IGICE CYA MBERE : INTANGIRIRO
1.0 Ibyerekeye iyi nyoborabarezi
Iki gitabo ni inyoborabarezi izafasha umwarimu wigisha isomo ry’ubugeni mu mwaka wa mbere w’amashuri abanza. Ni igitabo kizafasha umwarimu gushyira mu bikorwa imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi, by’umwihariko mu isomo ry’ubugeni. Nk’uko izina ryacyo ribivuga, ni inyoborabarezi yafasha umurezi gutegura amasomo ye. Umwarimu ashobora guhitamo gukoresha urugero rw’imbata y’isomo iri muri iyi nyoborabareziariko anitezweho ubushobozi bwo kuba yahanga irenzeho. Cyangwa akagira ubundi buryo ategura isomo rye bitewe n’imiterere yihariye y’isomo cyangwa se y’ishuri.
Imiterere y’inyoborabarezi
Iki gice kiragaragaza imiterere rusange y’iyi nyoborabarezi, imiterere y’umutwen’imiterere y’isomo byafasha umwarimu kumva uduce dutandukanye tw’iyi nyoborabarezi n’ibyo azagenda ahura na byo muri buri gace.
Imiterere rusange y’inyoborabarezi
Iyi nyoborabarezi igizwe n’ibice bitatu by’ingenzi bikurikira :
Igice cya mbere : intangiriro
Iki gice kiyobora muri rusange mu guteza imbere ubushobozi nsanganyamasomo,uburyo bwo guhuza ingingo nsanganyamasomo n’isomo, uko umwarimu yafasha abafite ubumuga, kwita ku buryo bw’imyigishirize buha uruhare umunyeshuri wiga isomo ry’ubugeni, n’ibyerekeye isuzuma.
Igice cya kabiri : urugero rw’imbata y’isomo
Iki gice kiragaragaza urugero rw’imbata y’isomo yateguriwe gufasha umwarimu gutegura izindi mbata z’amasomo.
Igice cya gatatu : imiterere y’umutwe
Buri mutwe ugizwe n’uduce dukurikira :
• Izina ry’umutwe : riboneka mu nteganyanyigisho
• Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe : buboneka mu nteganyanyigisho
• Ubushobozi shingiro (ubumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha)
Aka gace kavuga ku bumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha bigaragara mu mutwe. Ubushobozi shingiro bugenda bwigaragaza hagati mu mitwe y’amasomo no mu masomo nyirizina. Umwarimu azabona ibigaragaza ubushobozi shingiro n’ibyamuyobora mu kubihuza n’amasomo atandukanye.
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zigomba kwitabwaho
Aka gace kagena ingingo nsanganyamasom zishobora kuboneka mu mutwe w’isomo. =]Ibiri muri aka gace ni inyunganizi, umwarimu afite uburenganzira bwo gufata iyindi ngingo nsanganyamasomo bitewe n’imiterere y’imyigishirize. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zizitabwaho ni nk’uburinganire bw’ibitsina byombi mu gihe umwarimu akora amatsinda. Nko kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro byagaragara igihe abana bajya impaka cyangwa bungurana ibitekerezo ku byo bashushanyije.
Umuco wo kugira isuku no kunoza umurimo nawo wagaragarira mu kugenzura ko ntaho abanyeshuri banduje mu gihe basigaga amarange, ko nta bikoresho basize mu nzira byandagaye, ko babisukuye bakanabibika neza.
Ibyerekeye uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Buri mutwe w’isomo utangirana igikorwa mvumburamatsiko. Mu gutangira umutwe uwo ari wo wose umwarimu agomba kuvumbura amatsiko y’abanyeshuri akabatera inyota yo kumva bashatse kumenya byinshi biwerekeyeho.
Urutonde rw’amasomo
Ni agace kagaragaza imbonerahamwe y’amasomo ari mu mutwe w’isomo, intego za buri somo ziva mu nteganyanyigisho n’igihe buri somo rizamara. Nyuma yo kugaragaza ibyo niho amasomo akubiye mu mutwe atangira.
Umusozo wa buri mutwe
Ku musozo wa buri mutwe iyi nyoborabarezi iteganya uduce dukurikira:
• Isuzuma risoza umutwe rigizwe n’ibibazo ku byizwe muri uwo mutwe bigamije gusuzuma intera n’ubushobozi abanyeshuri bagezeho
• Imyitozo y’inyongera ni imyitozo ifasha kumvikanisha neza isomo, igakarishya ubumenyi n’ubushobozi by’abanyeshuri bafata vuba. Mu myitozo y’inyongera kandi habamo ifasha abanyeshuri bagenda buhoro kugira aho bava n’aho bagera.
Imiterere ya buri somo
Imiterere ya buri somo
Buri somo rigizwe n’uduce dukurikira:
Isomo rya
a. Intego zihariye
b. Imfashanyigisho
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
• Ubushobozi shingiro/isubiramo/n’intangiriro y’isomo rishya Aka gace gaha umwarimu amabwiriza asobanutse y’uko yatangira isomo.
• Imfashanyigisho
Aka gace gateganya ibikoresho umwarimu ashobora kwifashisha mu gutanga isomo kugira ngo agere ku ntego zaryo. Abarimu barashishikarizwa gusimbuza ibikoresho byagenwe n’iyi nyoborabarezi ibikoresho biboneka aho batuye.
• Isomo nyirizina Aka gace kagaragaza incamake y’uburyo isomo nyirizina rigomba gutangwa rigasozwa n’isuzuma.
1.1. Imyigire n’imyigishirize
1.1.1. Guteza imbere ubushobozi
Guhera mu mwaka wa 2015 mu mashuri y’inshuke, abanza n’ayisumbuye, u Rwanda rwasezereye imyigire n’imyigishirize yari ishingiye ahanini ku bumenyi, rwinjira mu myigire n’imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi bukomatanya ubumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha. Bityo imyigire n’imyigishirize yahaga umwarimu umwanya munini isimburwa n’imyigire n’imyigishirize iha abanyeshuri uruhare runini. Ni imyigire iha umunyeshuri ubumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha bimufasha gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo yize no gutanga ibisubizo by’ibibazo ahura na byo mu buzima bwe n’ubw’abandi.
Inyigisho y’Ubugeni n’Ubuhanzi ishingiye ku bumenyingiro isaba cyane abanyeshuri gukora ibikorwa bitandukanye. Mu myigire ishingiye ku bushobozi, abanyeshuri ni bo bahabwa uruhare runini mu myigire yabo. Umwarimu ahera ku byo abanyeshuri basanzwe bazi kandi bafitiye ubushobozi, akabafasha kuvumbura ibindi bungurana ibitekerezo mu matsinda yabo. Iyo abanyeshuri bakorera mu matsinda, umwarimu agenda abayobora atanga ubufasha ku babukeneye. Iyo barangije kungurana ibitekerezo mu matsinda, bamurika ibyo bagezeho, nyuma bagafatanya n’umwarimu kunonosora iby’ingenzi basigarana.
