje ndi umugabo Rwakigenda, mugabo ugenda
ishyamba; mugabo uvoma urugina mu magara y’undi mugabo.
Naje wanjwe ay’ubusa nta bwo ngusiga naje!” Rusengo yumvise
amagambo ya Nyarwaya biramurakaza. Arihandagaza, ati: “Ndi Kibibi
kibunga, ndi Kigera cya Bizoza, ndi Kirashi nyamukanura, naragerereje
mva i Burundi ngeze i Bunyabungo ngira Umukara w’iya Ntegeyimana
utihonda ubusenzi nk’inyarwanda; ngira Sine riba mu misange y’epfo,
iyo inka zipfa ntizipfe ubusa zikagurwa ibisanga byuje inda z’abarenzi,
ibirapfarapfa bikagurwa imisagavu n’imigombora; akabyosa Ntoki
zitoba inkwanzi, (umugore we) umukobwa wa Ntawumwanga; ati:
“Ngira na Nyiri imiringa, irindwi, umukobwa wa Nyamurinda, waje
ku mpeshyi no ku ruhira, ukabanza ari urutembabarenzi; ati: “Ngira
n’Urusaro rwa Nzikwesa ruresaresa umusore mu museke rwamugeza
mu isezeraniro rukamusoka isonga y’ururimi, Nyiri u Burundi ati:
“Sabwa”.
Ubwo bahera ko barasakirana bararwana. Rusengo akubita Nyarwaya
inshuro amusumiye; agiye kumusubirana i Kuzi kwa Mutaga, wa
murundi agoboka Nyarwaya afata Rusengo amaguru; Nyarwaya
aramubyukana amukubita intorezo ye amuca igihanga. Wa murundi
abwira Nyarwaya ati: “Sinakubwiye ko nitugera mu ngoro ngari mu
ngombe kwa Rusengo uzanyitaba ntaguhamagaye!”.

Nuko amaze kumwica, banyaga Umukara w’iya Ntegeyimana,
anyaga Sine riba mu misange y’epfo iyo inka zipfa ntizipfe ubusa
zikagurwa ibisanga byuje inda z’abarenzi, ibirapfarapfa bikagurwa
imisagavu n’imigombora, akabyosa Ntoki zitoba inkwanzi, umukobwa
wa Ntawumwanga; anyaga Urusaro rwa Nzikwesa ruresaresa
umusore mu museke rwamugeza mu isezerano rukamusoka isonga
y’ururimi nyir’u Burundi, ati: “Sabwa”; anyaga Nyiri imiringa irindwi
umukobwa wa Nyamurinda waje ku mpeshyi no ku ruhira akabanza ari
urutembabarenzi; anyaga n’ibindi baratabaruka.

Bageze kwa Mazimpaka bamurika iminyago n’igihanga cya Rusengo; ariko
Nyarwaya ntiyamurikira se za nka n’abagore yanyaze. Aragororerwa
kuko yagize ubugabo akica Rusengo. Amaze kugororerwa abarezi
baca hirya bamurega ko yasigaranye ibyiza yakuye kwa Rusengo.
Mazimpaka atumiza Nyarwaya, ahageze baramufata baramuboha.
Wa murundi wamutabaruye amusanga ku ngoyi; yambara ubusa aza
asaba Mazimpaka amata.

Undi arayamuhamagariza. Umugabo amaze kuyanywa, ati: “Reka
ninywere amata, umwana w’umwami anera ingoyi ngo arazira
imbwakazi z’abapfakazi bo kwa Rusengo”. Mazimpaka abyumvise
arababara, ati: “ubonye ngo nihorere umwana ubusa kandi yarangiriye
akamaro!” Amuca ku ngoyi ayisubizaho abamuregaga.
Nyarwaya amaze kuva ku ngoyi yibuka akamaro wa murundi ahora
amugirira: yibuka ko yamukuye mu iriba abashi bagiye kumwica,
yibuka ko yamutangiriye i Kuzi, Rusengo agiye kumujyana kwa Mutaga
kurarira, yibuka n’iyo ngoyi amuciyeho, ahera ko aramugororera
amuha inka n’ingabo.
Amaze kumugororera ba barezi basubira kwa Mazimpaka barega wa
murundi ngo ni umurozi wa Nyarwaya. Umurundi arafatwa arabohwa.
Bamaze kumuboha Nyarwaya arashengera, asanga aboheye mu nkike.
Amurebye, ati: “Wa murundi ko arareba nk’umurozi!”

