◄Umutwe Wa 2: Ubuzima

Umutwe Wa 6: Umuco w’amahoro

  • Umutwe Wa 6: Umuco w’amahoro

    Umwandiko: Ingaruka za jenoside


    Nk’uko buri gikorwa cyose cyaba kiza cyangwa kibi kigira inkurikizi, aho jenoside yagiye iba hose ku isi hagiye hagaragara ingaruka mbi nyinshi kandi zikomeye. Ingero zatangwa zirimo gutakaza abantu benshi kandi b’ingeri zose. Hari ukwangirika k’umuryango, ihungabana ku bayirokotse. Izahara ry’ubukungu tutibagiwe ipfunwe n’ikimwaro ku bayikoze. Iryo pfunwe rikaba intandaro y’ihakana n’ipfobya ryayo n’ibindi. Mu Rwanda na ho jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 yagize ingaruka mu mibanire y’Abanyarwanda, ku bukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage.

    Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 yasize ingaruka zitabarika. Yashegeshe umuryango nyarwanda ku buryo bukomeye. Miriyoni irenga y’Abanyarwanda bahasize ubuzima mu gihe kitarenze amezi atatu gusa. Abantu bavukijwe ubuzima bazira uko bavutse ubwo imbaraga z’Igihugu zirahatikirira. Jenoside yasize imfubyi n’abapfakazi benshi. Yasize inshike ahandi imiryango irazima rwose ku buryo nta n’uwo kubara inkuru warokotse. Jenoside kandi yasize urwikekwe mu Banyarwanda. Icyakora Leta yashyizemo imbaraga nyinshi ngo ikumire amacakubiri yongere yunge Abanyarwanda. Ibyo ibikora binyuze cyanecyane muri Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Ubumwe n’Ubwiyunge ifite mu nshingano zayo ubumwe n’ubwiyunge bw’Abanyarwanda. Leta y’u Rwanda kandi yashyizeho amategeko atavangura inagenzura iyubahirizwa ryayo.

    Mu rwego rw’ubukungu u Rwanda rwarasenyutse ku buryo bukomeye, igipimo cy’ubukungu kigwa hasi cyane, ibikorwa remezo birangirika harimo amashuri n’amavuriro, inganda, amasomero n’ibindi. Banki zarasahuwe cyane. Bavuga ko Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 ikirangira, Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu yari irimo inote z’ijana gusa na zo zibarirwa ku ntoki. Si ibi gusa kandi kuko hari n’ikibazo gikomeye cyo gufasha abarokotse Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 basizwe iheruheru na yo kongera kwiyubaka. Ibyo byakozwe hatibagiwe gutunga imfungwa n’abagororwa benshi cyane bakoze icyaha cya jenoside n’ibindi byaha biyishamikiyeho. Ubwo kandi ni na ko Leta y’u Rwanda yitaga no ku bandi Banyarwanda batishoboye.

    Jenoside yahungabanyije umutekano w’Igihugu. Wakwibaza uti: “Ihungabana ry’umutekano rihuriye he n’ingaruka za jenoside? Abakoze jenoside bagerageje guhunga kandi ntibatuza. Bakomeje kugerageza guhungabanya umutekano w’Igihugu inshuro zitari nke. Mu gukomeza kuyihakana no gushaka gusibanganya ibimenyetso hakorwa ibikorwa bibi byo guhungabanya umutekano w’abayirokotse.

    Mu ruhando mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwagize ipfunwe. Igihugu cyabayemo jenoside mu rwego mpuzamahanga gisigarana ipfunwe ku buryo bukomeye ndetse rimwe na rimwe kigahabwa akato cyanecyane abagikomokamo. Abantu bose b’icyo gihugu basigara bareberwa mu ndorerwamo y’ubwicanyi. Ni ko byagendekeye n’Igihugu cyacu aho Abanyarwanda bagendaga hirya no hino ku isi wasangaga bafatwa nk’abicanyi bigatuma badahabwa ibyo bakeneye nk’uko bikwiye.

    Ingaruka za jenoside ni nyinshi cyane urebye aho yagiye ikorwa hose. Ku bw’ibyo rero, jenoside ikwiriye kurwanywa mu buryo ubwo ari bwose n’aho ari ho hose. Ingengabitekerezo yayo igakumirirwa kure. Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, jenoside ihitana abantu bazira uko bavutse. Birababaje kuziza umuntu uko yisanze kandi ataranabihisemo.

    Byateguwe hifashishijwe: Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Jenoside, Ikiganiro ku ihakana n’ipfobya rya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda 1994, Kigali, 2015.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

    1.Rondora nibura ingaruka enye za Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi ku Gihugu cyacu.

