UNIT 5: THE PILLARS OF FAITH IN ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS
Key Unit competence: Evaluate the contribution of Religious values to the
peaceful life in the society.
UN peace keeping intervention versus armed rebellion to protect people and refugees
Introductory Activity
1. Discuss on the things that are important to observe in order to
have peace.
2. According to you, what are the causes and consequences of
insecurity?5.1. Meaning of Peace and inner peace
5.1. Learning activitiy :
In the picture above, we see people living together peacefully. There is
sharing and playing together. Describe what you understand by the term
peace, and discuss why you think peace is very important in society
a. Definition of Peace
The concept of peace is etymologically in line with the Latin pax and the
Greek eirenewhich are approximations of Hebrew shalom a cognate of
Arabic salaam, meaning safety, prosperity and security. Like other abstract
terms, peace is intangible. But like “happiness”, “justice” and “freedom”, we
recognize peace by its absence. Peace denotes the opposite of things we
don’t like, that disturb our peace.
It is often said that peace is not merely the absence of war but presence of
justice. The word peace can be defined as a social and political condition
that ensures development of individuals, society and nation.
It is a state of harmony characterized by the existence of healthy relationships.
It is a condition related to the social or economic welfare and equality.
It is also related to a working political order that serves true interests of all.
In the context of intra-national and international relations, peace implies the
presence of socio-cultural and economic understanding and unity.
Some scholars have differentiated negative peace from positive peace.
Negative peace implies that there is no visible violence. In this case, there
could be lots of unresolved underlying issues that people do not want to talk
about.
On the other hand positive peace is a situation where there is restoration
of relationships, the creation of social systems that serve the needs of the
whole population and the constructive resolution of conflicts so that situation
do not escalate to open violence. Peace therefore, is a situation that prevails
when there exist respectful attention to the legitimate needs and interests of
all concerned.
Christians are called to be peace builders. In simple terms peace building
is all activity aiming at improving the quality of life. Peace building prevents,
reduces, transforms and helps people recover from all forms of violence.
Throughout the word of God, young people have always been called to rise
and shine and be examples and role models in their communities as peace
builders (Isaiah 9:6; Psalms 34:14; Ecclesiast 9:18). God himself is a God
of peace and hope. Young people are called to be ambassadors of peace
and hope. They can become instruments of peace, harmony, love and unity
in their community through mediation, mobilization, advocacy, ensuring
security, creating awareness on human rights (Matthew 5:9; Ephesians 4:3;
Romans 12:18).
b. Definition of inner peace
Inner peace is also called peace of mind or inner calmness. It can be
developed through a kind of exercises and behaviours or discipline. It refers
to a state of being mentally and spiritually at peace, with enough knowledge
and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of discord or stress.
Being “at peace” is considered by many to be healthy (homeostasis) and
the opposite of being stressed or anxious, a state where our mind performs
at an optimal level with a positive outcome. Peace of mind is thus generally
associated with bliss, happiness and contentment. Peace of mind, serenity,
and calmness are descriptions of a disposition free from the effects of stress
5.2. Obstacles to Peace and inner peace
5.2. Learning activitiy
The obstacles of inner peace in the society, habit makes our character and
then after, our personality. When one does not develop a number of tips to
maintain his or her inner peace, he or she will find him/herself dominated
by stress and then overloaded by ideas and actions that can lead to a
disharmonious life. Being so, inner peace will progressively die and loose its
place in one’s life. Therefore, stress is the big obstacle of inner peace.
The other obstacles of inner peace are: failure to achieve goals, physical
and mental troubles, fear, anger, hatred, disputes, quarrels, hunger, bad
relationships with others,
Actions that can develop inner peace: Finding peace within is a wonderful
but also a difficult thing. It is easy to go looking for it in the wrong places. So
here are five timeless thoughts to help develop your inner peace:
• Simplify: The simplification of life is one of the steps to inner peace. A
persistent simplification will create an inner and outer well-being that
places harmony in one’s life.
• Accept: Acceptance of others, their looks, their behaviours, their
belief, bring you an inner peace and tranquillity instead of anger and
resentment.