Umurundi aramusubiza, ati: “Koko Abanyarwanda muri ba “mutisasirwa”:
nakurengeye bakuroshye mu iriba mbonye ureba nk’umwana w’umwami
nkuvanamo ndakuzana, nkurengera Rusengo agiye kukujyana kwa
Mutaga kurarira ubutagaruka, nkurengera so amaze kukubohera
amahamihami, umaze kunshima urangororera, none igihugu kibonye
unkijije kimpindura umurozi nawe wibagirwa akamaro kange umpinduye
umurozi?” Nyarwaya abyumvise yihutira gukoma yombi; abwira se
ati: “Ndagusaba ko umurundi wange ashoka; yirabura agatangwa
ariko adapfuye azize ubusa!” Mazimpaka abyumva vuba; ati: “Koko
nibamushore wenda yaba arengana!”

Bamushora inkoko barayitega basanga yeze. Imaze kwera bamuca ku
mugozi. Umurundi ahakwa na Nyarwaya arakira asazira mu Rwanda,
arusigamo umugani wa “ntibisasirwa” n’uwo guta inyuma ya Huye;
igihe yahamagaraga Nyarwaya atazi ko bamuhimbye irya Huye,
undi akamwihorera. Ngiyo inkomoko yo kuvuga ngo: “Naka arata
(amagambo) inyuma ya Huye”. Guta inyuma ya Huye = Kubwira
intumva.

