S2: Kinyarwanda

Akamaro k’amashyamba

Amashyamba afitiye akamaro kanini cyane abatuye isi. Mu mashyamba habonekamo ubwoko bunyuranye bw’ibinyabuzima. Umumaro wayo nturondoreka; amashyamba ni intaho y’inyamaswa n’inyoni. Amashyamba atuma haboneka amadovize (amafaranga y’amahanga) atangwa na ba mukerarugendo. Amashyamba ayungurura umwuka duhumeka ndetse amababi y’ibimera yakira umwuka mubi dusohora noneho yo agatanga umwuka mwiza duhumeka.

Amashyamba arwanya isuri, atwikira ubutaka akaburinda imiyaga y’ishuheri, akanaburinda gutwarwa n’amazi y’imvura. Ahari imisozi ihanamye yambaye ubusa, iyo imvura iguye ikukumba ubutaka bwiza bwagahinzwe maze amazi akabwijyanira mu migezi, imigezi na yo ikabwijyanira mu mahanga tugahomba. Ahatari amashyamba iyo imvura iguye ari nyinshi inkangu ziracika rimwe na rimwe n’ubuzima bwa benshi bukahatikirira.

Iyo imvura iguye, igasanga ubutaka buteweho ibiti n’ibyatsi bihagije, ibitonyanga bigwa ku bibabi n’amashami bikagabanya umuvuduko n’ubukana. Amazi acengera mu butaka gahorogahoro agasomya ubutaka ariko ntibuhite butwarwa n’isuri.Imizi y’ibiti igira akamaro kanini cyane; ifata ubutaka ikaburinda gutembanwa n’isuri. Imizi y’ibiti yongerera ubutaka ubushobozi bwo gufata no kubika amazi akenewe bikaturinda ubutayu. Amazi ahunitswe mu mizi y’ibiti, ibidendezi ndetse n’ayatangiriwe n’ibimera, atuma amashyamba akomeza kubonekamo inzuzi n’imigezi. Haba no mu gihe gikakaye k’izuba, ahari amashyamba kimeza imigezi ntishobora gukama.

Abantu bakeneye amashyamba mu mirimo myinshi inyuranye; benshi bifashisha inkwi mu gihe cyo gutegura amafunguro, bakarara ku bitanda bikozwe mu biti n’ibindi... Icyakora umuriro w’amashanyarazi wunganira inkwi. Si ibyo gusa kuko n’inzu nyinshi usanga mu bizubatse higanjemo ibiti cyangwa ibibikomokaho. Ndetse uretse amagorofa ahambaye usanga afite ibisenge by’ibyuma, andi mazu menshi ibisenge biba byubakishijwe ibiti cyangwa imbaho. Hari n’abavuga ko inzu yubakishijwe ibiti iramba kurusha iyubakishijwe amatafari ya rukarakara.

Si ibyo gusa kandi kuko n’imitako ikozwe mu biti usanga iteye amabengeza. Hari ibiti byamamaye cyane kubera ugukomera kwabyo. Muri byo twavuga nk’imisave, ribuyu, muvura n’ibindi. Mu Rwanda hari amashyamba yinjiza amadovize kubera ba mukerarugendo. Twese nk’abitsamuye dusenyere umugozi umwe; tuyabungabunge aho kuyatutira kuko arimo gukendera kubera ibikorwa bya muntu. Yego turayakeneye, ariko tuyamazeho uyu munsi abadukomokaho bazaririra mu myotsi kandi iyi si tuyiriho kugira ngo tuzayisige irushijeho kuba nziza.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko, munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Rondora nibura imimaro itatu y’amashyamba yavuzwe mu mwandiko.

2. Vuga abiri mu moko y’ibiti byiza yavuzwe mu mwandiko.

3. Abantu bahumeka umwuka bakuye he?

4. Vuga ingaruka ebyiri z’isuri ku mibereho y’abatuye isi.

5. Ni gute umwanditsi yasobanuye ko amashyamba arwanya isuri?

6. Uretse gutera amashyamba, vuga ukundi bashobora kurwanya isuri.

7. Garagaza ibyo ubona bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo amashyamba adakomeza gutemwa no kwangizwa ku bwinshi.

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

(a) Isuri

(b) Inkangu

(c) Amafu

(d) Gukukumba

(e) Gututira

III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe nasubize ibibizo bikurikira:

Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye:

a) Isuri

b) Inkangu

c) Amafu

2. Uzuza izi nteruro ukoresheje amagambo wungutse mu mwandiko:

a) Iyo umuyaga w’.........uje, ishyamba rirawukumira ntiwangize byinshi.

b) Ahatari ibiti, umuvu uratemba........ubutaka bwose ukamaraho.

c) Ntawashyigikira ko umuntu.......ibiti akamaraho kandi n’ejo tuzabikenera.

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

2. “Ngo amahanga arunguka tugahomba” Byaba bisobanuye iki ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandiko?

3. Umaze gusoma uyu mwandiko ni iki wumva wabwira bagenzi bawe?

V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

Mu matsinda, mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

Insanganyamatsiko: “Ni iki cyakorwa ngo amashyamba abungabungwe?” Garagaza uruhare rwa Leta, uruhare rw’ababyeyi n’uruhare rw’urubyiruko rukiri mu mashuri.

Amategeko y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda: Utwatuzo twungirije

Itegereze izi nteruro zikurikira nurangiza urondore ibimenyetso by’utwatuzo byakoreshejwemo.

- Abantu bayabungabunga binjiza amadovize (amafaranga y’amahanga) atangwa na ba mukerarugendo.

- Abantu bakeneye amashyamba mu mirimo myinshi inyuranye aho batuye; benshi bifashisha inkwi mu gihe cyo gutegura amafunguro, bakarara ku bitanda bikozwe mu biti n’ibindi...

- Hari abagira bati: “Igiti ni idorari”.

Tumwe muri two ni utwatuzo tw’ibanze utundi ni utwatuzo twungirije. Utwatuzo tw’ibanze, dusoza interuro uretse akitso gakoreshwa hagati mu nteruro.

Utwatuzo twungirije ni utwatuzo tudafite agaciro nk’ak’utwatuzo tw’ibanze. Iyo tubuze mu nteruro kandi twagombaga kubonekamo ishobora gukomeza kumvikana n'ubwo iba itaboneye. Mu twatuzo twungirije hari udusoza interuro n’utujya hagati.

a) Utwatuzo dutangira n’udusoza interuro

Akanyerezo (-)

Akanyerezo ni akarongo kagufi gatambitse(-) gashobora gukoreshwa ahantu henshi ariko dore uburyo butatu bw’ingenzi gakoreshwamo:Gakoreshwa mu kiganiro kugira ngo berekane ihererekanywa cyangwa iyakuranwa ry’amagambo.