    2.Vuga nibura ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi Leta y’u Rwanda yakoze ngo igarure ubumwe n’amahoro mu Banyarwanda?

    3.Jenoside yaba yaradutwaye abantu bangana iki?

    4.Jenoside ivugwa mu mwandiko yakozwe mu gihe kingana iki?

    5.Ni iyihe mpamvu y’ibanze igaragara mu mwandiko yo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside?

    6.Ni ikihe kimenyetso simusiga kigaragaza ko jenosine yasize ubukungu bw’u Rwanda buri hasi bikabije ?

    7.Rondora nibura izindi ngaruka enye za Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi zitavuzwe mu mwandiko.

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko:

           a) Jenoside                       d) Gushegesha

           b) Ihungabana                e) Inshike

           c) Ipfobya                         f ) Kuzima k’umuryango

    2.Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje inyito n’aya akurikira:

         a) Kwishishanya, umwe yumva ko undi yamugirira nabi.

         b) Kwisanga nta kintu ugifite bitewe n’icyago runaka cyaguteye.

         c) Gukumirwa kubera ko wanzwe.d) Nyinshi ku buryo bukabije.

    3.Garagaza imbusane z’aya magambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

             a) Ipfunwe                b) Rwarasenyutse

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri nakoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye.

    Uzuza interuro zikurikira wifashishije amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.

         a) Kana yariye umwenda w’abandi none agira .................... ryo kujya mu bandi.

         b) Icyaha cya .................... kibasira inyoko muntu.

         c) Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho amategeko ahana abagaragayeho .................... ya jenoside.

         d) Ibyaha bya jenoside byasigiye abantu ....................

         e) Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’ .................... n’ .................... yagize uruhare rukomeye mu kunga Abanyarwanda.

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko.

    2.Ukurikije ingaruka zavuzwe mu mwandiko n’izitavuzwe, urumva hari ikindi cyaha kiruta gukora jenoside?

    3.Mubona ari iki cyakorwa mu rwego rwo gukumira jenoside?

    V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Kujya impaka

    Muge impaka kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:

    Nta mpamvu yo gukiranura abantu barwanye utazi icyo bapfa kuko ushobora guhurira n’ibibazo mu mirwano yabo. Ibyiza ni ukwikuriramo akawe karenge inzira zikigendwa maze ukabaha rugari bakesurana. N’ubundi Abanyarwanda bari barabivuze ngo: “Usenya urwe umutiza umuhoro”. Umuntu utekereza atya uramushyigikiye cyangwa ntimuhuje imyumvire? Wifashishije ingero zifatika, sobanura uruhande ubogamiyemo.

    Inyandiko mvugo

    Soma iyi nyandiko mvugo y’inama, uyisesengure utahura inshoza n’uturango twayo.

    Inyandiko mvugo y’inama yo ku wa 25 Werurwe 2016

    Ku wa 25 Werurwe 2016, mu nzu y’Akagari k’Amahoro ko Murenge wa Muramira habereye inama yigaga ku cyumweru ngarukamwaka cyo kwibuka Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Hari hatumiwemo abayobozi b’imidugudu yose igize ako Kagari hamwe n’abahagarariye imiryango n’abafatanyabikorwa ba Leta bakorera muri ako Kagari.

    yo nama yatangiye saa tatu z’igitondo iyobowe n’Umuyobozi w’Akagari.

    Ingingo z’ibyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa:

    - Gukusanya ibikoresho no gushyira kuri gahunda abazatanga ibiganiro

    - Gutegura abazatanga ubuhamya

    - Utuntu n’utundi.

    Uko inama yagenze

    Abari mu nama bamaze kwemeza ingingo zari ku murongo w’ibyigwa, umuyobozi w’inama yatangije inama buri ngingo itangwaho ibitekerezo kandi ishakirwa umwanzuro.

    Ingingo ya mbere:
    Gukusanya ibikoresho no gushyira kuri gahunda abazatanga ibiganiro

    Kuri iyi ngingo abafashe ijambo muri iyo nama bose bahurizaga ku kuba icyunamo kireba Abanyarwanda bose, bityo ko ibikoresho bizakenerwa bidakwiye kugurwa cyangwa gukodeshwa, kuko hafi ya byose abaturage babitunze mu ngo zabo. Hemejwe rero itsinda ry’abakorerabushake bazakusanya ibizakenerwa muri icyo cyumweru k’icyunamo kandi bakazibuka kubitirura. Hashyizweho n’urutonde rw’agateganyo rw’abazatanga ibiganiro.

