S2: Kinyarwanda

Nta murage w’ubwigunge

Nitwa Mudahunga. Navutse ndi umwana umwe nkura mbana na data gusa. Maze guca akenge, nabajije data impamvu ntabona mama, ambwira ko yatabarutse nkiri mutoya. Mubajije impamvu nta muturanyi ugera iwacu, ambwira ko hari inzigo iri hagati yacu n’abaturanyi kandi ko idashobora gukira. Yambwiye ko urupfu rwa mama rufitanye isano n’iyo nzigo. Data yaje guhitanwa n’uburwayi, asiga nkuze mfite imyaka makumyabiri n’itatu. Nari ndangije amashuri yisumbuye, nkumva ntananirwa kwirwanaho ngo mbone ikintunga. Naje gushaka akazi kampemba umushahara w’ukwezi, gusa nkabona utankemurira ibibazo uko nifuza. Nize umushinga w’ubucuruzi nywushoramo amafaranga ngurijwe na banki, sinahomba ariko inyungu ikaza biguru ntege.

Umunsi umwe iwacu haje umuryango ushishikariza abantu gukorera mu makoperative. Bangejejeho icyo gitekerezo ngisamira hejuru, ariko nibutse ko nturanye n’inzigo nsanga tutacana uwaka n’abaturanyi turamutse duhuriye muri koperative imwe. Byatumye nsubiza amerwe mu isaho, nkomeza kuba nyamwigendaho mu bucuruzi bwange, nafatanyaga n’akazi k’umushahara. Abaturanyi bashinze koperative y’ubucuruzi maze bava hasi barakora, bagabana imirimo baruzuzanya, barunguka karahava, ingo zabo zigatera imbere umunsi ku wundi. Ntibyatinze umwe mu baturanyi tungana aza kundeba. Yambajije impamvu ntaza muri koperative, mbanza kumurimanganya ariko bigeze aho mubwiza ukuri. Namubwiye uburyo nzi ko ababyeyi be bagize uruhare mu rupfu rwa mama nkaba ntashobora gukorana na bo. Uwo mwana w’umukobwa yababajwe n’ayo makuru, ariko ambwira ko nkwiye kubirenga nkaza muri koperative.

Urugwiro Kayitesi yangaragarije rwatumye mva ku izima njya kwiyandikisha muri Koperative Duterane inkunga. Cyakora sinagiye genyine, najyanye na Kayitesi, aba ari we umvunyishiriza. Ngihinguka muri koperative nabonaga ibice bibiri mu banyamuryango: Abanyibonamo banyisanzuraho n’abadashaka kunyegera no kumvugisha, abo nkabakeka amababa. Gusa nkababazwa n’uko ababyeyi ba Kayitesi na bo bari mu gice cya kabiri. Kubera kubana igihe no kubona icyo tumariranye muri koperative, twagiye turushaho gusabana no gutinyukana.

Umunsi umwe, umuyobozi wo ku Karere kacu ufite amakoperative mu nshingano ze yaradusuye. Mu ijambo rye yashimye Koperative yacu, avuga ko iri mu za mbere zikora neza mu Karere. Yatuganirije kuri gahunda za Leta, asoreza kuri gahunda ya “Ndi Umunyarwanda”. Yatubwiye ko Abakoroni babibye imbuto y’inzangano mu Banyarwanda kugira ngo babone uko babayobora kuko ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda bwari inzitizi ya gahunda yabo ya gikoroni. Kubera ubujiji, Abanyarwanda benshi iyo mbuto barayikwirakwije, bemera kandi banemeza abantu ko batava inda imwe, maze ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda burasenyuka, busimburwa n’amacakubiri yagejeje Abanyarwanda kuri jenoside. Yatubwiye ko ubu Abanyarwanda twajijutse, dushyigikiye ubumwe bwacu kandi twasobanukiwe ko amacakubiri twabibwemo nta shingiro yari afite. Yatubwiye ko “Ndi Umunyarwanda” ari gahunda igomba gukemura ikibazo gisigaye cy’urwikekwe n’ipfunwe bitera kutisanzuranaho hagati y’imiryango yahemutse n’iyahemukiwe.