Urugero

- Wari waragiye he?

- Gusura ishyamba kimeza.

- Wararibonye se?

- YegoGakoreshwa kandi bakata ijambo ritarangiranye n’impera y’umurongo, bikurikije imiterere y’umugemo.

Urugero:

Hari n’ubusitani bugezweho abantu basigaye bifoto-                                                                           rezamo cyangwa bakaburuhukiramo ngo bafate amafu.

Kanakoreshwa imbere n’inyuma y’interuro ihagitse.

Urugero:

Ejo tuzajyane kwifotoza-ushobora kuba uzi ubusitani bwiza- ni umunsi w’ikiruhuko nta masomo ahari.

Uturegeka (...)

Dukoreshwa iyo berekana irondora ritarangiye, interuro barogoye cyangwa iyo mu nteruro hari ijambo bacikije.

Ingero

- Ibiti bivamo ibikoresho byinshi: ibitanda, inzugi, ibyansi, isekuru, imitako...

- Baragenda ngo bagere ku Ruyenzi bahahurira na mwene... simuvuze nzamuvumba!

b) Utwatuzo twungirije dushyirwa hagati mu nteruro

Hagati mu nteruro hashobora gukoreshwamo utu twatuzo dukurikira: akanyerezo, udukubo, utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo, akanyerezo, udusodeko, akabago n’akitso, utubago tubiri n’utundi.

Utubago tubiri (

Dukoreshwa mu nteruro iyo hari ibigiye kurondorwa, gusobanurwa cyangwa iyo bagiye gusubira mu magambo y’undi.Dukoreshwa kandi inyuma y’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya”, “-tyo” n’ijambo “ngo”.

Ingero

- Burya habaho ibiti byinshi: imisave, muvura, ribuyu...

- Abantu bagira bati: “Igiti ni idorari”.

- Mu Kinyarwanda baravuga ngo: “Ntawutinya ishyamba atinya icyo bahuriyemo”

Akabago n’akitso (;)

Dukoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo batandukanye ibice bibiri bigize interuro kandi byuzuzanya.

Urugero:

- Kubyaza ishyamba umusaruro si ukurigurisha; kuribyaza umusaruro neza ni ukurikorera no kuritunganya rikinjiza amafaranga.

Utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo (“ ”)

Dukikiza amagambo y’undi asubirwamo, imvugo itandukanye n’imvugo isanzwe, cyangwa ingingo igomba kwitabwaho. Dukikiza amagambo ateruwe n’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya”, “-tyo” n“ijambo “ngo”. Dukoreshwa nanone iyo hari inyito ikemangwa cyangwa kugira ngo bakikize amazina nteruro n’amazina y’inyunge agizwe n’amagambo arenze ane.Dukoreshwa kandi mu magambo y’amatirano atamenyerewe mu Kinyarwanda.

Ingero

- Mu biti bikomera kandi byiza harimo “muvura” na “ribuyu”

- Igikeri kirarikocora kiti: “Guhora mu mazi si ko gushira amaga”.

- Ubwo “Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya Rugema ahica” aba arahashinze.

Udukubo

Dukikiza amagambo cyangwa ibimenyetso bifite icyo bisobanura cyangwa icyo byuzuza mu nteruro.Banadukoresha iyo bashaka kwerekana uko amazina bwite y’amanyamahanga yanditswe mu Kinyarwanda bayandika mu ndimi akomokamo.Dukikiza kandi umubare wanditse mu mibarwa mu nteruro iyo uwo mubare wabanje kwandikwa mu nyuguti. Twerekana n’ibihekane cyangwa inyuguti bidakunze gukoreshwa.

Ingero

- Umuyobozi w’Akarere yabwiye abaturage ko kugira ngo barwanye inzara, bagomba gushoka.ibishanga (impeshyi yari yabaye ndende) kandi kwirirwa banywa bakabifasha hasi.

- Rishari kanti (Richard Kandt) yayoboye u Rwanda mu gihe cy’ubukoroni.

- Kongo (Congo) ibonekamo amashyamba kimeza menshi.

- Igihembo twumvikanyeho ni amafaranga y’amanyarwanda ibihumbi magana atanu (500 000 Rwf ).

- (L) cyangwa (Vy) ntibikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu Kinyarwanda.

Imyitozo ku twatuzo

1. Vuga mu magambo make nibura imimaro ibiri y’utwatuzo mu nteruro.

2. ( “ ”) Ibi bimenyetso biri mu dukubo byitwa ngo iki?

3. Rondora ahantu hatatu gashobora gukoreshwa ibyo bimenyetso bigaragajwe haruguru.

4. Sobanura impamvu agakubo kakoreshejwe muri iyi nteruro ikurikira:

- Bagomba gushoka ibishanga (impeshyi yari yabaye ndende) kandi kwirirwa banywa bakabifasha hasi.

Kwitoza kwandika

Mwandukure umwandiko ukurikira, musimbuza akatuzo gakwiye ahari uturegeka turi mu dukubo: (akabago n’akitso, udukubo, utunyerezo, uturegeka, utubago tubiri). Murasabwa kandi kubahiriza imyandikire yemewe muri rusange.

Twite ku bidukikije

Uwimana na musaza we barakundana cyane ahantu hose baba bari kumwe. Umunsi umwe bari mu muhanda batembera babona umwana arimo gutashya inkwi.Baramwitegereza babona arakora ibidakwiye (...) yari yaranduye ibiti byose byatewe ku muhanda. Bimwe muri byo ni ibi (...) ibiti by’imikindo, gereveriya, indabo zose z’umurimbo ndetse na (...) (nibagiwe uko icyo giti kitwa) bakunda kubitera ku muhanda.Byose ngo agiye kubicana. Dore amwe mu magambo baganiriye:

(...) Yewe mwa, witwa nde?

(...) Nitwa Kamana

(...) None se ko urimo kwangiza?

(...) Wimbeshyera. Nangije iki ko ndimo gutashya inkwi?

(...) Izo si inkwi ahubwo ni ibiti wangije

.(...) Ariko n’ubundi nta cyo byari bimaze bino biti ni ibya Leta.

