General
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1:Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango
Umwandiko: Inshingano z’abagize umuryango
Kuva kera umuryango wari ugizwe n’umugabo, umugore we n’abana babyaranye, iyo babashije kubagira. Ijambo inshingano ryo rivuga imirimo umuntu agomba gukora. Tugiye kurebera hamwe uko umuco w’Abanyarwanda wateganyaga inshingano z’umugabo, iz’umugore n’iz’abana. Mu muco nyarwanda, umugabo yari nyiri urugo. Yafatwaga nk'umuyobozi w’umuryango akawuhagararira, akawuhahira, akawitangira muri byose.
Ni we wari ushinzwe ibyo kubaka, iby’ubuhinzi, iby’amatungo. Iyo umuryango wabaga ukize, byaramwitirirwaga. Iyo wibasirwaga n’ubukene, na bwo ni we wasabwaga kugira icyo akora kugira ngo umuryango ubusohokemo. Umugabo yagombaga gukora ku buryo abana n’umugore baticwa n’inzara, batambara ubusa. Iyo umugore yambaraga nabi, hagawaga umugabo kuko bavugaga ko atita ku mugore we. N’abana
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Umugore na we yari afite inshingano yagenerwaga n’umuco. Icya mbere umugore yashingwaga n’umuco ni ukurera abana. Nyuma yo kubyara umugore yitaga ku mwana, akamwonsa, akamuheka, akamenya isuku ye. Ni we wamenyaga ko umwana ashonje, akamugaburira. Ni we wamenyaga imyitwarire y’umwana mu mikurire ye, akagenda amutoza imico myiza kugira ngo azavemo umugabo cyangwa umugore ushimwa n’abantu. Usibye kurera abana, umugore yari afite inshingano yo gutegura amafunguro. Umugore rero yaratekaga akagaburira umugabo n’abana. Ikindi umugore yari ashinzwe ni isuku mu rugo. Umugore ni we wakuburaga, ni we wamesaga imyenda y’umugabo n’iy’abana, ni we wabasasiraga. Abana na bo bari bafite inshingano zo kumvira ababyeyi mu byo babatoza. Umwana w’umuhungu yakuraga atozwa imirimo ya kigabo, uw’umukobwa na we agatozwa iya kigore. Umuhungu yaragiraga inka, akazikama, agafasha se mu by’ubwubatsi n’iby’ubuhinzi. Umukobwa yafashaga nyina kurera abana bato kuri we, akamufasha kubuganiza no gucunda amata no gusobanura amavuta, akamufasha guteka ndetse no gusukura urugo. Muri iki gihe Abanyarwanda bagenda batera intambwe yo gusohoka muri iyo mitekerereze ari na ko bimakaza imyumvire mishya igenda ikosora ibitari binoze mu muco wa kera. Ikerekezo k’iterambere kirasaba umugabo n’umugore kuba ari bo bigabanira imirimo bitewe n’ubushobozi n’umwanya buri wese afite. Niba umugore azinduka ajya ku murimo wa kure, haba mu biro cyangwa ajya gushakisha ibicuruzwa, ubwo umugabo azasigara mu rugo, yite ku bana, yite ku isuku y’urugo, amenye amatungo yose, amagufi n’amaremare. Niba umugabo ari we ukora akazi ka kure, umugore ni we uzasigara mu rugo yita ku mirimo yose. Umugore aramutse ari we winjiza amafaranga menshi kurusha umugabo, ni we wakwita ku by’ubuhinzi n’ubwubatsi, kuko ari we waba afite icyo ashoramo. Igihe bombi bafite icyo binjiza, bazicara hasi bavugane imikoreshereze y’umutungo wabo, buri wese agaragaze uruhare rwe mu bikorwa by’iterambere ry’umuryango. Ku byerekeranye n’uburere bw’abana, ivangura ry’ibitsina mu gutozwa imirimo ntirigifite agaciro. Ababyeyi bagomba gutoza abana imirimo yose. Umuhungu azigana n’umukobwa gusukura urugo, gufuma, kubuganiza amata mu cyansi no kuyatereka ku ruhimbi; umukobwa na we yigane na musaza we kubaza, gucura, kubaka ndetse no gutwara ibinyabiziga. Ibyo byose ariko bagomba kubikora ari na ko bigishwa ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere bakiri bato, bakamenya imihindagurikire y’imibiri yabo uko bagenda bakura n’uko bagomba kubyitwaramo. Bazahurira mu mashuri y’ubumenyi n’ay’ikoranabuhanga, bahurire mu mashuri y’imyuga n’ay’ubukorikori. Muri aya mashuri yose kandi ihame ry’uburezi budaheza rigomba kubahirizwa, buri munyeshuri agahabwa amahirwe yo kwiga hitabwa ku bibazo by’umwihariko uwo ari we wese yaba afite. Kandi ayo mashuri nibayarangiza, bazahurira ku isoko ry’umurimo bapiganwe, urushije undi amanota abe ari we wegukana akazi,yaba
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Nk’uko tumaze kubibona umuco wa kera waranzwe no kugaragaza ko hari ibyo umugabo yari ashinzwe umugore atakwigerereza, n’umugore akagira ibyo yabazwaga bitari mu nshingano z’umugabo. Uyu munsi, Abanyarwanda baratozwa kuzuzanya, kunganirana. Nta mirimo igenewe umugabo, nta n’igenewe umugore. Bitewe n’uko byumvikanyweho mu rugo hashingiwe ku bushobozi buri wese afite, umugabo yiyemeza gukora ibi, umugore na we akiyemeza gukora biriya, umusaruro ukaba uw’urugo rwose. Ntabwo urugo rukiri urw’umugabo; ni urwa bombi. Bagomba bombi guharanira iterambere ry’umuryango
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ni izihe nshingano umugabo yahabwaga n’umuco wa kera?
2. Naho umugore we umuco wamugeneraga izihe?
3. Imirimo yari igenewe abana yo yari iyihe?
4. Wagereranya ute inshingano umuco wa kera wageneraga abagize umuryango n’uko bimeze muri iki gihe?
5. Ku bwawe wumva ute ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati y’ibitsina byombi?
6. Wavuga iki ku kemezo cyo gusiga urugo k’umwe mu bashakanye akajya kurushakira imibereho?
7. Ukurikije ubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi twabuhuza dute n’ibivugwa mu mwandiko
INYUNGURAMAGAMBO
1. Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko
a) Kwibasira
d) Gusobanura amavuta
b) Kugariza e) Ku ruhimbi
c) Ihaho
f) Kwibaruka2.
Shaka imbusane z'amagambo akurikira
a) Abanyarwanda
d) Kure
b) Kera
e) Isuku
c) Ribura
f) Winjiza
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3. Garagaza impuzanyito z'amagambo akurikira:
a) Igateganywa
d) Ibiribwa n’ibinyobwa
b) Ik’ibanze
e) Bitunganye
c) Uretse
f) Barushanwe
III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje rimwe muri aya magambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo yatanzwe: gushoramo, gusigana, ku isoko ry’umurimo, bibarutse
a) Umuntu ugiye gutangira umushinga w’ubucuruzi agomba kureba niba afite amafaranga ahagije yo
b) Umukobwa n’umuhungu bakuze bahabwa uburenganzira bumwe bakagira n’amahirwe angana
c) Umuntu wese akwiriye kurangiza inshingano ze akareka d) Ni byiza ko abantu bose bagerageza kwita ku bo babateganyiriza ibizabatunga.
IV ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Vuga insanganyamatsiko ikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Garagaza uko ubona izo ngingo zihu
V Umwitozo w'ubumenyi ngiro
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Insanganyamatsiko:
a) Ku bwawe wumva ute ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati y’ibitsina byombi?
b) Ni izihe mbogamizi ubona cyangwa wumvana abandi zaba zibangamira iri hame, ndetse n’ingaruka zo kutubahiriza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango?
c) Mubona kwita ku bibazo by’umwihariko bya buri munyeshuri byateza imbere bite imyigire n’imyigishirize mu mashuri?
