S2: Kinyarwanda

Ibishyimbo

Reka ndate izina igishyimbo

Nkivuge cyane kiradutunze

Ni cyo kiribwa kitajya kibuza

Gutegurwa n’Abanyarwanda.

Ameza atariho Rumaragishyika

Mutiki cyangwa se Munteri

Ntajya atera ipfa abayasanga.

Ni ikiribwa gihatse ibindi

Ntibyamanuka bitakiruzi

N’aho byajya ntibyatuza.

Inzara iyo iteye ufite ibishyimbo

Inzira ijya iwawe iba Rudacibwa

Abawe bakayibona ibebera

Na yo ibarebera kure cyane

Isoni ziyishe, ifite ikimwaro.

Burya ibishyimbo tubona iwacu

Hamwe n’izindi ngandurarugo

Ni byo birwanya inzara mu bantu.

Nitubihinga bihimbaje

Inzara ntizatugerera mu ngo.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Vuga amoko y’ibishyimbo avugwa mu mwandiko.

2. Ni iki kigaragara mu mwandiko kerekana ko Abanyarwanda barya ibishyimbo cyane?

3. Mu kurwanya inzara, abantu bifashisha iki?

4. Ni iki umusizi asaba abantu gukora? Ese wowe wumva ari ngombwa koko? Sobanura impamvu.

5. Hari aho umusizi yavuze ati: “N’izindi ngandurarugo.” Bisobanuye iki?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Ipfa

b) Gihatse

c) Ntibyamanuka

d) Ibebera

2. Tanga impuzanyito z’aya magambo:

a) Bitakiruzi

b) Inzara

c) Birwanya

3. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo:

a) Atera

b) Isoni

c) Iwacu

4. Shaka amazina icumi y’ibihingwa ngandurarugo mu kinyatuzu gikurikira, usoma mu butambike, mu buhagarike cyangwa uberamisha:

III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki? Sobanura impamvu uwise utyo.

2. Ibihingwa babishyira mu matsinda abiri iyo bitaye ku mumaro wabyo. Iyo usomye uyu mwandiko usanga umusizi avuga ku buhe bwoko bw’ibihingwa?Kuki babyise gutyo.

3. Ni iki ubona umuhinzi w’ibishyimbo yakora kugira ngo agire umusaruro utubutse

Ibihingwa ngandurarugo

Ibihingwa ngandurarugo bigizwe n’imyaka yose ihingwa hagamijwe ko abagize urugo babona amafunguro ya buri munsi. Muri ibyo bihingwa habamo ibyo kurya bitandukanye birimo imboga, uburisho, ubwikuzo ndetse n’ibitanga ibyo kunywa, bikaba bikubiyemo ibyubaka umubiri, ibitera imbaraga n’ibirinda indwara.

Mu bitanga imboga twavuga nk’ibiyamisogwe, ni ukuvuga ibishyimbo, amashaza, soya, ubunyobwa; hakiyongeraho imboga rwatsi nk’amashu, dodo, isogi, inyanya, intoryi, ibibiringanya, imyungu, ibisusa, isombe n’izindi. Akenshi ibi bihingwa bitanga imboga byiganjemo ibiha umubiri ibiwubaka n’ibiwurinda indwara.

Mu bihingwa bitanga uburisho twavuga nk’ibinyabijumba bitera imbaraga, ni ukuvuga ibijumba, ibirayi, imyumbati, amateke, ibikoro. Ibinyabijumba bishobora gutekwa mu nkono cyangwa bikotswa. Hazamo kandi ibinyampeke nk’amasaka, ingano, umuceri, uburo, ibigori. Ibi binyampeke Abanyarwanda bashobora kubisyamo amafu avamo umutsima cyangwa bakabitekamo impengeri. Ibigori byo bishobora kuribwa bitaruma, bitetswe mu nkono cyangwa byokejwe. Aha twakongeraho n’ibitoki by’inyamunyu.

Mu bihingwa bitanga ubwikuzo twavuga nk’imbuto z’amoko yose: amacunga, amapera, amapapayi, ibinyomoro, amatunda, inkeri, ibitoki by’imineke n’izindi. Izi mbuto zirinda indwara, zishobora kuribwa zigisoromwa cyangwa zigakorwamo amakomfitire. Ubwikuzo kandi bushobora kuba bimwe mu binyamisogwe bikarangwa bigahekenywa nk’ubunyobwa na soya. Bushobora kandi kuba ibinyampeke bisebwa, ifu yabwo igakorwamo imitsima igenewe kwikuzwa.

Mu bihingwa bitanga ibyo kunywa twavuga nk’ibitoki by’ikashi n’inanasi bitanga umutobe n’urwagwa; amasaka n’uburo bitanga igikoma, ubushera, ikigage n’amarwa. Kugira ngo ubone ubushera, ikigage n’amarwa, amasaka agomba gukorerwa imirimo myinshi kugira ngo amakoma ahinduke amamera: kuyinika, kuyinura, kuyahungira ugategereza ko amera, kuyanika, kuyavuna hanyuma ukabona kuyasya ugashigisha. Amarwa yo asaba kuyashakira umusemburo na ho ubushera bwo nta musemburo ujyamo.

N’ubwo ibihingwa ngandurarugo bitanga amafunguro, ntabwo umuhinzi ahingira urugo rwe gusa. Umuhinzi agomba kwihaza mu bihingwa, agasagurira n’amasoko kugira ngo abadahinga babone aho bahahira. Hari ibihingwa bigora guhunikwa nk’ibinyabijumba, imboga n’imbuto. Umusaruro w’ibi bihingwa iyo utinze mu bubiko urabora, nyirawo akaba yahomba. Ibinyamisogwe n’ibinyampeke na byo n’ubwo bishobora gutinda mu bubiko, iyo bimaze igihe kirekire biramungwa. Imungu nazo ziteza igihombo ku muhinzi cyangwa ku ucuruza umusaruro we.

Nk’uko bigaragara, ibihingwa ngandurarugo bifite akamaro kanini, kuko bidahinzwe ku bwinshi, abantu bakwicwa n’inzara. Ni ngombwa ko Abanyarwanda bashyira imbaraga mu buhinzi bwabyo, hakigwa kandi n’uburyo bugezweho ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga ryakoreshwa mu guhunika no kubika umusaruro w’ibihingwa ngandurarugo, maze Abanyarwanda bakabaho neza, bihaza mu biribwa banasagurira amasoko.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Ni iyihe ntego nkuru ituma bahinga ibihingwa ngandurarugo?

2. Ukurikije uko byunganirana mu kuribwa ibihingwa ngandurarugo wabishyira mu bihe byiciro?

3. Ibinyampeke bishobora kuribwa ku buhe buryo?

4. Erekana ukuntu mu rwego rwo kwiteza imbere no kunganirana n’abandi umuhinzi adahingira urugo rwe gusa.

5. Sobanura impamvu umusaruro w’ibihingwa ngandurarugo ukeneye ikoranabuhanga ryo kuwuhunika.

6. Sobanura imirimo ikorerwa ibinyampeke mbere yo kubyara ubushera.

7. Uhereye no ku yavuze mu mwandiko, tanga amazina 4 y’ibinyamisogwe.

8. Sobanura ukuntu ibihingwa ngandurarugo bifite akamaro kanini unatange n’inama ku Banyarwanda zijyanye no kwitabira kubihinga.

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Tanga ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Uburisho

b) Ibisusa

c) Impengeri

d) Ubwikuzo

e) Ikashi

2. Tanga impuzanyito z’aya magambo:

a) Urugo

b) Amafunguro

c) Zigisoromwa

3. Koresha amagambo wahawe mu nteruro yawe bwite:

a) Uburisho

b) Ibisusa

c) Impengeri

d) Ubwikuzo

4. Huza amagambo yo mu ruziga A n’ibisobanuro byatanzwe mu ruziga B

III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Shaka ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

2. Umuhinzi wihagije mu biribwa agasagurira amasoko we bimumarira iki?

3. Uteguye ifunguro ririmo ibyubaka umubiri, ibitera imbaraga n’ibiwurinda indwara, washyiramo iki n’iki?

IV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

Mu matsinda mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda

1. Ganira na bagenzi bawe mu itsinda mwungurane ibitekerezo ku ruhare rw’ibihingwa ngandurarugo mu iterambere ry’igihugu.

Imiterere y’amasaku ku magambo

Hamwe na bagenzi bawe muri kumwe mu itsinda, nimusome izi nteruro, mugaragaze itandukaniro riri hagati y’imivugirwe y’amagambo y’umukara tsiri:

1. Ihene yange itaka ryayigiye mu jisho. Umva ukuntu itaka.

2. Umuntu yanika bishyimbo ku musambi. Uyu musambi ntiwona imyaka.

3. Umuvure wagwiriye umwana wange acika igisebe; genda umuvure.

4. Intore ikamba iyo yambaye ikamba ryayo ari ryo mugara.

5. Ineza ineza uyigiriwe.

Uko bigaragara aya magambo atandukaniye ku buryo ijwi rizamuka, hamwe ijwi rirajya hejuru ahandi rikaguma hasi.

Inshoza y’amasaku

Ntawavuga imiterere y’amasaku ku magambo y’Ikinyarwanda, atabanje kuvuga ko ubutinde bw’inyajwi n’imiterere y’amasaku bihera ku mugemo. Iyo umuntu avuze ijambo yitonze, icya mbere yiyumvisha ni imigemo igize iryo jambo, kuko buri mugemo wumvikana neza bawuvuze inshuro imwe ishyitse. Ingombajwi, inyerera n’ibihekane ntibishobora kurema umugemo batabitwereye inyajwi. Bityo rero usanga inyajwi ari yo shingiro ry’umugemo.

Mu kinyarwanda, inyajwi iba ifite ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku yaremanywe. Iyo utabikurikije mu mvugo, uba ushyomye cyangwa se rimwe na rimwe ukaba uvuze irindi jambo utashakaga kuvuga cyangwa ukaba uvuze ijambo ritabaho.