    Ingingo ya kabiri:
    Gutegura abazatanga ubuhamya

    Kuri iyi ngingo yo gutegura abatangabuhamya, hafashwe umwanzuro wo guha umwanya umwe mu barokokeye mu Kagari k’Amahoro, n’undi umwe mu bantu bireze bakanemera icyaha nyuma bakarangiza igihano cyabo, bakazaba ari bo batanga ubuhamya bwabo mu gihe k’ibiganiro.

    Muri iyo nama, hari hanajemo Nyakubahwa Umunyamabanga Nshingwa bikorwa w’Umurenge. Nuko aboneraho gusaba abari aho bose kumva ko ibikorwa by’icyunamo bakomeza kubigira ibyabo. Yasabye akomeje ko abarokotse jenoside bakwiye kurushaho kwegerwa, bagasurwa, bagafatwa mu mugongo kuko bituma bakomeza kugira ikizere cyo kubaho.

    Ingingo ya gatatu:
    Utuntu n’utundi

    Mu tuntu n’utundi, umuyobozi w’inama yibukije ko igihe k’icyunamo ari igihe cyo kwitwararika. Buri muntu akazirikana ko atari igihe cyo kwinezeza ahubwo ari icyo kwitabira ibiganiro, maze abantu bakazirikana amateka yaranze u Rwanda, bagashakisha icyatuma ibyiza tumaze kugeraho bidasubira inyuma. Anabibutsa umuturage bemeranyijwe kuzajya kuremera.

    Inama yasojwe saa sita z’amanywa, umuyobozi w’inama ashimira abaturage ko bitabiriye inama bose kandi bakahagerera igihe. Abashimira cyane ibitekerezo byubaka batanze. Nuko abaturage na bo bataha bishimiye ko na Nyakubahwa Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge yaje kwifatanya na bo muri iyo nama.

    Ibibazo ku nyandiko mvugo y’inama

    1. Buri mwandiko ugira umutwe, intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo. Umaze gusoma iyi nyandiko mvugo, garagaza aho buri gice kigarukiye n’ibigikubiyemo.

    2. Iyi nyandiko mvugo urabona itandukaniye he n’umwandiko ntekerezo wize.

    3. Rondora uturango tw’iyi nyandiko mvugo.

    Inshoza y’inyandiko mvugo

    Inyandiko mvugo nk’uko inyito ibivuga ni inyandiko igaragaza ibintu runaka byavuzwe. Inyandiko mvugo ikubiyemo ibyavugiwe mu nama cyangwa mu kiganiro runaka. Habaho amoko abiri y’inyandiko mvugo:

                  - Inyandiko mvugo irambuye

                  - Inyandiko mvugo ivunaguye

    Inyandiko mvugo irambuye: Igaragaza ibitekerezo byose byatanzwe n’amazina y’ababitanze ijambo ku rindi. Igaragaza ndetse n’amarangamutima y’abagiye bafata ijambo.

    Urugero: Umuyobozi w’Akagari (...amazina ye...) arahaguruka avuga mu ijwi rifite ubukana ko nta kwihanganira ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n’amagambo yose asesereza.

    Inyandiko mvugo ivunaguye: Igaragaza gusa ibitekerezo by’ingenzi byatanzwe hatitawe ku marangamutima ababitanze bagaragaje cyangwa abagiye batanga ibitekerezo byunganira.

    Imbata y’inyandiko mvugo

    Kimwe n’izindi nyandiko zose za gihanga, inyandiko mvugo igira ibice bine ari byo:Umutwe, intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo.

    a) Intangiriro igaragaramo:

                                      - Itariki n’aho inama cyangwa ikiganiro byabereye

                                      - Uwayoboye inama cyangwa ikiganiro

                                      - Insanganyamatsiko

                                      - Abitabiriye(umubare wabo cyangwa ibyiciro barimo)

                                      - Igihe inama yatangiriye

                                      - Ibyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa.

    b) Igihimba kigaragaza uko inama yagenze ingingo ku ngingo:

    - Ibitekerezo byatanzwe (ndetse bitewe n’urwego rwayo hakagaragazwa n’ababitanze), mu nama cyangwa mu kiganiro kuri buri ngingo.

    - Ibyemezo n’imyanzuro byafashwe kuri buri ngingo.

    c) Umusozo ugaragaramo:

    - Gushimira abaje mu nama cyangwa ikiganiro

    - Igihe inama yarangiriye

    - Kugaragaza igihe bazongera guhura niba ari ngombwa

    - Kwibutsa impanuro yatanzwe mu ijambo ry’umushyitsi mukuru

    - Icyaba cyakurikiyeho. (Urugero: Nyuma y’ikiganiro hakurikiyeho gufata amafoto y’urwibutso, kwakira abatumirwa...)