Uwo muyobozi yatubwiye ko dukwiye kunezezwa n’isano dufitanye nk’Abanyarwanda kandi tukakira kimwe amateka y’igihugu cyacu. Ameza n’amabi yose tukumva ko ari ayacu twese kandi n’impamvu yayo tukayumva kimwe. Yatubwiye ko gahunda ya “Ndi umunyarwanda” idufasha gusasa inzobe, tukaganira ku byatubayeho imitima ikaruhuka, umuryango wahemutse ugasaba imbabazi kandi uwahemukiwe ukazitanga. Bityo, tugasigasira ubumwe bwacu nk’Abanyarwanda. Yahise atubaza niba mu ishyirahamwe ryacu nta bantu bumva bagira icyo bavuga kuri iyo gahunda, aba yorosoye ababyukaga.

Uwo munsi twaraganiriye bishyira kera, tuvuga ku nzangano zari hagati y’umuryango wange n’uwa Kayitesi. Bansabye imbabazi z’ubuhemu bagiye bagirira iwacu, ariko urupfu rwa mama rwo dusanga nta ruhare barugizemo. Ngo urupfu mama yapfuye n’urwo data yapfuye usanga zisa, kandi data bamusanzemo SIDA, atabaruka imiti igabanya ubukana itaravumburwa. Bambwiye ko mama yakundaga kujya kwirasagisha. Nta shiti rero yanduriyemo SIDA araza ayikongeza data. Mama apfa, SIDA yari itaramenyekana; icyari kizwi ni uko ababyeyi ba Kayitesi banganaga n’iwacu, ni ko kubakekera uburozi gutyo. Uwavuga ko ababyeyi bange banduriye mu busambanyi yaba abeshye. Na data ubwe, ubuzima bwe bwa gipfakazi bwaranzwe no guhurwa igitsina gore. Ntiyongeye gushaka kandi nta n’umugore nigeze mbona arara iwacu.

Koperative Duterane inkunga na gahunda ya “Ndi Umunyarwanda” nta cyo nabinganya. Byombi byatumye ncya ku mutima. Ubu ndatuje kandi ndatunze, Kayitesi ni umutima w’urugo rwange, abana bacu baratuneje, kandi n’ababyeyi baradusura. Inzigo iyo inzirika mba nigunze, ntagira shinge na rugero.Ibikorwa ku mwandiko:

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Mudahunga yumvaga ashobora kwirwanaho nyuma y’urupfu rwa se.Yashingiraga ku ki?

2. Ni iki cyatumye Mudahunga adahita yitabira amakoperative?

3. Koperative duterane inkunga yamariye iki abanyamuryango bayo?

4. Inyigisho y’uko Abanyarwanda batava inda imwe yakomotse he? Abayadukanye bari bagamije iki?

5. Ese Mudahunga na Kayitesi bakomeje kwishishanya? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.

6. Kuki nta muturanyi wageraga iwabo wa Mudahunga?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura amagamo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Inzigo

b) Kuza biguru ntege

c) Barunguka karahava

d) Gukeka amababa

e) Gusasa inzobe

2. Tanga impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira:

a) Isaho

b) Umushahara

c) Umugore

3. Tanga imbusane z’amagambo akurikira:

a) Urupfu

b) Inzangano

c) Inzigo

III. Imyitozo yo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe akoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye

1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro yumvikana neza:

a) Inzigo

b) Biguru ntege

c) Kurimanganya

d) gukeka amababa.

2. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko: (ntibacana uwaka, bishyira kera, umutima w’urugo, bagasasa inzobe, inzigo)

a) Maze imyaka ibiri mfite ................ ni yo mpamvu mbyibushye ntya.

b) Barataramye ................ barasangira, barasabana.

c) Kayihura na Bagirubwira ................iyo bagiye guhura, umwe ahindura inzira, agaca mu yindi.

d) Iyo abantu bafitanye ikibazo, batumira inshuti ................ ugaragaweho kuba impamvu y’ikibazo agacibwa ikiru.

e) Kuba ababyeyi baragiranye ................ ntibivuga ko abana na bo bagomba kwangana.

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Shaka ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko.

2. Ese urumva gufata mugenzi wawe nk’inzigo hari icyo byakungura mu buzima bwawe?

3. Sobanura uburyo gukorera hamwe mu mashyirahamwe n’amakoperative kimwe na gahunda ya « Ndi Umunyarwanda » byakwimakaza ubumwe n’ubwiyunge mu Banyarwanda.

