S2: Kinyarwanda

Ikiganiro Gahongayire yagiranye n’umunyamakuru

Umunyamakuru: Muri iyi minsi hari icyorezo mu rubyiruko, kandi tutarebye neza cyahekura u Rwanda. Icyo cyorezo ni ibiyobyabwenge. Abanyeshuri bamwe babaswe n’ingeso yo kubyiyahuza. Ariko se ibiyobyabwenge abanyeshuri bakoresha ni ibihe? Babibona bate? Babifata ryari? Ni izihe mpamvu zituma babinywa? Hafatwa izihe ngamba kugira ngo bicike? Reka twumve ubuhamya bwa Gahongayire, umunyeshuri mu ishuri ryisumbuye. Aratangira atubwira ibiyobyabwenge biboneka ku mashuri n’uburyo bihagera.

Gahongayire: Ukurikije ibivugwa n’abanyeshuri bagenzi bange n’ibyo nzi ngewe ubwange, usanga mu mashuri hakunze kugaragara urumogi n’utuyoga tuba mu dushashi ndetse no mu ducupa dutoya bita “suruduwiri”. Ibyo biyobyabwenge abanyeshuri babyinjiza mu kigo k’ishuri bavuye mu biruhuko, babiguze ku babicuruza hanze y’ikigo. Hari n’abatoroka ikigo bakajya kubishaka mu nsoresore bazi ko zibinywa cyangwa zibicuruza. Abanywi b’ibiyobyabwenge barakundirana bakamenyana mu buryo bworoshye kandi bakabikirana ibanga. Iyo hari umunywi wabyo wiga ataha, ababa mu kigo baramutuma akabagurira hanze. Hanyuma yaza ku ishuri agafogeka urumogi na suruduwiri mu gikapu ke. Iyo ageze ku ishuri asiga ibyo bitindi bangezi be na bo bagashaka aho babitsimba.

Umunyamakuru: None se Gahongayi, abanyeshuri bakura he umwanya wo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge?

Gahongayire: Uko nabibonye, abanyeshuri bakunze kunywa urumogi nyuma y’amasomo, mu gihe cyo gukina, cyangwa nijoro mbere yo kuryama. Bikabya mu minsi y’ikiruhuko k’impera y’icyumweru aho babinywa ku manywa y’ihangu ariko bihishe. Iyo bageze mu ishuri turabamenya kuko ubona bazezengeye kandi nta cyo batinya gukora.

Umunyamakuru: Ese ubona ibiyobyabwenge bifite izihe ngaruka ku buzima bw’umunyeshuri, ku myigire ye no ku iterambere ry’igihugu muri rusange?

Gahongayire: Ubuzima bw’umunyeshuri unywa ibiyobyabwenge burahungabana cyane. Nko kunywa urumogi byica imyanya y’ubuhumekero, bikaba byamuviramo kurwara igituntu. Ibiyobyabwenge kandi byangiza ubwonko bw’umunyeshuri ntiyongere kugira ibitekerezo by’abantu bazima. Abanyeshuri babinywa ni bo usanga bagira imyitwarire mibi ku ishuri, basuzugura abarezi, barwana na bagenzi babo, bakiba, bakanishora mu busambanyi. Umunyeshuri unywa ibiyobyabwenge ntashobora kwiga neza. Ubwenge bwe buba bwarayobye, ntafata mu mutwe, ibintu bye bihora mu kavuyo ntashobora kubishyira ku murongo. Akenshi asiba ibizami uko yishakiye, n’iyo abikoze, aratsindwa bikabije. Abanywi b’ibiyobyabwenge mu biganiro byabo usanga ari abantu bakoresha imvugo z’urukozasoni. Urumva rero ko baba baritakarije ikizere n’igihugu kiba kitakibatezeho kuzaba abaturage beza bazagiteza imbere. Baba ahubwo bagiye kuzaba umusaraba ku gihugu.

Umunyamakuru: Ese ubona ari izihe ngamba zafatwa kugira ngo ibiyobyabwenge bicike mu mashuri?