• Forgive: Inner peace can be reached only when we practice forgiveness.
Forgiveness is letting go of the past, and is therefore the means for
correcting our misperceptions. Forgiveness is important because as
long as you don’t forgive someone you are linked to that person.
• Do what you enjoy: Never continue in a job you don’t enjoy. If you’re
happy in what you’re doing, you’ll like yourself, you’ll have inner peace.
And if you have that, along with physical health, you’ll have more
success than you could possibly have imagined.
• Be careful with your inner peace: Never be in a hurry; do everything
quietly and in a calm spirit. Do not lose your inner peace for anything
whatsoever, even if your whole world seems upset.
5.2. Application activity:
1. List the factors that influence the lack of inner peace.
2. Explain how stress is the big obstacle of inner peace.
3. Discuss the actions that can develop your inner peace.
5.3. Religious teaching on Peace
5.1. Learning activitiy :
1. Observe the images below and read Genesis 4:1-12 in the Bible.
2. Find out why Cain killed his brother Abel.
3. What else could he have done to avoid committing murder?
In biblical view, peace describes the state of those who love the word of God
(Psalm 119:165). It depicts the concept of peace expressed in the blessing
of Aaron found in numbers 6:24, wherein it sums up all blessings and is
closely associated with the presence of God. Peace is the result of God’s
presence in a person’s life as God is the source of Peace Psalm 85:8).
Peace in the Old Testament
In the Old Testament, the primarily Hebrew word for peace is shalom, and
it refers to relationships between people (Genesis 34:21), nations (1 Kings
5:12), and God with men (Psalm 85: 8). Peace is a desired status in each
of these arenas, and shalom is often tired to a covenant or promise kept.
A familiar friend (literally, “friend of my peace” in Psalms 41:9) is one with
whom you would be at ease, a trusted companion. Peace was the standard
greeting (1 Samuel 25:6), still used in many cultures today.
Shalom denotes completion or wholeness. The general meaning of the root
word is of entering into a state of wholeness and unity, a restored relationship.
It also conveys a wide range of nuances: fulfilment, completion, maturity,
soundness, wholeness, harmony, tranquillity, security, well being, welfare,
friendship, agreement, success and prosperity. The word shalom occurs
more than 250 times in the Tanakh and appears in 213 separate verses.
Peace in the New Testament
In the New Testament the primarily Greek word for peace is eirene, and it
refers to rest or tranquillity. Peace is the state of law and order that gives
rise to the blessing of prosperity. It also used to denote peaceful conduct
towards others. The New Testament use of the eirene remains firmly based
in the Hebrew traditions of Shalom in the Tanakh. It can describe both the
content and the goal of all Christian preaching, since the message is called
the Gospel of peace (Ephesians 6: 15). The word is found 91 times in the
New Testament, 24 of which are in the Gospels.
A key focus of peace in the New Testament is the advent of Jesus Christ.
As announced by the angels in Luke 2: 14 (“Peace on earth”). Isaiah had
predicted the Messiah would be the prince of peace (Isaiah 9:6), and He is
called the Lord of peace in 2 Thessalonians 3:16. It is through Christ’s work
of justification that we can have peace with God (Romans 5:1); and that
peace will keep our hearts and minds secure (Philippians 4:7).
God commands us to seek peace (Psalms 34:14; Matthew 5:9). We should
“make every effort to do what leads to peace (Romans 14:19). Of course
there will be people who do not desire peace, but we are still to do n utmost
to be at peace with them (Romans 12:18). Believers have an obligation to
“let the peace of the Lord rule” in their hearts Colossians 3:15). This means
we have the choice either to trust God’s promises (letting His peace rule) or
to rely on ourselves and reject the peace he offers. Jesus gave his disciples
peace based on truth that he has overcome the world (John 14:27; 16:33).
Peace is the Fruit of the Holy Spirit, so, if we are allowing the Spirit of God
to rule in our lives, we will experience His peace. To be spiritually minded
brings life and peace, according to Romans 8:6.