(...) Ugomba guhindura imyumvire. Umutungo wa Leta ni uwacu twese, tugomba kuwubungabunga. Barakomeje bamugira inama ataha yiyemeje kutazongera kwangiza ibidukikije.

Ibyanya by’inyamaswa

Icyanya ni ishyamba rigari ryateganyirijwe kubamo inyamaswa n’ibindi binyabuzima bitandukanye. Abatwawe n’indimi z’amahanga bamenyereye kubyita pariki. Mu gihugu cyacu hari ibyanya byagenewe kubungabunga ubuzima bw’inyamaswa n’ibindi binyabuzima. Ubu mu Rwanda habarurwa ibyanya by’inyamaswa bigari birenga bitatu. Hari n’aho abifite bagenda biyubakira imbuga nto bakororeramo zimwe mu nyamaswa z’inkazi nk’ingwe, inzoka n’izindi.

Mu byanya byamamaye mu Rwanda bikanahuruza imbaga y’abatuye isi, twavuga nk’icyanya cy’Akagera mu burasirazuba bw’u Rwanda. Icyanya cy’Akagera kibarizwa mu gace k’umukenke mu ntara y’iburasirazuba kikambuka kigafata intara y’Akagera mu gihugu cy’abaturanyi cya Tanzaniya. Habonekamo zimwe mu nyamaswa z’inkazi zitakiboneka henshi ku isi. Muri zo twavuga nk’intare n’ingwe, imbogo n’impongo, inzovu ndetse n’isatura. Hagaragaramo kandi nyamaswa nyinshi ziteye amabengeza nk’impara n’imparage, isha, inzobe, twiga n’izindi. Yewe ngo harimo n’impyisi mahuma n’imigana y’imbwebwe zahunze abantu.

Uwavuga iby’Akagera bwakwira bugacya; Akagera gafite umwihariko wo kugira ibiyaga byinshi bigaburirwa n’uruzi rw’Akagera. Rwambukiranya iyo pariki kuva mu magepfo kugera mu majyaruguru. Ibyo biyaga byabaye icumbi ry’imvubu n’ingona. Utembereye mu Kagera kandi, yibonera amasenga n’imyobo y’inyaga zitakiboneka henshi mu gihugu. Ntiwava mu Kagera utabonye umugana wa za ngurube z’ishyamba n’amashyo y’imbogo rwarikamavubi.

Abikundira amajwi y’inyamaswa n’ibindi bintu nyaburanga rero nababwira iki! Ubwo hari abatinya kumva intare yivuga cyangwa itontoma, hari ba mukerarugendo ahubwo bazanwa n’uwo mutontomo ukura abantu umutima ukanabuza inyoni kuririmba. Abagana icyanya cy’Akagera banezezwa n’utugezi dusuma cyangwa se iyo bwije impyisi zitangiye guhuma. Ngo harimo n’impongo zikorora!

Icyanya cy’Akagera kibangamiwe n’ubwiyongere bukabije bw’Abanyarwanda bagenda bashaka amasambu. Hari na ba rushimusi bahiga imvubu n’abashakisha amahembe y’inzovu. Ibyo byatumye Leta ifata ingamba zirimo ubukangurambaga buhoraho, aho abaturiye icyo cyanya bahora basobanurirwa akamaro kacyo. Umubare w’abashinzwe kurinda icyo cyanya na wo ugenda wiyongera kandi hanashyizweho ibihano bikarishye ku bakomeje ingeso mbi yo kwica no gushimuta inyamaswa. Mu gukomeza kubungabunga icyanya cy’Akagera, hubatswe urukuta rw’amashanyarazi rukizengurutse. Urwo rukuta rutuma inyamaswa zidatoroka ngo zonere abaturage baturiye Akagera.

Ibyo ariko ntibihagije. Buri muturarwanda wese akwiye kwiyumvisha ko ibyanya ari umutungo rusange. Ibyanya by’inyamaswa bifite akamaro kanini mu rwego rw’ubukungu kuko bikurura ba mukerarugendo. Usibye no kuba birimo ibiti bihembera umwuka tukabona imvura binaba intaho y’inyamaswa n’inyoni by’amoko anyuranye bifitiye runini abaturarwanda. Ntawe rero ugomba kwangiza uwo mutungo dukesha byinshi ngo arashaka inyungu ze ku giti ke.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Vuga akamaro k’ibyanya by’inyamaswa mu rwego rw’ubukungu bw’ igihugu.

2. Uretse icyanya cy’Akagera, haba hari ikindi uzi? Kivuge.

3. Vuga izina ry’umugezi wambukiranya icyanya cy’Akagera.

4. Icyanya cy’Akagera giherereye mu bihugu bingahe? Bivuge.

5. Izina "Akagera" ryitiriwe icyo cyanya rikomoka he?

6. Rondora amoko atanu y'inyamaswa ziboneka mu cyanya cy'Akagera.

7. Ni ubuhe buryo bwashyizweho bwo gukumira inyamaswa zonera abantu?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Subiza yego cyangwa oya ukurikije ibisobanuro by’aya magambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo dusanga mu mwandiko bikurikira.

a) Rushimusi ni umuntu usenya amazu y’abandi akanabiba.

b) Amasenga ni ahantu ibisimba nk’impyisi birara.

c) Imbuga ni ahantu abantu bakinira bakidagadura.

d) Kubungabunga ni ukuzerereza ikintu hirya no hino wabuze uwakigura.

e) Bikanahuruza imbaga bivuze ko bituma abantu baturuka impande zose baje kureba.

2. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo:

a) Zaziranaga

b) Zabangirije

c) Rwihishwa

3. Garagaza ijambo riri mu mwandiko risobanura kimwe n’aya akurikira :

a) Abagashize

b) Zisa neza cyane

c) Ntiyabirondora byose

III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe arasubiza ibibazo bikurikira:

1.Koresha aya magambo wungutse mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye:

a) Rushimusi

b) Amasenga

c) Kubungabunga.

2. Uzuza izi nteruro wifashishije amwe mu magambo ari mu mwandiko

a) Si impyisi gusa zibera mu....kuko n’izindi nyamaswa nyinshi ari ho ziba.

b) Utunyamaswa duteye....turasurwa cyane muri pariki.

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane, nimusubize ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

2. Ushingiye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko n’ibyo usanzwe ubona aho utuye, Sobanura kandi ugaragaze ububi bwa ba rushimusi.