1.1.2. Kwita ku banyeshuri bafite ibyo bagenerwa byihariye mu myigire
Mu ishuri, umwarimu asabwa kwita ku bafite ibibazo byihariye kugira ngo bashobore kujyana n’abandi. Umwarimu akora ku buryo yandika ku kibaho imyitozo ikorwa kugirango abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bayisome. Iyo umwarimu asoma, arangurura ijwi kugira ngo afashe abatumva neza ndetse n’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. Abatumva neza umwarimu abicaza hafi, akabasaba kumureba avuga, agakoresha ibishushanyo aho bishoboka hose, agakoresha ibimenyetso n’amarenga uko abishoboye.
Abatabona neza abicaza akurikije imiterere y’ubumuga bwo kutabona bafite, baba abarwaye imbonahafi cyangwa indenzambono. Bityo abafite imbonahafi abicaza hafi, naho abafite indenzambono akabicaza mu myanya y’inyuma. Abafite ubumuga bw’ingingo z’umubiri, umwarimu abashakira umwanya bicaramo ubafasha mu myigire yabo. Arabareka bagakorana n’abandi banyeshuri kandi akabatera umwete mu byo bagenda bageraho n’imbaraga bakoresha.
Abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe umwarimu atangira abafasha mu byo bakora ariko gahorogahoro akagenda agabanya ubufasha abagenera. Umwarimu arabareka bagakorana n’abandi banyeshuri kandi akabatera umwete mu byo bagenda bageraho n’imbaraga bakoresha.Abagenda buhoro mu myigire yabo bagomba gushyirwa mu matsinda y’ababyumva kurusha abandi kugira ngo babazamure, kandi umwarimu akabibandaho ababaza n’iyo baba batateye urutoki kugira ngo basubize. Bahabwa kandi imyitozo yihariye ituma bazamura ubushobozi bwabo.
1.1.3. Ibyerekeye isuzuma
a. Imiterere y’ibigomba gusuzumwa mu nyigisho y’Ubugeni Isuzuma ry’inyigisho y’Ubugeni rigizwe n’ibice bine by’ingenzi:
• Kumva no gusesengura igishushanyo, cyangwa ikindi gihangano
• Amabara
• Ubumenyi rusange bw’ubugeni
• Ihimba ry’umwimerere
Mu bugeni mberajisho n’ubugeni mberabyombi, imyinshi mu myitozo y’isuzuma igomba gufasha abanyeshuri gukoresha impano bifitemo n’uburyo bw’ibanze bungutse. Imyitozo yo gushushanya iyo ari yo yose igomba kwitabwaho kimwe n’iyo gutinyura abanyeshuri, bityo bigahura n’ihame ko bagomba kwiga ariko nanone bakiyigisha. Mu myigishirize yo gushushanya, imyitozo y’isuzuma izaba ishingiye ku gushushanya no kwandika. Buri ntego igomba kugira isuzuma, mu ntera zose zituma igerwaho. Isuzuma rero rihoraho mu nyigisho (imikoro, amarushanwa, ibizami n’ibindi).
b. Ibyerekeye imyitozo y’inyongera
Ni imyitozo ifasha abanyeshuri kumva neza isomo hitawe ku bushobozi bwa buri wese.
1.1.4. Uburyo bunyuranye abanyeshuri bafatiramo amasomo
Hari uburyo butandukanye bw’imyigishirize n’uburyo bwo kuyigeraho. Guhitamo uburyo bw’imyigishirize bigomba kwitonderwa cyane kandi hari ibigomba kwitabwaho nk’umwihariko w’amasomo, ubwoko bw’amasomo, intego zayo, imfashanyigisho, uburyo abanyeshuri bicaye mu ishuri, ibikenewe kuri buri munyeshuri, ubushobozi bwe n’uburyo bwe bw’imyigire. Hari uburyo bune bw’imyigire y’abanyeshuri busobanurwa mu buryo bukurikira:
a. Abanyeshuri b’umurava n’abanyeshuri b’abasesenguzi
Abanyeshuri b’umurava basobanukirwa neza ikintu iyo bakiganiraho, bagishyira mu bikorwa cyangwa bagisobanurira abandi. Naho abanyeshuri b’abasesenguzi bo basobanukirwa ikintu ari uko babanje kugitekerezaho cyane.
b. Abanyeshuri bagendera mu murongo umwe n’abanyeshuri b’abacukumbuzi:
Aba ba mbere bakunda ibintu bifatika. Bakemura ibibazo banyuze mu nzira zagenwe (ntibakunda ibibagora) mu gihe ab’abacukumbuzi bakunda guhanga ibishya kandi bakanga gusubira mu bintu bimwe.
C. Abanyeshuri bitegereza n’abanyeshuri babwirwa
Abanyeshuri bitegereza bagaragazwa no kwibuka neza ibyo babonye cyangwa bitegereje n’amaso yabo (ibishushanyo, amashusho, amafoto, amafirimi..). Naho abanyeshuri babwirwa bagaragazwa no kumva neza ibyo babwiwe mu magambo (ibyandikwa n’ibivugwa).
d. Abanyeshuri bumva intambwe ku yindi n’abanyeshuri bumva muri rusange
Abanyeshuri bumva intambwe ku yindi bo basobanukirwa binyuze mu gufashwa buhoro buhoro, berekwa isano iri hagati y’igice runaka n’ikikibanziriza cyangwa ikigikurikira. Naho abanyeshuri bumva muri rusange baherako basobanukirwa igitekerezo rusange cy’isomo, batagombye kwigora baryinjiramo ryose uko ryakabaye.
1.1.5. Imyigishirize iha uruhare umunyeshuri
Uburyo butandukanye bw’imyigire bwavuzwe haruguru bushobora kugerwaho mu gihe umwarimu akoresheje uburyo bw’imyigishirize iha umunyeshuri uruhare rw’ibanze mu myigire ye.
a. Imyigishirize iha uruhare umunyeshuri ni iki?