Mu kinyarwanda amagambo ashobora guhuza ishusho cyangwa imisusire, ariko ntahuze ibisobanuro biturutse ku kudahuza ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku.Urugero: inkoko (itungo) ≠ inkoko(bagosoreraho), umusambi (inyoni) ≠ umusambi (bicaraho)

Ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku by’inyajwi bifite agaciro kuko imihindagurikire yabyo ishobora gutuma igisobanuro k’ijambo gihunduka. Twibuke ko mu Kinyarwanda:

- Inyajwi ibangutse yandikwa n’inyajwi imwe.

Urugero:

umuriro, akagabo, urugo, ikibonezamvugo

- Inyajwi itinda yandikwa n’inyuguti ebyiri zivugwa kimwe.

Urugero:

aa: araaje, icyaanzuee: umukeenke, ikireere

ii: umuriizo, ubwiira

oo: umwoobo, kugoora

uu: ishuuri, kuvuura

Amoko y’amasaku

Mu Kinyarwanda isaku nyesi riri ku nyanjwi nta kimenyetso kirigaragaza ariko isaku nyejuru riri ku nyajwi rigaragazwa n’akamenyetso gateye nk’akagofero (^). Inyajwi ibangutse ishobora kugira isaku nyesi cyangwa se isaku nyejuru.Naho inyajwi itinda,yandikwa n’inyajwi ebyiri zisa, ishobora kugira amasaku nyesi nyesi, nyesi ngejuru cyangwa nyejuru ngesi.

Iyo ushaka kumenya ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku by’inyajwi ziri mu ijambo, usa nuvugiriza ukurikije imvugo y’iryo jambo kandi ugaragaza imigemo irigize. Ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku bizagaragara ku mugemo uyu n’uyu bizaba ari ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku by’inyajwi iri muri uwo mugemo.

Kwandika amasaku ku magambo

Amasaku ashobora kwandikwa ku magambo hakoreshejwe “muhundwanota”. Muhundwanota ni uturongo tubiri tutambitse kandi duteganye, ducibwa hejuru y’ijambo. Muri utwo turongo tubiri niho bashushanyiriza imivugirwe y’iryo jambo bitewe n’uko imigemo irigize ivugitse.

a) Iyo inyajwi ibangutse ifite isaku nyesi cyangwa se isaku nyejuru. Iyo umaze guca uturongo tubiri dutambitse hejuru y’ijambo inyajwi ibangutse ifite isaku nyesi igaragazwa n’agasharu gato gatambitse hejuru y’iyo nyajwi, gakurikiye akarongo ko hasi; inyajwi ibangutse ifite isaku nyejuru igaragazwa n’agasharu gato gatambitse hejuru y’iyo nyajwi, gakurikiye akarongo ko hejuru.

b) Inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyesi igaragazwa n’agakato karekare hejuru y’iyo nyajwi gakurikiye umurongo wo hasi. Naho inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyejuru ngesi, iba ifite isaku nyejuru ry’integuza riba riri ku nyajwi iri ku mugemo ubanziriza uwo iyo nyajwi itinda iba irimo. Mu gihe inyajwi itinda ifite isaku nyesi ngejuru nta saku nyejuru ry’integuza igira. Ivugika ku buryo basa n’abazamura ijwi bahereye ku ntangiriro y’iyo nyajwi kugera ku mpera yayo.

c) Hari ubwo inyajwi itinda igira isaku nyejuru ku ntangiriro yayo (bityo ikagira isaku nyejuru ry’integuza) kandi igakurikirwa n’umugemo urimo inyajwi ifite isaku nyejuru. Icyo gihe rya saku nyejuru riri ku nyajwi yo mu mugemo ukurikira inyajwi itinda, rigira isaku nyejuru ry’integuza ku mpera y’iyi nyajwi itinda. Ibyo bituma imivugirwe y’iyo nyajwi itinda ikomeza guhanika kugera ku mivugirwe ya ya nyajwi ili mu mugemo ukurikiraho.

Biragaragara ko kuri muhundwanota, amajwi y’Ikinyarwanda afite ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku bitandukanye. Hari mo amajwi adatinda abangutse, amajwi atinda, amajwi afite amasaku yo hasi n’amasaku yo hejuru, amajwi atinda afite amasaku nyesi nyesi, nyesi ngejuru na nyejuru ngesi. Mu nyandiko isanzwe itagabanya ibimenyetso, amajwi ariho amasaku yandikwa ashyizweho akagofero (^). Ni ukuvuga ku majwi afite amasaku nyejuru ndetse no ku majwi y’integuza.

Ingero:

- Umugezi, umûdâho                  - Umutaka, înkâ

- Umugaanda, umweeyo            - Urûkûundo, ikîgôori

- Urutoônde, icyaâtsi                  - Umûsââvê, urûhîîrâ

Mu myandikire y’amasaku ku magambo kandi hari uburyo bwo kwandika amasaku busanzwe bwo kugabanya ibimenyetso. Icyo gihe amasaku ashyirwa ku majwi afite amasaku gusa naho amajwi y’integuza ntashyirweho amasaku.

Ingero:

- Umugezi, umudâho                  - Umutaka, inkâ

- Umugaanda, umweeyo             - Urukûundo, ikigôori

- Urutoônde, icyaâtsi                    - Umusâavê, uruhîirâ

Umwitozo ku myandikire y’amasaku

Mu matsinda ya babiribabiri mugaragaze ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku ku magambo.

1. Andika amagambo akurikira ugaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku kuri muhundwanota:

a) Amashaza

b) Ibijumba

c) Inkori

d) Ibishyimbo

e) Imbwija

2. Andika amagambo yatsindagiwe ari mu nteruro zikurikira, ugaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku ariko ugabanya ibimenyetso:

a) Ihene yange itaka ryayigiye mu jisho. Umva ukuntu itaka.

b) Umuntu yanika bishyimbo ku musambi. Uyu musambi ntiwona imyaka.

c) Umuvure wagwiriye umwana wange acika igisebe; genda umuvure.

d) Inkoko bayanitseho ibigori, inkoko zirabirya.

Ibihingwa ngengabukungu

Abanyarwanda muri rusange bakunda guhinga ibihingwa bitandukanye bitewe n’umumaro ibyo bihingwa biba bibafitiye. Muri byo harimo ibihingwa ngandurarugo, bahinga kugira ngo babone amafunguro ya buri munsi, ndetse hari n’ibihingwa ngengabukungu bahinga hatagamijwe amafunguro, ahubwo hagamijwe ko umusaruro wabyo uzagurishwa, bikavamo amafaranga, cyane ko n’Abanyarwanda ubwabo nta bushobozi buhagije bafite bwo kubihinduramo ibibikomokaho bakoresha mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.

Mu bihingwa ngengabukungu twavuga nk’ikawa, icyayi, ibireti,... Ikawa ni kimwe mu bihingwa ngengabukungu gihingwa henshi mu Rwanda nyuma ikagurishwa mu mahanga, ikinjiza amadovize menshi buri mwaka. Iyo inganda zo mu mahamga zimaze kuyihindura, ivanwamo ifu ikoreshwa nk’icyo kunywa. Twavuga kandi n’icyayi na cyo gihindurwamo ibyo kunywa, ibireti bikurwamo umuti wica udukoko, n’ibindi.

Ikawa bavuga ko yaba yaraje mu Rwanda mu 1905 izanywe n’abamisiyoneri b’Abadage. Ahagana mu 1930 ikawa yari imaze kwamamara mu gihugu bitewe n’inyungu yazaniraga abayihinga. Ikawa itangira gutanga umusaruro nyuma y’imyaka igera kuri itanu itewe; ariko mu duce tumwe na tumwe ishobora kwerera imyaka itatu cyangwa ine. Ikawa iyo itangiye kwera isarurwa rimwe mu mwaka ikaba yamara imyaka cumi n’itanu cyangwa makumyabiri igitanga umusaruro. Byose biterwa n’uko iba yaritaweho. Icyakora umusaruro ikawa y’u Rwanda itanga ntuhagije ugereranyije n’aho u Rwanda rwifuza kugera.

Ubwoko bw’ikawa buhingwa mu Rwanda ni bubiri: Robusita na Arabika. Arabika ni yo kawa izwi cyane mu Rwanda kuko iboneka hafi ya hose mu ntara z’u Rwanda, ikunda ahantu h’imisozi hanaboneka imvura kandi u Rwanda ni Igihugu kitirirwa imisozi igihumbi, kinabona imvura ihagije. Abasogongezi bemeza ko Arabika ihumura neza kurusha izindi kawa. Banongeraho kandi ko Arabika nta kafeyine nyinshi ibonekamo. Ibyo ngo ni byo byaba bituma ikawa y’u Rwanda ikomeza gukundwa cyane. Robusita yo yikundira ahantu hahehereye nko mu bibaya no mu nkombe z’imigezi.

Mu Rwanda haracyakoreshwa uburyo gakondo mu kubona no gutunganya umusaruro w’ikawa. Ku mwero wa kawa, abahinzi basoroma imbuto zihishije neza bakazijyana ku iherero. Zishyirwa mu mashini ihera ikavanaho ibishishwa hifashishijwe amazi. Nyuma yo kuva mu mashini zinikwa mu mazi igihe kigera ku masaha atandatu kugira ngo zite ururenda. Icyo gihe haba hasigaye kurongwa neza no kwanikwa.

Ikawa irongwa neza ikanikwa ahantu hari izuba riringaniye ikuma neza. Kuyibika cyangwa kuyanura igifite amazi si byiza rwose. Ubukonje butuma ishobora kuzana umusaka kandi ntigire impumuro nziza. Iyo yumye neza itoranywamo ikawa mbi bita ibihuhwe maze izirobanuwe nziza zikoherezwa mu nganda zifite imashini kabuhariwe mu kutunganya ikawa no gukoramo ibyo abantu bakenera gukoresha mu buzima bwabo. Mu Rwanda dufite uruganda ruyitunganya rwa “Huye mountain coffee”. Mu gutoranya ikawa nziza, harebwa intete nini kandi zihumura neza.

