• UNIT 6 : HEALTHY LIVING

    A. Listening and speaking

    Introduction
    Practise reading this conversation in your groups.
    GATETE:Hey, Hirwa, are you alright?
    UMUTONI:Yeah, Gatete. He seems to be under the weather.
    HIRWA:Which weather? Is it because I am feeling cold?
    MUBYEYIsadlaughing)He must be more than under the weather ...
    HIRWA:What are you talking about? I am not under any weather!
    GATETE:Being under the weather means you are ill.
    HIRWA:Oh ... okay. Yea, I am not feeling
                 well at all. I have chills, joint
                 aches, feel weak and my head will
                 soon split into two!
    UMUTONI:Poor Hirwa ... it could be malaria.
    MUBYEYI: Have you travelled lately?
    HIRWA:     (laughingly)Yes doctor ...
    UMUTONI:I am serious ... if you travelled,
                       you could have been bitten by
                       mosquitoes.
                       That is how you get malaria. If
                       you have been sleeping under a
                       treated mosquito net, it could be a cold.
    GATETE:I agree the cold season brings with it colds. However, he should see a doctor
                    to ascertain what it is.
    UMUTONI:I think it is malaria.Colds are viral infections that affect the nose, throat and
                      the body’s airway system.
    GATETE: Then he should be sneezing. He should also be having a stuffy and runny nose,
                      coughing and having a scratchy,sore throat.
    MUBYEYI: Gatete is right. Hirwa should see a doctor. What if it is flu? Its symptoms are
                       like those of a cold, aren’t they? The only difference is that flu lasts longer. It
                       could as well be asthma or a simple sore throat.
    HIRWA: You two have a point. Let me go and see a doctor. That way, I will be sure what
                  is ailing me.

    Questions
    1. What was Hirwa’s problem?
    2. Discuss the importance of seeing a doctor when you are ill.
    3. List down at least five common diseases in Rwanda.
    4. Describe the symptoms of the diseases you have stated in (3).
    Discussion
    Practise reading the following conversation and discuss the questions that follow.
    Hirwa is just from seeing a doctor when he finds his friends waiting for him.

    GATETE:  You took years at the hospitals.
    HIRWA:    There were many people waiting to see Doctor Halima.
    UMUTONI: What did the doctor say?
    MUBYEYI: Some people really want to find out if they were right.
    HIRWA:     Well, she saidI am suffering from malaria.
    UMUTONI: (smiling broadly) Does anyone remember what yours truly said?
    HIRWA:      (assuming Umutoni) That is why I am having a high fever. I also have weakness
                      in my body joints and general body weakness. If I hadn’t got medical help, I
                      would have rapidly weakened. I could have died.
    UMUTONI: Malaria is dangerous! However, you can protect yourself from this disease by
                       sleeping under a treated mosquito net. Also, clear bushes near the house and
                       drain stagnant ponds. These help mosquitoes breed.
    HIRWA:      The doctor said it is easier and cheaper to prevent diseases than to treat them.
                       For instance, eating clean, well-cooked food can spare us stomach upsets.
                       Wearing warm clothes keeps the cold away!
    GATETE:    I read in a health brochure that fatty foods are not good for health.
    MUBYEYI:  Yes, they cause fat to accumulate around the heart. Then one experiences
                        heart problems. We should all avoid junk foods and exercise regularly. Then
                        we shall stay fit and healthy.

    Discuss the following:
    1. Which disease is being described by Hirwa?
    2. In a brief paragraph, describe what you and your family can do to avoid diseases.
    3. Polio is one of the diseases that infants are vaccinated against shortly after birth. Have
        you been vaccinated? What other diseases are children vaccinated against?
    4. Do you agree that healthy eating can prevent many diseases? List at least four diseases
        that could be prevented by eating healthy food.