3. Wahuza gute “ubwiyongere bw’abaturage” n’iyangirika ry’ibidukikije birimo amashyamba n’ibyanya by’inyamaswa?

V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro: kujya impaka

Mu matsinda mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

Insanganyamatsiko:“Urukuta rw’amashanyarazi rwubatswe mu rwego rwo gukumira inyamaswa ngo zitonera abantu.” Abantu bamwe babona ko atari ngombwa kubera ingaruka mbi zarwo, abandi bakabona rwarakemuye byinshi. Tanga ibitekerezo byawe bigaragaza uruhande ubogamiyeho.

Ikeshamvugo

Musubize ibi bibazo bikurikira

- Aho inyoni ziba bahita ngo iki?

- Impyisi zitaha he?

- Kuvuga kw’intare babyita ngo iki?

- Kuvuga kw’impongo babyita ngo iki?

Bitewe n’igihe cyangwa ahantu uri, amagambo akoreshwa ku bintu cyangwa imvugo ashobora guhinduka. Rimwe na rimwe hagakoreshwa amagambo yabugenewe, aribyo bita “ikeshamvugo”.

Intaho z’inyamaswa

Inyoni zitaha mu cyari

Imbeba zigataha mu muheno

Inyana zikarara mu ruhongore,

Inka zirara mu kiraro

Inkoko, inkwavu zitaha mu kibuti

Impyisi zitaha mu isenga

Intozi zitaha mu mwobo

Inzuki ziba mu mutiba (umuzinga)

Amatsinda/ikirundo

Ikiguri ni ik’intozi

Irumbo ry’inzuki

Ishyo ni iry’inka

Umukumbi ni uw’intama n’ ihene

Umugana w’imbwa

Umugana w’ingurube.

Uruhuri rw’inyoni

Umukeri w’ibikeri

Urusaku

Inyoni ziraririmba

Intama iratama

Ihene irahebeba

Impongo irakorora

Igikeri kiragonga

Impyisi irahuma

Inuma iraguguza

Umusambi urahiga

Imbwa iramoka

Inkokokazi irateteza

Inkoko irakurakuza iyo irarira

Inkoko ihamagara imishwi,

Intare iratontoma

Isake irabika

Imbeba irajwigira

Ijeri rirajerera

Imfizi irivuga

Imbyeyi iravumera

Ingwe irahara

Injangwe iranyawuza

Imyitozo ku ikeshamvugo

Umunyeshuri umwumwe akoreshe neza, amagambo yabugenewe avuga ku rusaku no ku ntaho z’inyamaswa, mu nteruro ziboneye, hanyuma asubize n’ibindi bibazo by’ikeshamvugo.

1. Koresha aya magambo yabugenewe mu nteruro imwimwe ngufi kandi iboneye.

a) Irakorora

b) Ziratontoma

c) Ikibuti

d) Ishyo

e) Irivuga

f ) Irahirita

g) Iramoka

h) Iravumera

2. Rondora ibintu nibura bibiribibiri waba uzi bikora ibi bikurikira:

a) Kurangira

b) Guhamagara

c) Kurarira

d) Gukorora

Zimwe muri kariyeri ziboneka mu Rwanda

Mu butaka bw’u Rwanda hari ahantu henshi hari umutungo kamere wagirira Abanyarwanda n’abatuye isi yose akamaro. Hamwe hatangiye kubyazwa umusaruro ariko ahandi usanga bikiri inyuma ndetse hari n’aho usanga abantu batanazi ko hari ikihibereye. Ahatangiye gucukurwa rero ni ho hitwa “kariyeri” cyangwa “Ibirombe”. Dore kariyeri zimaze kugaragara ko zitaweho zazatanga umusaruro urengeje uwo zitanga muri iki gihe.

Nyiramugengeri yo mu Kanyaru, Akagera, Rugezi, Gishoma n’ahandi, ikoreshwa nk’amakara acanwa, kandi iteganywa kuzavamo inganda ntoya zateza abaturarwanda benshi imbere. Urugero ni nk’uruganda rwegeranya nyiramugengeri yazajya ikoreshwa mu gusudira ibyuma. Iyi nyiramugengeri icukurwa ni nke kandi iramutse ikoreshejwe yagira uruhare mu kugabanya umuvuduko w’itemwa ry’amashyamba maze bigatuma amashyamba abungabungwa.

Hari amashwagara yo mu masangano, Mpatse na Mashyuza avamo sima ikoreshwa mu Gihugu; aha twakwibukiranya ko Leta y’u Rwanda yubatse urundi ruganda rwa sima rwunganira isima itunganywa n’uruganda rwa CIMERWA rwo mu Bugarama. Ni gahunda nziza kuko bizongera umubare w’abakozi bahembwa kandi sima ikaziyongera mu Gihugu. Ubwo n’imyubakire izoroha maze haboneke amazu aciririce.Nanone amabumba yo mu bishanga avamo inkono, amatafari amategura n’ibindi. Ayo mabumba yakorwamo ibindi bintu bikenewe kandi bigateza imbere ubukungu bw’icyaro. Twavuga nk’amakaro asaswa mu mazu, amasahane y’amadongo, utwungo n’udusahane duto two gutegura no kunyweramo amasupu no kuriramo imbuto. Ibi byasimbura ibikoresho byinshi byatumizwaga mu mahanga bitaduhendukiye na gato, maze bikagabanya amafaranga akoreshwa mu gutumiza ibintu hanze.

Ubu ishwagara imaze kugaragara ko igira umumaro munini haba mu bwubatsi ndetse no mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi tutibagiwe n’isuku y’amazi. Ahenshi ishwagara ivangwa n’umucanga bigasigwa ku mazu agasa neza cyane. Mu buhinzi ho, ishwagara yongera umusaruro ku buryo butangaje. Ubu mu turere twinshi two mu Rwanda barayirahira; yatumye henshi mu hagiraga ubutaka busharira bahinga bakeza. Ngo igabanya ubusharire bw’ubutaka mu buryo butangaje. Ishwagara ubu ni imwe mu by’ingenzi byifashishwa mu nganda zisukura amazi. Burya iri mu bituma amazi akwirakwizwa mu Rwanda asa n’urubogobogo.

Imicanga n’imisenyi iboneka mu migezi yacu no mu nkengero zayo na yo ifite akamaro. Ikoreshwa mu bwubatsi bunyuranye, ariko ishobora gukoreshwa mu nganda zinyuranye nk’iz’ibirahure bikoreshwa mu bwubatsi. Hari n’iyakoreshwa mu gukora ibirahure byo kunyweramo ibinyobwa binyuranye.