MURIHANO, B., 1988, Ibirari by’Insigamigani, Kigali, urup. 48.
Twiyungure amagambo
Agahugu umuco akandi umuco: Abantu bagenda bagira
umwihariko wabo kandi bakumva ubabereye.
Akabyiniriro: Agahimbano.
Akanunga: Agasozi gato, gatumburutse.
Akarengane: uguhohotera umuntu hatubahirizwa uburenganzira
bwe.
Amacakubiri: Gusubiranamo kw’abantu bakicamo ibice.
Amagorofa: Amazu agerekeranye bita umuturirwa.
Amahamba: Indirimbo abashumba baririmba bacyuye inka.
Amahoteri: Amazu yo mu rwego rwo hejuru acumbikira abashyitsi,
akanafatirwamo amafunguro.
Amahugu:Uburiganya, ubwambuzi.
Amajyambere: Ibikorwa biteza abantu imbere bakava mu bukene.
Amarwa: Ikigage gisembuye/Inzoga isembuye ikozwe mu masaka
y’amamera, bakayita ikigage cyangwa amarwa.
Amashyuza: Amazi aturuka mu butaka abira kubera gushyuha
cyane.
Amasimbi: Urubura rwererana, ibintu byererana kandi bikonje
cyane bihanuka mu kirere bimeze nk’amahindu bikirunda mu
mpinga z’imisozi miremire bikahaguma kubera ubukonje bwinshi.
Amavunane: Umunaniro ukabije utuma umuntu yumva yacitse
intege.
Amayombo: Inzogera bambika imbwa y’impigi.
Amazi meza y’urubogobogo: Amazi asa neza, atarimo imyanda
kandi atagira ibara.
Amazina y’inka: Ibisingizo by’inka y’inyambo iruta izindi mu bwiza
imaze kubyara.
Aramusenda: Aramwirukana, amwohereza iwabo, baratandukana,
aramwanga..
Araterura: Atangira kuvuga.
Azahutse mu magorwa: Avuye mu ngorane.
Bamuhinyura: Bamugaya.
Baracyavunishwa: Baracyakoreshwa imirimo ivunanye.
Baramushikiraga: Bazaga kumureba ari benshi kandi bafite
amatsiko.
Gucika intege: kunanirwa kwihangana.
Gufata ingamba: Gufata ibyemezo.
Gufungura: Kurya, gufata ibyo kurya(ifunguro).
Guha icyuho: Guha inzira, gutuma ikintu kitagombaga kwinjira
ahantu kihanyura, uba ufunguye ahantu kandi hari hafunze.
Guha umuntu akato: Kumwigizayo, kumunena, kudatuma ahegera.
Guhakana ugatsemba: Kwanga kwemera ibyo bakuvugaho
ukanangira.
Guhigura: Kugera ku ntego wihaye, kurangiza gukora ibyo
wagambiriye, wahigiye.
Guhogoza: Kuvugisha menshi.
Guhuza umugambi: Kujya inama, gufatira hamwe gahunda.
Gukomatanya: Gukorera icyarimwe ibintu byinshi. Guhuriza
hamwe ibintu.
Gukumbuza: Gutuma umuntu yibuka, akifuza kongera kubona ibyo
yakundaga.
Gukuramo inda: Gusohoka mu nda ibyara k’umwana utaragera
igihe, utarakura, akiri urusoro.
Gukurura: Kugira ubushobozi bwo gutuma abantu baza kukureba,
gutera amatsiko.
Gukwena: Guseka umuntu umumwaza cyane.
Gusakuma: Guhuza ibintu binyuranye, akenshi bitakagombye
guhuzwa, gufata ibintu byose nta kurobanura.
Gusama inda: Gutwara inda.
Gusatira: Kwegera cyane umuntu cyangwa ikintu mu buryo bwo
kukibangamira.
Gusesekara: Kugera ahantu n’imbaraga.
Gusesa akanguhe: Gusaza, kuba uri mukuru warabonye byinshi ku
buryo wagira abandi inama.
Gusigana: Kujya impaka zo gukora umurimo buri wese yanga
kuwukora.