V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyingiro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe akore umukoro wo kwandika inkuru ku nsanganyamatsiko yo kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro.

Andika inkuru irimo insanganyamatsiko yo “kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro” ugaragaza ko nta kintu na kimwe kigomba gutanya abanyarwanda.

Inshoberamahanga

Soma interuro zikurikira maze witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindangiye, nurangiza uvuge uko wumva yumvikana.

- Maze guca akenge nabajije data impamvu nta mama mbona.

- Inyungu ikaza biguru ntege.

- Bangejejeho icyo gitekerezo ngisamira hejuru.

- Nsanga tutacana uwaka n'abaturanyi.

- Byatumye nsubiza amerwe mu isaho.

- Urugwira Kayitesi yangaragarije rwatumye mva ku izima.

Aya magambo yanditswe atsindagiwe arumvikanisha igisobanuro cyayo mu buryo bwihuse?

Inshoza y’inshoberamahanga

Nk’uko izina ubwaryo ribivuga inshoberamahanga ni ikintu cyashobeye cyangwa cyayobeye amahanga. Inshoberamahanga rero ni imvugo ikoreshwa n’abenerurimi runaka ku buryo umuntu utarakenetse urwo rurimi nk’umunyamahanga, ayumva ntahite amenya icyo bashatse kuvuga. Bigasaba ko asobanurirwa icyo bashatse kuvuga bakoresheje iyo mvugo mu by’ukuri idasobanura icyo amagambo ayigize ubwayo avuze, ahubwo ari imvugo shusho.

Urugero tuvuze tuti: “Kanaka agenda atera isekuru.” Umuntu utazi neza ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda yumvise iyi mvugo yamubera urujijo kuko gutera isekuru atahita yiyumvisha icyo bishatse kuvuga. Ubundi mu Kinyarwanda batera ibiti, bagatera imbuto y’imyaka nk’ibishyimbo, ibirayi n’ibindi. Kugira ngo amenye ko bashatse kuvuga ko kanaka agenda acumbagira, byasaba ko asobanurirwa icyo bashatse kuvuga.

Imiterere y’inshoberamahanga

Inshoberamahanga ni imvugo igizwe n’inshinga n’icyuzuzo cyayo. Inshoberamahanga kandi iba ifite igisobanuro shusho kihariye, kidahuye n’igisobanuro gisanzwe cy’amagambo aba ayigize.

Ingero:

- Gutera isekuru

- Kugwa mu kantu

- Kugenda biguru ntege

- Gusamira hejuru

- Kugenda runono

- Kurya akara

- Gukura inzira ku murima

- Gukura ubwatsi

- Gupfa agasoni

- Kurara rubunda

- Kurara rwantambi

- Kurimba uw’inkoko

- Ducurangira abahetsi

- Guhata inzira ibirenge

- Kuvoma hafi

- Kutamenya ururo n’icyatsi,...

Umwitozo:

Mu matsinda ya babiribabiri mutahure inshoberamahanga mu mwandiko, hanyuma muzikoreshe mu nteruro ziboneye.

Soma umwandiko ukurikira ushakamo inshoberamahanga, buri nshoberamahanga uyikoreshe mu nteruro yawe bwite.

Yihaye rubanda

Habayeho umugabo akitwa Rudaseswa agakunda gutera inogo umutsima. Umunsi umwe uwo mugabo yahuye n’uruvagusenya ndetse n’umugore we agwa mu kantu. Yagufatiye irobe ry’umutsima aryohereza mu kanwa agira ngo ararimira bunguri uko bisanzwe maze riramuniga, umugabo si ugusepfura yimarayo. Umugabo yarakanuye, abana bati: “Data agiye kwitaba Imana”, nyina na we abura icyo akora. Hashize umwanya, umugore akora iyo bwabaga, arega igipfunsi no munsi y’ingoto y’umugabo we ngo: piii! Rya robe uko ryakabaye riraturumbuka. Rudasewa yaguye hasi avunika akaguru ku buryo yamaze igihe atera isekuru, inkuru yabaye kimomo umubonye wese ati: “Dore ingaruka z’ubusambo.” Ubusambo si bwiza, kwitwararika ku meza bihesha agaciro.