IZINA
IZINA MBONERA
a) Nahuye n’umukobwa w’umushoferi wambaye ishati y’umweru afite na terefoni.
b) Abakozi b’abahungu na bo bakeneweho kunoza imikorere n’imyitwarire.
c) Umunyeshuri w’umurwanashyaka mu byo yiga bimugira umunyamahirwe mu buzima, yaba ari umukobwa akubahwa nk’umwamikazi.
d) Umuryango ugizwe n’umugabo, umugore we n’abana.
e) Umugore na we afite inshingano agenerwa n’umuco.
Inshoza y’izina mbonera
: Mu Kinyarwanda izina ni ubwoko bw’ijambo bita umuntu, inyamaswa, ikintu n’ahantu, rikabiranga ndetse rikabitandukanya n’ibindi. Iyo dushingiye ku ntego y’amazina, dusanga Ikinyarwanda gifite amazina mbonera (afite uturemajambo dutatu ari two indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi) ndetse n’amazina y’urusobe (afite uturemajambo turenze utw’izina mbonera). Naho twashingira ku nkomoko y’amazina, tugasanga ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda rugira amazina amwe akomoka mu ndimi z’amahanga n’andi y’umwimwerere asanzwe mu Kinyarwanda. Ayo mazina y’umwimerere ni yo twita “amazina gakondo izina mbonera n'izina ry'umwimerere risanzwe mururimi rw'ikinyarwanda rikagira uturemajambo twizina mbonera (indomo ,indangantekoigicumbi).
Uturango tw’izina mbonera
Izina mbonera rirangwa n’uko muri rusange riba ari rimwe, ritari inyunge y’amazina menshi, kandi muri rusange ridakomoka ku nshinga. Kuba ari gakondo rero byo ni ukuvuga ko riba ari umwimerere, ritaratiwe mu rundi rurimi.
Ingero:Ikibabi,umuhini,umuvure umiseke,amazi,umutsima…..
Imyitozo kw'izina mbonera
1. Erekana amazina mbonera yakoreshejwe mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Muri iki gihe Abanyarwanda bagenda batera intambwe yo gusohoka mu icuraburindi ry’ubujiji.
b) Umusaruro uvuyemo ukaba uw’urugo n’abantu barurimo bose.
c) Ibijumba, ibishyimbo, ibitoki n’ibindi ni ibihingwa ngandurarugo.
2.Koresha aya mazina munteruro ngufi kandi zumvikana
a) Umuhungu
b) Abageni
c) Ibirayi Izina bwite n'izina rusange
Izina bwite n'izina rusange
a) Ku byerekeranye n’uburere bw’abana, ivangura ry’ibitsina mu gutozwa imirimo ntirigifite agaciro. Ababyeyi bagomba gutoza abana imirimo yose.
b) Nahuye na Kagabo agiye kwa Karenzi aho batuye i Tumba ya Huye.
c) Kwa Kamana ni hafi y’umurima wa Mugeni.
Inshoza y’amazina rusange
Amazina y’Ikinyarwanda arimo ingeri ebyiri z’ifatizo tugendeye ku nyito zayo. Amazina rusange n’amazina bwite. Amazina rusange ni amagambo yitirirwa ibintu muri rusange nta mwihariko uriho akagaragaza aho ikintu runaka gihuriye n’ibindi bihuje ubwoko.
Ingero: uburezi, abana, ibitsina , imirimo, agaciro, umugozi.
Inshoza y’amazina bwite
Amazina bwite yitirirwa umuntu cyangwa ikintu izina gihorana, rikakiranga,
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rikagitandukanya n’ibindi bintu bihuje ubwoko. Amazina bwite ni amagambo avuga ikintu kimwe kihariye kitari rusange.