Ni uburyo bwinjiza abanyeshuri mu gukora no gutekereza ku byo bariho bakora. Muri iyi myigishirize, abanyeshuri bashishikarizwa kuzana ibyo bashoboye n’ibyo bazi igihe bariho biga.
b. Uruhare rw’umwarimu mu myigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi
• Umwarimu afasha abanyeshuri akoresha uburyo bwo kubaza, uburyo bwo kuganira mu matsinda, ubushakashatsi, ibikorwa by’ubucukumbuzi n’imikoro ku giti cyabo
• Akoresha abanyeshuri abasuzuma buri wese ku giti cye cyangwa mu matsinda yaguye. Umwarimu agomba gukoresha isuzuma rishingiye ku bushobozi
• Aha abanyeshuri amahirwe yo kuzamura ubushobozi butandukanye bifitemo, abagenera ibyo gukora bizamura ubushishozi, ubushobozi bwo gukemura
ibibazo, ubushakashatsi, ubushobozi bwo guhanga ibishya, umuco wo kuganira no gufatanya
• Umwarimu yifashisha ubu buryo bw’imyigishirize mu guha agaciro uruhare rw’abanyeshuri mu bikorwa byabo ku ishuri.
c. Uruhare rw’abanyeshuri mu myigire yabo
Abanyeshuri ni urufunguzo rw’imyigishirize ibaha uruhare mu myigire yabo. Ntabwo ari abo gufatwa nk’aho ntacyo bazi. Umwarimu agomba kubafata nk’abantu bafite ibitekerezo, ubushobozi n’ubukesha byo kubakiraho imyigire ihamye. Umunyeshuri wiga muri ubu buryo ashobora:
• Kuganira no gusangiza abandi banyeshuri ibyo yifitemo binyuze mu kwerekana, kuganira n’abandi, imikoro y’amatsinda, no mu bindi bimuha uruhare rwo kwerekana ubushobozi bwe (kwigana, ubushakashatsi, ubucukumbuzi, n’ibindi)
• Kugira uruhare rugaragara no kugira inshingano ku myigire ye
• Kuzamura ubumenyi n’impano yifitemo, mu gukora
• Gukora ubushakashatsi n’ubucukumbuzi binyuze mu gusoma ibiri mu bitabo cyangwa kuri murandasi no kubaza abantu batandukanye, hanyuma akabwira abandi ibyo yagezeho
• Gutuma buri wese mu bagize itsinda rye agira uruhare mu mukoro watanzwe mu itsinda binyuze mu gutanga ibisobanuro, ubushishozi, inshingano no kwigirira ikizere mu gihe avuga mu ruhame
• Gutanga umwanzuro ushingiye ku byagezweho mu kwiga.
1.1.6. Ibice by’ingenzi by’isomo mu buryo bw’imyigishirize iha uruhare umunyeshuri.
Ibiranga imyigishirize iha umunyeshuri uruhare byavuzwe haruguru bigaragara mu bice by’isomo bikurikira. Muri rusange, isomo rigabanyije mu bice bitatu by’ingenzi, aho buri gice na cyo kigabanyijemo ibikorwa byinjiza abanyeshuri mu gikorwa cyo kwiga. ibyo bice ni ibi bikurikira:
a. Intangiriro
Intangiriro ni igice umwarimu yerekanamo ihuriro hagati y’isomo ry’uwo munsi n’isomo riribanziriza. Atangiza ikiganiro kigamije gufasha abanyeshuri gutekereza ku byo bize mu isomo ryabanje no kubihuza n’intego y’isomo ry’uwo munsi. Umwarimu yibanda ku bumenyi bw’ingenzi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha bifitanye isano n’ibyo mu isomo rishya mu rwego rwo kubaka ishingiro rihamye no gukurikiza neza uruhererekane.
b. Isomo nyirizina
Isomo nyirizina rikubiyemo inyigisho nshya. Rikorwa mu ntambwe nto zikurikira: ibikorwa by’ivumburamatsiko, kwerekana ibyo abanyeshuri bagezeho, kubibyaza umusaruro, gukora inshamake n’imyitozo cyangwa kubishyira mu bikorwa, nk’uko bisobanuye mu mirongo ikurikiye.
b.1. Ibikorwa by’ivumburamatsiko
Intambwe ya mbere:
• Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri kumenya ko uruhare rwabo mu myigire ari rwo rwa mbere
• Abaha ibyo gukora akanababwira amabwiriza yose abigenga (niba babikora mu matsinda yagutse, ya babiri babiri cyangwa niba ari buri muntu ukwe, kugira ngo bibafashe kuvumbura ubumenyi bugamijwe gutangwa).
Intambwe ya kabiri:
• Umwarimu areka abanyeshuri bagakora ibyo yabahaye, bakorana hagati yabo
• Muri icyo gihe yirinda guhita asubiza abanyeshuri ku bijyanye n’ibyateganyijwe kwigwa uwo munsi
• Agerageza kuba umuyobozi wabo ariko atabasubiriza ibibazo, ahubwo abayobora mu bikorwa byabo biganisha ku bisubizo, kandi agafasha abasigara inyuma.
b.2. Kwerekana ibyo abanyeshuri bagezeho
• Muri aka gace, umwarimu atumira abahagarariye amatsinda bakaza kwerekana imbere y’abandi banyeshuri ibyo amatsinda yabo yagezeho
• Nyuma y’uko amatsinda atatu cyangwa ane amaze kwerekana ibyo yagezeho, umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri bose kubyaza umusaruro ibyavuzwe n’amatsinda.
b.3. Kubyaza umusaruro ibyagezweho n’abanyeshuri
• Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri kugenzura umusaruro wavuye mu byakozwe: ibishyitse, ibituzuye neza n’ibitari byo
• Nyuma umwarimu agerageza kumva ukuri kw’ibyavuzwe n’abanyeshuri, agakosora ibyo bibeshye, akuzuza ibituzuye, akemeza ibishyitse.
b.4. Umwanzuro/inshamake/ingero
• Umwarimu atanga inshamake y’ibyizwe kandi agatanga n’ingero zibisobanura neza.
b.5. Imyitozo/gushyira mu bikorwa ibyizwe
• Hatangwa imyitozo igendanye n’ibyizwe mu ishuri
• Hatangwa kandi imyitozo ishingiye ku buzima bwa buri munsi ariko bufite aho buhurira n’ibyizwe mu ishuri.