    Ibyitabwaho mu gukora inyandiko mvugo

    - Uwandika inyandiko mvugo agomba gukurikira ibivugwa, mu bwitonzi n’ubushishozi. Ntagomba kugira ibindi arangariramo.

    - Kwandika ibitekerezo n’ibindi byose byakozwe uko bigenda bikurikirana kandi nta cyo akuyeho cyangwa yongeyeho.

    - Kwandika nyiri igitekerezo iyo ari ngombwa bitewe n’ubwoko bw’inyandiko mvugo yakozwe.

    - Gukoresha ngenga ya gatatu. Uwandika ntagomba kubyiyerekezaho.

    - Kudashyiramo ibitekerezo bye bwite, agomba kwandika ibitekerezo byatanzwe n’abitabiriye inama, akirinda kugira ibyo ashaka kugorora azanamo amarangamutima ye bwite.

    Urugero: Kwandika ngo yasaga n’ushaka kuvuga ko...cyangwa se ngo witegereje neza wabonaga... urebye yashakaga kuvuga ko... Ibyo ntibyemewe.

    - Uwandika inyandiko mvugo agomba kwitoza kwandika vuba kugira ngo hatagira igitekerezo kimucika.

    Ikitonderwa:

    Inyandiko mvugo ni inyandiko ivuga ibyabaye, uko byagenze nta cyo ihinduyeho. Ishobora gukorwa n’umuntu witabiriye inama kugira ngo atazibagirwa ibyayibereyemo cyangwa igakorwa igenewe abantu batitabiriye inama kugira ngo bamenye uko inama yagenze n’imyanzuro yafatiwemo.

    Umwitozo ku nyandiko mvugo

    Andika inyandiko mvugo y’inama witabiriye yabereye mu kigo cyawe maze uzayigeze kuri bagenzi bawe.

    Umwandiko: Jenoside ntikongere ukundi!
    Iyi foto twayiherewe uruhushya n’ubuyobozi bw’urwibutso rwa jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda rwa Gisozi.

    Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Mata 1994 yamaze kwemezwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga ko ari Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi. Ntabwo ari intambara cyangwa amakimbirane yabaye mu Rwanda. Ubundi muri rusange jenoside ni umugambi w’ubwicanyi ndengakamere ugamije kurimbura burundu abantu bo mu bwoko ubu  n’ubu, idini runaka cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho nk’aho batuye n’ibindi.

    Hari ubwicanyi bwabaye hirya no hino ku isi bugahitana imbaga, abenshi bavuga ko bushobora kwitwa jenoside. Ariko jenoside zemewe n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ni Jenoside Yakorewe Abayahudi ku Mugabane w’Uburayi ikozwe n’Abanazi na Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda muri Mata 1994. Umwihariko wa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bo mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1994, ni uko yo yakozwe n’Abanyarwanda, igakorerwa Abanyarwanda kandi ikanahagarikwa n’Abanyarwanda. Yishe kandi abantu benshi mu gihe gito. Mu minsi ijana gusa abicanyi bari bahitanye Abatutsi barenga miriyoni bose.

    Jenoside rero si ikintu gipfa kubaho nk’impanuka. Jenoside irategurwa, hagategurwa abazayishyira mu bikorwa ndetse bakanashakirwa ibikoresho. Kugira ngo jenoside ishoboke igomba kuba ishyigikiwe na Leta, kuko bitabaye ibyo Leta yayihagarika. Leta ni yo iba ifite ubushobozi; iba ifite ingabo n’abaporisi ndetse ikagira n’uburyo buhagije bwo kwigisha abaturage ibinyujije mu nzego zitandukanye z’ubuyobozi. Ikindi kandi ni yo ifite ubushobozi bwo gufata ingamba zo kuyikumira ishyiraho ibihano bikwiye ku muntu uwo ari we wese wagerageza kuyitegura cyangwa kuyikora. Ibyo rero ntibyakozwe ahubwo uko habagaho igeragezwa rya jenoside, abayikoraga bahabwaga ibihembo bitandukanye birimo kuzamurwa mu ntera, cyangwa kugabirwa imitungo y’abo bishe aho kugira ngo bahanwe.

    Abantu benshi bibaza impamvu ituma abantu bamwe biyemeza gufata intwaro bakica abandi. Mu by’ukuri nta mpamvu n’imwe cyangwa urwitwazo rwakagombye kubaho rwo gukora jenoside. Icyakora abayikora akenshi baba bashaka kugundira ubutegetsi bagashyira imbere inzangano no kurema amacakubiri mu bo bayobora. Bityo bagatangira kubiba ingengabitekerezo yayo mu baturage.

    Ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside ni urusobe rw’ibitekerezo bigaragarira mu myifatire, imvugo, inyandiko n’ibindi bikorwa bigamije cyangwa bihamagarira abantu kwanga abandi hashingiwe ku bwoko, inkomoko, ubwenegihugu, akarere, ibara ry’umubiri, isura, igitsina, ururimi, idini, cyangwa ibitekerezo bya poritiki, bikozwe mu gihe gisanzwe cyangwa mu gihe k’intambara. Abategura jenoside bafata ibibazo igihugu gifite bakabeshyera itsinda rimwe ry’abaturage ko ari bo ba nyirabayazana.

    Mu rwego rwo gukumira no kurwanya jenoside rero ni ngombwa ko Leta ifatanyije n’abaturage bayo bagomba gushyira imbaraga mu gukumira no kurwanya ingengabitekerezo yayo. Nyuma yo kurwanya jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo, hashyirwaho n’ibihano ku bayiteguye n’abayikoze, ndetse no ku bagerageza kongera kuyikora. Hagomba no kubaho ingamba zo kurwanya ihakana n’ipfobya byayo. Ba nyiri ukuyitegura baba barateguye n’uko bazayihakana. Aha umuntu yatanga urugero ku Gihugu cyacu aho usanga hari abantu bashaka guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994.

    Bamwe barihandagaza bakavuga ko itabaye rwose. Bayita andi mazina: ubwicanyi, intambara, amahano, ibyabaye n’ibindi. Hari n’abayemera ariko bakagabanya cyane umubare w’abo yahitanye. Abo bose ni abo kwamaganirwa kure. Inzira zikoreshwa muri iryo hakana n’ipfobya byayo, zirimo itangazamakuru, muri bamwe mu bahanga n’abashakashatsi, impuguke, mu mategeko, mu miryango mpuzamahanga, mu bayikoze n’abafashe imirage yabo. Tugomba kurwanya uburyo bwose bukoreshwa n’abahakana ndetse bagapfobya jenoside.

    Uburyo burambye bwo gukumira jenoside ni uguca umuco wo kudahana no gucira imanza abakoze jenoside maze abayikorewe bakabona ubutabera. Hakwiye gushyirwaho ibigo bikora ubushakashatsi kuri jenoside, gushishikariza ibindi bihugu kwibuka no gushyiraho amategeko ahana icyaha cya jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo, kwita ku muryango mu rwego rwo kuwugira ingoro y’amahoro n’urubuga rwo kurandura ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Igikomeye ariko kurusha ibindi ni ubukangurambaga buhoraho no kugira urwego rw’uburezi umuyoboro w’ibanze w’ingamba zihashya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n’amacakubiri.

    Jenoside ikwiriye kurwanywa uhereye ku ngengabitekerezo yayo n’ibindi bikorwa byose cyangwa imyifatire byayiganishaho. Jenoside mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, ntikongere kubaho ukundi, ari mu Rwanda ndetse no mu mahanga.

    Byateguwe hifashishijwe Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Jenoside, Kurwanya Jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo, Kigali, 2014.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

    1.Jenoside ni iki?

    2.Wifashishije umwandiko, vuga jenoside ebyiri waba uzi zabaye ku isi.

    3. Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda yaba ifite uwuhe mwihariko ugereranyije n’izindi?

    4.Ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside ni iki?

    5.Ni uruhe ruhare urwego rw’uburezi rwagira mu kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside?

    6.Ushingiye ku mwandiko, sobanura ibitera jenoside, ingaruka zayo n’uko wumva yakumirwa.

    7.Uburyo burambye bwo gukumira jenoside buvugwa mu mwandiko bwaba ari ubuhe?

    8.Ni ibihe bikorwa bifasha gukumira jenoside no kurwanya ingaruka zayo ujya ubona bikorerwa aho utuye?

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

       a) Umwihariko           d) Urusobe              g) Nyirabayazana

       b) Gukumira               e) Bikakaye              h) Ingoro

       c) Impanuka                f ) Ubukangurambaga

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri nakoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye.

    1.Wifashishije rimwerimwe muri aya magambo, himba interuro ngufi kandi ziboneye:

                     a) Nyirabayazana                     c) Urusobe

                     b) Ingoro                                    d) Amahano

    2.Uzuza interuro zikurikira wifashishije amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

    a) .................... Yakorewe .................... mu Rwanda muri Mata 1994 yamaze iminsi .................... gusa ihitana imbaga y’abantu.

    b) Twese tugomba kurwanya .................... ya jenoside tukayirandurana n’imizi yayo yose.

    c) Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yarateguwe, ntiyabayeho nk ....................

    d) Amashuri agomba kutubera .................... unyuzwamo ingamba zo gukumira jenoside, ntizongere .................... ukundi.