    1. Highlight three food types and how they are prepared. How can eating these foods
         help in disease prevention?
    2. How do you observe hygiene in school

    Role play
    In small groups, prepare a short play in which someone falls sick. This person is then taken
    to the hospital. He or she is admitted for a few days. Thereafter, this person is released
    to go and recover at home. As you prepare, make sure your short play has the following:

    1. What was the cause of the illness? Was it poor eating habits or poor hygiene? Was it
        an infection caused by sharing personal items?
    2. After being released, how is the patient taken care of? What measures are taken to
        prevent future infection? Do we have health officers advising people on the ways to
        prevent the illnesses?


    B. Reading and comprehension

    Read the following argument and answer the questions that follow
    Healthy diet for disease prevention

    You could prevent certain diseases by eating white meats. White meats include fish,
    turkey, duck, goose, chicken and rabbit. Red meats include beef, lamb, pork, veal, venison
    and goat.
              Red meat is a source of protein and vitamins but it may not be good for health. Eating a
    lot of red meat increases the risk of bowel cancer as research has shown. You should enjoy
    white meat and reap the benefits it brings; try fish.          
               Fish has vitamins and minerals and it’s a major
    source of omega-3 fatty acids. Consuming fish
    regularly can help reduce the risk of heart disease.
    It also improves your chances of survival following
    a heart attack. Fish lowers the levels of fats in the
    blood. Raised levels of fats in blood are associated
    with heart diseases. Fish oils also help reduce blood
    clotting and abnormal heart rhythms after a heart attack
               To add on to this, eating fish can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease leads to weakening of the brain’s ability to remember things. Fatty acids found in
    fish may prevent damage to brain cells.
                Further, eating fish can reduce the risk of high blood pressure, which is linked to
    dementia. Dementia causes forgetfulness.
                Importantly, fish has cancer-fighting properties. Men who do not eat fish are at a
    higher risk of developing prostate cancer. Researchers have ascertained this. This risk is
    low among heavy consumers of fish. Shellfish contains nutrients thought to have cancer-
    fighting ability.
                 Moreover, it has been reported that fish can help to ease depression.
                 Further, eating fish can reduce and relieve arthritis. Research has shown that heavy
    consumers of fish have low rates of inflammatory conditions like arthritis. Studies have
    also shown that fish oil reduces symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
                 Finally, eating fish can smoothen age lines. Choose white meat today.

    Answer the following questions.
    1. Working in groups, identify all the diseases mentioned in the passage.
        Discuss what all these diseases are.
    2. Match the words in the table with their meanings in choices a-h.
        a) intestines, especially the large intestines
        b) systematic investigation to collect information
        c) get the advantages
        d) eating
        e) any sickness that affects the heart
        f) the fact of a person continuing to exist
        g) the turning of blood into a thick solid
        h) harm/hurt/injury
    3. Which combinations of meats in the following choices should one eat?
        A. chicken, pork, beef, venison, vea,l turkey
        B. rabbit, pork, goose, chicken, fish, duck
        C. fish, duck, goose, lamb, goat
        D. rabbit, goose, chicken, fish
    4. Which title among the following best summarises the passage?
        A. healthy eating and living
        B. meat for life
        C. Avoiding common illnesses
        D. The white meat advantage
    5. List the white meats mentioned in this passage.
    6. Eating fish can help prevent ............, which affects the brain.
    7. In point form list down the benefits of eating fish.
    8. Would eating white meat alone ensure you are in perfect health? Give reasons
        for your answer.
    9. Young people today are hooked on junk food. What do you think are the effects
        of eating junk food?

    1. Some young people do not eat because they would like to be small-bodied. Carry out
         a research on eating disorders from the library, biology books or the internet if you are
         connected to it. Find out what diseases can be caused by eating too little.
    2. Imagine most of the Rwandan population was obese. How would this affect our country?

    Think about this
    1. There are some religious groups that do not believe in taking their children to hospital.
         Have you ever heard or witnessed this? Discuss the results of such a belief.
    2. How can good health affect our economy?
    3. Debate the motion, ‘Prevention is better than cure’.