• Umwarimu afasha abanyeshuri guhuza ibyizwe n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi. Kuri iyi ntera, uruhare rw’umwarimu ni ukuyobora abanyeshuri mu gucengerwa n’ibyo bize.
c. Isuzuma
Kuri iyi ntambwe, umwarimu abaza abanyeshuri ibibazo yatoranije agamije kureba niba intego z’isomo zagezweho. Muri iki gikorwa cy’isuzuma, buri munyeshuri asuzumwa ku giti cye.Umwarimu yirinda guhita atanga ibisubizo, ahubwo ibivuye mu isuzuma bikaba ari byo bimuha icyo azakorera abanyeshuri muri rusange n’umunyeshuri ku giti cye.Rimwe na rimwe, umwarimu ashobora gusoza isomo atanga umukoro wo mu rugo.
d. Kugerageza
Mu mikoro imwe n’imwe biba ngombwa ko abanyeshuri bagerageza uburyo butandukanye na za tekiniki kugira ngo bagere ku bisubizo basabwa bo ubwabo. Amwe mu magerageza abasaba guhera ku byo basanzwe bazi bakongera ubumenyi mu ngiro zitandukanye. Urugero nko mu masomo yo kubumba, gufuma no kuboha ni ukugerageza kuko baba bakiri bato ku buryo bakora nk’ibyo babona.
e. Gukorera mu matsinda
Amatsinda agomba gukorwa hakurikijwe ubwinshi bw’abanyeshuri, ahantu bahererwa amasomo, ibikoresho bihaboneka n’ubwoko bw’ikigenderewe gukorwa. Biba byiza kuvanga abanyeshuri bafite impano zitandukanye hitawe no ku buringanire bw’ibitsina byombi. Na none amatsinda agomba guhora ahinduka kugira ngo buri wese agire amahirwe angana n’ay’abandi.
f. Gusangira ibikoresho
Ibikoresho bigira akamaro cyane mu gufasha abanyeshuri kwiyungura ubumenyi mu bugeni n’ubukorikori. Bimwe muri ibyo bikoresho bisaba kwitonderwa mu mikoreshereze kugira ngo bidateza impanuka. Ni byiza gukurikirana uburyo bwo gutizanya ibikoresho kugira ngo hataba kwikubira cyangwa isesagura. Ni byiza gushaka ibikoresho biri mu bidukikije bya hafi.
1.1.7. Imyigishirize nyirizina iha uruhare abanyeshuri
a. Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro umwarimu abaza abanyeshuri ibibazo biza gusubizwa n’isomo ashaka ko ryigwa, ibibazo bisubizwa bikaba bijyanye n’intego z’isomo, guha abanyeshuri amabwiriza y’ibyo bagomba gukora no kubaha umwanya uhagije bakabikora nyuma ukaza gusuzuma
b. Isomo nyirizina
Abanyeshuri bahabwa umwanya uhagije wo gukora ibyo basabwe na mwarimu.
c. Isuzuma
Mu isuzuma habamo kumurika ibyo abanyeshuri bakoze bakanabyunguranaho ibitekerezo mu bwubahane. Ibi bifasha umunyeshuri kumenya urwego ariho kuko agereranya ibyo yakoze n’iby’abandi. Binafasha umwarimu gusuzuma niba intego z’isomo zagezweho bitewe n’umubare w’ibishushanyo byiza byakozwe.
Ikigo : ……………………. Amazina y’umwarimu: ……………………
IMITWE IGIZE NYOBORABAREZI
1.1. Ubushobozi bugamijwe
Gushushanya intego zoroheje, gukoresha amabara no kuba ashobora gutanga ibitekerezo ku mashusho yishushanyirije cyangwa ayakozwe n’abandi.
1.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Muri uyu mutwe umwarimu asabwa kuyobora abanyeshuri abereka uburyo bukoreshwa mu gushushanya no gusiga amabara hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bitandukanye bijyanye nabyo. Umwarimu abanza kubaza abanyeshuri ibikoresho bazi byifashishwa mu gushushanya cyangwa kwandika akaboneraho kubibereka anabasobanurira uko bikoreshwa. Mbere yo kwinjira mu isomo nyirizina, mwarimu aba azi ko abenshi mu banyeshuri babonye ibyo bikoresho kandi bazi kubikoresha ku rwego ruciriritse. Bityo bikaba byaborohera kubikoresha bashushanya.
1.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zizitabwaho
• Kubungabunga ibidukikije igihe abanyeshuri bashushanya ibitayega n’ibidukikije
• Kumenya gucunga umutungo abanyeshuri baha agaciro ibikoresho bakoresha kuko bigura amafaranga, bityo bikaba bigomba gucungwa neza
• Kwita ku banyeshuri bose harimo n’abafite ubumuga butandukanye bitabwaho bahabwa ikicaro imbere, ahegereye umwarimu, aho bashobora guhabwa ubufasha bw’umwihariko.
1.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Abanyeshuri bafatanyije n’umwarimu bagerageza kwiyibutsa bimwe mu byo babonye mu mutwe w’ubushize ; twavuga nko gushushanya ibitayega n’ibidukikije, bizagira uruhare runini muri uyu mutwe wo gushushanya no gusiga amabara ibitayega n’ibidukikije.
1.5. Urutonde rw’amasomo
Isomo rya 1: Uburyo ibikoresho by’ibanze bikoreshwa mu gushushanya
a. Intego zihariye
• Kwerekana ibikoresho by’ibanze mu gushushanya
• Gushushanya no gusiga amabara mu buryo bunyuranye
• Gufata neza ibikoresho no kubigirira isuku.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Amakaramu y’amabara ashushanya
• Agahanaguzo
• agasongozo
• Impapuro zo gushushanyaho
• Intego zoroheje zikase cyangwa zishushanyije
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro• Guha abanyeshuri urubuga rwo kungurana ibitekerezo ku bikoresho byifashishwa mu gushushanya no gusiga amabara.
• Kwereka abanyeshuri ibikoresho by’ibanze bikoreshwa mu gushushanya no gusiga amabara n’uburyo bikoreshwa.
1.1. Ibikoresho by’ibanze mu gushushanya no gusiga amabara
• Kwereka abanyeshuri urugero rw’imisharabiko ishushanyije.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushushanya imisharabiko ivunaguye n’imisharabiko ihese.
1.3. Imisharabiko ivunaguye 1.2. Imisharabiko ihese
1.3. Imisharabiko ivunaguye 1.2. Imisharabiko ihese
Isuzuma
• Gusaba buri munyenyeshuri kumurika imisharabiko yashushanyije
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda gutoranya imisharabiko ikoze neza kurusha indi
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
Isomo rya 2: Gushushanya no gusiga amabara intego zoroheje
a. Intego zihariye
• Gushushanya ibintu abona n’ibyo yitekerereje bifite intego zoroheje.
• Kugaragaza ibitekerezo bye ku bishushanyo.
• Gufata neza ibikoresho no kubigirira isuku.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Amakaramu y’amabara ashushanya
• Agahanaguzo
• Agasongozo
• Impapuro zo gushushanyaho
• Amarangi y’amazi
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Kwereka abanyeshuri uko ibikoresho by’ibanze bikoreshwa mu gushushanya no gusiga amabara.