Menya uburenganzira bwawe

Abantu muri kamere yacu turikunda. Umuntu yumva ibyiza byose ari we byabanza gusanga, abandi bikabageraho nyuma; ngo ujya gutera uburezi arabwibaza. Nk’uko amateka abigaragaza, uko kwikunda kwagiye gutuma abantu bamwe na bamwe baryamira abandi, bakabahohotera, bakabaheza ku byo na bo bagenewe nk’abantu. Mu nama y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, ikibazo k’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abantu cyavuzweho, hafatwa imyanzuro yo gutangaza ingingo zigaragaza uburenganzira umuntu afite kandi zikaba zikwiye kumenywa no kubahirizwa na buri wese.

Umuntu, mbere na mbere, afite uburenganzira bwo kubaho mu bwisanzure kandi afite umutekano. Ibi bishatse kuvuga ko nta muntu ufite uburenganzira bwo kwambura mugenzi we ubuzima. Dufite inshingano zo kwirindira umutekano no kuwurindira abandi, abo tubana, abo duturanye n’abo tugendana. Kutubaha ubuzima, bwaba ari ubwawe, bwaba ari ubwa mugenzi wawe, ni icyaha gihanwa n’amategeko.

Umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo kujya aho ashaka no guhitamo aho atura mu gihugu ke, gusohoka no kukigarukamo igihe ashatse. Nta muntu ufite uburenganzira bwo kwambura umuntu umutungo we. Abantu barasabwa gushakisha umutungo bakora akazi kabyara inyungu, bakabikora bizeye ko umutungo wabo ntawuzawubavutsa kandi ko hari amategeko abarengera igihe hari ushaka kubahuguza umutungo wabo. Umuntu rero afite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo akazi akora. Iyo akorera abandi, agira uburenganzira ku mushahara uhagije kugira ngo we n’umuryango we babashe kubaho.

Ubundi burenganzira umuntu afite ni ubwo kugira ibitekerezo n’imyemerere ye bwite. Afite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo idini asengeramo no kwamamaza imyemerere ye ku mugaragaro. Nta muntu ukwiye rero kubuzwa gusenga cyangwa kuzira aho asengera. Umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo bye mu bwisanzure. Nta muntu ukwiye kubuzwa kuvuga uko yumva ibintu cyangwa kuzira ibitekerezo yatanze.

Umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo kugira imibereho myiza we n’umuryango we. Akwiye kubona icyo arya, icyo yambara n’aho aba. Afite uburenganzira bwo kwivuza igihe arwaye no guhabwa serivise nkenerwa zose. Umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo kwitabwaho no kubungabungirwa umutekano igihe ashaje, igihe yapfakaye cyangwa se kubera impamvu runaka atakibashije kugira umurimo akora. Umubyeyi uri kunda n’umwana bagomba kwitabwaho ku buryo bw’umwihariko. Umwana wavutse ku babyeyi bashakanye ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko n’uwavutse ku bundi buryo barengerwa n’amategeko kimwe.

Buri muntu kandi afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa uburezi bukwiye, kandi uburezi bw’ibanze agomba kubuhererwa ubuntu. Buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo gukomeza amashuri ye hashingiwe ku bushobozi agaragaza kandi ababyeyi bafite uburenganzira bwo guhitiramo abana babo amashami bazigamo.Ngizo zimwe mu ngingo zigize uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ni ngombwa ko tumenya uburenganzira bwacu kugira ngo hatazagira uwo twemerera ko atubangamira kandi natwe ntitugire uwo tuvutsa uburenganzira bwe kubera ubujiji.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Rondora uburengazira bwa muntu bugaragara mu mwandiko.

2. Kuba umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo kubaho bikubwira iki nk’umunyeshuri?

3. Ni abahe bantu bagomba kubungabungirwa umutekano ku buryo bw’umwihariko? Wumva ari iyihe mpamvu bagomba kwitabwaho cyane?

4. Wumva ute kuba umwana wavutse ku babyeyi babana ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko n’uwavutse ku bundi buryo barengerwa n’amategeko kimwe?