Byongeye kandi amabuye aboneka mu bwubatsi bw’ibintu binyuranye. Ayo ni nk’ibisyogogo by’urutare, urugarika, amakoro, ubutare, amasarabwayi n’ayandi yose muzi yandagaye ku misozi. Ayo mabuye yose ashobora gukoreshwa mu bwubatsi bw’amazu n’imihanda, amateme n’ibindi. Hamwe na hamwe amabuye yasimbura kaburimbo kuko zihenda cyane. Hari kandi n’amabuye n’ingwa bitunganyirizwa mu nganda maze bikavamo amafu n’ibikoma bikenerwa cyane. Aha twavuga mu bwubatsi nk’amarangi, mu mirimbo y’imibiri yacu nka za verini zo gusiga ku nzara, umwura dusiga ku bitsike byo ku maso n’ahandi.

Ikiza cyane kirenze ibi tuvuga ni uko afasha Abanyarwanda mu kwikenura no kwikemurira ibibazo kuko amenshi aboneka mu masambu yabo. Murumva ko hakwiye ingamba zihamye zo kwita kuri izo kariyeri zifite akamaro gahebuje.

Ikoreshwa ry’amabuye ya Kariyeri ni urwego rwinjiza amafaranga menshi ariko iyo bukozwe nabi bwangiza ibidukikije ku buryo bugaragara. Henshi amashyamba yarangijwe imisozi iracukurwa ubu ni ibinogo n’imikokwe. Imigezi yarangiritse ku buryo amazi y’urubogobogo asigaye hake cyane mu Rwanda. Hari n’aho ibirombe byagiye biriduka bikagwira abantu bakahasiga ubuzima. Ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze buba bwegereye aho amarorerwa aba yabereye, buvuga ko abahapfira ari abajya gucukura amabuye rwihishwa mu masaha y’ijoro. Uturere twangiritse cyane ni uducukurwamo amabuye y’agaciro ahenze cyane nka Koruta, Gasegereti na Worufuramu. Ayo mabuye ngo arahenda cyane. Hari aho ubucukuzi bwayo bukorwa mu buryo bwa magendu ntihabeho kwita ku bidukikije.

Abanyarwanda nibamara guhugukirwa n’ubukungu bwihishe mu mabuye ya kariyeri, uruhare rwayo mu bukungu no mu mibereho y’abaturage rushobora kuzikuba inshuro nyinshi mu myaka mike iri imbere. Abanyarwanda ariko bakwiriye kwibuka gutera amashyamba aho bamaze gucukura. Ducukure ariko twibuke ko ibidukikije bikwiriye kubungabungwa.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Rondora nibura amazina ane y’amabuye aboneka mu Rwanda yavuzwe mu mwandiko.

2. Vuga gusa amazina ya za kariyeri eshatu zivugwa mu mwandiko?

3. Ni ibiki bivugwa ko bicukurwa mu bishanga bya Rugezi, Gishoma mu kanyaru n’ahandi?

4. Rondora imimaro itatu y’ishwagara uko yavuzwe mu mwandiko.

5. Ni he havuzwe ko hacukurwa ishwagara?

6. Ni gute icukurwa ry’amabuye y’agaciro ryakwangiza ibidukikije?

7. Ni izihe ngaruka zaba ku gihugu igihe icukurwa ry’amabuye ryakorwa mu kajagari?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura aya magambo yakoreshwejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Kariyeri

b) Kwikenura

c) Amakoro

d) Utwungo

e) Amasangano

f ) Imikokwe

III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo

Umunyeshuri umwumwe akoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye asubize n’ibindi bibazo byabajijwe.

1. Kora interuro ngufi kandi ziboneye wifashishije amagambo akurikira:

a) Kwikenura

b) Amakoro

c) Utwungo

d) Amasangano

e) Umwura

2. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje rimwerimwe muri aya magambo wungutse mu mwandiko (ingamba, verini, urubogobogo, umwura)

a) Hari amabuye akorwamo....dusiga ku nzara hakaba n’andi avamo....dusiga ku bitsike.

b) Hakwiye gufatwa ........ zihamye zo kwita kuri uwo mutungo kamere.

c) Amazi meza ba asa n’.....

3. Tahura amazina y’amabuye n’ibindi bicukurwa muri kariyeri waba uzi byose biboneka muri kino kinyatuzu. Usome umanuka, uzamuka cyangwa utambika.

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane, nimusubize ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko.

2. “Hari amabuye menshi yandagaye mu mirima aho mutuye” ni iki mwakora ngo muyabyaze umusaruro?

V. Umwitozo w'ubumenyi ngiro

Umukoro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe akore neza umukoro ahanga umwandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira.

Hanga umwandiko utarengeje interuro makumyabiri n'eshanu, uvuge uko icukurwa ry'amabuye ryakorwa ritangije ibidukikije.

Ikiganiro ku icukurwa ry’amabuye ritangiza ibidukikije

- Hakurya iyo muraho?

- Yewe Kamageza we, nta kigenda pe!

- Ngo nta kigenda kandi ngo mwaravumbuye zahabu mu butaka?

- Aha! Iyo zahabu ni yo igiye kuzaturimburana n’imizi.

- Yego ko! Ibyo uvuga ni impamo?

- Bitaba impamo se ko amashyamba yose bayarimbaguye, imisozi yose ikaba yarabaye imikokwe, urumva akacu katashobotse?

- Niba namwe ifaranga riba ryabonetse izuba mukaryikinga mu kabari!

- Yewe, wakwirirwa mu kabari amaherezo akaba ayahe?

- Rwari urwenya nivugiraga da. Nyobewe se ahubwo ko hari benshi batanahikoza. Ariko rero hari icyo mwakora mwese mufatanyirije hamwe.

- Twakora iki se ko byarenze ihaniro?

- Oya! Nta rirarenga. Mwese mwishyize hamwe nk’abaturage, mwazamura ijwi rikumvikana.

- Gute se?

Mwasaba Leta igahagarika icukurwa rikozwe mu kajagari byaba ngombwa kandi namwe mukabyikorera.

- Hanyuma ryahagarara tukarya iki ko nta muntu uheruka no gufata isuka ngo anarime munsi y’urugo? Ubu twese nta n’iyonka isigaye twibera mu birombe ubundi tugatungwa no guhaha. Uwo wasanga mu rugo wenda ni uwo ikibuye kiba cyaragwiriye akaba atabasha gutambuka.

- Iri si ishyano? None se muhahira he ko numva ntawe ukikoza isuka?