Mu bihugu byateye imbere, bafata za ntete bakazisya hagakurwamo ikawa iseye neza ishobora guhita inywebwa ako kanya. Mu Rwanda kandi hari inganda zitunganya icyayi; Abanyarwanda banywa icyayi cy’u Rwanda. N’ibindi bihingwa ngengabukungu bibonewe inganda zo mu gihugu zibihindura byarushaho kuba byiza kuko nk’ikawa itugarukira ihenze ku buryo abahinzi benshi batayigurira kandi aribo bayihinze. Leta yari ikwiye kureba uko yabigenza igakemura icyo kibazo. Twishyize hamwe tukubaka inganda zikomeye, twajya twohereza mu mahanga umusaruro watunganyijwe neza tukarushaho kunguka.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Gereranya ibihingwa ngandurarugo n’ibihingwa ngengabukungu.

2. Ni ibihe bihingwa ngengabukungu bikunze kuboneka mu Rwanda, akamaro kabyo ni akahe?

3. Ikawa zihingwa mu Rwanda zirimo amoko angahe?

4. Ni ikihe gihingwa kera mu Rwanda ubona gishobora gusimbura ikawa mu kwinjiriza u Rwanda amadovize? Sobanura impamvu.

5. Ni iyihe mpamvu nyamukuru yavuzwe mu mwandiko ituma u Rwanda ruza mu bihugu bishobora kweza ikawa nyinshi?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Amadovize

b) Kwamamara

c) Abasogongezi

d) Umusaka

e) intete.

2. Tanga impuzanyito z’aya magambo:

a) Ububasha

b) Gutoranya

c) Guhera

3. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo:

a) Imisozi

b) Kwanika

c) Kubaka

4. Huza amagambo yo muri ruziga A n’ibisobanuro byayo biri mu ruziga B

III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri mu mwandiko.

2. Uretse imirimo y’ubuhinzi, ni iyihe mirimo yindi yateza abanyarwanda imbere?

3. Ukurikije ibihingwa byavuzwe mu mwandiko n’umutwe w’umwandiko urumva bihuriye he?

IV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

Kungurana ibitekerezo

Ganira na bagenzi bawe mu itsinda mwungurane ibitekerezo ku ruhare rw’ibihingwa ngengabukungu mu iterambere ry’igihugu.

Guhanga

Umukoro

Hanga umwandiko ugaragaza akamaro k’ibihingwa ngengabukungu.

Ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi

Amabaruwa agira amoko atandukanye bitewe n’uburyo yanditse, uwayanditse cyangwa se uwo yandikiwe. Mu Kinyarwanda habaho ibaruwa ya gicuti ndetse n’ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi. Ibaruwa ya gicuti, uyandika nta mabwiriza runaka aba agomba kubahiriza, mu gihe ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi yo igira amabwiriza n’amategeko agomba kubahirizwa.

Gusesengura ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi

Mu matsinda ya babiribabiri mwongere musome ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi, munasesengure imiterere yayo mugendeye ku mbata y’ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi.

Ibice by’ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi

1. Aderesi y’uwandika: Aderesi y’uwandika yandikwa hejuru mu ruhande rw’imoso y’urupapuro. Uwandika agaragaza aderesi y’aho yanditse ari kugira ngo nasubizwa igisubizo kizabone aho cyoherezwa.

2. Ahantu n’itariki: Ahantu n’itariki byandikwa hejuru mu ruhande rw’iburyo. Uwandika agaragaza aho yandikiye, agashyiraho akitso hanyuma agakurikizaho itariki yandikiyeho. Ahantu n’itariki byandikwa biringaniye na aderesi y’uwandika.

3. Izina ry’icyubahiro n’inshingano by’uwandikiwe: Begera hepfo gato ya aderesi y’uwandika, bakambukiranya urupapuro bagana iburyo, bagapimanya munsi y’aho ahantu n’itariki byatangiriye, akaba ariho bandika izina ry’icyubahiro n’inshingano by’uwandikirwa.

4. Binyujijwe: Begera hepho gato y'izina ry'inshingano by'uwandikiwe.

5. Impamvu: Begera hepfo gato y’aho banditse izina ry’icyubahiro n’inshingano by’uwandikiwe, bakagaruka ibumoso, bagapimanya munsi y’aho aderesi y’uwandika yatangiriye, akaba ariho handikwa ijambo impamvu. Ijambo impamvu rigomba buri gihe kuba rikurikiwe n’utudomo tubiri kandi riciweho akarongo. Mu kwandika impamvu nyiri izina, uwandika agomba kwirinda gukoresha interuro ndende ishobora kwambukiranya ikagera munsi y’izina ry’uwandikiwe n’inshingano ze. Ni byiza ko akoresha interuro ngufi ndetse byaruta yanditse mu mirongo ibiri ariko itambukiranyije urupapuro.

6.Urwego rw’ubuyobozi rw’uwandikiwe: Urwego rw’ubuyobozi rw’uwandikiwe rwandikwa hepfo gato y’impamvu ariko bambukiranyije urupapuro, bagapimanya aho ahantu n’itariki, izina ry’icyubahiro n’inshingano by’uwandikiwe byatangiriye, akaba ariho bandika urwego rw’ubuyobozi rw’uwandikiwe kandi buri gihe hashyirwaho akitso.

7. Ibaruwa nyirizina: Igizwe n'ibice bitatu ari byo:

a) Intangiriro y’ibaruwa: Aho Ibaruwa itangirira n’ubundi ni ugupimanya munsi y’ahatangiriye ahantu n’itariki, izina ry’icyubahiro n’inshingano by’uwandikiwe ndetse n’urwego rw’ubuyobozi, akaba ariho ibaruwa itangirira. Mu ntangiriro uwandika akomoza gato ku mpamvu imuteye kwandika.

(b) Igihimba k’ibaruwa: Igihimba na cyo gitangirira aho ibindi bice biba byatangiriye munsi gato y’intangiriro. Mu gihimba uwandika yandika mu buryo burambuye ibitekerezo bye, akirinda kurondogora no gukoresha amagambo agaragaza amarangamutima, ahubwo akandika agusha ku ntego.

(c) Umusozo w’ibaruwa: Umusozo w’ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi na wo utangirira munsi gato y’aho ibindi bice biba byatangiriye, kandi ukandikwa hakoreshejwe amagambo make.

8. Amazina n’umukono by’uwandika: Munsi y’umusozo uwandika, yongera kugaragaza amazina ye ndetse agashyira umukono ku ibaruwa yanditse.

9. Bimenyeshejwe: Begera hasi gato y'amazina y'uwanditse ariko aharinganiye n'aho impamvu yatangiriye.

Ikitonderwa: Binyujijwe na bimenyeshejwe bikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe igihe bibaye ngombwa.

Inama zigirwa uwandika ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi

Ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi ni ibaruwa yandikanwa ubwitonzi kuko uburyo yanditse bihesha agaciro nyiri ukuyandika bityo n’ibyifuzo bye bikaba byakoroha kubahirizwa cyangwa bikagorana kubifataho ikemezo kubera uko iyo baruwa iteye.Dore ibigomba kwitonderwa:

1. Uwandika agomba kubahiriza imbata y’ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi. Ibice byose ni ngombwa ko bibonekamo. Iyo uwandika agiye kwandika ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi agomba kumenya uwo yandikira, bitewe n’impamvu agiye kwandika.

2. Uwandika agomba kugira ikinyabupfura, akubaha uwo yandikira. Uwandika agomba koroshya amagambo, agasobanura ibyo yandika mu kinyabupfura.

3. Uwandika agomba kwirinda kurondogora, akandika ibiri ngombwa gusa, arasa ku ntego.

4. Uwandika agomba kwirinda gusiribanga, akandika ibaruwa ifite isuku.

5. Mu ntangiriro y’ibaruwa, shyiramo ikiguteye kwandika. Tangira ugira uti : « Nejewe no kubandikira iyi baruwa ngira ngo ... ». Mu gihimba k’ibaruwa, sobanura neza impamvu wanditse, n’igituma wumva ibyemezo byafatwa byahuza n’ibyifuzo byawe. Niba hari impapuro zarushaho kumvikanisha igitekerezo cyawe uzivuge, kandi buri rupapuro wavuze mu ibaruwa uze kurushyira ku mugereka w’ibaruwa. Mu musozo w’ibaruwa, shimira uwo wandikiye.

6. Iyo ibaruwa ishyizwe mu ibahasha, inyuma ushyiraho izina ry’icyubahiro n’inshingano by’uwo wandikinye. Ntabwo ushyiraho izina rye bwite.

Umwitozo ku ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi

Umunyeshuri umwumwe arandika ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi akurikije imiterere yayo.

1. Andikira umuyobozi w’ishuri ryawe ibaruwa umusaba uruhushya rwo kujya iwanyu kubera impamvu runaka.

Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa kenda

Muri uyu mutwe twasesenguye imyandiko ivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko y’iterambere, twabonye ko ibihingwa ngandurarugo nk’ibinyabijumba, ibinyampeke, n’imboga bituma tubona ibidutunga na ho ibihingwa ngengabukungu nk’ikawa, icyayi, ibireti bikaba byoherezwa hanze bikinjiza amadovize. Ibihingwa ngengabukundu twabonye ko ahanini byoherezwa mu mahanga kubera ko mu Rwanda nta bushobozi dufite bwo kubibyaza icyo bigenewe gukoreshwa.

Ku bijyanye n’imyandikire ya gihanga, twabonye uburyo amagambo yandikwa hubahirizwa ubutinde n’amasaku kuri muhundwanota no mu buryo bwo kugabanya ibimenyetso hagaragazwa ubutinde n’amasaku nyejuru by’inyajwi.Twabonye kandi ibijyanye no kwandika ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi. Ibaruwa yoherezwa mu buyobozi, igomba kwandikanwa ubushishozi ntigaragaremo amarangamutima no kurondogora kandi ikubahiriza imbata yabugenewe.

Iby’ingenzi nshoboye

- Gushishikariza abantu akamaro k’ibihingwa ngandurarugo n’ibihingwa ngengabukungu mu iterambere ry’Igihugu.