5. Vuga ubundi burenganzira bwa muntu butavuzwe mu mwandiko.

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura amagamo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Uburezi

b) Uburenganzira

c) Guhuguza

d) Kuvutsa

e) Kubangamira

2. Tanga impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira:

a) Ubujiji

b) Kubugabunga

3. Tanga imbusane z’amagambo akurikira:

a) Kuvutsa

b) Kubasha

III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe akoresha neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye

1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zumvikana:

a) Kwitabwaho

b) Guhuguza

c) Kuvutsa

d) Uburenganzira

e) kubungabunga

2. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko kandi uyasanishe uko bikwiye aho ari ngombwakuvutsa, guhuguza, uburezi, kubangamira, uburenganzira)

a) Umuntu uterekera ajugunya .................. mu ziko akaba asangiye n’abakurambere.

b) Ni nde .................. umuntu umugisha Imana yamugeneye?

c) Buri muntu agira .................. n’inshingano ze; ni ngombwa kubimenya byombi.

d) Karibwende arashaka .................. nyirakuru umurima, ariko abunzi baritaye mu gutwi, ntibazamukundira.

e) Nihagira .................. mu mushinga wawe, uzambwire nkurenganure.

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Shaka ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko.

2. Mu gihe hari umuntu uvukijwe uburenganzira bwe hakorwa iki ngo bwimakazwe?

3. Wumva hakorwa iki kugira ngo abantu bamenye uburenganzira bwabo?

V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

Mu matsinda mwungurane ibitekerezo ku burenganzira bwa muntu butavugwa mu mwandiko, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

Mungurane ibitekerezo ku byo mubona aho mutuye bigaragaza ukutubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’icyo mwumva cyakorwa ngo iyo migirire ihinduke.

Ubunyarwanda burambera

Mumpe umwanya nge mu ngazo,

Mvuge uko niyumva mu ngingo

No mu bitekerezo n’ingendo,

Mvuge ibitera Abanyamahanga

Kumpa umwanya nkavuga ijambo.

Nge narazengurutse amahanga,

Ndeba abandi uko bitwara,

Nsanga nta muco uruta uwacu

Kuko ubuvandimwe n’urukundoTubikomora ku batubyara.

Nkunda cyane igihugu cyange

Numva nta pfunwe bintera,

Kwitwa umwana w’Umunyarwanda

N’umunyarwanda wundi kandi

Mfitanye isano na we burundu.

Nzi ko guhangana no gushwanaTwabitojwe na Ruhurwera,

We wadukekagaho ubugwari,

Aje ubumwe asanga turabuhuje

Abura aho akandira ngo adutware.

Yacuze amoko ubwo aradutanya

Ubujiji bwacu burabitora ,

Ubumwe dusangiye burasongwa

Ubwo tuba abanzi dufite isano

Igisebo kinjira mu mateka.

Twararindagijwe bitavugwa

Urwango rwima imitima yacu

Icuraburindi ryima Igihugu,

Ariko kandi hirya yaho

Cyarakijijwe tubona urumuri.

Hari icyo nshimagiza uyu munsi

Ubu Abanyarwanda turajijutse,

Turimo kwigira ku mateka

Turaca iteka ryo kudatana

No kwiyunga bikaba intego.

Uwaka imbabazi ubu arazihabwa

Ipfunwe rikimukira urugwiro

Abadutanyije bakamwara

Twe twibereye mu mishinga

Yo guha u Rwanda isura nziza.

Harashamaje aho turi none,

Haraharenze aho tujya kandi,

Mureke twimike ubunyarwanda

Duhe urukundo igihugu cyacu

Tunakirwanirire gitore.

Ubujiji ntacyo bukidutwaye Kandi twifitiye amashuri,

Ubukene ntabwo bukitubase

Kandi banki zituri hafi,

Hehe n’imbuto y’ubugwari.

Ubu amavuriro aturi hafi

Mu kwivuza turisungana

Tukanavuza abatibasha.

Ntawukizirikira iwabo

Yumva indwara imugera ijanja.

Ubunyarwanda burambera

Kandi namwe nibubabere,

Niyo gakondo isumba izindi

Abatubyaye baduhaye

Ntitugatatire icyo gihango.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Ni iki umusizi asanga gitandukanya abanyarwanda n’abanyamahanga?

