Physical Education and Sports

7.1. Key unit competence

After this unit, learners will be able to apply techniques and tactics of adaptive sports

and adhere to rules of the game.

7 .2. Prerequisite knowledge and skills

Learners of senior three will learn adaptive sports if they can use their able body parts

to perform different techniques in various game situations apply basic rules, state and

explain their importance to the society.

7 .3. Cross- cutting issues to be addressed

Gender education

In teaching and learning process, prepare and provide physical activities that engage

both girls and boys to exploit their full potential and talents without any discrimination

or prejudice.

Inclusive education

Consider different special education needs and select activities to adapt teaching

approaches to all learners. This creates a positive attitude and helps all learners to

participate actively and develop their competence levels.

Financial education

Integrate financial education into teaching/learning activity by providing the local

and no cost teaching material where possible. Encourage learners to make their own

materials that can help them to develop competences not only in sport but also in their

daily life.

Standardization culture

Choose and select the standardized materials to use in teaching/learning process .It is

necessary to provide appropriate materials required to the levels of learners and help them to develop culture of checking the quality of sport materials before their use to

prevent injuries and other accident.

Environment and sustainability

Provide materials and deliver the lesson with encouraging learners to protect the

environment and well use of materials. Help them to develop fair play and avoiding

violence in the game.

Peace and values education

Help learners to develop fair play and avoiding violence and conflict in the game by

setting clear and relevant instructions. Provide activities that help learners to develop

their competence peacefully.

Comprehensive sexuality education

Provides physical activities and sets instructions that prevent sexual harassment, any

kind of gender based violence like sexual abuse and “bad touches”.

7.4. List of lessons and assessment

Lesson 1: Goal ball techniques

a. Prerequisites

Learners of senior three will learn better goal ball techniques if they can perform skills

adhering to rules accordingly.

b. Teaching resources

Playground, rooms, whistles, stop watch, blindfolds, goal posts, bell balls.

c. Introduction

Opening discussions

 Ask questions related to goal ball techniques their importance to player and the society.

Warm-up activities

Let learners make two rows and perform exercises of body activation by jogging on

place with maintaining a medium speed and change exercise according to teacher’s

instructions.

Warming up specifically with bell balls in group. Help them to lead systematic stretching

exercises.

d. Lesson development

This lesson comprises techniques of goal ball in attack and defense

For each technique:

• Tell and show learners how to execute the basic skills

• Let learners to practice based on instructions, materials and provide necessary

support

• Control how learners perform techniques adhering to rules

Techniques of throwing /rolling the ball

• Take standing position

• Keep head up and forward in throwing direction

• Hold the ball in throwing hand and support it

• Step forward

• Take the ball backward

• Bring the ball forward powerfully

• Release the ball and throwing through

Techniques of defense

• Take the knee position facing the attacking direction

• Crouch and dive to stop the ball according to it direction

• Block the ball in a lying position according to it direction

• Catch the ball

RULES OF THE GOALBALL GAME

1. Introduction

Goal ball is an extremely simple game to learn, but can take years to master. It allows

you to use senses that you don’t normally rely on such as hand/eye coordination, which

allows one to develop different styles of playing and strategies. It provides a high level

of intrigue, as well as a physical demanding game.

2. History

Goal ball was invented in 1946 by an Austrian Hanz Lorencezen and a German, Sett

Reindle. It was used for sport and rehabilitation for the post WW II blind veterans. The

game of goal ball developed over the years, gaining international acceptances and

became a paralympics Sport in 1980.

3. Equipment

To play goal ball you will need a goal ball, 76cm in diameter, and 1.250g in weight, tactile

tape (duct tape), and pair of blacked out ski goggles (blind folds), which are to be used

as eyeshades. You may also want to acquire some knee and elbow pads to protect

against burses and floor burns.

4. The Court

The court is a standard gymnasium volleyball court, which measures (9m wide x 18m

long). There are two team areas at either end of the court, which measure (3m wide x

9mlong). Inside the team areas, there are player orientation marks consisting of two

1.5m wing lines and one 0.50m centre line.

5. Preparing the Court

In preparing the court you will want to use standard duct tape. It is general practice to

make the court two layers thick, that being one on top of the other, giving the court a

superior tactile feel allowing players to easily find their positions.