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukoresha ibikoresho by’ibanze bikoreshwa mu gushushanya no gusiga amabara.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gushushanya no gusiga amabara ibintu bifite intego zoroheje zitandutakanye.
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushushanya intego zoroheje.
1.4. Intego z’ibanze zinyuranye
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushushanya intego zoroheje no kuzisiga amabara atandukanye.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kumurika amashusho y’ intego zoroheje zisize amabara.
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya ibishushanyo bikoze neza kurusha ibindi hitawe ku ntego ngenamukoro yatanzwe.
• Gushima ibyo abanyeshuri bashushanyije bakanasiga amabara no kubagira inama
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
1.6. Ishusho ry’ibuye 1.7. Ishusho ry’itafari
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushushanya ibuye n’itafari mu ntego zabyo. Kwegera buri tsinda no kurigira inama.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kumurika amashusho bashushanyije y’intego zoroheje nk’ibuye n’itafari.
• Gusaba amatsinda gutoranya ibishushanyo bikoze neza kurusha ibindi hitawe ku ntego ngenamukoro yatanzwe.
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama.
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
Isomo rya 3 :Gushushanya no gusiga amabara ibintu yibuka mu bidukikije
a. Intego zihariye
• Gushushanya ibintu abona n’ibyo yitekerereje bifite intego zoroheje mu bidukikije.
• Kugaragaza ibitekerezo bye ku bishushanyo yikoreye cyangwa ibyakozwe n’abandi.
• Gukunda no gufata neza ibidukikije.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Urupapuro rwo gushushanyaho
• Agahanaguzo
• Agasongozo
• Amakaramu y’amabara ashushanya
• Amarangi y’amazi
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Kwereka abanyeshuri bimwe mu bidukikije (ubusitani bw’ishuri).
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushishoza ku byo babona mu bidukikije no kubitangaho ibitekerezo.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushushanya amashusho y’ibintu yibuka mu byo yabonye mu bidukikije
(urugero: ibimera, inyamaswa, umuntu).
1.8. Ikimera gishushanyije 1.9. Urukwavu rushushanyije 1.10. Umuntu ushushanyije
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gusiga amabara ibyo bashushanyije bibuka mu bidukikije.
• Kwegera buri tsinda ry’abanyeshuri akarigira inama.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kumurika amashusho bashushanyije.
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya ibishushanyo bikoze neza kurusha ibindi hitawe ku ntego ngenamukoro yatanzwe.
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama.
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
Isomo rya 4: Gusiga amabara mu gushushanya
a Intego zihariye
• Kugaragaza ibitekerezo bye ku bishushanyo yikoreye cyangwa ibyakozwe n’abandi
• Gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu mu bidukikije.
b Imfashanyigisho
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Urupapuro rwo gushushanyaho
• Amakaramu y’amabara ashushanya
• Agahanaguzo
• Agasongozo
• Amarangi y’amazi
c Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Kwereka abanyeshuri ubwiza bw’ibishushanyo byakozwe n’abandi
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutanga ibitekerezo ku mabara beretswe mu mashusho.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukoresha amabara ajyanye na buri kintu bashushanya.
1.14. Ishusho y’igihwagari 1.15. Ishusho y’umuneke 1.16. Ishusho y’avoka
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutunganya no gutaka ibishushanyo byabo.
• Kwegera buri tsinda ry’abanyeshuri no kurigira inama.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kumurika ibishushanyo bakoze
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya ibishushanyo bikoze neza kurusha ibindi hitawe ku ntego ngenamukoro yatanzwe
1.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 1
1.Gushushanya intego zoroheje no kuzisiga amabara
• Kwerekana ibikoresho by’ibanze mu gushushanya no gusiga amabara.
2. Gushushanya ibuye n’itafari mu miterere y’intego zabyo
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kugereranya intego zoroheje, ibuye n’itafari hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo.
• Gushushanya ibintu bitandukanye yifashishije amabara ajyanye na byo.
3. Gushushanya ibyo yibuka mu bidukikije no kubisiga amabara
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kugaragaza ibyo babonye mu bidukikije n’aho bitandukaniye bakoresheje isesengura ry’ibishushanyo.
4. Gushushanya mu mabara hashingiwe ku miterere y’ikintu.
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kwerekana ubwiza bw’amabara y’imitako.
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutoranya ibishushanyo byiza kuruta ibindi hakurikijwe ibisize amabara kuburyo bunoze.
1.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
• Gushushanya basubira mu misharabiko ihese ishushanyije
• Gushushanya bagerageza kwigana imisharabiko ivunaguye mu miterere yayo
• Gushushanya intego zoroheje, ibuye n’itafari hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo
• Kugaragaza amabara ajyanye na buri gishushanyo cyashushanyijwe muri ibyo.
2.1. Ubushobozi bugamijwe
Gutera amashusho ku bintu yifashishije ibikoresho binyuranye biboneka aho atuye no kubitangaho ibitekerezo.
2.2. Ubushobobozi shingiro
Umutwe wabanjirije uyunguyu umunyeshuri yize gushushanya intego zoroheje ashobora gushushanya imisharabiko ndetse no gusiga amabara atandukanye. Ibyo bizamufasha kumenya guhitamo amashusho n’imitako byo gutera ku bintu. Guhanga no gutondeka amashusho no kuyatera ku bintu yifashishije ibikoresho biboneka aho atuye hashingiwe ku byavuzwe byakorohereza abanyeshuri batera amashusho ku bintu.
2.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zizitabwaho
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zizitabwaho muri uyu mutwe hashingiwe ko abanyeshuri b’ibitsina byombi bagomba guhabwa amahirwe angana mu myigire n’imyigishirize, birumvikana ko harimo uburinganire bw’ibitsina byombi. Indi ngingo nsanganyamasomo yo kwita ku bidukikije no kubibungabunga igaragara aho abanyeshuri bakoreshaibikoresho biboneka aho batuye bikomoka mu bidukikije.
2.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Abanyeshuri bafatanyije n’umwarimu bagerageza kwiyibutsa bimwe mubyo babonye mu mutwe w’ubushize twavuga nko gushushanya ibitayega n’ibidukikije bizagira uruhare runini muri uyu mutwe.