The world will continue to have wars and interpersonal conflicts until Jesus
comes to establish true, lasting peace (See Isaiah 11:1-10), but God will give
His Peace to those who trust Him. Jesus took the chastisement of our peace
(Isaiah 53:5) and has made it possible for us to have peace with God. Once
His peace rules in our hearts, we are able to share that peace with others;
we become publishers of peace (Isaiah 52:7) and ministers of reconciliation
(2 Corinthians 5:18).
5.4. Peace and Conflict
5.4. Learning activitiy :
1. Find the meaning of the term conflict.
2. In the conflict situation below, who is the mediator and who are
the fighters?
3. Propose all the causes of conflict that you know
Definition of conflict
A conflict is situation where there is opposition between two persons or
entities. It is the result of incompatibility of objectives and manifested
behaviours by protagonists. The term conflict comes from the Latin
“conflictus” which means an “act of striking together”. In other words, conflict
basically means a situation of competitive or opposing action. Put different
conflict is a natural and even necessary part of our lives whether at home, in
our families, at work, or within the church because it helps to resolves issues
which would otherwise prevail. Intense conflicts can, but does not have need
to, lead to violence. This means that when a conflict is not well resolved, it
may generate severe problems.
Types of conflict
Conflicts can be classified in the four types:
Interpersonal conflicts
This refers to the conflict between two people. This is because people are
different from one another. For example, some people get angry easily, some
are emotional others are slow to anger.
Intrapersonal Conflict
These are the conflicts that occur within an individual. The experience takes
in the person’s mind. It is a psychological conflict as it involves people’s
thoughts, values, principles, and emotions. Intra personal conflict may be a
simple one like making a decision between going or not going for lunch
Intragroup conflicts
It is a type of conflict that happens among individuals within a team. The
incompatibilities and misunderstandings among these individuals lead
to an intragroup conflict. It arises from interpersonal disagreements (e.g.
team members have different personalities which may lead to tension) or
differences in views and ideas (e.g. in a presentation, members of the team
might find the notions presented by the one presiding to be erroneous due to
their differences in opinion). Within a team, conflict can be helpful in coming
up with decisions which will eventually allow them to reach their objectives
as a team.
Intergroup conflict
This takes place when a misunderstanding arises among different teams
within an organization. For instance, the sales department of an organization
can come in conflict with the customer support department. This is due to
the varied sets of goals and interests of these different groups. In addition,
competition also contributes for intergroup conflict to arise. There are other
factors which fuel this type of conflict. Some of these factors may include
a rivalry in resources or the boundaries set by a group to others which
establishes their own identity as a team.
Conclusively conflict may seem to be a problem to some, but this is not
how conflict should be perceived. On the other hand, it is an opportunity
for growth and can be an effective means of opening up among groups or
individuals. However, when conflict begins to draws back productivity and
gives way to more conflicts, then conflict management would be needed to
come up with a resolution.
Causes of Conflicts
Here are some of the causes of conflict that can arise in society:
1. Failure to apologise: Failure to apologise for the wrong done to
others can lead to conflict. People are human and therefore they
are not always perfect. They make mistakes and wrong others.
However, if one is wronged but the offender fails to express regret
for the wrong done that can lead to a conflict.
2. Backbiting: Backbiting is another vice which can cause conflict.
Backbiting annoys many people. It hurts most when it is a friend that
has been backbiting you. You feel betrayed, such a friend proves to
be unfaithful to you.
3. Selfishness: Being selfish is about being self centred and always
pursuing selfish interest. A person who always puts his interests first
without considering the good of others is selfish person.
4. Envy: An envious person feels bad when another person is favoured,
gets good grades at school or does something better than him or
her. Envy leads to gossiping, insulting others and or even fighting.
(James 4:1-2)
5. Divisive manipulation: This is what colonialists used “divide and
rule”. They would turn peaceful African communities against each
other to fight but in the interests of the colonialists.
6. Nepotism and tribalism: Nepotism is about favouring one’s
relatives at the expense of others. An example is a leader who can
unjustly employ his or her relatives in Government offices. Normally
such persons are appointed without following the proper rules of
appointing civil servants.
7. Prejudice: This means judging someone before you know the
facts. It is the act of judging others without supporting evidences.