Ingero:Kinazi,karenzi,taba,kayonza
Uturango tw’amazina rusange n’amazina bwiteAmazina rusange n’amazina bwite yose ni amazina, ariko atandukanira ku nyito
yayo. Amazina rusange mu nyandiko atangirwa n’inyuguti nto, ashobora no kujya
mu bwinshi, mu gihe amazina bwite avuga umuntu, ahantu cyangwa ikindi kiswe
by‘umwihariko, mu nyandiko agatangizwa inyuguti nkuru, kandi muri rusangentagire ubwinshi.Umwitozo ku mazina bwite n’amazina rusange
Erekana amazina bwite n’amazina rusange ari muri izi nteruro.
a) Umuryango ugizwe n’umugabo, umugore we n’abana babyaranye.
b) Utazi akaraye i Fumbwe araza ifu.
c) Abakobwa bajyanye na Kagoyire ku isoko bahura na Kagenzi ari kumwe na
Rukundo.
d) Gasore akina umupira bigashimisha.7
Umwandiko: Imibanire y'abagize umuryango
Hari mu gitondo cyo ku wa Mbere, aho buri wese mu muryango wacu yabadutse
yitegura kujya ku murimo, nyuma y’iminsi ibiri y’ikiruhuko gisoza icyumweru.
Musaza wange yarabyutse abanza gushigisha igikoma, akubura mu rugo hanyuma
ajya kwiyuhagira kugira ngo age ku ishuri asa neza. Imyenda y’ishuri ye nari naraye
nyimutunganyirije mu gihe yari mu gikoni, afasha mama gutegura amafunguro
y’umugoroba. Mama we yabyutse mu ruturuturu ajya gushaka ubwatsi inka yacu
Musengo yirirwa irya.
Nge nari nazindutse njya kugemura amagi kwa Karisa, umucuruzi wakoreraga
nko muri kirometero imwe uvuye iwacu, mvuyeyo njya kwisukura kugira ngo nge
ku ishuri. Mu gihe ntararangiza kwambara, numva data aravugana n’umuntu hafi
y'urugo. Maze gushyiramo umwenda w’ishuri ndasohoka mbasanga hanze. Nabanje
gusuhuza umushyitsi, hanyuma mbaza data uwo ari we. Yambwiye ko ari umufundi
maze nkoma agatima ku mushinga ababyeyi bacu bari baratubwiyeho.
Hari hashize iminsi ibiri data aduteranyirije hamwe, hanyuma atubwira umushinga
yari yatekereje wo kwagura inzu twabagamo. Twese twemeraga ko inzu twarimo
yari nto, ariko tukibaza aho tuzaba igihe irimo kuvugururwa. Data yavugaga ko
twasemberera ku baturanyi, natwe abana tukumva nta cyo bitwaye cyanecyane
ko abaturanyi bacu twari tubanye neza, dusangira akabisi n’agahiye. Mama we
yumvaga gusembera bitaba byiza, byabangamira abaturanyi kandi natwe bikadutera
ipfunwe. Mama yatanze igitekerezo cyo kubanza kubaka akazu ko mu rugo, kakuzura
tukakajyamo maze tukabona kuvugurura inini. Igitekerezo ke cyaremejwe. Uwo
mufundi rero yari aje gupima aho akazu ko mu rugo kazubakwa.
Narasezeye njya kwiga, ngenda nibuka ko ngomba gutaha kare, ngahura na musaza8
igihe ari we wita ku by’ubuhinzi n’amatungo, abana tukita ku mirimo yo mu rugo,
igihe tutari ku ishuri, naho data we igihe ke yari agiye kugiharira iby’ubwubatsi.
Numvaga bishimishije uburyo twari twaragabanye imirimo, nkumva mfite ishyaka
ryo kurangiza neza inshingano zange zo kwiga no gukora imirimo yo mu rugo.
Nzi neza ko musaza wange atazamvunisha kuko iwacu nta mirimo iharirwa
abahungu cyangwa ngo iharirwe abakobwa. Ibyo byose kandi tubikora ari na ko
twigishwa ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere tukiri bato, bikadufasha kumenya
imihindagurikire y’imibiri yacu uko tugenda twigira imbere mu myaka ndetse n’uko
twabyifatamo. Iwacu twatojwe imibanire myiza mu muryango.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Inama ivugwa ko yari imaze iminsi ibaye muri uyu muryango yavugaga ku biki ?
2. Umushyitsi uvugwa muri iyi nkuru ni muntu ki?
3. Kuba muri ruriya rugo nta mirimo iharirwa abahungu cyangwa abakobwa
bigaragaza iki?