2.5. Urutonde rw’amasomo
Isomo rya 1 : Gutera amashusho mu buryo bunyuranye.
a. Intego zihariye
• Kwerekana ibikoresho by’ibanze byifashishwa mu gutera amashusho
• Gukoresha ibikoresho bitera amashusho
• Gukunda no gufata neza ibidukikije
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibikoresho binyuranye byo gutera amashusho biboneka mu bidukikije
• Impapuro
• Udutambaro
• karamu y’igiti
• Amarangi y’amabara atandukanye
• Uburoso
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kungurana ibitekerezo ku bikoresho bishobora kwifashishwa mugutera amashusho
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kugaragaza ibintu bitandukanye biteweho amashusho n’uburyo bikorwa.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda gutegura amashusho ku bintu byoroheje
2.1. Ishusho y’umutako w’intego zoroheje
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda gutondeka amashusho ku buryo bunoze
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda gutera amashusho ku bintu byoroheje
• Kwegera buri tsinda arigira inama.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri kumurika impapuro bateyeho amashusho
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya ibintu biteweho amashusho neza kurusha ibindi hitawe ku ntego ngenamukoro yatanzwe
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
Isomo rya 2: Gutera amashusho ku gatambaro.
a. Intego zihariye
• Guhanga no gutondeka amashusho ku buryo bunoze, yifashisha ibikoresho bifite intego zoroheje
• Gutanga ibitekerezo ku mashusho yikoreye cyangwa ayakozwe n’abandi
• Gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibikoresho binyuranye byo gutera amashusho biboneka mu bidukikije
• Impapuro
• Udutambaro
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Amarangi y’amabara atandukanye
• Uburoso
c)Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro• Gusaba abanyeshuri kungurana ibitekerezo ku bintu bazi biteyeho amashusho
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kwerekana ibintu bishobora guterwaho amashusho.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutegura amashusho bateganya gutera ku gatambaro gato
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutera amashusho ku gatambaro gato
2.2. Ishusho y’agatambaro gateyeho imitako
• Kwegera buri tsinda arigira inama.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kumurika udutambaro bateyeho amashusho
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya udutambaro duteweho neza amashusho kurusha utundi hitawe ku ntego ngenamukoro yatanzwe
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
Isomo rya 3: Gutera amashusho anyuranye yifashishije ibyo yabonye
a. Intego zihariye
• Guhanga no gutondeka amashusho ku buryo bunoze
• Gutanga ibitekerezo ku mashusho yikoreye cyangwa ayakozwe n’abandi
• Gukunda no gufata neza ibidukikije.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibikoresho binyuranye byo gutera amashusho biboneka mu bidukikije impapuro
• Udutambaro
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Amarangi y’amabara atandukanye
• Uburoso
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kwitegereza no gusesengura ibintu bimwe na bimwe mu bidukikije biboneka aho batuye.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushushanya bigana ibyo babonye mu bidukikije
• Gukora amashusho afitanye isano n’ibyo yabonye mu bidukikije
• Kwegera buri tsinda arigira inama.
2.3. Imbuto zitewe hakoreshejwe urupapuro rukase
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kumurika impapuro ziteweho amashusho
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya impapuro ziteweho amashusho neza
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
2.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 2
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutanga ibitekerezo ku dutambaro bateyeho amashusho
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutoranya ibikoresho byifashishwa mu gutera amashusho no gusobanura uko bikoreshwa
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutegura ibishushanyo batera ku bintu.
2.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutegura amashusho hagamijwe kuyatera ku bintu. Urugero; urupapuro, agatambaro, agakarito n’ibindi.
3.1. Ubushobozi bugamijwe
Azaba ashobora kubumba amashusho cyangwa ibikoresho mu mubyimba ufatika yifashishije ibumba cyangwa igitaka cy’inombe.
3.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Muri uyu mutwe umwarimu agomba kuyobora abanyeshuri mu kumenya gukurikiza uburyo ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gutegura ibumba cyangwa igitaka cy’inombe. Muri uko gutegura ibumba cyangwa igitaka, abanyeshuri babasha kubona ubwiza n’akamaro k’ibidukikije. Nyuma yaho, kuyobora abanyeshuri mu bamurika ibyo babumbye kandi babitangaho ibitekerezo.
3.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zizitabwaho
• Kubungabunga ibidukikije igihe abanyeshuri bungurana ibitekerezo ku ibumba n’igitaka cy’inombe.
• Kumenya gucunga umutungo abanyeshuri baha agaciro ibikoresho kuko bigura amafaranga bityo bikaba bitatagaguzwa uko umuntu yiboneye.
• Kwita kuri buri munyeshuri cyane cyane abafite ubumuga bateganyirizwa ubufasha bwihariye hakurikijwe urwego bariho.
3.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Duhereye ku mitwe ibanziriza uyunguyu hagaragara ko ibikoresho byifashishwa mu myigire n’imyigishirize biboneka mu bidukikije. Ni nako rero tubisanga mu kubumba aho ibumba rikurwa mu nganzo zitandukanye. Ibumba rikimara gukurwa, rikoreshwa rimaze gutegurwa hakifashishwa amashusho ya bimwe mu bidukikije kuko umunyeshuri yize kubishushanya bityo bikaba byoroshye kubikoresha babibumba.
3.5. Urutonde rw’ amasomo
Isomo rya 1: Uburyo ibikoresho by’ibanze bikoreshwa mu kubumba
a. Intego zihariye
• Kugaragaza uburyo butandukanye bwo gutegura ibumba cyangwa igitaka cy’inombe
• Gukoresha ibumba cyangwa igitaka cy’inombe bakora ibintu binyuranye
• Gukunda no gufata neza ibidukikije.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibikoresho binyuranye byifashishwa mu gutegura ibumba n’ibyifashishwa mu kubumba ibintu binyuranye.
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Kwereka abanyeshuri ibikoresho bitandukanye bikoreshwa mu gutegura ibumba
• Gusaba abanyeshuri, mu matsinda kungurana ibitekerezo ku buryo ibikoresho by’ibanze bikoreshwa mu gutegura ibumba cyangwa igitaka cy’inombe.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda gusekura ibumba, kuriyungurura, kurivanga n’intsibo no kujya bongeramo amazi kugeza rinoze
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kubumba bigana amashusho yakozwe n’abandi
• Kwegera buri tsinda arigira inama.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kumurika amashusho babumbye
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya amashusho akozwe neza
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama ku bitagenze neza
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
Isomo rya 2: Gukora amashusho anyuranye mu mubyimba
a. Intego zihariye
• Kugaragaza uburyo bwo gukora amashusho afite umubyimba ufatika
• Guhanga amashusho afite umubyimba ufatika
• Gufata neza ibikoresho no kubigirira isuku.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibikoresho binyuranye byifashishwa mu kubumba
• ibumba cyangwa igitaka cy’inombe
• umusenyi cyangwa intsibo
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kwitegereza no gutoranya icyo bashaka kubumba mu bidukikije.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kubumba bigana mpandenye, mpandeshatu, uruziga, igi, igikombe, isahani.