6. Importance

You may want to use a non-stick tape underneath the duct tape to prevent it from

ripping up any varnish or painted lines on the floor. Lines to be taped, are the entire

team areas with the players orientation lines. The over throw lines, centre line, and

the out side lines of the neutral area only have to be taped if they don’t exist on your

volleyball court. These lines only have to be one layer thick because they are used

primarily by the referees.

7. The Objective

The object of the game is to simply roll the ball on the floor, in a bowling motion and

have the ball completely cross over the opposing team’s goal line, scoring a point.

8. Basic Rules

Game Time - A regular Goal ball game is 20 minutes, consisting of two 10 minute halves.

There is a 3 minute half time, in order for the teams to switch ends.

First Ball - A coin toss determines which team will receive the first ball, with the opposing

team receiving the ball after half time. Each team is allowed three, 45 seconds, time

outs in a game.

Eyeshades - In order to maintain an equal advantage, all team members, must wear

eyeshades at all times, during the game. After the game has started, a player may only

adjust his or her eyeshades, by raising your arm up in the air, and calling eyeshades.

Only then, after the referee tells the person to turn around, may the person adjust their

eyeshades.

Time limits - Upon receiving control of the ball, a team has only 10 seconds to throw the

ball back at the opposing team. If not, it is considered a team penalty.

Throwing - The ball must be rolled on the floor. When throwing the ball, it must touch

the floor before the over throw line or it is considered to be a high ball. This would

constitute a penalty and nullifies any goal scored from that throw. So keep in mind, that

the ball must be bowled or rolled along the floor rather then thrown.

Defending - Players must stay with in the team area when defending. When stopping

the ball, some part of the players body must be touching the team area or it is called:

Illegal defense and constitutes a penalty.

Play - The audible command “play” must be called by the referee to start or restart

the game. After any official stoppage in the game, “play” must be called to restart the

game. For example: the start of the game, after an out of bounds ball, a blocked out

ball, a penalty situation, or a Goal.

Losing Possession of the Ball - There are 3 ways to lose possession of the ball. This

means your team will lose the ball and the opposing team gets to throw. The 3 ways

are:

1. Premature Throw: This is when a player, throws the ball before he/she is allowed to

or before “play” has been called.

2. Pass Out: If a player passes the ball to another team mate and the pass is missed, with

the ball going over the outside lines, this is called a “Pass Out”.

3. Ball Over: This takes place, when a defending player stops the ball, and it bounces off

that player and rolls over the centre line.

Goal - A goal counts when the ball passes completely over the 9m back (goal) line of

either team area. It is a goal no matter, how it crosses the line, if it was thrown by the

opposing team, and or thrown or carried over by your own team members.

9. Penalties

Penalty situations are for the more competitive players. The rules above outline what

justifies a penalty. Basically there are two kinds of penalties:

Team Penalties:

 - Ten seconds, - Team delay of game , - Team unsportsmanlike conduct

 - Illegal coaching

Personal Penalties:

- High ball, - Three throws, - Eyeshades, 

- Personal unsportsmanlike conduct

 - Personal delay of game, - Long ball , - Illegal defense

In a penalty situation, only one player will remain on the court, defending the entire

goal by himself/herself for one penalty shot. This person who stays on is determined by

the penalty called. If it is a personal penalty, then it is the one that incurred the penalty

that remains on the court. However, if it is a Team Penalty that has been called, then, it

is the last person that shot, who remains on the court to defend the goal.

10. Players Positions

In Goal ball there are two types of positions on a team, there is one Centre and two

Wingers.

11. Defensively

The wingers’ main responsibility is to cover the wing line. That is, the 1.5m lines on

either end of the team area and parallel to the goal line. His second responsibility is to

back up his centre player.

The defending winger should stand with his feet at the end of the wing line in a

crouched or a squatting position. When he hears the oncoming ball and has determined

it’s course, he should line down in the direction of the oncoming ball, either going left

or right, always remembering to lie down in line with the wing line, that is parallel to

the goal line.

The player must always remember, to stretch out fully with arms and legs straight,

becoming almost an extension of the wing line, covering as much of the goal line as

possible. The players arms, should be straight, but in front of the players face, with the

head tilted back, protecting the players face from any contact with the ball.

The Centre defends the same as a winger, always diving onto the floor, fully stretched

out, covering as much of the court as possible. The Centre player will play on the front

line of the team area, orientating himself with the 0.15m centre line.