Gahongayire: Ingamba ya mbere ni ukuganiriza abana bakiri batoya, bakamenya ububi bw’ibiyobyabwenge batarahura n’ababibashoramo. Ubashuka ababwira ko ari byiza, mu mvugo yabo ngo bituma baswingarara, bakagira kime ntihagire uwongera kubasubuta. Ubwo baba bashaka kuvuga ko bibatera umunezero, bakagira n’imbaraga bityo bakaba ibyihazi nyamara umuntu abiterwa no guta ubwenge, yabaye igishushungwe. Kuganiriza abana birareba ababyeyi, ubuyobozi bw’ishuri n’abayobozi b’inzego z’ibanze. Ni ngombwa ko hashakwa umwanya wo kuganiriza abana kuri iki kibazo. Abashinzwe imyitwarire y’abana ku mashuri bakwiye gukurikirana abana, kugira ngo hatagira ugura cyangwa ngo anywe ibiyobyabwenge. Umwana ugaragaweho ko afata ibiyobyabwenge, bagenzi be bakwiye kumugeza ku buyobozi bw’ishuri kugira ngo bumufashe kubireka. Ubuyobozi bw’ishuri bukwiye gushyiraho gahunda y’imikino n’imyidagaduro ku bana, kugira ngo babone ko hari ubundi buryo bwo kwishimisha butari ukujya mu ngeso mbi.

Umunyamakuru: Turimo dusoza iki kiganiro, ni iki wabwira urubyiruko ruri mu mashuri?

Gahongayire: Rubyiruko bavandimwe, igihugu cyacu kidutezeho byinshi, ni na yo mpamvu kidutangaho byinshi kugira ngo twige. Twirinde rero kwishora mu biyobyabwenge bitwicira ubuzima. Ibiyobyabwenge bitubuza gukora icyatuzanye ku ishuri. Ibiyobyabwenge bituma ahazaza hacu hangirika. Mureke twirinde ibyo bitindi, ahubwo dushyire umwete mu kwiga kugira ngo tuzabe ingirakamaro, turi ababyeyi beza n’abakozi beza b’igihugu cyacu.

Umunyamakuru: Urakoze cyane Gahongayi!

Gahongayire: Nawe urakoze cyane.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome ikiganiro bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko, munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko, hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Ni ikihe cyorezo cyugarije urubyiruko muri iki gihe?

2. Ni ibihe biyobyabwenge biboneka mu mashuri bivugwa mu mwandiko?

3. Ni izihe ngaruka zo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ziboneka mu mwandiko?

4. Umwanya wo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge abanyeshuri bawubona bate?

5. Wumva hakorwa iki kugira ngo ibiyobyabwenge bicike mu banyeshuri?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu kiganiro:

a) Cyahekura

b) Babaswe

c) Babitsimba

d) Bazezengeye

2. Tanga impuzanyito y’amagambo akurikira:

a) Kwishora

b) Umunezero

c) Yerekeza

3. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo:

a) bakabikirana

b) aratangira

c) burahungabana

4. Koresha buri jambo wahawe mu nteruro wihimbiye:

a) Kubatwa

b) Guhekura

c) Kwishora

d) Gufogeka

5. Huza amagambo yo mu ruhushya A n’ibisobanuro byayo biri mu ruhushya B.

III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi ziboneka mu mwandiko wizwe.

2. Ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandiko ni iki wumva wungutse, utari uzi ku biyobyabwenge?

IV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

Mu matsinda mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Hamwe na bagenzi bawe mwungurane ibitekerezo ku ngaruka zo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge .

2. Nimushake izindi ngaruka zo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge zitavuzwe mu mwandiko.

Imvugo z’Ikinyarwanda: Imvugo nyandagazi n’imvugo iboneye

Soma interuro zikurikira maze uzigereranye ukurikije imvugo yakoreshejwe.