Many times we are prejudiced against others on the basis of their
personal characteristics, say obesity, disability, homelessness, age,
skin complexion or height.
8. Lack of self-control: Some people are ‘short-tempered’; they hardly
control their anger which results in being quarrelsome person.
9. Poverty: When people are poor they are not happy. They tend to
think that those who are rich are the ones who made them poor. The
poor think that the rich have accumulated a lot of money of which
some would have belonged to the poor.
10. Injustice: this refers to unfair treatment of one party by another.
It is therefore, the absence of equal treatment, misuse of laws
against others and victimising any person by any means. Injustice
of whatever kind breeds bitterness, hatred and the desire to seek for
revenge. It is this desire to seek for revenge which eventually leads
to conflict or violence
Consequences of conflict in society
1. Lack of peace: The first thing a conflict takes away from people is
peace. Where there is conflict, people live in fear and are always
worried. They do not know what can happen any time. Where there
is absence of peace, people cannot concentrate on things that matter
a lot to their existence. This blocks development and progress
2. Deaths during wartime: The most important thing for any person
is his or her life. Once life is lost nothing else has any meaning to
a dead person. Conflict that can lead to physical aggression such
as war is deadly because it can cause injuries or death. The main
reason why people flee away from war zones is the fear of being
killing deliberately or accidentally by stray bullets or explosives.
3. Migration: Conflict can lead to real physical war. Where there is
conflict or an actual war there is neither peace nor safety. Those who
feel vulnerable and cannot defend themselves decide to migrate to
other areas where they can be safe. By migrating they leave behind
their homes and places of their daily activities. They often move to
places where they may not have relatives. This makes them refugees
or internally displaced people. They begin to live on handouts from
well-wishers, charity organisations or the Government.
4. Destruction of infrastructure: War is always disaster. Battlefields
are characterised with exchange of bullets, bombs and different
kinds of explosives. When this land of infrastructure such as water
facilities, electricity generating sources, roads and buildings are
destroyed. All these things are important for the provision of social
services. Government spends a lot of money to establish these
social facilities.
However, a war of a few days can destroy facilities that took
Government several years to establish. Even when a war ends, it
always takes a long times to rebuild the infrastructures that were
destroyed during the war time
5.5. Methods of Conflict resolution
5.5. Learning activitiy :
The story of Uwineza and Gasimba
Uwineza and Gasimba are Senior one students and were still fighting in
the field when Mahoro arrived. They were fighting over a lost pen they
found in the field. Each one of them claimed that the pen belonged to
them. Nobody wanted to lose the fight. Mahoro stopped them from fighting
and requested them to give her the pen. Because she was a friend and
classmate to both, they gave her the pen. Then she asked them who was
the real owner but both claimed ownership. She told them that she, as
the mediator, would take the pen. Gasimba became happy that neither
of them would get the pen. Uwineza looked innocent as she said she did
not have a pen to use in the class. Mahoro decided to take the pen to
class without the two. She went entered the classroom and asked other
students about the pen. Those close to Uwineza confirmed that the pen
belonged to her. She called the two and gave the pen to Uwineza because
she was convinced that the pen belonged to her. After that clear evidence,
Gasimba said that he only admired the pen. He therefore agreed to buy
five pens for her as they shook hands.
1. From the above story did you know that it was good to be honest?
Explain.Identify at least two methods of solving conflict.
2. Identify the evidence that the two classmates in conflict were
eventually reconciled.
3. What do you think was the situation after solving the conflict ?
Think and discuss other methods of conflict resoltion.
There are several methods used to cope with conflict. Those methods are
called Conflict resolution methods. Some of them are: mediation or dialogue,
negotiation, arbitration, promoting democratic rule, counselling and
litigation.
1. Mediation or dialogue:
Mediation is a voluntary process in which an impartial person (the mediator)
helps with communication and promotes reconciliation between the parties
which will allow them to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. Mediation
often is the next step if negotiation proves unsuccessful.
The Process: The mediator manages the process and helps facilitate
negotiation between the parties. A mediator does not make a decision nor
force an agreement. The parties directly participate and are responsible for
negotiating their own settlement or agreement.