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Tahura ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko umaze gusoma.

    2.Ku bwawe, wumva ari ibihe bikorwa wakora bigashishikariza abandi gufasha abafite ibibazo baterwa n’ingaruka za jenoside.

    3.Ni iki ubona wakwirinda nk’urubyiruko kugira ngo uzabe mu Rwanda ruzira jenoside, ahubwo u Rwanda rwimakaza umuco w’amahoro?

    V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Guhanga umwandiko
    Hanga umwandiko mu mirongo makumyabiri (20) kuri imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira witaye ku ikeshamvugo n’imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda:

            - Amahoro y’igihugu ahera mu muryango

            - Ikosa rikosojwe irindi riteza amakimbirane

            - Guca umuco wo kudahana no kubahiriza amategeko bikemura amakimbirane


    Umukoro wo gusomera mu isomero
    Gana isomero uhitemo umwandiko uvuga ku muco w’amahoro uwusome maze uzatangire inshamake y’ibyo wasomye mu ruhame, mu ishuri ryawe.

    Ikinyazina kibaza

    Nyuma yo gusoma izi nteruro zikurikira, itegereze amagambo yagaragajwe mu ibara ry’umukara tsiri maze ugire icyo uyavugaho mu rwego rw’imiterere yayo n’umumaro afite mu nteruro.

    a) Uburyo burambye bwo gukumira jenoside bwaba ubuhe?

    b) Ni izihe nzira zikoreshwa muri iryo hakana n’ipfobya ryayo?

    c) Muri ibi byose umwanzuro ukaba uwuhe?

    d) Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 yahitanye inzirakarengane zingahe?

    e) Ni bangahe bashobora kwemera guha imbabazi umuntu utazibasabye?

    Inshoza y’ikinyazina kibaza

    Ikinyazina kibaza ni ijambo riherekeza izina rikagira ingingo yo kubaza.

    Intego y’ikinyazina kibaza

    Ikinyazina kibaza kigira ibicumbi bibiri ari byo: “-he” na “- ngahe”. Ikinyazina kibaza gishobora kugira indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi, ariko hari n’ikigira indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine ni (D-Rkz-C cyangwa Rkz - C)

    Urugero:

                 - Ni izihe nzira zikoreshwa muri iryo hakana n’ipfobya ryayo?

                    izihe :i-zi-he

                - Uburyo burambye bwo gukumira jenoside bwaba ubuhe rero?

                    Ubuhe: u-bu-he

                - Muri ibi byose umwanzuro ukaba uwuhe?

                    Uwuhe: u-wu-he

                - Ni ayahe masaka agomba kugosorwa.

                     Ayahe : a – ya – he

    Ikitonderwa: Iki kinyazina kibaza gishobora gutakaza indomo iyo gikurikiye izina.

    Urugero: - Umuntu wuhe?

                           Wuhe: ø – wu – he

                     - Amata yahe?

                          Yahe: ø – ya – he

                     - igiti kihe?

                         Kihe : ø – ki – he

                     - urugo ruhe?

                          Ruhe : ø – ru – he

    Imbonerahamwe y’ibinyazina mbaza

    Ikitonderwa:  Hari amagambo abaza ashobora kwitiranywa n’ibinyazina mbazaAha twavuga nka ryari?he?iki?nde?

    Ingero:     - Jenoside ivugwa yabaye ryari?
                      - Ni nde mwana watubwira zimwe mu ngaruka za jenoside?
                      - Ni iki gituma umuntu atinyuka gukora amahano?

    Ikinyazina mboneranteko

    Nyuma yo gusoma izi nteruro zikurikira, itegereze amagambo yagaragajwe mu ibara ry’umukara tsiri maze ugire icyo uyavugaho mu rwego rw’imiterere yayo n’umumaro afite mu nteruro.

            a) Ba Nkurunziza baje.
            b) Za dodo ni imboga rwatsi.
            c) Cya mahuma kirakangitse cyane.
            d) Twa bushari turadwinga cyane.

    Inshoza y’ikinyazina mboneranteko
    Ikinyazina mboneranteko ni ijambo rijya imbere y’izina ridafite indomo cyangwa izina rigizwe n’igicumbi gusa ritagaragaza indomo n’indanganteko. Ikinyazina mboneranteko kinajya imbere y’amazina bwite igihe hari ibintu byinshi cyangwa abantu benshi bahuriye kuri iryo zina.