This marking tells the centre, that he is at the middle of the front line. The centre either

dives left or right, along the front line in the direction of the oncoming ball, always

keeping, some part of his body in the team area.

12. Throwing

When throwing the ball back at the defending team, one must always, feel the floor

marking first, so that they are squared off and facing, the direction in which they wish

to throw. Once they are aware of their position, they are ready to throw the ball. They

can take a step or two, and bowl, or roll the ball, along the floor, in the direction of the

opposing team. Remember, you have only have eight seconds after stopping the ball, to throw it back.

13. Strategies

There are many strategies to the game of Goal ball. You can throw the ball hard and

fast, or soft and slow. You can throw the ball cross court form corner to corner, or

even curve it by placing a spin on the ball before releasing it. These techniques all have

advantages and disadvantages which always leave new things to master the game and

makes it both interesting and fun to play.

14. Refereeing

The main job of the referee is to inform the players of what is transpiring and to keep

control of the game in doing so. The calls the referees make must be loud and clear, so

that all the players understand the calls and so that there is no confusion. Some of the

calls that a referee must know are:

Play - This is the audible command that will start or restart the game after any official

stoppages in play.

Dead Ball - Is when the ball has stopped moving and the players are unaware of

it’s location, usually in the teams own area The ball is then returned to the closes

player, usually the winger.

Out - This to inform the players, that the ball was thrown out of bounds. When the

ball is given back to the players, the referee must sat “Play” before the team throws

to restart the game.

Block out - This is when one of the defending team players stops the ball, but knocks

it out of bounds while trying to stop it. Again “Play” must be used to restart the

game.

Ball Over - Is called when the ball has gone over the goal cross bar, which is 1.5

meters above the goal line.

Pass out - Is created when a player passes the ball to a fellow team mate, and the

pass is missed, with the ball going out of bounds. Then the opposing team gets the

ball. Note: If the ball rolls into the goal, it is considered a goal, and then the same

team gets the ball.

Eyeshades - That is when a player takes off his eyeshades or adjusts them, with out

the permission from the referee.

High ball - Is when a player throws the ball and it does not touch the floor within the

three meters in front of the team area.

Ten Seconds - This is when a team takes longer then 10 seconds to throw the ball,

after having had control of the ball. It’s considered a team penalty.

Three Throws - Is when a single player has thrown the ball three consecutive times

in a row. This is deemed as a personal penalty.

Goal - This is of course, when a goal is scored and the scoring team, receives a point.

Half - This lets the players know it is half time. (3 minute rest)

Game - Informing the teams that the game is over.

Time out - Allows the team that called “Time Out” to have a 45 second time out.

Substitution - Stoppage in the game, to switch team members, with new ones

coming in. This can only be done when your team has control of the ball or there an

“Official” stoppage in play.

Cool-down activities

Let learners march on places relaxing arms and legs in different directions, swing the

arm alternatively according to teacher’s signals.

e. Assessment

Final discussion

Reflect

• How did you feel playing? What was most difficult action to do?

Connect

• What are the differences between goal ball and other sports?

• Is it easy to become an elite goal ball player?

Apply

• What skills and abilities must one gain to become an elite goal ball player?

• What difficulties might these players face in daily living situations?

• How might they overcome those difficulties? 

Game - Informing the teams that the game is over.

Time out - Allows the team that called “Time Out” to have a 45 second time out.

Substitution - Stoppage in the game, to switch team members, with new ones

coming in. This can only be done when your team has control of the ball or there an

“Official” stoppage in play.

Cool-down activities

Let learners march on places relaxing arms and legs in different directions, swing the

arm alternatively according to teacher’s signals.

e. Assessment

Final discussion

Reflect

• How did you feel playing? What was most difficult action to do?

Connect

• What are the differences between goal ball and other sports?

• Is it easy to become an elite goal ball player?

Apply

• What skills and abilities must one gain to become an elite goal ball player?

• What difficulties might these players face in daily living situations?

• How might they overcome those difficulties? 

• Stretch that arm forward at the level of pelvis

• Launch the ball high and hit it from bottom with right hand to make it “flying”.

Techniques of overhand Serve

• Take seated /sitting position

• Throw the ball high and hits it but without fold hand completely

Techniques of blocking

• Take up seated /sitting position

• Keep eyes on the attacker

• Keep arms high, palms facing the net

• Keep a half arm’s length away from the net

Techniques of passing the ball

• Bring hands together above the head.