2. Negotiation:
Negotiation is the most basic means of settling differences. It is back-andforth communication between the parties of the conflict with the goal of trying
to find a solution.
The Process: You may negotiate directly with the other person. You may hire
an attorney to negotiate directly with the other side on your behalf. There
are no specific procedures to follow - you can determine your own - but it
works best if all parties agree to remain calm and not talk at the same time.
Depending on your situation, you can negotiate in the board room of a big
company, in an office or even in your own living room.
Negotiation allows you to participate directly in decisions that affect you. In
the most successful negotiations, the needs of both parties are considered.
A negotiated agreement can become a contract and be enforceable.
3. Arbitration:
Arbitration is the submission of a disputed matter to an impartial person (the
arbitrator) for decision.
The Process: Arbitration is typically an out-of-court method for resolving
a dispute. The arbitrator controls the process, will listen to both sides and
make a decision. Like a trial, only one side will prevail. Unlike a trial, appeal
rights are limited.
In a more formal setting, the arbitrator will conduct a hearing where all of the
parties present evidence through documents, exhibits and testimony. The
parties may agree to, in some instances, establish their own procedure; or
an administrating organization may provide procedures. There can be either
one arbitrator or a panel of three arbitrators. An arbitration hearing is usually
held in offices or other meeting rooms.
4. Promoting democratic rule:
The most conflicts in Africa are caused by bad governance; leaders should
strive to establish democratic rules in their countries. When people are led
democratically and can participate in the management of their countries,
conflicts will be reduced. Elections must be free and fair so that those
defeated accept results honorably. Wherever there is serious discontent
over election results, those cheated can resort to violence.
5. Counselling:
This is the profession of advice and guidance in resolving a personal
problem. Counselling is a framework though which the counsellor reaches
out to a person in need of advice and guidance for the purpose of enabling
that person to overcome some certain personal difficulties. Sometimes, the
cause of conflict between parties or people can be personal weaknesses
that need to be addressed in order to end dispute. Counselling can play an
important part in helping individuals involved in a dispute to be reconciled.
The counsellor can help individuals to identify better and safer ways of
solving problems that head previously seemed very difficult to deal with.
6. Litigation
Litigation is the use of the courts and civil justice system to resolve legal
controversies. Litigation can be used to compel opposing party to participate
in the solution.
The Process: Litigation is begun by filing a lawsuit in a court. Specific rules
of procedure, discovery and presentation of evidence must be followed. The
attorney for the other side will want to take your deposition to learn more
about the facts as you see them and your position in the case. There can
be a number of court appearances by you and/or your lawyer. If the parties
cannot agree how to settle the case, either the judge or a jury will decide the
dispute for you through a trial.
A trial is a formal judicial proceeding allowing full examination and
determination of all the issues between the parties with each side presenting
its case to either a jury or a judge. The decision is made by applying the facts
of the case to the applicable law. That verdict or decision can conclude the
litigation process and be enforceable; however, if appropriate, the loser can
appeal the decision to a higher court. In some cases, the losing party may
have to pay the costs of the lawsuit and may have to pay the other party’s
attorney fees.
For conflict based on interest, approaches like win-win, lose-lose and winlose are frequently used.
• Active Nonviolence Methods
Definition of Active Non-Violence: It is the personal practice of being
harmless to self and others under every condition. The idea came from
the philosophy of “abstention from violence: not hurt animals, people and
environment. Gandhi, Martin Luther King Junior and Mandela used this kind
of methods for several times. Among the principles of Active Non Violence,
we can cite: non-aggression, non-killing, non-violence, etc.
Six Principles of nonviolence in conflict resolution (according Martin
Luther King Jr)
1. Nonviolence is a way of life for courageous people. It is active
nonviolent resistance to evil.
2. Nonviolence seeks to win friendship and understanding. The end
result of nonviolence is redemption and reconciliation
3. Nonviolence seeks to defeat injustice, not people. Nonviolence
recognizes that evildoers are also victims.
4. Nonviolence holds that suffering can educate and transform.
Nonviolence willingly accepts the consequences to its acts.