- Amamodoka ava iyo hose akazana imyaka nuko akaduhenda uko yishakiye agataha.

- Ibyo ntacyo ufite ake ntabura ak’undi. Ubwo se ayo manyagwa mucukura umunsi yashize mu butaka muzasuhukira he?

- Si byo se natangiye nkubwira ko tugiye kuzarimbuka!

- Umva rero, nguhe impanuro. Haguruka ubabwire uti: “Ibyo murimo si byiza” babanze basubiranye aho batengaguye bahatere ibyatsi n’amashyamba. Numvise ko uri n’umwe mu bavuga rikumvikana aho utuye. Ikindi kandi nimwiyambaze Leta ibashakire amahugurwa.

- Amahugurwa yo arakenewe. Erega uko imisozi itenguka ni na ko itengukana ubuzima bwa bamwe mu bacukuzi.

- Si uko! Nimwibumbire mu mashyirahamwe, mwifashishe inzobere zinabatize ibikoresho byabugenewe. Maze ari amabuye y’agaciro cyangwa aya asanzwe, acukurwe atagize ibyo yangiza

- Ahubwo hari n’ikindi nibutse. Hari n’ibyuma bibanza gufotora ahari amabuye bityo abacukura bagacukura ahantu hato bazi aho aherereye badapfa gutengagura imisozi.

- Ni za nzobere nyine navugaga. Ibyo bigerwaho ariko iyo abantu bumva ibibazo kimwe.

- Yewe urakoze. Ningerayo nzabanza mbiganirize abaturanyi n’abayobozi tubana mu nzego z’ibanze. Nzanitabaza n’abahanga baduhe amahugurwa turebe ko imyumvire yahinduka.

- Ihute ahubwo. Erega ntitugomba kwikururira ubutayu.- Yewe ni ah’ubutaha n’ubundi ngo ararekwa ntashira.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome ikiganiro bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Subiza ibi bibazo bikurikira:

1. Aba bantu barimo kuganira ku yihe nsanganyamatsiko?

2. Ni ikihe kibazo k’ingutu cyugarije abatuye kariya gace kavugwa mu mwandiko?

3. Ni iyihe nama bagiriye uriya mugabo utuye muri kariya gace?

4. Wowe ubona cyakemuka gite?

5. Uyu mwandiko urabona ari bwoko ki?

II. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro: Kungurana ibitekerezo

Mu matsinda mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

Insanganyamatsiko: “Ni gute amabuye y’agaciro yacukurwa, ibidukikije bitabangamiwe?” Mwifashishije ibyo muzi nimutange ibitekerezo byanyu ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe.

Ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo

Ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo ni ibiganiro bifite intego yo gukusanya ibitekerezo ku ngingo iyi n’iyi ihangayikishije abantu. Utegura ikiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo atumira inzobere n’inararibonye akaziha umurongo ku byo yifuza ko zimuhaho ibitekerezo. Iyo ibitekerezo bibonetse, bituma hafatwa ingamba n’umurongo wo gukemura icyo kibazo. Hari n’ubwo ibyo baganiraho aba atari ibyo kwiga ku bibazo ahubwo ari ugushakisha umurongo mwiza w’imikorere. Nk’ikiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo cyakorwa ku mikoreshereze myiza y’amabuye y’agaciro nticyaba ari icyo gukemura ikibazo cy’ayo mabuye ubwayo; ahubwo byaba ari ugushaka umurongo mwiza uhamye ibijyanye n’icukurwa ry’amabuye y’agaciro byakorwamo. Ibi byatuma kandi ubucukuzi bwayo butangiza ibidukikije n’icuruzwa ryayo rikinjiza inyungu zifatika ku buryo Igihugu gikungahara, kikiteza imbere mu buryo bw’intangarugero.

Kuki habaho ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo?

Impamvu y’ingenzi ishobora gutuma habaho ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo ni uko abantu bicara bakabona ibyariho bitabanogeye kandi bifuza ko byagenda neza kurushaho. Icyo gihe hateganywa kubinoza hakozwe ikusanya ry’ibitekerezo byaturutse ku nzobere n’inararibonye zinyuranye.

Dore zimwe mu ngingo z’ingenzi zishobora kuganirwaho:

Ku rwego rw’ishuri:

a) Kwita ku isuku n’ibidukikije (ibiti n’indabo, ubusitani, aho kumena imyanda...)

b) Uko gahunda y’imyitwarire mu kigo ikwiriye kunozwa.

c) Ingamba zikwiriye gufatwa kugira ngo ikigo kigire imitsindire myiza.

d) Uko abafite ubumuga bakwitabwaho.

e) Uko twakwirinda ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa inda z’indaro mu rubyiruko.

Ku rwego rw’Igihugu:

a) Icukurwa ry’amabuye y’agaciro ritangiza ibidukikije.

b) Uko umutungo kamere ukwiriye gukoreshwa.

c) Kwamagana no kurwanya imirimo ivunanye ikoreshwa abana nko muri za kariyeri.

d) Imiyoborere myizae) Kugabanya no gukumira impanuka zo mu muhanda

f ) Kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu n’izindi.

Abagize ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo

1. Umuyobozi w’ibiganiro

Mu biganiro nyunguranabitekerezo, umuhuza wabyo akwiye kuba afite ubunararibonye mu kuyobora ibiganiro. Akenshi bene ibyo biganiro iyo biri ku rwego rw’igihugu bikunze kuyoborwa n’abanyamakuru. Biyoborwa kandi n’abarimu iyo byabereye mu bigo by’amashuri. Uyobora ibiganiro kandi akwiriye kuba afite amakuru ahagije ku nsanganyamatsiko. Iyo ari imyitozo irimo kubera mu mashuri, abanyeshuri bashobora kwitoramo abayobora ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo.

2. Abatumirwa baganira ku nsanganyamatsiko

Mu biganiro nyunguranabitekerezo hatumirwamo inzobere ndetse n’inararibonye zungurana ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko. Ni abantu baba bizewe kandi bazwiho kugira ibitekerezo byubaka. Hari n’ubwo hatumirwa abagize uruhare mu guhangana n’ibibazo runaka bagatanga ubuhamya ku bibazo bagize, bakanavuga uko babyikuyemo.

Urugero

Nk’ubu haramutse hateguwe ikiganiro ku ikoranabuhanga, abize ibya mudasobwa baza ku isonga mu gutumirwa. Ariko rero n’abandi bose bakoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buzima bwabo bashobora gutanga ibitekerezo byabo. Hateguwe ikiganiro ku mashyamba, abaza ku isonga mu gutumirwa ni inzobere mu buhinzi n’abagoronome.