Gusomeza: Kurya ikintu ukajya urenzaho amazi, amata cyangwa
ikindi kinyobwa ubisikanya icyo kurya n’icyo kunywa.
Gususurutsa: Gushyushya, kubuza abantu kwigunga.
Gutamiriza: Kwambara nk’umutako.
Gutarama: Gusabana abantu baganira cyanecyane baririmba,
babyina bifashishije ibihangano by’ubuvanganzo. Ibi byakundaga
gukorwa nimugoroba abagize umuryango bateranye, bicaye
ku ziko. Muri iki gihe ibitaramo biba bigizwe n’indirimbo
z’amatorero.
Gutenguha: Kutitabira gukora icyo wari wiyemeje gukora.
Gutirimuka: Kuba umaze akanya gato uvuye ahantu.
Gutoha: Gushisha.
Ibirwa: Ubutaka buri hagati mu mazi. Urugero nk’ikirwa cya
Nkombo mu kiyaga cya Kivu.
Ibitekerezo: Ibyo umuntu atekereza.
Ibyinshi byotsa amatama: Iyo ugize inda nini ushaka kubona
byinshi mu nzira mbi birakugaruka.
Ibyiyumvo: Ugushimishwa cyangwa ukubabazwa n’ibyo ubona,
ibigukozeho, ibyo utamiye; ibiguhumuriye cyangwa se
ibigukozeho.
Icyanya: Ahagenewe kuba inyamaswa z’ishyamba, pariki.
Icyuho: Umwanya urimo ubusa akenshi ujya hagati mu kintu, kubura
igihuza cyangwa icyunga ibintu, igihombo.
Icyumba cy’umukobwa: Icyumba kigenewe abakobwa ku ishuri,
bakifashisha mu gihe bari mu mihango; aho biyitaho mu isuku.
Igihango: Amasezerano akomeye wagiranye n’umuntu
mwanywanye ku buryo kuyarengaho byakugiraho ingaruka
mbi. Uwo mwanywanye (guca kunda) wirindaga kumuhemukira
kugira ngo igihango kitazagukurikirana.
Igiti k’inganzamarumbu: Igiti kinini cyane mu mubyimba kimaze
imyaka myinshi cyane.
Igitsure: Indoro ituma uwo uyirebye yikosora.
Ikantarange: Kure, mu mahanga ya kure.
Ikenewabo: Ikimenyane gishingiye ku masano abantu bafitanye
cyangwa ku kindi kintu bahuriyeho.
Ikigembe: Igice k’icumu cyo hejuru kibwataraye gikozwe mu cyuma
kibanza imbere iyo bariteye inyamaswa cyangwa ababisha ku
rugamba.
Ikigwari: Umunyamwete muke, umunebwe.
Ikintu giteye amabengeza: Ikintu gisa neza.
Ikirangirire: Umuntu uzwi cyane.
Ikiraro: Iteme, inzira ihuza ahantu habiri hatandukanyijwe
n’umwanya ushyirwaho ibiti cyangwa ibyuma na sima kugira ngo
bashobore kuhambuka.
Imbogamizi: Ikintu kibangamira umuntu, kimubuza kugera ku cyo
yifuza.
Imburagihe: Igihe kitaragera.
Imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye: Uguhuza ibitsina hagati
y’umukobwa n’umuhungu cyangwa umugabo n’umugore nta
gakingirizo bakoresheje.
Imihigo: Intego umuntu arahirira kuzageraho akora ibi n’ibi mu gihe
iki n’iki.
Imisango: Amagambo bavuga mu mihango y’ubukwe.
Imizinga: Imitiba y’inzuki.
Impano: Ibyo umuntu aha undi nta kiguzi.
Impingane: Ibintu bigoye gukora.
Impundu: Amajwi y’urwunge arimo amarangamutima avuzwa
n’abategarugori bagaragaza ibyishimo, akenshi na kenshi habaye
nk’ibirori.
Inararibonye: Umuntu ukuze, wabonye byinshi bikamwigisha,
bigatuma amenya gushishoza.
Inda zitateguwe: Gutwara inda utarabiteganyije, utiteguye kwakira
umwana uzavuka.