5. Nonviolence chooses love instead of hate. Nonviolence resists
violence to the spirit as well as the body. Nonviolence love is active,
not passive. Nonviolence love does not sink to the level of the
hater. Love restores community and resists injustice. Nonviolence
recognizes the fact that all life is interrelated.
6. Nonviolence believes that the universe is on the side of justice. The
nonviolent resister has deep faith that justice will eventually win.
• Gandhi and Active Non-Violence Methods
Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian
activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against
British rule. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to
independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across
the world. Gandhi’s birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as
Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of
Nonviolence. According to Gandhi, nonviolence and truth are inseparable.
• Martin Luther King and Active Non-Violence Methods
Martin Luther King Junior (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American
Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and
leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 through 1968. He is best known
for his role in the advancement of civil rights using the tactics of nonviolence
and civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs and inspired by the
nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi. King believed and declared that
violence was immoral.
• Mandela Nelson and Active Non-Violence Methods
Nelson Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013), (imprisoned for 27
years) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and
philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.
He was the country’s first black head of state and the first elected in a fully
representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling
the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalized racism and fostering racial
reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as
President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.
• Effects of Conflict Resolution (individual, family and society)
Conflict resolution has significant impact on individual, family and society.
At the individual level, the person whose conflict is resolved, is peaceful
and can work positively and successfully. When he or she has overcome his/
her conflicts, he/she becomes a source of benediction for others.
At the family level, the resolution of conflicts creates harmony between
family members and enhances their efforts for integral development.
At the society level, conflict resolution contributes to the welfare and
development of communities.
Conflict Analysis
For conflicts to be resolved, it is necessary to understand what is going on
between conflicting individuals or entities. One needs to study the problem,
analyze it and this to be easy some tools can be helpful.
• Problem Analysis
It is usually said that a problem well analyzed is a problem half solved. In a
basic conflict analysis, we should gather as much information and knowledge
about:
• Who are the people directly and indirectly affected by the conflict?
What are their perspectives about the conflict?
• What are the underlying issues and needs that are not being mentioned?
• What are the roots causes of the conflict? Do the conflicts have historical
roots or do they come from the current social context?
• If there is no immediate intervention, is the conflict likely to escalate to
violence?
• Are there parties who may be benefiting from the conflict; and is there
anyone trying to resolve the conflict?
• How should you intervene in the conflict?
• Classical Problem Solving Approach
• The following steps can help solving the problem:
• Define the problem.
• Generate as many options as possible for resolution
• Evaluate the options.
• Pick the best.
• Develop implementation plan.
• Alternative approach to Conflict Resolution
One of the tools to resolve conflicts is by the “The conflict resolution tree”. As
the name suggests, the conflict resolution tree focuses on the root causes
of the core problems that we can visibly see. The analogy of a tree is very
familiar with most people hence they can easily identify with the dynamics
in the analysis. In the Conflicts Resolution Tree, the leaves and branches
represent the effects while the stem or trunk represents the core problem. Ofcourse the roots represent the root causes of the conflict
Using the Conflict Resolution Tree, we can ask some questions about any
situation of conflict such as:
• Questions about obvious issues that we can see on the green leaves.
• Questions about the relationship between the leaves and the core
issues and conditions of the roots.
• Questions about the trunk which represents the core problem. For
example, if the problem is drug abuse, we need to ask why youngpeople are engaging in drug abuse
5.5. Application activity:
1. Define conflict resolution methods.
2. Outline different means of conflict resolution.
3. Explain the active non violence method of confict resolution and
out line its princples according to Martin Luther King Junior.
4. Outline the effects of conflict resolution to an individual, family and
society
5.5. End unit assessment
1. Why is the lack of peace in any given area a great disadvantage
to people?
2. Highlight the causes and consequences of conlict in society.
3. Identify and explain the effects of war on a development.
4. Among the following five actions, find one which cannot develop
inner peace: Simplify, Accept, Forgive, Do not do what you enjoy,
be careful with your inner peace.
5. Explain how stress is the big obstacle of inner peace.
6. Distinguish the different types of conflict.
7. Explain the different ways conflicts can be resolved.
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