    Ikinyazina mboneranteko kandi gikoreshwa hagamijwe gutubya, gutubura cyangwa kugaya ikintu. Icyo gihe kibanziriza izina maze iryo zina rigahita rita indomo iyo riyifite. Kerekana inteko izina rishyizwemo ari na yo mpamvu bamwe bakita ikinyazina ndanganteko.

    Ingero:

          a) Nawe rero ubwo uri za bakinnyi! (nt. 10)
          b) Ba Rukarabankaba(nt. 2)
          c) Ka Mugabo karaje(nt. 12)
          d) Twa bushari (nt. 13)
          e) Za feri (nt. 10)
          f ) Ba data (nt. 1)
          g) Cya Mukunzi (nt. 7)
          h) Rwa Rutura (nt. 11)
          i) Bya dodo (nt. 8)
          j) Bariya bana bigize za magabo (nt. 10)

    Intego y’ikinyazina mboneranteko
    Ikinyazina mboneranteko kigira igicumbi –a. Intego y’ikinyazina mboneranteko igizwe n’uturemajambo tubiri ari two indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine ni Rkz - C

    Ingero:
                - Ba Rukarabankaba
                   ba: ba – aa→ø/-J
                - Twa bushari
                   twa: tu – a u→w/-J
                - Cya Mukunzi
                   cya: ki – a i→y/-J, ky→cy mu nyandiko
                - Bya dodo
                    Bya: bi – a i→y/-J
                - Bariya bana bigize za magabo.
                    za: zi – a i→ø/-J

    Umwitozo ku kinyazina kibaza n’ikinyazina mboneranteko

    Buri munyeshuri ku giti ke, nakore neza umwitozo ku binyazina.

    1.Garagaza ibinyazina mboneranteko n’ibinyazina bibaza biri mu nteruro zikurikira ubiceho akarongo, unagaragaze intego zabyo n’amategeko y’igenemajwi:

    a) Ba Mukamurigo bazanye ibiseke bingahe?

    b) Ni uwuhe murima wahaweho umugabane?

    c) Za nka Uwamwiza yakowe ni zingahe?

    d) Aya mazi wayavomye ku iriba rihe?

    e) Umuco w’amahoro ugomba kuranga abahe bantu?

    2.Kora interuro ebyirebyiri zirimo ikinyazina kibaza n’ikinyazina mboneranteko.

    Inshamake y’ibyizwe muri uyu mutwe wa gatandatu

    Muri uyu mutwe wa gatandatu « umuco w’amahoro », imyandiko irimo iganisha ku kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro ifatiye ku kurwanya jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo. Imyandiko yerekanye ko jenoside ari ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwibasira abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho nk’ubwoko, akarere, idini n’ibindi. Twabonye ububi bwa Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994; mu gihe kitarenze amezi atatu gusa yari ihitanye abarenga miriyoni. Twabonye kandi zimwe mu ngaruka zayo aho ubukungu n’imibanire y’Abanyarwanda yahungabanye bikabije.

    Mu bumenyi rusange bw’ururimi twabonye ko inyandiko mvugo ari inyandiko igaragaza ibyabereye mu nama cyangwa ikiganiro. Uyandika yandika ibitekerezo byatanzwe ku ngingo ziri ku murongo w’ibyigwa kandi akirinda kugira icyo ahindura cyangwa yongeramo.

    Mu kibonezamvugo twabonye ko ikinyazina mbaza gifite inyito yo kubaza. Kigira ibicumbi bibiri ari byo “–he” na “-ngahe.” Ikinyazina kibaza gishobora kugira indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi, ariko hari n’ikigira indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine ni (D-Rkz-C cyangwa Rkz - C). Twabonye kandi n’ikinyazina mboneranteko cyo kigira igicumbi –a ihorana ubutinde kandi kigira uturemajambo tubiri ati two: indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine ni Rkz – C.


    Isuzuma rusange risoza umutwe wa gatandatu

    Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

    Umwandiko: Tubabarire abaduhemukiye
    Nyuma ya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994, imibanire y’Abanyarwanda yarahungabanye ku buryo bukomeye. Urwikekwe n’inzangano biragwira. Inzego zose zakoze uko zishoboye ngo zibanishe Abanyarwanda binyuze mu gusaba imbabazi no kubabarirana. Ikibazo cyari gisigaye cyari ukwibaza abazihana abo ari bo no kumenya abafite inshingano yo kubabarira.