    C. Language use

    First conditional and modal verbs
        
    For example:

    1.If the child is not vaccinated, he will suffer from polio.
    2. If I don’t eat enough vegetables, I will suffer from vitamin-deficiency diseases.
    3. If I don’t sleep under a treated net, I will suffer from malaria.
    4. If I don’t drink clean water, I will suffer from water borne diseases.
    5. If I do not eat enough potatoes, I will suffer from lack of energy.
       
    Copy the following sentences in your exercise book and then underline the modal verbs and the first conditional.

    1. If the child is not vaccinated, he will suffer from polio.
    2. If I don’t eat enough vegetables, I will suffer from vitamin-deficiency diseases.
    3. If I don’t sleep under a treated net, I will suffer from malaria.
    4. If I don’t use clean water for drinking and cooking, I will suffer from water borne diseases.
    5. If I do not eat enough potatoes, I will suffer from lack of energy.

    Complete the following sentences correctly.

    1. Unless you are vaccinated .................................................
    2. If you eat contaminated food ............................................
    3. If you share sharp objects ..................................................
    4. If you don’t empty containers around the compound ...................
    5. Unless you cut long grasses ............................................................
    6. Unless the doctor operates on his bitten foot ..............................
    7. If they continue using dirty water ..................................................
    8. If they get malaria .........................................................................
    9. If you are coughing .........................................................................
    10. Unless you go to hospital ...............................................................
    11. Unless the government builds more hospitals ..............................
    12. If the doctor doesn’t see him ........................................................
    13. If the child keeps crying .................................................................
    14. If you eat unripe fruits ...................................................................
    15. If cholera breaks out ......................................................................

    What will you do if:

    1. You catch a cold?
    2. You contract HIV?
    3. You wear wet clothes?
    4. You cut yourself?
    5. A friend faints?
    6. A friend is choking?

    Using ‘You can ... by + -ing’ and ‘You should ... by + -ing’

    We can use the construction You can + by + ing to talk about prevention of diseases.

    For example:
    1. You can prevent malaria by sleeping under a bed net.
    2. You can prevent cholera by boiling drinking water.
    3. You can prevent HIV/AIDS by abstaining from sex.

    We can also use You should ... by + -ing to talk about prevention of diseases and diet.
    For example:
    1. You should avoid typhoid fever by eating clean and well-cooked foods.
    2. You should protect yourself from disease by eating a balanced diet.
    3. You should lower your chances of having a heart attack by eating fish and exercising.


    a) Complete the following sentences correctly.

    1. You can avoid polio by.......................................
    2. You can avoid tooth decay..................................
    3. You should avoid obesity by...............................
    4. You should prevent choking by...........................
    5. You can avoid diphtheria and whooping cough by...............
    6. You should avoid suffocating in the kitchen by.........................
    7. You should avoid food poisoning by...................................................

    Make correct sentences from the table below.
       

    D. Writing

    In Unit 5, we learnt about planning to write a composition. Revisit the writing section of
    Unit 5 and discuss how you can plan your writing

    Practice Exercise 6
    Imagine you are a doctor and there are parents of a certain child who do not believe in
    having their child vaccinated. Unfortunately, they are poor and cannot afford a balanced
    diet for their child. The child becomes sick and has to be admitted to hospital. They end up
    spending more money for not having the child vaccinated. Plan and write a composition
    on the topic, “Prevention is better than cure”. Give advice to these parents using the
    construction You + can + -ing.

    Research problem

    Carry out research on your own on malaria. You can use your biology books, the library if
    available, or the internet if you are connected to it.

    Write your report using the following sub-headings:
         a) types of malaria
         b) symptoms
         c) treatment
         d) prevention

    E . Little laughter


    TEACHER: School books are a magic car that will take you all over the world.
    PUPIL: Then I must take mine to the garage and have them fitted with seat belts!
    UNIT 5: BOOKS AND SCHOOL WORK HABITSUNIT 7: HISTORY OF RWANDA