4. Sobanura uko imibanire ya bariya bavandimwe yifashe.
5. Gereranya imibanire y'abagize uriya muryango n'iy'abagize umuryango wawe,
n'undi muryango umwe mu yo muturanye.II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko:
a) Mu ruturuturu b) Nkoma agatima c) Kwagura
d) Twasemberera e) Ipfunwe f) Ishyaka2. Shaka imbusane z'amagambo akurikira:
a) Hanze b) Gusuhuza c) Cyaremejwe
d) Narasezeye e) BishimishijeIII. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje igisobanuro n’aya
akurikira; nurangiza uyakoreshe mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye.a) Aduhurije hamwe b) Ayingororeye c) Twumvikanaga
d) Ikimwaro e) Umwubatsi f) Ntekereza
g) Ubushake9
IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Vuga insanganyamatsiko ikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Garagaza uko ubona izo ngingo zihura n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi.V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Insanganyamatsiko: Ni izihe ngamba zafatwa mu rwego rwo guteza imbere
ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango?Inteko z'amazina
1. Mu gihe ntararangiza kwambara ngo nge kwiga, numva data aravugana n’umuntu
hafi y'urugo, ambwira ko ari umufundi.
2. Nkoma agatima ku mushinga twari twaraganiriyeho n’ababyeyi.
3. Buri wese mu muryango wacu yabadutse yitegura kujya ku murimo.
4. Hari hashize iminsi mike tubiganiriyeho.
5. Imyenda y’ishuri ya musaza wange nari naraye nyimutereye ipasi.
6. Nge nari nazindutse njya kugemura amagi.
7. Mu gitondo buri wese yiteguraga kujya ku murimo, nyuma y’ikiruhuko gisoza
icyumweru.
8. Ibitekerezo byacu byahurije ku kwanga gusembera.
9. Data atubwira umushinga yari yatekereje wo kwagura inzu twabagamo.10
10. Numvaga mfite ishyaka ryo kurangiza neza inshingano zange.
11. Kuvugurura inzu byatubereye urubanza rukomeye.
12. Mama yatanze igitekerezo cyo kubanza kubaka akazu ko mu rugo, kakuzura
tukaba tukagiyemo.
13. Iyo abantu bari mu gikorwa cyo gusana inzu bahura n’utubazo twinshi.
14. Mama we yabyutse mu ruturuturu ajya gushaka ubwatsi.
15. Iyo bakata urwondo ukuguru kurahababarira.
16. Ahantu hubakwa inzu hagomba gusuzumwa no gutegurwa neza.Inshoza y’inteko z’amazina
Mu Kinyarwanda amazina afite uko agenda yisanisha ava mu nteko iyi n’iyi akajya
mu yindi. Amazina yisanisha mu buryo bumwe arema interuro mbonezamvugo
idakocamye, ivugitse neza kabone n’ubwo yaba ivuga ibidashoboka.Urugero:
– Insina ngufi ni yo icibwabo urukoma
– Inkoni ngufi ni yo icibwabo urukoma
– Inka ngufi ni yo icibwabo urukoma
– Inyoni ngufi ni yo icibwabo urukomaAmagambo insina, inkoni, inka, inyoni yose ahuje inteko kuko yisanisha mu buryo
bumwe kandi gusimburana mu nteruro imwe bituma interuro ikomeza kumvikana.
Inteko z’amazina mu Kinyarwanda ni cumi n’esheshatu (16) zirangwa n’indanganteko
cumi n’esheshatu z’amazina.Uturango tw’inteko z’amazina
Inteko z’amazina zirangwa n’indanganteko cumi n’esheshatu. Indanganteko ni
ko karemajambo k’izina kagaragaza inteko iryo zina ribarizwamo. Mu nteruro,
amagambo menshi yisanisha n’izina afata indanganteko y’iryo zina ho indangasano.
Izina ni ijambo ngengamasano mu nteruro.
Urugero:
– Ikibindi kinini kiraboneka turakibona.
– Urugi rugari ruraboneka turarubona.11
Urutonde rw’inteko z’amazina, indanganteko, ingero z’amazina ahuje inteko
n’isanisha.