3.1. Igikombe kibumbye
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kubumba bigana icunga, karoti, itunda, utunyamaswa
3.2. Icunga ribumbye 3.3.Karoti ibumbye
• Kwegera buri tsinda arifasha aho biri ngombwa, anarigira inama.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kumurika amashusho babumbye
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya amashusho akozwe neza
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama aho biri ngombwa
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
3.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 3
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kubumba igikombe
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kubumba imbuto zitandukanye hakurikijwe imiterere yazo
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutanga ibitekerezo ku mashusho babumbye.
3.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
• Gusaba umunyeshuri kubumba kimwe mu bikoresho byo murugo yishakiye.
4.1. Ubushobozi bugamijwe
Azaba ashobora kuboha ibintu binyuranye akoresha ibibohesho bitandukanye biboneka aho atuye.
4.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Mu masomo yabanjirije uyu mutwe, iryo gutera amashusho ni iryo gushushanya umunyeshuri yize gushushanya intego zoroheje zirimo mpandenye, mpandeshatu, uruziga n’izindi. Izo ntego zikaba zimwe mu zagenderwaho habohwa agatebo, intango n’ibindi.
4.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zizitabwaho
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragara muri uyu mutwe ni uburinganire bw’ibitsina byombi igihe abanyeshuri bazaba bashyirwa mu matsinda bakoreramo. Muri uyu mutwe nanone bigaragara ko ibibohesho bizifashishwa bizashakwa mu bidukikije, ari nayo mpamvu bigomba kurengerwa no kwitabwaho.
4.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Kwereka abanyeshuri ibikoresho biboshye byifashishwa mu mirimo yo mu rugo. Kureka abanyeshuri bakungurana ibitekerezo ku bikoresho biboshye byifashishwa mu mirimo yo mu rugo ya buri munsi. Mu kungurana ibitekerezo birumvikana ko havugwa no ku bikoresho biboneka aho batuye byifashishwa mu buboshyi. Kwereka abanyeshuri uko batangira kuboha, kuboha n’uko basoza. Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda gutangira kuboha.
4.5. Urutonde rw’amasomo
Isomo rya 1: Uburyo bukoreshwa mu buboshyi bw’ibikoresho bitandukanye
a. Intego zihariye
• Kugaragaza uburyo bukoreshwa mu buboshyi bw’ibintu binyuranye
• Kwihangira ibintu akoresha ibikoresho biboneka aho atuye
• Gukunda no gufata neza ibidukikije.b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibikoresho binyuranye byifashishwa mu buboshyi biboneka aho atuye.
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kungurana ibitekerezo ku bikoresho
byifashishwa mu buboshyi
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kungurana ibitekerezo ku bikoresho bazi biboshye.Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu gutungira batangira kuboha
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu gutungira batangira kuboha.• Gusaba abanyeshuri kuboha no gusoza ibyo batangiye
• Kwegera buri tsinda arifasha aho biri ngombwa anarigira inama.Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kumurika ibyo baboshye no kubitangaho ibitekerezo
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya ibyakozwe neza kurusha ibindi
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kubika neza ibyo bakoze
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.Isomo rya 2: Ububoshyi bw’imitako hakoreshwa indodo cyangwa
imigozia. Intego zihariye
• Kwerekana ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buboshyi
• Gukoresha indodo cyangwa imigozi itandukanye aboha ibintu bitatse
• Gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu.b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibikoresho binyuranye byifashishwa mu buboshyi biboneka aho atuye
• Ibikoresho bikata.c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kungurana ibitekerezo ku bikoresho byifashishwa mu buboshyi
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kungurana ibitekerezo ku bintu bazi biboshye.Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutangira batungira
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutangira kuboha bakoresheje indodo cyangwa imigozi
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kunoza imitako babosh• Kwegera buri tsinda arifasha aho biri ngombwa anarigira inama.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kumurika ibyo baboshye no kubitangaho ibitekerezo
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya ibyaboshywe neza kurusha ibindi
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.4.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 4
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutoranya ibikoresho byifashishwa mu buboshyi biboneka aho batuye
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutangira kuboha bifashishije ibikoresho biboneka aho batuye
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukora imitako iboshye bifashishije indodo cyangwa imigozi
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kungurana ibitekerezo ku byo baboshye.4.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kuboha imitako bihitiyemo bakoresha indodocyangwa imigozi by’amabara
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kuboha agasambi bifashishije ibikoresho biboneka aho batuye.5.1. Ubushobozi bugamijwe
Umunyeshuri azaba ashobora gukora ibikinisho by’ubwoko bunyuranye no kuremekanya ibintu bitandukanye ku buryo bitanga ikindi kintu.
5.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Mu masomo yabanjirije uyu mutwe, iryo gushushanya n’iry’ububoshyi umunyeshuri yize gushushanya intego zitandukanye n’ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikomoka mu bidukikije ndetse yiga kurondora ibikoresho ashobora kwifashisha biboneka mu bidukikije aho atuye anatozwa kubibungabunga. Mu gukora ibikinisho no kuremekanya, umunyeshuri abifashijwemo n’umwarimu azifashisha ibingibi yize byavuzwe haruguru akora ibikinisho n’iremekanya ry’ibintu.
5.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zizitabwaho
Ibikoresho umunyeshuri yifashisha muri uyu mutwe akora ibikinisho n’iremekanya abitoranya mu bidukikije. Ni muri urwo rwego asabwa kubibungabunga kuko uretse kuba isoko y’umwuka duhumeka, ibidukikije ari n’inganzo dukuramo ibikoresho twifashisha mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Ikindi ni uko mu gufasha abanyeshuri gukora amatsinda, umwarimu azazirikana ko ayo matsinda agomba kubonekamo ibitsina byombi bityo ihame ry’uburinganire bw’ibitsina byombi rikaba ryubahirijwe.
Ahangaha ntawarangiza atavuze ku bafite ubumuga na bo bagomba kwitabwaho n’umwarimu abaha ikicaro gikwiye kugira ngo ashobore kubagezaho amabwiriza y’umwihariko abagenewe.
5.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Kwereka abanyeshuri ibikinisho bitandukanye no kubasaba kubyunguranaho ibitekerezo hashingiwe ku ntego zabyo zitandukanye ndetse n’ibikoresho byifashishijwe mu gukora ibyo bikinisho.