3. Indorerezi

Abandi bose baba bifuje gukurikira no gutanga ibitekerezo byabo ndetse no kubaza ibibazo ku nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe. Iki kiciro kibarizwamo abantu bose nta vangura. Nk’iyo kuri radiyo cyangwa kuri tereviziyo hahise ikiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo, abantu b’ingeri zitandukanye na bo batanga ibitekerezo.

Umwitozo ku biganiro nyunguranabitekerezo

Mu matsinda mutegure ikiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo kuri imwe muri izi nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira mwubahiriza uko bikorwa.

a) Amabuye y’agaciro ashobora gucukurwa hatangijwe ibidukikije.

b) Kwamagana no kurwanya imirimo ivunanye ikoreshwa abana nko muri za kariyeri.

Itondaguranshinga

Ibihe bikuru by’inshinga

Itegereze izi nteruro zikurikira n’aya magambo ari mu ibara ry’umukara tsiri maze ugaragaze niba ibivugwa byarabaye cyangwa bitaraba.

- Hari amashwagara yo mu masangano ya Mpatse na Mashyuza azavamo isima izakoreshwa mu gihugu.

- Amabumba yo mu bishanga byacu avamo inkono, amatafari....

- Mu minsi izaza, ayo mabumba azatuma hubakwa inganda zikora ibindi bintu.

- Ishyamba rya Nyungwe ryamenyekanye cyane kubera zahabu icukurwamo.

- Diyama irakunzwe cyane ku isi hose.

- U Rwanda rwabaye ikitegererezo ku miyoborere myiza.

Subiza ibi bibazo bikurikira

1. Ni izihe nteruro zigaragaramo ibikorwa byarangije kuba?

2. Ni izihe nteruro zigaragaramo ibiteganyijwe kuba mu gihe kizaza?

3. Ni izihe nteruro zigaragaramo ibikorwa biri kuba nonaha?

Iyo witegereje izi nteruro ziri haruguru, usanga zimwe zitanga amakuru ku byabayekera, izindi zikavuga ibirimo kuba muri ikigihe. Hari n’izindi nteruro zivuga ibiteganyijwe kuba mu gihe kizaza. Ibyo rero bigaragaza ibihe bikuru inshinga z’ikinyarwanda zishobora gutondagurwamo.

Ibihe bikuru by’inshinga itondaguye mu Kinyarwanda ni bitatu:

1. Indagihe

Inshinga iba itondaguye mu ndagihe iyo igikorwa kiba kibera rimwe n’igihe uvuga avugiye.

Ingero

- Amabumba yo mu bishanga byacu avamo inkono.

- Diyama irakunzwe cyane ku isi yose.

- Uyu munsi turiga Ikinyarwanda.

Indagihe igaragaramo ibindi bihe bine bitewe n’ inkuru ibarwa igihe yabereye cyangwa uburyo igikorwa gikorwamo.

a) Indagihe y’ako kanya: Ivuga ibihuriranye n’igihe umuntu avuga. Indagihe y’ako kanya ni indagihe y’ubu.

Ingero:

- Hari amabuye yandagaye aho iwacu ku misozi

- Zahabu na Diyama ni amabuye y’agaciro. Arakunzwe cyane ku isi.

b) Indagihe y’ubusanzwe: Ivuga ibintu biba buri gihe. Ibivugwa biba ari ukuri kutavuguruzwa cyangwa byarafashwe nk’ihame.

Ingero:

- Amabuye akoreshwa mu bwubatsi bw’amazu.

- Amabuye acukuwe nabi yangiza ibidukikije.

c) Indagihe ikomeza: Igikorwa kiba cyarabaye ariko kikaba kigikomeza. Ni ukuvuga ko igikorwa kiba gikomeje cyangwa cyarabaye ariko gishobora kongera.

Ingero:

- Kugeza n’ubu Nyiramugengeri ziri mu Rwanda ziracyatanga umusaruro udahagije.

- Ibirombe biracyatanga umusaruro muke

d) Indagihe mbarankuru: Indagihe mbarankuru ivuga ibyabaye kera nk’aho birimo kuba ubu.

Ingero:

- Nuko baragenda bagera aho bacukura amabuye.

- Abantu bamwe bitwikira ijoro baracukura maze ikirombe kibagwa hejuru.

2. Impitagihe

Impitagihe igaragaramo ibikorwa byabaye cyangwa byari biteganyijwe kuba mu gihe cyashize.

Ingero

- Twacukuye amabuye y’agaciro none yashize ku gasozi k’iwacu.

- Icukurwa ry’amabuye ryinjije amafaranga menshi mu myaka mike ishize.

Impitagihe igaragaramo ibihe bindi bibiri bito ari byo Impitakare n’impitakera.

a) Impitakare: Ivuga ibimaze kuba mu mwanya ushize cyangwa ibyabaye kare.

Ingero

- Bavuze ko hari imisenyi n’imicanga ishobora gukorwamo ibirahure.

- Mu gitondo twinjiye tudatonze umurongo.

b) Impitakera: Inkuru zivugwa mu mpitakera, ziba zarabaye hashize igihe kirekire.

Ingero

- U Rwanda rwagaragaje ko rukungahaye ku mabuye n’indi mitungo kamere.

- Icukurwa ry’amabuye y’agaciro ryangije ibidukikije ku buryo bukabije

3. Inzagihe

Inzagihe ni igihe kigaragaramo ibikorwa biteganyijwe kuba mu gihe kizaza.

Ingero

- Amashanyarazi azunganira inkwi.

- Umwaka utaha tuzacana nyiramugengeri.

Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa mbere

Imyandiko yose yibanze ku bidukikije. Ari amashyamba, ibyanya by’inyamaswa ndetse n’amabuye acukurwa mu Rwanda, byose byagarukaga ku kamaro no kubibyaza umusaruro ariko ku buryo bitangiza ibidukikije. Imwe mu mimaro y’ibidukikije twabonye harimo gutanga umwuka mwiza duhumeka, kwinjiza amafaranga, gukorwamo ibikoresho binyuranye n’ibindi. Ni muri kino gice twungutse byinshi mu ikeshamvugo. Hari imvugo n’amagambo amwe n’amwe akoreshwa ahantu no mu bihe runaka ku bijyanye n’inyamaswa.