2. Inzangano hagati y'Abanyarwanda zakomotse hehe?

3. Ni iki cyatumye Ruhurwera acura amoko?

4. Ni ibihe bibazo by’Abanyarwanda byakemutse?

5. Umusizi arahamagarira Abanyarwanda kwitwara gute? Kuki?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Ipfunwe

b) Gushwana

c) Ubugwari

d) Abatibasha

e) Urugwiro

III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe arakoresha neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye

1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ziboneye:

a) Gushwana

b) Ubugwari

c) Ipfunwe

d) Igihango

e) Gakondo.

2. Uzurisha interuro zikurikira aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko: (arashamaje, aberwa, yatoye, imbuto, gakondo)a) Kamari yabibye ................. y’ubufatanye mu bana be, none gushyira hamwe byatumye biteza imbere.b) Uyu munyamahanga yakuriye mu Rwanda none ................... umuco wacu.c) Iyi sambu ni ................. twasigiwe na ba sogokuruza.d) Uyu mugore ................ no gufata ijambo imbere y’abantu agatanga ibitekerezo bye.e) Uyu mwana ................. kuko aba uwambere muri byose.

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Shaka ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

2. Ukurikije uko indi myandiko iba yanditswe uyu urabona wanditswe ute?

3. Uyu mwandiko urumva uvugitse nk’indi myandiko twize mu buryo bw’injyana? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.

V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe akore umukoro wo gufata mu mutwe umuvugo, hanyuma azawuvugire imbere y’abandi yubahiriza uturango twawo.

Umukoro wo gufata mu mutwe umuvugo “Ubunyarwanda burambera” hanyuma ukazawuvugira imbere ya bagenzi bawe.

UmuvugoInshoza y'umuvugo

Umuvugo ni igihangano cy’umwimerere, kigusha ku ngingo cyangwa insanganyamatsiko runaka, cyuje amagambo y’indezi (arata) n’ikeshamvugo. Umuvugo kandi ni igihangano gihimbirwa kuvugirwa imbere y’abantu. Kubera iyo mpamvu umuvugo ugomba kuba unyuze amatwi y’abawumva.

Uturango tw’umuvugo

Umuvugo ni umwandiko uvuga ku ngingo runaka nk’indi myandiko yose ariko bigakorwa ku buryo bwa gihanga bushingiye ku kuryoshya imvugo. N’ubwo umuntu ashobora gusoma umuvugo mu gitabo, ubundi umuvugo uhimbirwa kuvugirwa imbere y’abantu; ni na yo mpamvu kuwufata mu mutwe ari ingenzi. Dore ibiranga umuvugo:

a) Imikarago

Uko umuvugo wandikwa bitandukanye n’uko bandika indi myandiko isanzwe.Umuvugo wandikwa mu buryo bw’intondeke hakoreshejwe uturongo tugufi twitwa “ imikarago”. Umukarago ushobora kuba ari interuro yuzuye cyangwa ari igice k’interuro.

Ingero:

- Ubunyarwanda burambera. (interuro)

- Kuko ubuvandimwe n’urukundo (igice k’interuro)

b) Injyana y’itonde ripimye

Umuvugo unoze ugomba kuba ufite injyana ipimye, ni ukuvuga ko imikarago igomba kuba ireshya kandi ifite injyana inogeye amatwi. Mu busizi injyana ishingira ku tubangutso cyangwa utubeshuro. Abasizi bakora ku buryo imikarago igira umubare ungana w’utubangutso cyangwa utubeshuro, bashingiye ku migemo igize umukarago. Dore uko injyanya ikorwa:

- Akabangutso gashingira ku mugemo kandi umugemo ushobora kuba ari inyajwi, ingombajwi iyafanye n’inyajwi cyangwa igihekane gifatanye n’inyajwi.

- Akabangutso kamwe kaba gafite uburebure bungana n’umugemo umwe.

- Umugemo utinda wo ubarwamo utubangutso tubiri.

- Inyajwi itangira umukarago ntibarwa

- Inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye mu mukarago, imwe isoza ijambo indi ikaritangira zibarwa nk’inyajwi imwe.