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Umwitozo ku nteko z’amazina
Mu mbonerahamwe y’urutonde rw’inteko z’amazina wabonye ongeramo izindi ngero
ebyiri z’amazina wihitiyemo kuri buri nteko.Ubumwe n’ubwinshi by’amazina
Itegereze interuro wahawe, amazina yanditse mu ibara ry’umukara tsiri uyavanguremo
amazina avuga ikintu kimwe rukumbi n’andi avuga ibintu birenze kimwe.
a) Hari nyuma y’iminsi ibiri y’ikiruhuko gisoza icyumweru.
b) Mama yagombaga kwita ku by’ubuhinzi n’amatungo, abana tukita ku mirimo
yo mu rugo, igihe tutari ku ishuri.
c) Gusembera byabangamira abaturanyi kandi natwe bikadutera ipfunwe.
d) Umwana ararya umuneke munini.
e) Inka zabyaye utunyana twiza.
f) Umuco w’amahoro ni mwiza naho agasuzuguro kakaba kabi.
h) Iyo umuntu anyoye amata hari amafu yumva ashize inyota.Inshoza y’ubumwe n’ubwinshi by’amazina
Ubumwe cyangwa ubwinshi by’amazina y’Ikinyarwanda bugaragazwa n’inteko
z’amazina ayo mazina arimo. Ni ukuvuga ko hari inteko z’ubumwe hakaba n’inteko
z’ubwinshi. Ubumwe bivuga ikintu kimwe cyonyine na ho ubwinshi bisobanura ibintu
birenze kimwe (iyo bibarika).
Amenshi mu mazina y’Ikinyarwanda ajya mu nteko iyi n’iyi mu bumwe, mu bwinshi
akajya mu yindi nteko izwi.13
Ikitonderwa:
a) Hari amazina yo mu nt. 11 afata ubwinshi mu nt. 10, nt. 6 n’inteko ya 14.
Ingero: urudodo : indodo
urura : amara, ubura
b) Hari amazina yo mu nt. 14 afata ubwinshi mu nt. 6 cyangwa akaguma mu
nt. 14.
Ingero: Ubwato: ubwato, amato
c) Hari amazina yo mu nt. 9 afata ubwinshi mu nt. 10 cyangwa mu nt. 6.
Ingero: Isake : isake, amasake
d) Hari amazina mu nteko z’ubumwe, ariko atajya mu nteko z’ubwinshi.
Ingero:
– Ubumwe – Urubura – Agasuzuguro
– Ukuri – Ubwinshi – Ubutabera
Amenshi muri ayo mazina avuga ibintu bitabarika.14
Umwitozo ku bumwe n’ubwinshi by’amazina
1. Shyira mu bwinshi interuro zikurikira ku buryo zikomeza kuba
mbonezamvugo.
a) Umwana mwiza yiga mu ishuri bamugeneye.
b) Ikibindi cyacu gisize urwondo rw’urugina.
c) Ahantu ho kubakwa inzu hagomba gutegurwa neza.
2. Erekana amazina ari mu bwinshi n’ari mu bumwe mu nteruro
zikurikira.
a) Abagenzi basabwa kugendana amakenga mu rugendo.
b) Akabando k’iminsi gacibwa kare kakabikwa kure.
c) Iyo umurima uhingiwe igihe kandi ugahingwa neza wera imyaka
myinshi.Inshamake y’ibyizwe muri uyu mutwe wa mbere
Imyandiko yasomwe itwumvisha ko ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ridutoza
kubahana mu muryango no kuzuza inshingano za buri muntu. Yaba umwana, yaba
umubyeyi akamenya ibyo agomba gukora ngo umuryango we ubeho neza kandi
mu bwisanzure busesuye.
Nanone hifashishijwe ingero zivuye muri iyo myandiko, twatahuye ko:
Izina mbonera ari izina ry’umwimerere kandi risanzwe mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda.
Amazina rusange avuga ibintu muri rusange nta mwihariko uriho kandi mu
nyandiko agatangirwa n’inyuguti nto; mu gihe amazina bwite yo avuga ikintu
kimwe kihariye nk’umuntu, ahantu cyangwa ikindi gifashwe by’umwihariko kandi
mu nyandiko agatangirwa n’inyuguti nkuru.