Ibyigwa byo muri uyu mutwe byagarukaga ku rurimi n’imyandikire. Twabonyemo bimwe mu bimenyetso by’utwatuzo n’imikoreshereze yabyo, ibihe bikuru by’inshinga bidufasha kubaka ubushobozi bwo gukora interuro ziboneye. Interuro iboneye ni ikoreshejwemo neza ibimenyetso by’utwatuzo, ibihe by'inshinga bikaba bikoreshejwe neza. Ndetse n’amagambo akoreshejwe mu nteruro akaba aboneye.

Iby’ingenzi Nshoboye

- Gushishikarira no gushishikariza abandi kubungabunga ibidukikije nita ku mashyamba, ibyanya by’inyamaswa no kudakora ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu kajagari.

- Gusoma neza nubahiriza utwatuzo.

- Gukoresha inshinga mu nteruro nubahiriza ibihe byayo.

Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere

Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

Umwandiko: Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri

Abanyafurika benshi bazi akamaro k’igiti. Tubona ibiti ahantu henshi kandi tunabikoresha mu mirimo itandukanye. Igiti ni ikimera kigira umugongo umeraho amashami n’amababi by’ingirakamaro cyane. Hari ibiti bimwe na bimwe bigira indabo zihumura neza, ibindi bikagira imbuto ziribwa. Habaho amoko menshi y’ibiti: ibigufi n’ibirebire, ibibyibushye n’ibyakonze kandi umumaro wabyo ntugira uko ungana.Nimwibaze nk’ubu umunsi umwe tubyutse tugasanga mu Rwanda hose nta giti na kimwe gihari! Byaba ari akaga gakomeye. Birumvikana ko nta biti byera imbuto byaba biriho, nta rubuto na rumwe rwazongera kuribwa. Abakunda imbuto ziribwa baba bagize ikibazo gikomeye cyane. Ipapayi yo yababaza abatari bake kubera ko benshi bayirahira ngo yabakijije impatwe, inzoka n’izindi ndwara.

Ahatari ibiti, ibyanya by’inyamaswa nk’Akagera, Nyungwe, pariki y’ibirunga ntibyahaboneka. Wa mwuka mwiza duhumeka waba ugiye nka Nyomberi. Imvura yajyaga itosa ubutaka, abantu bagahinga, ikiherera iyo. Inyamaswa ziba mu byanya zaba zibuze intaho, ba mukerarugendo babura iyo berekeza, mbese isi yaba ibaye imburabuturo!

Ibikorwa bya muntu bigira uruhare rukomeye mu kwangiza amashyamba. Umuntu ni we utema ibiti byo gucana, kubakisha, gukoramo ibikoresho bitandukanye ibindi akagurisha. Aratutira akabimaraho yirengagije ko n’ejo ari umunsi. Ntiyibuka gutera ibindi ngo bizamugoboke mu gihe kizaza. Umuntu ni we ucukura amabuye y’agaciro agatengura imisozi ubundi imvura yagwa inkangu zigacika. Ikindi gihangayikishije ni ubwiyongere bukabije bw’abatuye isi,bangiza ibidukikije bashaka aho gutura n’aho gushyira ibindi bikorwa byabo.

Ubu mu Rwanda hatangijwe gahunda n’ubukangurambaga mu kubungabunga igiti. Ndetse hagenwe itariki yiswe “umunsi w’igiti”. Kuri iyo tariki igiti kiramamazwa, hakaratwa umumaro wacyo maze rubanda rugashishikarizwa gutera ibiti ku bwinshi. Abanyarwanda barashishikarizwa gutera ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka mu murima. Intero kandi ni imwe ngo “Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri”. Ubu ni bumwe mu buryo bw’ingenzi Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho ngo irusheho kubungabunga ibidukikije.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

1. Rondora imimaro itatu y’ibiti uko ivugwa mu mwandiko.

2. Ni ibihe byanya by’inyamaswa bivugwa mu mwandiko biba mu Rwanda.

3. Uyu mwanditsi hari urubuto yashatse gukundisha abantu cyane. Ni uruhe?

4. Ni iki gituma ibidukikije bikomeje kwangirika? Garagaza nibura ibintu bitatu bivugwa mu mwandiko.

5. Ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandiko ni izihe ngaruka twagira ibidukikije bikomeje kwangizwa?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura aya magambo akurikira ari mu mwandiko wasomye

a) Aratutira

b) Imburabuturo

c) Bizamugoboke

2. Garagaza amagambo adahuje inyito n’aya amagambo akurikira:

a) Akaga

b) Kwangizwa

c) Gutura

3. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje inyito n’aya akurikira

a) Kwita ku

b) Byanejeje cyane

III. Ikibonezamvugo

1. Himba interuro iboneye iri mu mpitakera

2. Shyira izi nshinga zagaragajwe mu gihe kizaza

a) Amabuye amwe akorwamo ibikoresho bidufasha mu iterambere.

3. Izi nshinga zitondaguwe mu bihe bihe?

a) Kwangiza no gusesagura umutungo kamere bihanwa n’amategeko.

b) Mu Rwanda hatangijwe gahunda n’ubukangurambaga mu kubungabunga igiti.

IV. Ubuvanganzo, ubumenyi bw’ururimi n’ikeshamvugo

1. Ni ku ki habaho ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo?

2. Sobanura iyi mvugo “kugenda nka Nyomberi”

3. Uzuza iyi migani migufi

a) Isuri.....igasohoza bike.

b) Igiti kimwe si....

4. Kosora izi nteruro wubahiriza ikeshamvugo

a) Mu cyanya cy’Akagera impyisi ziratontoma n’inyoni zikavugiriza.

b) Inyana ziva mu kiraro hamaze gucya

c) Ibyobo birebire bacukuramo zahabu n’andi mabuye byararidutse.

5. Uzurisha amagambo yabugenewe

a) Bavuga....ntibavuga umukumbi w’inka.

b) Inzu y’inka yitwa.....

6. (;) Iki kimenyetso cy’utwatuzo kiri mu dukubo kitwa ngo iki? Tanga urugero rw’interuro iboneye gikoreshejwemo.

7. (“ ”) ibi bimenyetso biri mu dukubo byitwa ngo iki? Tanga urugero rw’interuro byakoreshejwemo?

V. Ihimbamwandiko

1. Himba umwandiko mu mirongo iri hagati ya makumyabiri na makumyabiri n’itanu kandi usobanure wifashishije nibura ingingo enye kuri imwe muri izi nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:

a) “Igiti ni ubuzima”

b) “Ibidukikije byangizwa n’ibikorwa bya muntu”