Indangagaciro: Imico myiza ikwiye kuranga umuntu warezwe neza
nk’ubunyangamugayo, ikinyabupfura n’ibindi.
Indonke: Ubukire cyangwa ubundi butunzi umuntu ashaka kugeraho
aciye mu nzira zitari nziza nko kwaka ruswa n’ibindi.
Inganji: Imiyoborere idatsindwa.
Ingara z’iminyinya: Ni amashami y’iminyinya yakuze cyane
agatwikira ahantu hanini. Ubusanzwe urugara ni umwanya
urenga ku munwa w’ikintu nk’ingofero y’urugara, isafuriya
y’urugara.
Ingeri: Ibyiciro, amatsinda.
Ingumba y’inka: Inka itakibyara kandi itaraba ibuguma.
Inkengero: Inkuka z’umugezi cyangwa ikiyaga. Banakoresha iri
jambo bashaka kuvuga ahegereye umuhanda cyangwa ikindi
kintu.
Inkombe: Inkengero y’uruzi cyangwa ikiyaga.
Inkwano: Inka cyangwa amafaranga batanga kwa se w’umukobwa
kugira ngo bahabwe uburenganzira bwo gushyingiranwa.
Insanganyamatsiko: Igitekerezo k’ingenzi abantu baganiraho.
Inshike: Umuntu wapfushije abana bose bakamushiraho.
Intabire: Ahantu hahinze neza ariko batarateramo imyaka.
Intego: Icyo umuntu agambirira kugeraho, ikemezo umuntu afata
kugira ngo kimufashe kugera ku cyo ashaka kugeraho.
Inteko: Aho abatware bicaye. Biva ku nshinga guteka bivuga
kwicara k’umwami (aho umwami atetse ijabiro).
Intyoza: Umuntu uzi kuvuga neza, agatatura amagambo n’ingingo.
Ipfunwe: Ikimwaro gitewe n’uko utatunganyije ibyo wari ushinzwe
cyangwa n’uko utameze nk’abandi.
Kugira irari: Kwifuza ikintu iki n’iki wifuza kurya, kwishimishamo,
n’ibindi.
Ishimishamubiri: Irari ryo gushimisha umubiri umuntu yishora
mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, arya cyangwa anywa ibimunezeza
akarenza urugero.
Ishyamba ry’inzitane: Ahantu hameze ibiti byegeranye kandi
bisobekeranye ku buryo kuhinjira biba bitoroshye.
Ishyamba rya kimeza: Ishyamba rigizwe n’ibiti bitigeze biterwa,
byimejeje.
Ishyo: Inka cyangwa se imbogo nyinshi ziteraniye hamwe.
Isuka rugori: Isuka bitwaza bagiye gufata irembo iwabo
w’umukobwa.
Itaba: Ku musozi ahantu hasa n’ahitse ariko na none hategamye.
Itsinda: Abantu bari hamwe, mu gikorwa kimwe cyangwa intego
imwe.
Izenezene: Ubwirasi, agasuzuguro.
Katabirora: Izina rihabwa umuntu utagira isoni zo guhemuka,
zo kutubahiriza amasezerano, akenshi akaba yakwambura
ntiyishyure nk’amafaranga yagurijwe.
Kirazira: Ni ibintu bibujijwe gukora mu muco.
Ku karubanda: Ku muharuro hirengeye aho abantu bose
bemerewe kugera, akenshi ni ho umwami yabonaniraga
n’abaturage akahakemurira ibibazo byabo.
Kubangikana: Kuba iruhande rw’ikintu, gutegana.
Kubara: Kuvuga ibyo wabonye cyangwa wumvise.
Kubera umuntu ibamba: Kumwangira ibyo agusaba, ugatsemba.
Kubwika: Guhisha, guceceka.
Kubwiriza uwo mu mugongo: Guha uwo urera cyangwa umwana
wawe urugero rwiza cyangwa rubi.
Kudidimanga: Kuvuga udasohora neza amagambo, usubira mu
migemo cyangwa amagambo nk’umwana wiga kuvuga.
Kugambirira: Gushaka, kugira igitekerezo.
Kugamburuza: Kuvana ku izima, gutuma umuntu agaragaza icyo
yashakaga guhisha cyangwa avuga icyo yahishaga.
Kugandisha: Guca intege, kunebwesha umukozi ntarangize neza
umurimo yahawe.
Kuganza: Kurusha abandi cyane.
Kugwa agacuho: Kunanirwa cyane.
Kujarajara: Kutaguma hamwe ukagenda mu nzira nyinshi; aha ni
ugukorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abantu benshi.
Kujya mu mihango: Ni igihe cya buri kwezi kimara hafi iminsi ine;
abakobwa batakaza amaraso, kujya imugongo.
Kumarayo: Kurangiza.
Kumucaho inshuro: Kumukorera akabahemba ibyo bajya guteka.
Kunoza umugambi: Kwemeranya uko ikintu kizakorwa.
Kurabukwa: Kubona umuntu cyangwa ikintu mu kanya gato.
Kurambagira: Kuzenguruka, gutembera, k’umwami.
Kureba ikijisho: Kureba nabi umuntu, ugamije kumubuza gukora
nabi, cyangwa kumubuza gukora ikibi.
Kwicuza: Kubabazwa n’ibibi wakoze.
Kureshya: Gukurura umuntu cyangwa ikintu kubera ko wakunzwe,
gushukashuka umuntu ngo umwigarurire.
Kuribagira (ijisho): Kwitegereza cyane, ibintu cyangwa abantu bari
mu gikorwa.
Kuriganya: Kwambura umuntu ukoresheje amayeri.
Kurwicira: Kwiyemeza icyaha, kwihamya icyaha.
Kuvunyisha: Gusaba uburenganzira bwo kwinjira ahantu,
kujya kubaza kwa sebukwe umunsi bazaguhekera umugeni
bakamugushyikiriza (kujya kumvikana ku munsi w’ubukwe).
Kuvutsa: Kwambura, kubuza umuntu uburenganzira.
Kuyobokwa: Gukurikirwa kubera icyubahiro, kubahwa.
Kuziba icyuho: kujya mu mwanya w’umuntu cyangwa se ikintu
kidahari.
Kwagika: Gushyira imitiba y’inzuki/imizinga mu giti cyangwa ahandi
hantu utegereje ko yinjiramo inzuki.
Kwenderanya: Kwiyenza bikurura amahane.
Kwiba uhetse: Gukora amakosa abo uruta bakureba, gutanga
urugero rubi.
Kwidumbaguza: Koga umubiri wose wivuruguta mu mugezi
cyangwa mu kidendezi, cy’amazi.
Kwirara: Kudashyira imbaraga mu byo ukora, kudohoka.