1 Ubashuka ababwira ko ari sawa, ko bituma baswingarara, ko ubikubiseho agira kime ntihagire uwongera kumumenyera.

2. Ubashuka ababwira ko ari byiza, ko bituma banezerwa, ko uwabinyoye agira ingufu ntihagire uwongera kumuhangara.

Murumva izi nteruro zitandukaniye he ukurikije imvugo yakoreshejwe?

Ururimi ni urusobe rw’amajwi abenegihugu baba barumvikanyeho, bakayakoresha kugira ngo babashe kumvikana. Iyo abantu babiri bavuga ntibumvikane icyo gihe baba bavuga indimi zitandukanye, bityo ubwumvane ntibube bugishobotse. abantu bavuga cyangwa bandika, hari uburyo bakoresha ururimi rimwe na rimwe bakarupfobya ubundi rukaba ruboneye. Ni yo mpamvu mu mvugo abantu bakoresha dushobora gusangamo imvugo nyandagazi n’imvugo iboneye.

a) Imvugo nyandagazi

Imvugo nyandagazi ni imvugo ikocamye, iba itubahiriza amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo, imikoreshereze y’amagambo n’inzego z’ubusumbane bw’abavugana kandi ugasanga itubahisha nyiri ukuyikoresha. Umuntu ukoresha imvugo nyandagazi, ushobora gukeka ko nta burere bukwiye yahawe ndetse ko nta muco wo kwiyubaha no kubaha abandi agira.

Ingero:

- Umunyeshuri aza yafogetse urumogi mu gikapu ke, yagera ku ishuri akarusiga bagenzi be, na bo bakareba aho barutsimba.

b) Imvugo iboneye

Imvugo iboneye ni imvugo yubahiriza amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo. Mu mvugo iboneye dusangamo amagambo aboneye, kandi yubahiriza ubusumbane bw’abavugana ndetse ugasanga yubahisha nyiri ukuyikoresha. Ukoresha imvugo iboneye, wumva yiyubashye, yararezwe kandi afite umuco ndetse ukumva yubashye n’uwo bavugana.

Urugero:

- Umunyeshuri aza ku ishuri yahishe urumogi mu gikapu ke, yagera ku ishuri akaruha bagenzi be, na bo bakareba aho baba baruhishe.

Umwitozo ku mvugo z’Ikinyarwanda

Mu matsinda ya babiribabiri mukosore mu nteruro imvugo nyandagazi, muzisimbuze imvugo ziboneye.

1. Kosora izi nteruro ku buryo imvugo nyandagazi zisimbuzwa imvugo iboneye y’Ikinyarwanda.a) Ko uri ku myako ni nde wagusize kashi?b) Amashumi yange yose ntiyakwitera imere nk’iyi ngo abashe gutigita.

Imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda: Amagambo akatwa

Mu Kinyarwanda tugira amoko atandukanye y’amagambo. Ayo magambo iyo yandikwa hari ayandikwa uko yakabaye, hari n’amagambo yandikwa akaswe, ariko nabyo bikagira amabwiriza agomba gukurikizwa igihe hari agomba gukatwa.

Urugero:

- Kuganiriza abana birareba ababyeyi, ubuyobozi bw’ishuri n’abayobozi b’inzego z’ibanze. Ibi Gahongayire yabivuze nk’umwana ushaka ko ababyeyi n’abayobozi bita ku bana b’igihugu bari mu mashuri.

- Ingamba ya mbere ni ukuga-niriza abana bakiri batoya

Ikata ry’amagambo

Mu kinyarwanda hari amabwiriza agenga ikata ry’inyajwi zisoza ibinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo “na” na “nka”. Inyajwi zisoza ikinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo “na” na “nka” zirakatwa iyo zikurikiwe n’ijambo ritangiwe n’inyajwi, zigatakaza inyajwi “a” isoza igasimbuzwa agakato (’); ariko inyajwi isoza ikinyazina ngenera gikurikiwe n’umubare wanditswe mu mibarwa ntikatwa.

Mu Kinyarwanda kandi iyo ijambo ritarangiranye n’impera y’umurongo rirakatwa; bigakorwa hakurikijwe imiterere y’umugemo.

Ingero:

- Wakomerekejwe n’iki?