- Kwandika amagambo y’Ikinyarwanda ngaragaza ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku by’inyajwi.

- Kwandika ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi nubahiriza imbata n’imiterere yayo.

Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kenda

Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

Umwandiko: Twongere umusaruro

Mu gihugu cyacu ndetse no bindi bihugu muri rusange, usanga ababituye biyongera nyamara ubutaka bwo guturaho ndetse n’ubwo gukoreraho imirimo itandukanye ntibwiyongere. No mu Rwanda Abanyarwanda bariyongera kandi abenshi batunzwe n’ubuhinzi. Ubutaka buhingwa ntibwiyongera kandi bugenda busaza ku buryo umusaruro ugabanuka umunsi ku wundi. Twakwibaza icyakorwa kugira ngo umusaruro w’ubuhinzi wiyongere?

Icyakorwa cya mbere ni ugushaka uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro mwinshi ubuso buto bwo guhingaho. Ibyo kugira ngo bigerweho bisaba kuva kuri wa muco wa kera wo guhinga nta kindi bongera mu butaka, ahubwo hakimakazwa umuco wo gukoresha inyongeramusaruro. Icyo gihe hakoreshwa ishwagara n’ ifumbire y’imborera mu kongera umusaruro. Iyi fumbire kugira ngo iboneke ku buryo buhagije umuhinzi asabwa kugira itungo yorora. Bityo amase, amahurunguru n’amaganga ndetse n’icyarire ni byo byivanga bikazabyara ifumbire. Mu gusukurira itungo birayorwa bigashyirwa mu ngarani. Iyo bimaze kubora bivamo ifumbire ijyanwa mu murima maze umusaruro ukarumbuka.

Ubundi buryo bugezweho bwo kongera umusaruro ni ugukoresha inyongeramusaruro ya kijyambere bita imvaruganda. Igurwa mu maduka cyangwa igatangwa n’impuguke mu by’ubuhinzi dusanga mu mirenge yacu. Izo mpuguke ni na zo abahinzi bagombye gusanga, bakazigisha inama y’icyo bakora ngo umusaruro w’ubuhinzi wiyongere. Amafumbire agenewe ibihingwa ngandurarugo nk’imboga, ibinyamisogwe, ibinyampeke n’ibinyabijumba araboneka rwose ndetse n’ay’ibihingwa ngengabukungu nk’ikawa, icyayi n’ibindi na yo araboneka.

Ikindi kigomba gukorwa, abahinzi bagomba kumenya gukurikirana ibihingwa bahinze. Hari igihe imyaka iri murima ishobora gufatwa n’indwara runaka, icyo gihe abahinzi bagomba kuba hafi kugira ngo batere imiti irwanya indwara runaka ishobora gufata imyaka. Abahinzi kandi bagomba kumenya ibihingwa bijyanye n’ahantu bashaka guhinga kuko ubutaka bwose siko buba buberanye na buri gihingwa.Nk’uko bigaragara rero ubutaka bwo guhinga busigaye ari buto. Abahinzi bakwiye kuva ku bya kera byo guhinga badafumbira, ahubwo bagahitamo ifumbire bakoresha yaba iy’imborera ibasaba kugira itungo cyangwa iy’imvaruganda igurwa amafaranga.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Umwanditsi afite izihe mpungenge agaragariza mu gika cya mbere?

2. Ese ni iki umuntu yakongera mu ubutaka kugira ngo umusaruro w’ibihingwa wiyongere?

3. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kubona inyongeramusaruro buvugwa mu mwandiko? Hari ubundi buryo uzi wavuga?

4. Uretse gukoresha ifumbire n’iki abahinzi bagomba gukora kugira ngo umusaruro uboneke?

5. Kuba abantu biyongera, ubutaka ntibwiyongere wumva bizagira iyihe ngaruka ku butaka buhingwa?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoresha mu mwandiko:

a) Ifumbire

b) Icyarire

c) Kurumbuka

d) Imvaruganda

e) Impuguke.

2. Tanga impuzanyito y’aya magambo:

a) Kongera (umusaruro)

b) Inyongeramusaruro

3. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo akurikira:

a)

b) Kugura

III. Ikibonezamvugo

1. Andika aya magambo ugaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku kuri muhundwanota, unayandike mu nyandiko igabanya ibimenyetso.

a) Umuyobozi

b) ingarani

c) Ifumbire

d) guhinga

e) Imvaruganda

IV. Ihangamwandiko

Andikira ibaruwa y’ubuyobozi Umuyobozi w’ishuri ryawe umusaba kwiga utaha kubera ikibazo cy’amafaranga utabona.

Imyandiko y’inyongera

Afashwe neza nk’icyana k’ingangi

Muri iki gihe hagenda haduka imvugo zitandukanye zigaragaza uko abantu babayeho. Mu minsi yashize hari hadutse imvugo ngo: “Yaradamaraye”, Yaragashize”, “Yageze iyo ajya” “Arasharamye” n’izindi. Reka tuganire kuri iyi mvugo ngo: “Afashwe neza nk’icyana k’ingagi.”

Iyi mvugo yadutse ahagana mu 1990 ubwo ingagi zari zitaweho cyane na nyakwigendera Diyane Fose (Diane Fossey), Umunyamerika wabaga mu Rwanda, abanyarwanda bari barahimbye Nyiramacibiri. Ingagi zivugwa aha ni ingagi zo mu misozi. Ni zimwe mu nyamaswa zisigaye hake cyane ku isi. Ingagi ni zimwe mu nyamaswa zenda gusa n’umuntu ku buryo zikurura cyane ba mukererugendo. Ingagi zo mu misozi zibarizwa mu birunga biri hagati y’ibihugu bitatu ari byo u Rwanda, Uganda na Kongo (Congo). Buri mwaka zisurwa na ba Mukerarugendo batari bake maze zikaba zinjirije u Rwanda amadovize atabarika. Ni yo mpamvu rero Leta yashyizeho gahunda yihariye yo kuzirengera.

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2008, hashyizweho umunsi ngaruka mwaka wo kwita amazina abana b’ingagi bavutse vuba. Uwo munsi witwa “Kwita izina”. Ni umwe mu minsi mikuru iba mu Rwanda byagaragaye ko ihuruza imbaga y’isi yose. Iyo itariki yo kwita izina igiye kugera, abantu baturuka imihanda yose baje muri icyo gikorwa kibera mu Kinigi mu Karere ka Musanze. Usanga imihanda igana aho ibirori bibera, abantu ari uruvunganzoka.

Kubera agaciro ingagi zifite mu Rwanda, hanashyizweho ivuriro n’abaganga b’inzobere bazibungabungira amagara. Erega na zo zitwinjiriza akayabo! Ni iyihe nyamaswa se isurwa kurusha ingagi? Muri make ingagi zo mu Rwanda zitaweho pe! Mu minsi yashize zanashyirwaga no ku noti.Ibyo rero hamwe n’ibindi tutarondoye ni byo byatumye Abanyarwanda bahimba iyi mvugo. Iyo babonye umuntu umerewe neza cyangwa afashwe neza na shebuja, mbese ari umutoni, bagira bati: “Afashwe neza nk’icyana k’ingagi.”

Imikino mpuzamahanga ya Olempiki

Buri myaka ine, abakinnyi b’imikino ngororamubiri baturutse imihanda yose bahurira mu mikino mpuzamahanga ya “Olempiki”. Hari benshi batazi impamvu iyo mikino yiswe ityo, abandi ntibazi inkomoko yayo. Iyi mikino yabereye bwa mbere mu gihugu cy’ubugiriki mu mwaka wa 776 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu. Ibera mu mugi wa Olempiya ari naho hakomotse izina Olempiki ryitiriwe iyo mikino.

Mu ntangiriro y’iyo mikino, byari ibirori byo kwizihiza no kuramya ikigirwamana cyabo kitwaga Zewusi. Abakinnyi baturutse mu migi itandukanye barahuraga bagakina imikino nk’iy’iteramakofe, kwiruka, gukirana, imikino ngororamubiri nko gusimbuka, guterura ibiremereye, banajugunyaga ingasire, bagasimbuka imirambararo n’inkiramende, ubundi bakiruka ku mafarashi.

Iyo iyo mikino yajyaga gutangira, boherezaga intumwa mu migi yose itandukanye ikamenyekanisha ko ibyo birori bigiye kuba. Iyo ntumwa yabaga ifite urumuri ikaruzengurutsa umugi wose abantu barubona bakamenya ko ibyo birori byegereje. Muri icyo gihe nta manza cyangwa andi makimbirane yongeraga kuba mu gihugu hose. N’intambara zose zahitaga zihagarara mu gihugu hose.

U Rwanda ndetse n’ibindi bihugu byinshi bya Afurika byohereza abakinnyi batari bake muri iyo mikino. U Rwanda rwagiye rugira abakinnyi benshi bagiye bitwara neza muri iyo mikino. Ku buryo hari abagiye baruserukira bakegukana imidari, bikabahesha ishema ubwabo ndetse bigahesha ishema Igihugu muri rusange. Abakiri bato barashishikarizwa kwitabira imikino ngororamubiri kugira ngo na bo bage baserukira Igihugu cyacu.

Kuva iyo mikino igitangira kugera hafi muri za 392, yaberaga mu Bugereki. Ariko ubu uko imyaka ine itashye hatoranywa umugi uzakira iyo mikino kandi bakamenyesha igihugu kizayakira mbere y’imyaka igera ku munani. Ubu imikino yose iba irimo yaba iy’amaboko, umupira w’amaguru n’imikino ngororamubiri.Iyo imikino irangiye, ibihembo biratangwa, abakinnyi bakambikwa imidari y’ishimwe. Muri buri mukino, hahembwa abakinnyi batatu cyangwa amakipe atatu ya mbere. Uwa mbere ahabwa umudari wa zahabu, uwa kabiri akambikwa umudari wa feza, hanyuma uwa gatatu akambikwa uwa buronze. Ubwo ni na ko ibyo bihembo byose biherekezwa n’akayabo k’amafaranga.