Kwisumbura: Kuzamuka mu ntera, kujya ku rwego rwo hejuru
y’urwo wari ufite.
Kwitarura: Kwigira hirya gato y’umuntu cyangwa ikintu.
Kwitegera: Kuba imbere y’ikintu ukireba uko cyakabaye.
Kwivamo: Kwimenera ibanga, kuvugisha ukuri utabizi kubera ko
baguteze umutego ntubimenye.
Kwiyamirira: Gutangarira ikintu.
Kwiyandarika: Gukora ibikorwa bibi akenshi biganisha ku buraya,
ubusinzi, ku burara n’ibindi.
Kwiyereka: Kubyina, kwerekana ibirori uko wabiteguye, guseruka
mu mikino imbere y’abandi.
Kwiyumvira: Gutekereza ariko ujijinganya, ugisha imitima inama,
wibaza niba ukora ibyo bakubwiye cyangwa niba utabikora.
Mu gikari: Inyuma y’inzu mu rugo hatemerewe kugerwa n’ubonetse
wese
Mu museke: Mu museso wa kare, hatangiye gucya ariko izuba
ritararasa.
Musumbashyamba: Izina rihabwa twiga kubera ijosi ryayo
muremure cyane, utuma isumba ibiti byo mu ishyama irimo.
Ntakatubemo: Age kure yacu.
Ntawukandamije undi: Ntawuhohoteye undi, ntawuvunishije undi.
Rubagimpande: Indwara itera kubabara mu ngingo nko mu
nkokora, amavi n’intoki, hakiyongeraho no kugagara ijosi
cyanecyane mu gitondo cyangwa igihe umuntu amaze umwanya
aruhuka.
Rushimusi: Umuntu uhiga atabyemerewe, akiba inyamaswa
zibujijwe guhigwa.
Ruswa: Impongano waka abantu ngo ubakorere iki n’iki kandi kiri
mu nshingano zawe, wagombye kugikora nta cyo watse.
Rwabunga: Ikintu kinini cyane, izina rihabwa inzovu kubera ubunini
bwayo bukabije.
Rwarikamavubi: Izina rihabwa imbogo bitewe n’uko amavubi
ayarika mu matwi. Iyo izuba rivuye akayidwinga izunguza
umutwe, abantu bakayivugiraho ngo ihora ijunditse umujinya
(irakaye) kubera ko izunguza umutwe yiyama ayo mavubi.
Si ugusinda arasayisha: Akabya kunywa inzoga akarenza
urugero. Gusaya ni ukugwa ahantu hari ubutaka bujandamye
ugateberamo, bikaba ngombwa ko bagusayura.
Twari twabukereye: Twari twambaye neza ngo tubyizihize,
twabyiteguye.
Ubugumba: Kutabyara bitewe n’uburwayi bwamunze imyanya
myibarukiro cyagwa imyubakire y’umubiri uteye nabi.
Uburyaryate: Ububabare butuma umuntu ashaka kwishimagura.
Ubuso: Umwanya wose ikintu kiriho.
Ubutindi: Imyitwarire igayitse ituma umuntu adatinya guhemuka,
ubuhemu
Ubutita: Ubukonje bukabije.
Ubuvanganzo: Uruhurirane rw’ibihangano nyabugeni burimo
indirimbo, imigani, ibyivugo, amahamba… Ibi bihangano
bishobora kuba nyandiko cyangwa nyemvugo. Kubera ko
abakurambere bacu batari bazi gusoma no kwandika, ibihangano
gakondo byari nyemvugo gusa.
Urakomeje?: Uravugisha ukuri? Ntunkinisha?
Ubwonko: Igice cy’umubiri kidufasha gutekereza, kigakoresha
n’izindi ngingo z’umubiri.
Umubiri: Ibice by’umuntu birimo imikaya, amagufwa…
Umugabo: Gihamya, umuntu cyangwa ikintu kemeza ibyabaye
Umuganura: Wari umuhango wo gusangira no kwishimira
umusaruro mu gitaramo kiswe icy’umuganura. Wagiraga
n’undi mumaro wo kuzirikana umwami nka Nyiruburumbuke
bakamutura urutete rw’imyaka yeze. Usigaye ukorwa mu rwego
rwo kwishimira umusaruro, Abanyarwanda bagahurira mu ngo
z’abakungu bagasangira ibyo kurya bakanywa n’amayoga.
Umukerarugendo: Umuntu wiyemeje gukora urugendo agiye
gusura ibyiza bitatse aho agiye.
Umunyamahugu: Umuntu wamenyereye kwambura, udashobora
kwishyura amafaranga yagurijwe, umuntu ushaka gutwara
iby’abandi abeshya ko ari ibye.
Umunyana: Igisimba kimeze nk’inyana bivugwa ko cyazaga nijoro,
wakibona kirakinagira ukazabaho igihe kirekire, ukarama.
Umurambi: Ahantu harehare harambitse, hatarimo imisozi.
Umuranga: Uwamamaza ibikorwa by’umuntu cyangwa by’ikigo
runaka; na none ni umuntu ushakira undi umugeni.
Umusemburo: Imvange y’ifu (amamera cyangwa amakoma)
basembuza umutobe/umusururu kugira ngo bishye bibe inzoga.
Umushizi w’isoni: Umuntu ufite ingeso yo kuvuga nabi/gutukana.
Umutahira: Umutahira wari umunyacyubahiro baremeraga
ubushyo bw’inyambo akaburagira, akabukenura bukazarinda
busaza. Umutahira yishyiriragaho abakozi bo kumufasha muri
uwo murimo bitwaga abarenzamase bakaragira (kwirirwa
inyuma y’inka), bagakuka, bagaca ibyarire, n’ibindi.
Umutimanama: Ibyiyumviro, amarangamutima, ubwitonzi.
Umwaga: Umunabi, umushiha.
Urugendo shuri: Uruzinduko abantu bakorera ahandi hantu
bagamije kwiga.
Uruhindu: Igikoresho kimeze nk’agacumu gato kiboha ibyibo.
Urutoto: Amagambo menshi ahatira umuntu gukora ikintu runaka.
Uruvunganzoka: Abantu benshi cyane bagana mu kerekezo kimwe
cyangwa banyuranamo.
Ushamaje: Ushimishije abawurora.
Wiraburirwaga: Bawukorerega imigenzo yo kwirabura bakagira
ibyo bigomwa bakundaga. Kwirabura: Kwari ukumara igihe
runaka abantu bazirikana uwabo wabaga yitabye Imana.
Zishagawe: Zikikijwe, zishimiwe.