Urugero:

Muump(e) umwaanya nge muu ngaazo, =12

Mvug(e) uko niiyumva muu ngiingo=12

No mu biteekerezo n’ingeendo,=12M

vug(e) ibiteer(a)Abanyamahaanga=12

Kuump(a) umwaanya nkavug(a) ijaambo.=12

Uyu muvugo ugizwe n’injyana y’utubangutso cumi na tubiri.

c) Ikeshamvugo n’iminozanganzo

Mu muvugo umuhanzi akoresha amagambo y’indobanure agambiriye gukesha cyangwa kunoza imvugo. Amagambo yose ntanganya agaciro, ni yo mpamvu umuhanzi atoranya amagambo yabugenewe agusha ku ngingo. Mu muvugo kandi umuhanzi yubaka ingingo ku buryo bugamije kunoza inganzo ari byo bita iminozanganzo. Mu minozanganzo habamo isubirajwi, imizimizo, ishushanya, igereranya n’ibindi

Ingero:

- Ruhurwera: Umuzungu (umuzimizo)

- Yumva indwara imugera ijanja: Yumva indwara imwototera, ishaka kumufata(ishushanya)

- Harashamaje aho turi none,Haraharenze aho tujya kandi ( isubirajwi rishingiye kuri “ h”)

Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro:

Umunyeshuri umwumwe asubize ibibazo byabajijwe ku muvugo.

1. Bara utubangutso tw’imikarago icumi ya nyuma y’uyu muvugo.

2. Hanga umuvugo wawe bwite ku nsanganyamatsiko y’umuco w’amahoro, nturenze imikarago mirongo ine.

Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa karindwi

Muri uyu mutwe twasesenguye imyandiko ivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko y’umuco w’amahoro. Twabonye uburyo gahunda zo gukorera hamwe nka « Ndi Umunyarwanda, Amashyirahamwe n’amakoperative » byimakaza ubumwe n’ubwiyunge, abagiranye ibibazo bakiyunga kuko baba bashyize hamwe. Twanabonye kandi ibijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ubwo burenganzira bugomba kubahirizwa, nta muntu ukwiye kuvutswa uburenganzira bwe.

Twabonye icyo inshoberamahanga ari cyo ndetse n’umuvugo, uturango tw’umuvugo n’uburyo babara utubangutso tw’umuvugo ndetse dukomoza ku ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa mu muvugo.

Iby’ingenzi nshoboye

- Gushishikarira kuvugisha ukuri, gusaba imbabazi no kubabarira abazinsabye mu rwego rwo gusakaza umuco w’amahoro.

- Kwitabira gukoresha inshoberamahanga mu kunoza imvugo n’inyandiko byange.- Guhanga umuvugo no kuwutondagura mu ruhame ngendeye ku turango tw’umuvugo.

Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa karindwi

Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

Umuvugo: Mucyo dutere amahoro

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Umusizi arahamagarira nde gutera amahoro?

2. Ese ku mwanditsi ni ubuhe bufatanye bukwiye ngo abantu birindire umutekano?

3. Ukurikije uko bigaragara mu mwandiko, inzangano hagati y’Abanyarwanda zikomoka he? Ese wowe ubona izo nzangano umuntu yazirinda gute?

4. Usibye abaturage, abandi bantu bagira uruhare mu kubumbatira amahoro ni bande? Babikora gute?

5. Ese wowe ubaye umuyobozi, urumva wakora iki ngo amahoro asagambe?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu muvugo:

a) Bura bw’u Rwanda

b) Kugoboka

c) Kuganya

d) Gutuza

e) kwimika

2. Tanga impuzanyito z’aya magambo:

a) Gushuka

b) Kugoboka

3. Shaka imbusane z’amagambo akurikira:

a) Gutuza

b) Guha (amahoro)

4. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zawe bwite:

a) Amahoro

b) Kugoboka

c) Kuganya

d) Gutuza

e) Kwimika

III. Ubumenyi bw’ururimi

1. Koresha izi nshoberamahanga mu nteruro yawe bwite.

a) Guca mu rihumye

b) Guca akenge

c) Gusubiza amerwe mu isaho

d) Kuva ku izima

e) Korosora uwabyukaga

IV. Guhanga umuvugo

1. Hanga umuvugo wubahiriza uturango tw’umuvugo kandi uvuga ku nsanganyamatsiko y’umuco w’amahoro