- Ntakibyara nk’intare n’ingwe.

- Umwaka w’ibihumbi bibiri na cumi n’itandatu

- Umwaka wa 2016

- Ni ngombwa ko hashakwa umwanya wo kuganiriza aba-na kuri iki kibazo.

Umwitozo ku ikatwa ry’amagambo

Umunyeshuri umwumwe atege amatwi umwarimu, akore icyandikwa yubahiriza imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda.

Tega amatwi umwarimu hanyuma wandike interuro akubwira wubahiriza amategeko y’imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda.

Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa munani

Muri uyu mutwe twasesenguye imyandiko ivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko y’ibiyobyabwenge, dusanga ko ubuzima bw’abanyeshuri banywa ibiyobyabwenge buhungabana cyane ntibashobore kwiga neza aho kugira ikinyabupfura bakarangwa n’imyitwarire mibi ku ishuri, basuzugura abarezi, barwana na bagenzi babo, bakiba ndetse bakanishora mu busambanyi. Ibiyobyabwenge byangiza ubwonko bw’umunyeshuri ntiyongere kugira ibitekerezo by’abantu bazima, ubwenge bwe bukayoba, ntabashe gufata mu mutwe.

Twavuze ku ngamba zafatwa mu rwego rwo kurwanya ibyo biyobyabwenge, zirimo kuganiriza abakiri bato bakamenya ububi bw’ibiyobyabwenge batari bahura n’ababibashoramo. Ababyeyi, abarezi n’ubuyobozi bw’ishuri bagomba gukurikiranira hafi abanyeshuri kandi n’abanyeshuri ubwabo bagashyira imbere gusa amasomo bagatera umugongo ingeso zibashora mu biyobyabwenge. Twavuze ku mvugo z’ikinyarwanda dusanga imvugo nyandagazi ari imvugo itubahiriza amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo kandi ntiyubahishe nyiri ukuyikoresha; mu gihe imvugo iboneye ari imvugo yubahiriza amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo kandi ikubahisha uyikoresha, inagaragaza ko uyikoresha yiyubashye kandi akubaha uwo avugisha.

Mu rwego rwo kunoza imyandikire, twabonye ko inyajwi zisoza ikinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo “na” na “nka” zikatwa, iyo zikurikiwe n’ijambo ritangiwe n’inyajwi. Iyo kandi ijambo ritarangiranye n’impera y’umurongo rikatwa hubahirijwe umugemo.

Iby’ingenzi nshoboye

- Gushishikarira kwamaganira kure ibiyobyabwenge no kumenyekanisha ababikoresha n’ababicuruza mu rwego rwo kubikumira.

- Kunenga no kujora imvugo n’inyandiko nyandagazi.

- Kunoza imyandikire nkata amagambo neza nubahirije amabwiriza agenga ikata ry’amagambo.

Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa munani

Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

Umwandiko: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge

Abantu bakoresha ibiyobyabwenge usanga abenshi biganje mu rubyiruko. Ndetse ibiyobyabwenge nk’ikintu gishobora gutuma ubwenge bw’umuntu buyoba bigomba kwirindwa. Hari abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bidahanirwa nk’inzoga zinyuranye n’itabi, abandi bagafata ibitemewe bihanirwa n’amategeko nka kokayine, heroyine, urumogi, kanyanga, nyirantare, muriture, yewemuntu, kore, lisansi, n’ibindi. Gusa twakwibaza niba bose bazi ingaruka zabyo?

Mu ngaruka zo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge iya mbere ni uko byigarurira umuntu ku buryo umubiri we ubimenyera ubwonko bwe bukiyoborerwa na byo. Umuntu ugeze kuri uru rwego aba agenda asatira urupfu, kuko gukomeza kubinywa bishobora kumwica ariko kandi no guhita abireka bishobora kumwica. Ni yo mpamvu kwitoza kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ari ukwirahuriraho umuriro. Cyakora bene uwo muntu inama agirwa niba ashaka kureka ibiyobyabwenge yagenda abireka buhorobuhoro kugeza igihe abiviriyeho burundu. Kutitoza gufata ibiyobyabwenge ni yo nama yagirwa abakiri bazima kugira ngo birinde kubatwa na byo.