Imigi yakunze kwakira ayo marushanwa ni nka Atene mu Bugereki, Atalanta muri Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Beyijinge mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa, Mosiku mu Burusiya n’ahandi. Tugize amahirwe yo kwakira iyo mikino, twakungukiramo byinshi. Abantu baturuka imihanda yose baje kureba iyo mikino. Uburiro n’amacumbi byahungukira kakahava. Twabatembereza mu gihugu bakirebera ibyiza nyaburanga. Twanaboneraho kubamurikira ibiranga umuco wacu nk’ibikorwa by’ubukorikori, ububoshyi bw’uduseke, ububumbyi bw’imitako yo mu nzu n’ibindi.

Urarye uri menge

Uyu mugani bawuca iyo bashaka kuburira umuntu kugira ngo atagwa mu makuba babona ashobora kumugwirira akamwokama. Wamamaye mu Rwanda ukomotse ku muganwa Rutarati warindaga ba ka Mutaga umwami w’u Burundi ahayinga umwaka wa 1700.

Mutaga Semwiza umwami w’i Burundi, yari atuye ku Rutabo rwa Nkanda n’i Muganza w’i Ngara muri Nshige (Nyaruguru). Rimwe rero ahiga n’abaganwa (abatware) be ko abarusha abagore beza. Akabavuga mu bisingizo byabo ati: “Mbarusha Bishunzi bya Nyabinyeri binyara mu ntoki z’abarenzi imponogo zikarangira mu kirambi muka Mwezi!” Uwo ni uwitwaga Nahimpera. Ati: “Mbarusha Gikori igikurungishwabiganza umukobwa ubarusha ikiririsi n’ikirindimuko Bibero by’urutembabarenzi muka Mwezi!” Uwo ni uwitwaga Umunani. Ati: “Mbarusha Rusaro rwa Nzikwesa ruresaresa umutwenzi (umusore) mu museke akamusogota isonga y’ururimi muka Mwezi!” Uwo ni uwitwaga Niraba. Akomeza atyo ahetura abagore be bose bari aho. Abaganwa na bo bahiga ko atabarusha abagore beza. Ubwo bemeza ko bazateranira ku Rutabo rwa Nkanda bakamurikwa, maze bakabona gukemura impaka.

Umugambi urahama. Abaganwa barabikomeza kuko bashakaga kuzabona abagore ba Mutaga kuko yafuhaga ku buryo atemeraga ko hari umugore we ugera ahagaragara ngo banamurabukwe. Bahana igihe cy’ukwezi cy’umwiteguro. Gushize, abagore bose bahurira i Nkanda ku Rutabo. Bamaze kuhagera bateranyirizwa mu nzu yitwaga Menge yari mu gikari kwa Mutaga. Mutaga ariko agira amakenga y’abahungu maze abo bagore abarindisha umugabo witwa Rushorera. Amaze kumuha izo nshingano arikubura, Rushorera asigara muri iyo nzu arinze abo bakobwa. Mutaga ntiyashirwa abwira n’abareruzi (abahetsi) kumugenzurira na Rushorera ubwe. Abwira umutware wabo ko nibamubona bazamufatana n’uwo bari kumwe bakamumushyira. Abareruzi bahimbazwa n’umugambi bahawe. Ibyo byose Mutaga abivugana na bo rwihishwa Rushorera atabizi, yibereye mu nzu yinywera aniganirira n’abagore ba Mutaga n’aba baganwa. Rushorera yibera muri uwo munezero kugeza ubwo yibanisha na Nahimpera.

Nuko abareruzi batangira kugenzura, bakajya binjira mu nzu umwe umwe. Ugezemo wese agasanga Rushorera yegamiye Bishunzi ku rutugu. Rimwe rero umwe abagwa gitumo rwabaye imbwike. Arirahira, bagenzi be baba bahashinze. Babata muri yombi barabahambiranya, babajyana mu gitaramo kwa Mutaga. Abahungu bababonye bariyamira, bati: “Bishunzi bamukenyeje Rushorera!” Rushorera arabohwa, aranyagwa. Ibyo kumurika abagore biba birapfuye kubera uburakari bwa Mutaga.

Hagati aho batarasezererwa, Mutaga abwira Rutarati ati: “Genda undindire abagore hatazagira uwongera gukenyezwa Rushorera!” Abari aho baraseka kuko bari bazi ko Rutarati akunda abakobwa kurusha Rushorera. Umwe muri bo ni ko kubwira Rutarati mu magambo y’igitaramo ati: “Ye ga Rutarati! Uramenye ugende neza, uri muri Menge arya areba hanze!” Bongera guseka ku bwa ya ngeso basanzwe bamuziho, wa wundi yungamo ati: “Kandi rero uri muri Menge arya ashyuhaguza!”

Ibyo byose n’ubwo babivugaga mu marenga, Mutaga yarabyumvaga afindura icyo bashaka kuvuga. Abwira Rutarati ati: “Genda ubwire abareruzi baheke abagore bose abange b’i Muganza n’ab’abaganwa maze batahe irushanwa rirarangiye.” Iyo mvugo rero irahararwa i Burundi ihinduka umugani uba gikwira ugera mu Rwanda. Kuva ubwo bagira uwo bashaka kuburira igishobora kumushyira mu makozere bakamuburira bagira bati: “Urarye uri menge!” Babyendeye kuri uwo murundi Rutarati. Kurya uri menge ni ukwigengesera.

Shyerezo

Shyerezo, Umwami w'igihugu cyo Hejuru, yari afite abagore benshi, barimo uwitwa Gasani. Ariko Gasani akaba amaze igihe kirekire yaragumbashye. Bukeye haza umuhanuzikazi witwa Impamvu, aramubwira ati:"Nkuragurire umwana w'umuhungu ugiye kubyara!" Gasani ati: "Winshinyagurira! Iki gihe maze cyose naragumbashye, uwo mwana azava hehe?" Impamvu ati: "Uzamubyara, ndabikuraguriye, nange icyo gihembo nzakibona!" Gasani ati: "Ese uhembwa iki?" Undi aramubwira ati:"Icyo uzampemba ntikiruhije upfa kunyihera icyo nambara n'ikintunga, nkaza ngatura mu rugo rwawe, kugira ngo mbone uburyo bwo kugumya kukubwiriza uko uzabigenza." Gasani yemera ibyo Impamvu amubwiye. Amushakira umwanya mu gikari, amushyira aho, aramutunga, akajya amukuburira inkanda uko akanishije inshya. Byibera aho.

Bukeye Impamvu abwira nyirabuja ati: "Ubajishe igicuba cy'umurinzi, ubuganizemo amata, nzakubwira." Muri iyo minsi, Shyerezo akaba afite umugambi wo kwagura ibihugu bye. Maze ahamagara abapfumu be, kugira ngo bamurebere inzira yo kuzuzuza uwo mugambi. Abapfumu bashaka ikimasa kizaba imana, bakizana mu gikari ibwami. Bashaka imbuto y'umwami, bayibuganiza cya kimasa, baracyongorera, barakibikira. Bamaze kukibikira, baracyorosora, baratega, basanga keze. Bajya rero mu nzu kuvuga amabara yacyo. Impamvu abonye Abapfumu bamaze kwinjira ikambere, abwira nyirabuja ati: "Genda wende uriya mutima w'imana yeze, maze uwuzane, uwushyire muri cya gicuba wabuganijemo amata. Ariko wihishe, ntihagire ukubona." Gasani aranyonyomba, no kuri ya mana, yenda wa mutima, araza awushyira muri cya gicuba cy'umurinzi. Igicuba akijisha ku ruhimbi rw'ibisabo, bakajya bakidomamo amata y'inshyushyu, uko inka zihumuje, mu gitondo na nimugoroba, kugira ngo gihore cyuzuye, nk'uko Impamvu yari yamubwiye.

Byibera aho. Amezi kenda arashira, mu kwa cumi Impamvu abwira Gasani ati: "Genda ujishure cya gicuba, ugipfundure, urebe ikirimo." Gasani aragenda no ku ruhimbi rw'ibisabo, ajishura cya gicuba, aragipfundura, arebamo. Arebyemo asanga akana k'uruhinja kareremba hejuru y'amata. Ahita avuza impundu, n'abo mu rugo bose bamutiza izindi bati: "Gasani yabyaye! Nimuvuze impundu!" Umwana bamukura mu gicuba, bamukubise amaso basanga ari agahinja k'agahungu keza cyane.

Inkuru ngo igere kuri Shyerezo, bamubwira ngo aze kwita umwana izina, arabahakanira, intumwa arayirukana ati: "Uwo mwana si uwange!" Umunsi wa munani ugeze, Shyerezo koko ntiyaza guterura umwana ngo amwite izina. Bongeye kumwibutsa noneho ararakara ati: "Sinababwiye ko uwo mwana atari uwange, kandi ntamushaka? Nibanamwice sinshaka ko ambera aho!" Gasani n'umuja we babyumvise, umwana baramuhisha. Gasani amwita Sabizeze, kubera ko yari yamukuye ku mana yeze. Na ho abo Shyerezo yohereza kwica wa mwana, bakanga kwiteranya na nyirabuja, bakabanza kumuburira, umwana bakamuhisha.

Sabizeze yibanira atyo na nyina arakura, uko akura akagenda asa na se, arushaho kuba mwiza. Abantu bakabwira Shyerezo bati : "Nyagasani rwose ufite umwana mwiza cyane utaraboneka mu bantu!" Shyerezo ati: "Uwo mwana ko nategetse kumwica byagenze bite? Simushaka, ntabwo ari uwange! Kandi namvire mu gihugu!" Bigezeho abagaragu bakuru b'umwami baraza babwira Gasani bati: "Mwamikazi, tuje kureba umwana wawe barahiriye muduhamagarire tumurebe!" Gasani ahamagaza Sabizeze. Umwana ageze imbere ya ba batware, ngo bamukubite amaso baratangara, basanga koko ari mwiza bitarabaho kandi asa na se. Baragenda babwira Shyerezo bati: "Nyagasani umwana ufite hariya ni akataraboneka! Uwamwica ni nko kukwica ubwawe!" Shyerezo yibuka ko yari amaze kwohereza intumwa zo kwica uwo mwana gatatu, zose zikagaruka zimutaka, zimutangarira, yiyemeza kwigira yo. Aragenda no kwa Gasani ahageze, bahamagaza umwana ngo aze aramutse Se. Shyerezo amukubise amaso, ibyo kumwica ahita abireka, ahubwo aramuterura, amugira uwe amwita Imana.