    Ubusanzwe hasaba imbabazi uwakosheje hakababarira uwakosherejwe. Igihe cyose umuntu yiyumvamo ko yakoreye nabi mugenzi we cyangwa yarakosheje muri rusange aba akwiriye guhaguruka agasaba imbabazi uwo yahemukiye. Muri Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994, abishe cyangwa basahuye bakagombye gusaba imbabazi abo bahemukiye. Gusa ntibyoroshye kuko na byo bisaba ubutwari. Rimwe na rimwe ushobora no gusaba imbabazi nabi bigahinduka gukomeretsa ya nzirakarengane. Ni byiza kugisha inama abayobozi n’abakuru bagafasha mu guhuza uwahemutse n’uwahemukiwe. Ba bicanyi batinya kwirega no kwemera icyaha kuko icyaha bakoze ari icyaha ndengakamere. Umuntu wese aho ava akagera atinya ibihano nyamara uwemeye icyaha agasaba imbabazi agabanyirizwa ibihano.

    Ni ryari uwahemukiwe akwiriye gutanga imbabazi? Igihe cyose azisabwe akwiriye kuzitanga. Icyakora kubera akamaro kanini n’inyungu bigirira uwatanze imbabazi, ni byiza kubabarira mbere y’uko usabwa imbabazi. Icya mbere biruhura umutima kuko rwose nta ko uba utagize. Icya kabiri bitinyura uwahemutse kuko rimwe na rimwe aba afite ubwoba n’ipfunwe imbere y’uwo yahemukiye.

    Hari n’abataragize uruhare muri Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 ariko bafite ipfunwe kubera ibyaha byakozwe na bene wabo. Aha twavuga nk’ababyeyi bagize uruhare muri Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 none abana babo bakaba bagendana icyo gisebo. Ariko se ni uwuhe mwana waba waragize ubutwari bwo gusabira imbabazi ababyeyi be? Ibyo ni na ko byagendekeye ababyeyi bafite abana bakoze jenoside. Ababyeyi basabira abana babo imbabazi se ni bangahe? Ni ubutwari bukomeye gusaba imbabazi z’ibyo utakoze nyamara bivana urwikekwe mu miryango yahemukiranye.

    Ubusanzwe uwahemutse akwiriye gufata iya mbere akegera uwo yahemukiye akamusaba ubwiyunge. Uwahemukiwe na we ntagomba guheranwa n’agahinda. Ashobora gufata iya mbere agasanga uwamuhemukiye akamutinyura bigatuma ufite intimba ishira vuba. Bifitiye umumaro buri wese gusaba imbabazi no kuzitanga kandi ugize bwangu agatanga undi ni we ushira intimba cyangwa ipfunwe byamushenguraga umutima.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Gusaba imbabazi bimariye iki uwahemutse?

    2.Gutanga imbabazi bimariye iki uwahemukiwe?

    3.Rondora ibyiciro bitatu bigirwa inama muri uyu mwandiko.

    4.Ni iki wakora kugira ngo Abanyarwanda bakomeze kubana neza nyuma ya Jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda?

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Sobanura aya magambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

          a) Ipfunwe                  c) Inzirakarengane

          b) Urwikekwe             d) Icyaha ndengakamere

    2.Tanga imbusane y’aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

          a) Ubutwari                 b) Urwango             c) Intimba

    III. Ikibonezamvugo

    1.Garagaza ubwoko n’inteko by’amagambo yaciweho akarongo:

             a) Ariko se ni bangahe babitinyutse?

              b) Bya bakame biryarya izindi nyamaswa.

              c) Ariko se ni uwuhe mwana waba waragize ubutwari bwo gusabira imbabazi ababyeyi be?

    2.Garagaza ibinyazina mboneranteko byakoreshejwe muri izi nteruro zikurikira:

                 a) Yigize za masore ngo ntiyakwikoza umweyo.

                 b) Cya Mugabo ni igisore pe!

                 c) Genda uzane za karuvati ndende.

    3.Garagaza ibinyazina bibaza muri izi nteruro:

                  a) Ni bangahe bagize ubutwari bwo gusaba imbabazi?

                  b) Uwasabye imbabazi akatirwa igifungo k’imyaka ingahe?

    4. Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe kuri aya magambo:

                  a) Ba data badutoza kwirinda ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside.

                  b) Uravuze ngo ni abantu bangahe bagiye ku wuhe mugabane ?

                  c) Abakoze za jenoside zose ku isi ni abagome.

                  d) Ni izihe ngorane wahuye na zo?

    IV. Ihangamwandiko

    Hanga umwandiko mu mirongo makumyabiri n’itanu (25) kuri imwe muri izi nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:

    a) Vuga ku ngaruka nibura enye za Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 n’icyo ubona gikwiriye gukorwa ngo Abanyarwanda babane mu mahoro.

    b) Vuga ku bintu nibura bibiri bishobora gutera amakimbirane mu muryango uvuge n’uburyo bwo kuyakumira.

    ◄Umutwe Wa 2: Ubuzima