Izindi ngaruka zigaragarira mu bikorwa by’abanywa ibiyobyabwenge cyanecyane iyo bamaze kubyiyahuza. Muri izo ngaruka twavugamo ingo zitabarika zimaze gusenyuka kubera ko umwe mu bashakanye yokamwe n’ibiyobyabwenge. Abantu bicwa cyangwa bamugazwa n’abanywi b’ibiyobyabwenge na bo nibenshi, impanuka zo mu mihanda zikorwa n’ababa banyoye ibiyobyabwenge nazo ntizigira ingano. Hari izibasira ubuzima bw’abantu, ibiti by’amashanyarazi, ibiti by’umurimbo biteye ku nkengero z’imihanda, inzu zisenyuka, byose ahanini ni ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge.

Ingaruka iteye agahinda ni igaragara mu rubyiruko kandi ari rwo Rwanda rw’ejo. Hari abana batiga neza cyangwa bagata ishuri kubera ko iwabo batabitaho, ntibababonere ibyangombwa nyamara bakamarira ubutunzi bwabo mu biyobyabwenge. Hari abandi barita kubera ko bo ubwabo bandujwe n’umuryango babamo na bo bagahinduka abanywi b’ibiyobyabwenge. Ahazaza ha bene abo bana ntihashobora kuba heza na mba. Niba nta kizere cy’ahazaza h’urubyiruko rero, ahazaza h’igihugu haba hari kure nk’ukwezi.

Ntitwabura kuvuga kandi ko ibiyobyabwenge bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw’ababikoresha. Ibiyobyabwenge bitera indwara zidakira ababikoresha, bishobora gutuma udutsi two mu bwonko duturika bigatera indwara yo guta umutwe izwi nk’ibisazi, indwara zinyuranye za kanseri, indwara zifata imyanya y’ubuhumekero n’izindi. Ibiyobyabwenge kandi biza ku isonga kuri bimwe mu bitera kwishora mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, bityo uwabinyoye akaba yakwandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.

Nk’uko bigaragara rero, ibiyobyabwenge bigira ingaruka zinyuranye, haba mu mibanire y’abantu, mu bukungu no mu mibereho y’abantu ku giti cyabo. Twese nk’abitsamuye duhagurukire kubirwanya cyanecyane mu rubyiruko rwo mizero y’ejo hazaza. Ndetse dushishikarire kuba intumwa zitangaza ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge aho biva bikagera.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

1. Rondora ibiyobyabwenge bivugwa mu mwandiko.

2. Vuga ingaruka zo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge zigaragara mu mwandiko.

3. Shaka mu mwandiko ingingo umwanditsi ahuriraho n’abacuze ijambo “ibiyobyabwenge.

4. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge buvugwa mu mwandiko?

5. Ese wowe wumva hakorwa iki ngo ibiyobyabwenge bicike burundu?

6. Ese nta zindi uzi wavuga?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Gusatira

b) Kumugaza

c) Kwirahuriraho

d) Ahazaza.

2. Tanga impuzanyito z’aya magambo:

a) Kugera (ahantu)

b) Kugushac) ingaruka

3. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo:

a) Zasenyutse

b) Kureka

c) Kugusha

III. Ubumenyi bw’ururimi

1. Kosora imyandikire mu nteruro zikurikira:

a) Uno mugabo na umuhungu we ni abanyarwenya pe!

b) Inyamaswa zinkazi nka intare ningwe ziba mu ishyamba

c) Urubyiruko rugomba kwirinda ingeso mbi nibiyibyabwenge.

2. Tandukanya imvugo nyandagazi n’imvugo iboneye, unatange ingero ebyiri kuri buri mvugo

IV. Ihangamwandiko

1. Hanga umwandiko uvuga ku nsanganyamatsiko y’ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko, wirinde gukoresha imvugo nyandagazi.