Sabizeze uko akura, ni ko bagendaga basanga atameze nk'abandi bana. Byakubitiraho no kwibuka ko se yari yabanje kumwihakana, abantu bagatangara cyane ariko babaza nyina aho yamukuye n'uko yamubyaye, Gasani akaryumaho. Bukeye nyina wa Gasani aza kumusura, baganiriye arabimubaza, noneho Gasani aramubwira. Naho ubwo umugaragu wa Sabizeze ari hafi aho, icyo bavuze cyose agata mu gutwi. Amaze kubitora neza, aragenda abibwira shebuja Sabizeze. Ati: "Mbega mwana wa databuja, ugira ngo ndacyatangajwe n'uko uturusha byose? Namenye ko utavutse nk'abandi, ahubwo wavuye mu mutima w'imana yeze! Numvise nyoko abibwira nyogokuru! Sabizeze abyumvise, ararakara ati: "Ubonye mama ngo arambyarura! Sinkibaye muri iki gihugu, sinabona aho nkwirwa!"

Sabizeze aboneza ubwo, ajya ku kiraro ke yenda umuheto we, ahamagara imbwa ze z'impigi, Ruzunguzungu na Ruguma. Ajya mu ruganda rwa se yenda umuriro, awuhambira mu ifumba, yenda n'inyundo ya se, yitwa Nyarushara. Ajya mu biraro by'inka, ayobora imfizi Rugira n'insumba yayo Ingizi. Ajyana n'imfizi y'intama Mudende n'iyayo Nyabuhoro. Ajyana n'isekurume y'ihene Rugeyo n'isake Mugambira n'inyange. Amaze gukoranya ibyo byose, akora ku muvandimwe we na mushiki wabo Nyampundu. Umugaragu we Mihwabaro ataho maze bashyira nzira. Bageze ku rugi rw'ijuru Sabizeze yegura ya nyundo ya se Nyarushara, ayikoma ku rugi hejuru no hasi, no hirya no hino. Ijuru rirakingura n'uko barururuka. Ariko ya nyundo iramucika, imanuka umujugujugu igwa ku gisi cya Muhabura, irataruka yijugunya mu kiyaga cya Gipfuna. Bamanuka ku ijuru baza mu gihugu cyo hasi, maze bururukira ku rutare rw'Ikinani, mu Mazinga ya Mubari. Hakaba mu gihugu cy'abazigaba, Umwami wabo ari Kabeja. Baca ingando, barahatura, baracanira, bibera aho.

Inka

Inka ni rimwe mu matungo yororwa n’abantu. Igira umubyimba munini, ikagira amaguru n’amaboko abiri; ikandagiza ibinono kandi buri kinono kikagira imbari ebyiri. Igira umurizo muremure uriho ubwoya bita ubusenzi. Inka zigira amabara menshi: Hariho ibihogo, umukara , igitare, urwirungu, umusengo, ubugondo, isine, ikijuju, ikibamba n’ayandi menshi akomoka kuri ayo.

Kera inka bakundaga kuzinyaga mu mahanga, cyanecyane habaye imirwano maze bayitsinda bakazizanaho iminyago. Icyo gihe bororaga inyambo zabaga ari ndende zifite n’amahembe maremare, bakanorora n’inkuku zabaga zo ari ngufi kandi zinafite amahembe magufi. Habagaho n’inkungu zitagira amahembe cyangwa zifite amahembe aregarega, bitaga indegerege. Inka zororerwaga mu nzuri zikararayo maze aho zikunze kurara zikahaca ibikumba. Abashumba bazikukiraga bakanazicira icyarire bitwaga abarenzamase naho abashinzwe kuziragira gusa no kuzirinda kuribwa n’inyamaswa z’inkazi nk’intare bo bakitwa abashumba rwoma. Abashumba baziririmbiraga indirimbo zijyanye n’ibyo zikora. Zaba zitashye bazicyuye bakaziririmbira “amahamba”, zaba zishotse bakaziririmbira “inzira” zaba zibyagiye se bakaziririmbira “indama”.

Korora inka nyinshi biraruhije muri iki gihe. Inzuri zisigaye ni nke. Abantu basigaye bororera mu biraro. Inka zitungwa no kurisha zikarenzaho amazi. Zikunze kurwara uburondwe buzinyunyuza amaraso. Gushitura uburondwe kera byararushyaga, ariko ubu habonetse umuti bazifuhira cyangwa bashyira mu byuzi inka zikogamo, maze zigakuka uburondwe bwazishizeho.

Mu Rwanda rwa kera inka ni yo yarangaga ubukire. Umuntu wabaga adatunze, yajyaga gukeza uzitunze akamuhakwaho, nuko shebuja akazamuha inka na we akaba abonye icyororo. Umuntu w’intwari yashoboraga kuyihabwaho ingororano kuko yarushije abandi ubutwari mu gitero babaga batabarutsemo. Abasizi nabo bashoboboraga guhabwa inka n’umwami ashimye igisigo bamutuye. Umubyeyi wakoshaga umukobwa, na we yabonaga inka akaboneraho korora. Abantu bifurizanya kugira inka nyinshi, ibyo tubisanga mu ndamukanyo zabo aho umwe agira ati : “Gira amashyo!”, undi na we ati : “Amashongore cyangwa amashyo ngore.”

Inka igirira abantu akamaro ku buryo bwinshi. Nta kintu kiyikomokaho kidafite akamaro. Amata yayo barayanywa, bakanayakuramo amavuta yo kurunga no kwisiga. Inyama zayo barazirya, uruhu rwayo rukurwamo ibikoba cyangwa rugakorwamo inkweto, amasakoshi, imikandara. Uruhu kandi barukoragamo inkanda, igikoba cy’umurizo kigashyirwa ku kirindi cy’umuhoro kikakirinda gusaduka. Amahembe yayo yashyingurwagamo inzuzi, inago, imirya, amafaranga n’ibindi. Amahembe yanakorwagamo imangu zo gukoma impuzu, akanakorwagamo inkono z’itabi. Amase y’inka ahoma ibidasesa, imitiba, ibigega, insika, n’imbuga zo kwanikaho imyaka. Usibye, ibi amase avamo ifumbire ituma ibihingwa bikura neza abantu bakabona ibyo kurya.

Iryo tungo rero rikwiye gufatwa neza kuko rifitiye abantu akamaro. Turirinde icyatuma ridatanga umusaruro mwiza. Inka tuzifate neza, ziryame heza kandi tuzigaburire neza tunazivuze zitadwara ibyorezo nka muryamo, uburenge, inkubasi n’ibindi.

Ikinyabupfura

Ikinyabupfura ni umuco w’umuntu utuma imyifatire ye ishimisha abandi aho ari hose. Kigaragaza uburere bwiza, kikarinda umuntu kwandavura no kwiyandarika. Iby’ubupfura abantu bose barabikunda bakabishima ariko ntibabigenze kimwe mu Rwanda.

Iyo umuntu agendereye undi, agera ku irembo agasuhuza. Baba bariyo bakamwikiriza. Agakomeza akaramukanya n’abo asanze mu rugo. Umukuru ni we uramutsa umuto, undi akikiriza. Kuramukanya biri ukwinshi. Bagira bati: “Amashyo”. Usubiza ati: “Amashongore”. Cyangwa bagira bati: “Gira abana, gira umugabo, gira umugore, gira inka” Usubiza ati: “Ndabashimye, ndamushimye, ndazishimye” cyangwa akavuga gusa ngo: “iii”.

Muri iki gihe imyubakire mishya ituma umuntu atasuhuriza inyuma y’urugi ngo yumvwe, akomanga buhoro ku rugi agategereza ko bamubwira ngo yinjire cyangwa ko bamukingurira. Ibyo kuramukanya byarangira, bagaha umushyitsi icyo yicaraho, bakamufungurira iyo babishoboye. Mu muco wa kinyarwanda umushyitsi afungurirwa ikinyobwa, akica akanyota, bakabona kumubaza amakuru. Iyo babuze icyo bamuha baramuganiriza gusa ariko bakamwihohoraho bagira bati: “Nta bisanganwa nk’amagambo.” Umushyitsi arubahwa, akanahabwa amafunguro. Rimwe na rimwe ba nyiri urugo bakubita hirya no hino ngo umushyitsi ataza gutaha abagaya ko batamwitayeho uko bikwiye. Ni na yo mpamvu baca umugani ngo: “Umushyitsi akurisha imbuto.”

Iyo baramutse bamugaburiye, umushyitsi agomba kurya mu kinyabufura, yitonze, atasamye , adashyuhaguza. Iyo abonye ikintu giteye ishozi mu biribwa cyangwa mu binyobwa agikuramo atabimenyesheje abo basangira. Akomeza kurya cyangwa kunywa nta cyo abwiye abandi kugira ngo bitabatera iseseme. Mu kinyabupfura Abanyarwanda batozwa kutagwira inda ntibagaragaze ko ibyo kurya ari byo bararikiye. Kwandavuzwa n’inda biragayirwa cyane kandi ngo: “Ubupfura buba mu nda”. Ariko ushaka nanone kutarya kandi babona ko yaza kwicwa n’inzara kubera kwikomeza, bamwinginga mu kinyabupfura bagira bati: “Imfura yanyuze aha ni iyariye”, nuko bakaba bamwumvishije ko nta mpamvu yo kutarya kuko nta wutungwa n’ubusa.