Kwereka abanyeshuri amashusho atandukanye arimo n’aremekanyije no gusaba abanyeshuri kuyatandukanya batanga ibitekerezo ku miterere y’ibikoresho byifashishijwe ayo mashusho akorwa
5.5. Urutonde rw’amasomo
Isomo rya 1: Gukora ibikinisho binyuranye
a. Intego zihariye• Kurondora ibikoresho bitandukanye bikoreshwa mu gukora ibikinisho
• Gukora ibikinisho binyuranye yifashishije ibikoresho bitandukanye
• Gukunda no kwita ku bidukikije.b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibikinisho bitandukanye
• Amashusho
• Ibikoresho biboneka mu bidukikije
• Ibikoresho bikatac. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro• Gusaba abanyeshuri kungurana ibitekerezo ku bikoresho biboneka aho batuye
byifashishwa mu gukora ibikinisho
• Kwereka abanyeshuri ibikinisho bitandukanye
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kungurana ibitekerezo ku bikinisho babona.Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutegura ibikoresho byifashishwa bakora ibikinisho
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukora ikintu kimwe atoranyije muri ibi bikurikira: indege,imodoka, imigozi yo gusimbuka.• Kwegera buri tsinda ariha ubufasha aho biri ngombwa anarigira inama.
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kumurika ibikinisho bakoze no kubitangaho ibitekerezo
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya ibikinisho bikoze neza kurusha ibindi
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
Isomo rya 2: Iremekanya mu gukora amashusho
a. Intego zihariye• Kwerekana ibikoresho binyuranye no kuremekanya akoresha uburyo bunyuranye
• Kuremekanya no guhuza ibintu yifashishije uburyo bunyuranye
• Gufata neza ibikoresho no kubigirira isuku.b. Imfashanyigisho
• Amashusho
• Ibikoresho biboneka mu bidukikije
• Ibikoresho byifashishwa mu gukata
• Ubujenic. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro• Kwereka abanyeshuri amashusho yakozwe mu iremekanya ry’ibintu
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kungurana ibitekerezo ku mashusho beretswe.Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutegura ibikoresho bifashisha baremekanya amashusho
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukora amashusho baremekanya
• Kwegera buri tsinda ariha ubufasha aho biri ngombwa anarigira inama.Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kungurana ibitekerezo ku mashusho bakoze
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya amashusho akoze neza kurusha
ayandi.
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
5.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 5• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutoranya ibikoresho byifashishwa mu gukora ibikinisho.
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kungurana ibitekerezo ku bikinisho bakoze
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukora ibikinisho bitandukanye
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kuremekanya amashusho bakoresheje ibikoresho batoranyije mu bidukikije.5.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukora imodoka cyangwa indege
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kuremekanya amashusho bashaka bakoresheje ibikoresho
batoranije mu bidukikije.6.1. Ubushobozi bugamijwe
Azaba ashobora gufuma imitako itandukanye ku myenda.
6.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Mu masomo abanziriza uyu mutwe cyane cyane mu ryo gushushanya, umunyeshuri yashushanyije intego zitandukanye n’ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikomoka mu bidukikije ndetse yize guca imirongo y’ubwoko bwose. Hashingiwe kuri ibyo, umunyeshuri ashobora gutera inzira no gukora amashusho yoroheje atandukanye ku myenda, gukuba imyenda, akabikora abifashijwemo n’umwarimu.
6.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zizitabwaho
Muri uyu mutwe hazitabwaho abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva no kutavuga bahabwa ikicaro imbere hafi ya mwarimu kugira ngo ashobore kubakurikirana by’umwihariko abasobanurira akoresheje amarenga n’amashusho. Ikindi ni uko mu gufasha abanyeshuri gukora amatsinda, umwarimu azazirikana ko ayo matsinda agomba kubonekamo ibitsina byombi bityo ihame ry’uburinganire rikaba ryubahirijwe.
6.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Kwereka abanyeshuri ibitambaro bifumye bikoreshwa ahantu hatanadukanye no kubasaba kubyunguranaho ibitekerezo hashingiwe ku ntego, imiterere n’amabara y’imitako bibigaragaraho. Gusaba abanyeshuri gutegura ibikoresho no gutangira gukora imishono itandukanye bafuma imirongo n’intego z’ibanze.
6.5. Urutonde rw’amasomo
Isomo rya 1: Uburyo bukoreshwa mu gufuma imishono y’ibanze
a. Intego zihariye
• Kwerekana ibikoresho bitandukanye bikoreshwa mu gufuma
• Gukora imitako inyuranye yoroheje ikoreshwa mu gufuma imyenda
• Gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Imyenda ifumye
• Indodo z’amabara atandukanye
• Impapuro
• Udutambaro duto
• Inshinge.
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kwitegereza no kungurana ibitekerezo ku bitambaro bifumye beretswe
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kurondora ibikoresho babona iwabo mu ngo bifumye.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutegura ibikoresho no gutangira gutera inzira zitandukanye
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukora umwitozo wo gukuba imyenda
• Kwegera buri tsinda ariha ubufasha aho biri ngombwa anarigira inama.
6.1. Umushono wo kuzuza/w’inzira 6.2. Umushono wa bukufi
6.3. Umushono wo gukuba 6.4. Umushono w’agati
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kumurika udutambaro bafumye no kudutangaho ibitekerezo
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya udutambaro dufumye neza kurusha utundi
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama
• Gusukura aho bakoreye, ibikoresho bakoresheje no kubibika neza.
Isomo rya 2: Gukora amashusho mu myenda hakoreshejwe gufuma
a)Intego zihariye
• Kurondora imitako n’uburyo bukoreshwa mu gufuma
• Gufuma akoresheje indodo z’imitako inyuranye
• Gufata neza ibikoresho no kubigirira isuku.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Indodo z’amabara atandukanye
• Impapuro
• Udutambaro duto
• Inshinge.
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kongera kwitegereza udutambaro bakoze ubushize no kudutangaho ibitekerezo.
Isomo nyirizina
•Gusaba abanyeshuri kwifashisha umushono wo gutera inzira bafuma intego z’ibanze.
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gufuma bakoresheje indodo z’amabara atandukanye.
• Kwegera buri tsinda ariha ubufasha aho biri ngombwa anarigira inama.
6.5. Mpandenye ifumishije umushono w’agati 6.6. Umushono w’agati n’uw’inzira mu ruziga
Isuzuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri mu matsinda kumurika udutambaro bafumye no kudutangaho ibitekerezo.
• Gusaba amatsinda y’abanyeshuri gutoranya udutambaro dufumye neza kurusha utundi.
• Gushima ibikorwa by’abanyeshuri no kubagira inama.
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gusukura aho bakoreye no kubika neza ibikoresho bakoresheje.
6.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 6
•Gusaba abanyehuri kwerekana ibikoresho bitandukanye mu gufuma
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gufuma urukiramende
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gufuma imishono y’ibanze
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gufuma amashusho atandukanye ku myenda.
6.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushona umwe mu mishono y’ibanze
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gufuma amashusho y’ibyatsi bitandukanye
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gufuma uruziga na mpandeshatu.