Ibitabo byifashishijwe
– IKIGO GISHINZWE GUTEZA IMBERE UBUREZI MU RWANDA,
2015, Integanyanyigisho z’Ikinyarwanda mu kiciro cya kabiri cy’amashuri
abanza, REB, Kigali.
– MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 1990,
Ikinyarwanda, Ikibonezamvugo: Iyigantego, Inshoza y’inshinga nyarwanda,
Isomo ryateguwe na Igiraneza Tewodomiri, BPES, Kigali.
– MINISITERI Y’UBUREZI BW’IGIHUGU, 1976, Gusoma, umwaka wa
gatandatu, Hatier, Paris.
– MINISITERI Y’UBUREZI, 2008, Ikinyarwanda: Imyandiko mfashanyigisho,
Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri, Umwaka wa mbere, NCDC, Kigali.
– MINISITERI Y’UBUREZI, 2008, Ikinyarwanda: Imyandiko mfashanyigisho.
Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri, Umwaka wa kabiri, NCDC, Kigali.
– IRST, 2000, Inkoranya y’Ikinyarwanda mu Kinyarwanda, Igatabo I-IV,
IRST, Kigali.
– MINISITERI Y’URUBYIRUKO, UMUCO NA SIPORO, 2005, Ibirari
by’Insigamigani, Icapiro ry’Ingoro y’Umurage w’u Rwanda, Igitabo cya
kabiri, Icapiro rya 3, Printer set, Kigali.
– MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 1988,
Ikinyarwanda, Umwaka wa munani, Imprisco, Kigali.
– MURIHANO, B., 1988, Ibirari by’Insigamigani, Kigali.
– USAID, REB, EDC, DRAKKAR, Muze bana twandike dusome.
Imbuga nkoranyambaga
http://reb.rw/fileadmin/competence_based_curriculum/syllabi/Upper_
Secondary/Ikinyarwanda_mu_mashami_y’indimi.pdf: ku wa 20/7-
30/8/2016.
http://umuco-nyarwanda.blogspot.com/: ku wa 2/7-3/8/2016.
https://www.google.rw
Topic 7
Topic 8

Topic outline

General

1.1. Utaganiriye na se ntamenya icyo sekuru yasize avuze

1.2. Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga

1.3. Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda

1.4. Ikinyazina mpamagazi

1.5. Itorero ry’Igihugu n’amatorero ndangamuco

1.6. Ikeshamvugo ku isekuru, ku ngobyi no ku rusyo

1.7. Umurage n’izungura mu Rwanda

1.8. Inkuru yo mu Kinyamakuru: Tutitonze umuco wacu waducika

1.9. Inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru

Table of contents