Umushyitsi yiyibutsa gusezera agataha kugira ngo ataza kurambirana. Ntapfa guhubuka, arabanza agashimira abo yasanze, hanyuma akabasezeraho, bakamuherekeza agataha. Uwaherekeje ni we wiyibutsa kugaruka agasezera ku wo yari aherekeje. Ikinyabupfura ntikigarukira mu kuramukanya no guherekeza; kigomba no kugaragarira mu migenzereze myinshi ya buri munsi. Iyo boherereje umuntu ikintu arashimira, bakimuhereza agashimira. Naho uhamagawe n’uwo yubashye wese yitaba avuga ati: “Karame.” Umuntu warezwe neza kandi ntabwo yubahuka guca umuntu mu ijambo cyanecyane iyo batangana.

Iyo uzindukiye mu zindi mpugu mudahuje umuco, wirinda kunegura ibyaho: imvugo, imyifatire, imyubakire, imyambarire, n’ibindi. N’iyo ugize icyo ugaya cyaho kandi ugomba kukivuga ubishakira uburyo bukwiye. Wenda ukagira uti: “Iki gikozwe gitya cyarushaho kuba kiza.” Niba uri mu modoka, irinde kubyigana no gusakuriza abandi. Nubona umusaza, umukecuru, umubyeyi uhetse cyangwa umugore utwite, jya umwimukira.

Umuntu aho ari hose agomba kugira ikinyabupfura, akirinda icyabangamira abandi, akamenya uko yifata mu rungano, mu bo aruta no mu bantu bakuru. Twitoze kuba imfura, twirinda gukora urukozasoni, ahubwo tube imbonera muri byose. Umwana urangwa n’ikinyabupfura ashimisha ababyeyi. Umuco agaragaza ahari hose ni umurage aba yarahawe n’abamureze kuva mu bwana kugeza aciye akenge. Uwitwaye nabi akagaragaza ikinyabupfura gike na we akoza isoni ababyeyi. Aha ni ho abakurambere bacu bahereye bavuga ngo “umubyeyi acumura yicaye.”

Urumuri n’umwijima

Umunsi umwe, izuba ryahuye n’umwijima riti: “Mbese nkawe uba ushaka iki mu gihugu, ntuzi ko abantu bose bakwanga, ibintu byose bikugaya? Impamvu wibonekeza uyikura kuki, wahura n’izuba nturive imbere? Ibintu byose ni ge byifuza ni ge bicikira, ni ge bikunda. Ndatunguka byose bikampa impundu. Inka zikahuka, umugenzi agafata inzira, umuhinzi akajya mu murima, inyoni zikabyuka. Nkawe se weguye ujya he?” Umwijima uti: “Shyuu! Ibyo uvuze Zuba ubitewe n’iki? Ugize ngo uranduta kandi ari ge waguhaye izina? Iyo ntaba umwijima ni nde wari kumenya ko uri izuba? Ukwikuza kwawe ni ko kwaguhimbiye ikinyoma ngo ukundwa n’ibintu byose! Ngewe ndakwanga nanga abikuza kandi n’ibintu byose birakwanga kubera icyokere cyawe cyabimaze kibibabura. Uretse n’ibyo nta kintu kigukunda wampaho umugabo. Niba utanyuzwe tuge kureba ikidukiranura umva ko wikuza ngo uranduta, undutisha iki? Ko ushaka abagenzi ntabaho bacyurwa na nde mu icumbi, abahinzi baruhuka gihe ki? Si ge ubacanira indaro ngahemba abakozi kandi nkabaruhura bakaryama? Ngo tugende turebe icyatumara impaka.”

Biragenda, umwijima ubona impyisi, ubwira izuba uti: “Ndaguha abagabo batatu, uwo mu nyamaswa ni uyu.” Hasigaye uwo mu nyoni no mu bantu. Cyo wa mpyisi we ntubere, niba ukunda izuba bivuge, niba kandi ari ge ukunda bivuge. Impyisi iti: “Ge nikundira umwijima!” umwijima uti: “Ntakubwira Zuba ko ukwikuza kwawe kwaguhimbiye ibinyoma!” Uwo ni uwa mbere!” Izuba riti: “Va aho, nta rubanza rwo gucibwa n’impyisi!” Biragenda bisanga igihunyira. Umwijima uti: “Cyo nawe nyoni dukize kandi imanza zacu ntiziruhije, ni ukwihitiramo. Ari izuba, ari ge ukunda nde?” Igihunyira kiti: “Reka nari mfite amaso meza, ubwo mureba yahindutse imituku ni izuba ryarashemo impiru, iyo ntakugira riba ryarampuhuye!” Umwijima uti:“Ntiwumva kwikuza kubi! Hoshi tugende tuge kubaza abantu noneho ugende ubwerabwera!” Biragenda bihura n’umujura ati: “Izuba ni umwanzi wange, ndubaka rigasenya. Naho wowe, ngukundira ko ntunga ngatunganirwa.” Umwijima uti:“Ahoo! Sinakubwiye ko nta mukunzi ugira, ari wowe ubwawe wikunda ukikuza. Reba rero aho amaboko make aterera imico myiza, none mba nkwivunnye. Shyuu, ukava iwanyu mu ijuru ukaza kunyirataho!” Izuba riracemererwa Rigiye kugenda agacurama kati: “Umwijima waguhenze ubwenge, abagabo waguhaye ni inshuti zawo gusa, genda wange abo bagabo uguhe abandi. Nukumpaho umugabo mu nyoni ntuzange, kuko nguruka; nukumpaho umugabo wo mu nyamaswa urashime, kuko nonsa abana nka zo. Umugabo wo mu bantu ushime umukannyi ubarira impu n’inkanda, ni we wanga umwijima.

Izuba riragaruka ribwira umwijima riti: “Abagabo wampaye ndabanze ahubwo mpa abandi. Nuramuka wanze ntunsindira aha tuzagera ku Mana.” Umwijima uti: “Hoshi dusange Imana idukize nta bandi bagabo nguhaye!” Biragenda no ku Mana, birapfukama biraramya biti: “Nyagasani dukiranure, utubwire urusha undi akamaro.” Imana iti: “Mwembi mugira akamaro, nta kitagira akamaro ndema! Ubwiza bw’umubiri bugaragazwa n’izuba, ariko umutima witonda ukagaragazwa n’umwijima. Ni cyo gituma barata ubwiza ku manywa, mu ijoro bagakora bupyisi, bakaba inyamaswa mu zindi. Nimugende muturane kandi nimugirirana izima uzashobora kwimura undi azamwimure, nabinanirwa muzabane.” Izuba rikura ubwatsi, rihera ko rishaka kwirukana umwijima. Umwijima uhungira munsi. Izuba rituma ku muriro ngo uge urifasha kwirukana umwijima.

Ngaho aho byaturutse ko umwijima uhunga urumuri.

Ruhumuriza na Gatama

Kera habayeho abagabo babiri bagaturana. Umwe abyara umwana w’umuhungu amwita Ruhumuriza. Undi abyara umukobwa amwita Gatama. Abana barakura, baragirana inyana, baruzura cyane. Bukeye Ruhumuriza abwira Gatama ati: “Dore turakundana cyane, urankunda na nge ndagukunda, icyakomeza urukundo dukundana ni uko twanywana. Gatama aremera baranywana. Bitongera ngo: “Urongorwa n’undi mugabo uteri ge, igihango kikazakwica.” Undi na we ati: “Urongora undi mugore uteri ge igihango kikazakwica.” Barangije bacyura inyana zabo barataha.

Nuko Ruhumuriza na Gatama baguma kubana batyo. Bamaze gukura umwe abaye umusore undi abaye inkumi, inzara itera muri icyo gihugu, ibintu biradogera. Bukeye, se wa Gatama asuhukana n’umukobwa we bajya mu gihugu cya kure hategeranye n’aho bari batuye. Bageze muri icyo gihugu, abaho babona Gatama ari mwiza cyane, baza kumusaba. Gatama aranga. Iwabo bamubajije igituma yanga gusabwa, ati: “Sinshaka gusabwa.” Ubwo se wa Ruhumuriza na we ashatse kumusabira aranga. Se amubajije ikibimuteye, Ruhumuriza ati: “Sinshaka umugore.”

Haciyeho iminsi Ruhumuriza yibuka Gatama, akirirwa yigunze n’agahinda kenshi. Iwabo bamubaza uko yabaye akababwira ko arwaye. Gatama na we aho ari akabigenza atyo. Haciyeho iminsi Ruhumuriza araryama, arara atekereza Gatama ntiyasinzira. Bigeze mu nkoko za mbere arabyuka, arakenyera, afata inkoni, maze ashyira nzira ajya gushaka Gatama aho yaherera.

Aragenda, bwakwira agacumbika. Agenda ukwezi kose, mu kwa kabiri atunguka ku rugo rwa se wa Gatama. Atungutse mu marembo Gatama amutanga kumubona, aza yiruka aramuhobera. Baramukanya bafite ikiniga bombi. Bajya mu rugo Ruhumuriza asuhuzanya n’iwabo wa Gatama baramufungurira. Ruhumuriza arara aho bukeye asaba Gatama iwabo. Iwabo bati: “Gatama yanze kurongorwa.” Noneho babaza Gatama ko ashaka kurongorwa arabemerera. Nuko Gatama arongorwa na Ruhumuriza. Barabana, barabyara, bagira n’amahirwe baba abatunzi b’inka nyinshi n’ibintu.

Iyungure amagambo

Agahomamunwa: ibintu bibi kandi biteye ubwoba ku buryo bukabije.

Akayabo: amafaranga menshi

Amakoro: ubwoko bw’amabuye akomoka ku iruka ry’ibirunga.

Amaronko: Ibyo bakuye mu kazi bakoze bizabatunga.

Amarwa: ikigage, inzoga y’amasaka.

Amasangano: aho inzuzi n’imigezi bihurira.

Amayasha: aho ingingo zigenda zikubana nko hagati y’amaguru.

Aratutira: aratema akamaraho

Ataziganya: arekuye, atagira ubugugu

Bamupfundaga: kuzana ibintu bapfumbatije bakabimuha buri kanya

Bibunyuze mu ryoya: bibutware ntawurasobanukirwa

Biramuyoboka: kumugirira umumaro

bizamugoboke: Bizamurwaneho, azabyifashishe

Busesuye: buhagije

Gakondo: ikintu cy’umurage w’abasokuruza.