• Face palms toward the ceiling with fingertips touching.

• Form a triangle with thumbs and index fingers, opening up the rest of hands.

• Separate hands so that volleyball would fit nicely in the pocket.

• Relax hands as the ball drops into them.

• Extend arms and wrists, pushing the ball up immediately after the ball contacts

fingertips.

• Follow through with a complete arm extension as the ball is released

• Pass with precision according to the strategic demands 

• Pass carefully to deliver the pass according to the qualities of attacker

• Pass to the convenient attacker according to the blocking side and points

When the receiving team has gained the right to serve, the players rotate one position

clockwise

Basic tactics (exchange and penetration)

System: 3-3 (b)

This system is similar to 3-3 (a) & (b) which was outlined in Level 2, but here the 3

identified setters set from positions 1 and 6, penetrating both times from back court

into front court. Of course you can start with 3-3 (a) or (b), and then progress to this in

a rally when an easy ball is played over by the opponent.

System: 4-2 (b)

This system is used by most of the world’s leading teams. It has 2 setters, who between

them set on all rotations, and 4 attackers. As with 4-2 (a), these two players need to be

placed opposite each other in the line-up.

From this framework the setters can then switch/penetrate from either of their

positions to enable them to set from the teams preferred position.

What is common is that the would set from position 3, position 2 and then penetrate

from position 1 as is shown by the graphic below:

System: 5-1

A 5-1 system will create a more consistent set for a team’s offense since only one

player will be doing the setting whether he/she is in the front or back row. Aside from

creating consistency with the serve for a team’s hitters, a 5-1 system also creates more

consistency in leadership on the court. With one primary setter, one player is controlling

the offense.

This system can be done setting from the position that the setter is in, or by adding

switching/penetration so that the setter sets from any position. The most difficult

rotations are usually from position 4 and position 5, so it is always good to have a back

up option for when the setter is in these two positions. 

E. Assessment

Final discussion

Reflect

How did you feel playing? What was most difficult action to do?

Connect

• What are the differences between sitting and standing volleyball?

• Is it easy to become an elite sitting volleyball player?

Apply

• What skills and abilities must one gain to become an elite Sitting Volleyball player?

• What difficulties might these players face in daily living situations?

• How might they overcome those difficulties?

7.5 . Additional information for teachers

Basic sitting volleyball rules

Court:

The court is separated into two equal parts divided by a centre line, each side measuring

5m x 6m.

 The height of the net

Placed vertically over the centre line there is a net whose top is set at the height of 1.15

m for men and 1.05 m for women.

To win a set

A set (except the deciding, 5th set) is won by the team which first scores 25 points with

a minimum lead of two points. In the case of a 24–24 tie, play is continued until a twopoint lead is achieved (26–24; 27–25; …).

Players

There are only six players allowed on the court at one time. Teams may have up to 12

athletes.

How to play

Compared with the standing volleyball, it is permitted to block an opponent’s service.

Contact of the feet or the legs with the opposing team’s side of the court are allowed,

on condition that the play of the opposing team is not obstructed. Contact with the

hands is allowed with the condition that one part of the hand is either in contact with

the central line or exactly above it.

Upon performing an attacking hit, the pelvis of the front zone’s player must touch the

ground.

A defense player can take attacking action which means to send or spike the ball from

whatever height behind the attacking zone, as long as the pelvis does not touch or pass

over the attacking line. After the hit, the player can touch the attacking zone.

Throughout the game, the players who are involved in a defensive effort must have

contact with the ground with some part of the body between the pelvis and the

shoulders.

In certain cases of defensive action at the back end of the court, for example while

“saving the ball”, the players are allowed to lose contact with the ground for a short

time.

But they are not allowed to stand up, lift up their body or take steps.

Sitting Volleyball can be played by people both with and without a disability, of all ages

and gender in any combination.

7.6. End unit assessment

Organize netball competitions between teams and assess learners’ abilities to apply

techniques Let them refereeing the match and observe the respect of netball rules.

7.7. Additional activities

• Reduce rules for slow learners and allow them to play the ball regularly

• Organize competitions between small groups and choose their own referees

• Organize competition between classes, forming school teams and participate in

interschool competitions and refereeing matches.