Guca akenge: gutangira kuba mukuru no kugira icyo umuntu amenya ku buzima busanzwe

Guca ibintu: kwangiza mu buryo budasanzwe

Gucyocyorana: kubwirana amagambo ameze nko gusererezanya.

Gufata irembo: kujya gutangira gahunda zo gusaba umugeni mu muryango mwamubonyemo.

Guheka umugeni: kumuherekeza bamushyiriye umusore wamusabye.

Guhunika: kubika ikintu kikaramba kandi nticyangirike

Gukabya inzozi: kuba ibyo urota bikunda kubaho.

Gukura ubwatsi: gushimira uwakugabiye (inka cyangwa ikindi kintu cy’agaciro)

Gukusanya: Kwegeranya, gushyira hamwe.

Gusabana: Guhuza urugwiro, kuganira n’umuntu mukaba inshuti mukanezerwa

Gusubira irudubi: kongera bikaba bibi cyane kurushaho

Gusumira: gusatira umuntu ushaka kumugirira nabi cyangwa se n’ikindi kintu.

Gutebya: Ni ukuganira usa n’usebya uwo muganira ariko mubiziranyeho ari uburyo bwo gusestsa no gusabana.

Hambere: kera, mu gihe cyashize.

I Bwotamasimbi: i Burayi. (Ubundi amasimbi ni urusaro rwererana ruba hejuru y’imisozi miremire cyane. Ibihugu bimwe by’i Burayi bijya bitwikirirwa n’urubura mu gihe cy’Itumba; akaba ari ho haba hakomoka iryo zina).

Ibicece: ni umubiri ubyibuha mu bice byo kunda no mu mayunguyungu bigasa n’ibinyama bitendera

Ibifura: Izina bita abanu barakazwa n’ibintu byoroheje

Ibinure: ibintu bimeze nk’amavuta biba mu mubiri w’umuntu...

Ibyuririzi: indwara zifata umubiri umaze gucika intege kubera ubwandu bwa SIDA.

Ibyuya: Ni ibimeze nk’amazi umuntu asohora biva mu mubiri igihe akora imyitozo ngororamubiri cyangwa indi mirimo ivunanye.

Ifuru: Ni aho bokereza imigati cyangwa ibindi biribwa bikorwa mu mafu cyane cyane ay’ingano.

Ihungabana: imimerere y’umuntu uhorana ubwoba bukabije yatewe n’ikintu runaka cyamubayeho cyangwa yabonye.

Ikirangirire: Izwi na benshi kandi ahantu henshi

Ikirungurira: uburwayi bwo kumva mu muhogo hasohokamo utuntu tumeze nk’utuzi dusharira; buterwa n’igogorwa ry’ibiryo ritakozwe neza.

Imbaduko: umuvuduko mwinshi nta kuzarira

Imfashabere: amafunguro ategurirwa umwana ukiga kurya kugira ngo yunganire ibere.

Imikokwe: ahantu hacukunyutse kubera amazi menshi n’isuri

Impanuro: inama

Impenebere: umuntu cyangwa inyamaswa y’inyamabere ifite utubere duto cyane.

Impigi: imbwa bakoresha bashakisha inyamaswa mu ishyamba ngo bazifate cyangwa bazice.

Imugera ijanja: imwototera, yenda kumufata.

Inararibonye: umuntu ufite ubuhanga bwo kumenya cyangwa gukora ibintu runaka neza kubera igihe kirekire abimazemo

Incyuro: amagambo atari meza umuntu abwira undi amuseka ko hari ibyo yahawe atabigombaga Inganzo: Ubunndi inganzo bivuga ahantu hacukuwa itaka cyangwa amabuye yo gukoresha umurimo runaka. Mu buhanzi, inganzo ni aho umusizi ajya kwicara agahimba. Bishobora kuvuga kandi uburyo ahimbamo, ubwo buryo bugatandukanya ibisigo bye n’iby’abandi.

Ingeragere: Inyamaswa nto y’ishyamba yenda gusa n’ihene.

Ingunge: ikintu kijya ahantu kikanga kuhava ariko mu buryo bubi cyangwa butishimiwe.

Inkingo: imiti iterwa cyangwa ihabwa umuntu mu rwego rwo kumurinda indwara y’icyorezo mbere y’uko imugeraho. (Urukingo rushobora no guhabwa ibindi binyabuzima).

Inshingano: ibyo umuntu agomba gukora

Intandaro: intangiriro, inkomoko, impamvu yabiteye.

Intica ntikize: ibintu bike cyane, bidahagije

Intyoza: umuntu udatinya uzi kuvuga neza agatinyuka

urugwiro(Nyirarugwiro):akanyamuneza umuntu agaragaza iyo hari umuntu uje amugana, ubusabane, umuntu utagira umushiha.

Inzobere: abahanga mu bintu runaka.

Ipfunwe: ikimwaro umuntu aterwa n’igisebo kimuriho cyangwa kiri ku bantu cyangwa ku bintu bye.

Iramukunkumura: imwica nabi.

Ishyaka: ubushake bwinshiIvuza

ubuhuha: ihemukira abantu cyane

Kariyeri: ahacukurwa umutungo kamere nk’amabuye, umucanga n’ibindi.

Kubwerabwera: kubuyera usa n’uwayobewe icyo ukora

Kudidibuza: kuvuga neza ururimi

kudusatira: Kutwegera

Kugambirira: kwifuza kuzakora ikintu

Kugubwa neza: kumererwa neza

kurya wicaye: kurya udakora

Kwaguka: Gutera imbere, kugera kure heza.

Kwambika umwishywa: cyari ikimenyetso cyo kugaragaza ko umukobwa arongowe.

Kwikenura: kwigurira icyo ukeneye, kwiteza imbere...

Magendu: umuntu wiha kuvura mu buryo butemewe cyangwa se ubwo buvuzi.

mburabuturo: Ahantu hataturwa rwose

Mu iterura: mu ntangiriro, mu minsi ya mbere y’ubuzima.

Mukobwajana: ukwiriye ingurane y’inka nyinshi cyane zigereranywa n’ijana.

Nitunyurwa: nibidushimisha

Ntabasekere: ntabahire, ntiyemere kubasanga

Ntabwo bukitubase: ntabwo tukiri imbata zabwo, abacakara babwo.

Ntivogerwa:ntitsindwa

Ntiyaserukaga: ntiyajyaga aho abandi bari

Nyampinga: umukobwa w’imico myiza

Nyamuntu: ukwiye, ukora ibintu bitunganye, by’ingirakamaro.

Ruba rurambikanye: irushanwa riba riratangiye

Rubanda: Umuntu ubonetse wese mu muryango runaka w’abantu.

Seti: igice cy’umukino kigizwe n’ibitego nibura cumin a bitanu

Ubukorikori: imirimo y’amaboko bakora ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe cyangwa imitako.

Ubusembwa: inenge (ibimenyetso) bishobora kugaragara ku mubiri ukize indwara runaka ikomeye.

Ubuvanganzo: Ni igice cy’ururimi kiga ibijyanye n’ubuhanzi.

Ubwiganze: abarenga mirongo itanu ku ijana, abenshi.

Ubwirinzi: ubushobozi bwo gutuma nta bintu bipfa kukuvogera.

Ukwisanga: kugendera mu kizere, nta cyo wikanga.

Umuhanano: impanuro, inama umuntu aha undi cyane cyane zikomoka ku bunararibonye.

Umuze: imimerere y’umuntu cyangwa ikindi kinyabuzima bimeze nk’ibyazahajwe n’uburwayi ku buryo bukomeye.

Umwari: umukobwa ukuze ariko atari yashaka

Uruhererekane munwa-gutwi: Umwe abwira undi na we akumva bityo bityo.

Ururenze ururenze: ntuzarugarukamo ukundi.

Urusobe: uruhurirane rw’ibintu byinshi bihuriza hamwe mu kurema ikintu kimwe.

Utaracuya: utarahinduka ukundi, utarahidura isura.

Utwungo: udukono duto dukoze mu ibumba.

Yabigennye: yabitegetse gutyo ntibikuka

Yahindurije: yarakaye bikabije.

Zirenguriraho: Zerekezaho, zivugaho, ziganishaho

Ibitabo, inyandiko n’imbuga nkoranyambaga byifashijwe

∗ Ibitabo

BIZIMANA, S. n’abandi, Imiteêrere y’îkinyarwaanda, Igitabo cya Mbere, IRST, 1998

BIZIMANA, S., Imiteêrere y’îkinyarwaanda, Igitabo cya gatatu, umusogongero ku buvaanganzo, IRST, 1998

IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO (NCDC),IKINYARWANDA, Imyandiko rusange, 2008

INKORANYA Y’IKINYARWANDA MU KINYARWANDA, IRST, 2004.

KABAYIZA, V. n’abandi , IKINYARWANDA, IKIBONEZAMVUGO CY’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 2010

Minisiteri y’Amashuri Abanza n’Ayisumbuye, Ubuyobozi bukuru bw’ubushakashatsi n’ubuhanga mu nyigisho, IKIBONEZAMVUGO K’IKINYARWANDA, IYIGANTEGO N’IGENAMAJWI, IZINA na NTERA, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri Imyaka 2 ya mbere Amashami yose, 1988

MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, Ubuyobozi bukuru bw’ubushakashatsi n’ubuhanga, IKINYARWANDA, GUSOMA NO GUSESENGURA IMYANDIKO II, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri,1988

RUGAMBA C., Nkubambuze umugani, igitabo cya kabiri, INRS, BUTARE, 1988.

KAYIGANA Karoli, Imigani migufi n’inshamarenga bisobanuye, Mutarama 2011

INTEGANYANYIGISHO Y’IKINYARWANDA IKICIRO RUSANGE, Kigali,2015

∗ INYANDIKO

Igazeti ya Leta no yo ku wa 13/10/2014, Amabwiriza ya Minisitiri no 001/2014 yo ku wa 08/10/2014 agenga imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda, 2014

MINEPRISEC , jeux et sports dans les écoles, 1998