Ukurikije uko amazina rusange y’Ikinyarwanda agenda yisanisha mu nteruro,
usanga yibumbiye mu matsinda 16 bita inteko z’amazina. Amazina ahuje inteko
yisanisha mu buryo bumwe kandi akarema interuro mbonezamvugo.
Amazina avuga ikintu kimwe rukumbi aba yerekana ubumwe mu gihe amazina
avuga ibintu birenze kimwe yo aba yerekana ubwinshi.15
Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango no mu mibanire
y’abantu
Igihe cyahise ari kirekire umugore atagira ijambo mu rugo ndetse n’ahandi mu
buzima busanzwe. Abantu bakabona ari uko bimeze, bakabifata batyo bikaba
akarande. Uko iminsi ihita indi igataha iyo myumvire yagiye ihinduka, abantu babona
ko ari ngombwa ko umugore na we ahabwa ijambo akagira uruhare mu iterambere
ry’umuryango. Leta y'u Rwanda na yo yarabihagurukiye ishyiraho amategeko aha
abantu bose amahirwe n’uburenganzira bingana nta vangura rishingiye ku gitsina
ribayeho.
Ubu iyo witegereje iwacu mu ngo usanga umugore yarahawe ijambo. Agira uruhare
mu igenamigambi ry’urugo, akajya inama n’umugabo we mu bijyanye n’imicungire
y’umutungo, bagafatanya kurebera hamwe icyazamura urugo rwabo. Bakungurana
ibitekerezo ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, bakumvikana uko bakwiriye
gufatanya kurera urubyaro rwabo no kuruteganyiriza ibyangombwa ruzakenera
mu buzima.
Ku bijyanye n’imirimo y’urugo na ho usanga barebera hamwe uburyo urugo rwatera
imbere hatabayeho kuvunishanya, ngo usange umugore ari we uharirwa imirimo
iyi n’iyi umugabo yiyicariye kandi na we yayikora; ahubwo ubu usanga bajya inama
bakuzuzanya kandi ibintu bikagenda neza. Mu gihe kera wasangaga atari ko bimeze;
ahubwo umugore yarafatwaga nk’umucakara mu rugo, agakora ibyo ategetswe
n’umugabo nta ruhare agira mu micungire y’urugo. Abana na bo basigaye batozwa
imirimo yose nta vangura cyangwa itonesha.
Aho ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye riherewe agaciro mu muryango, usanga
abantu bagerageza gusa n’abashyira ku munzani bakarebera hamwe uko umuryango
wagira iterambere. Kuko igihe cyose hatajya habura abatsimbarara ku bitarimo ukuri,
abantu babijyaho impaka bakareba uko bimeze.
Si mu rugo gusa kandi , kuko iyo urebye no mu buzima muri rusange ubona ko byari
bikwiye ko igitsina gore gihabwa agaciro. Urebye nko mu mashuri, kera wasangaga
ababyeyi bafite imyumvire y’uko umuhungu ari we ugomba kwiga gusa naho
umukobwa akaguma mu rugo akora ya mirimo yose. Ugasanga ahubwo bihutiye
kumushyingira imburagihe, bakanamushyingira uwo atagize uruhare mu gukunda,
bityo wa muruho ukaba uratangiye.
Ubu n’abakobwa bariga kandi bagatsinda kimwe na basaza babo. Iyo barangije
amashuri kandi bakora imirimo yabo neza uko bikwiye, bagateza igihugu imbere.
Ndetse akenshi usanga banakora neza kurenza basaza babo, cyanecyane ko bakorana
ubwitonzi, ubushishozi n’amakenga. Erega n’ubundi abareba kure bavuze ko ujijuye16
umugore aba ajijuye umuryango w’abantu muri rusange. Ibi kubijyaho impaka rwose
byaba ari ukwigiza nkana.
Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ni ingenzi mu iterambere ry’umuryango n’igihugu muri
rusange, kuko budakuraho inshingano za buri wese mu buzima; ahubwo bufasha
abantu gushyigikirana no gutahiriza umugozi umwe, maze iterambere rikihuta.I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko:
1. Gereranya uko umugore yafatwaga kera n’uko bimeze ubu mu muryango
nyarwanda.
2. Rondora ibyerekana ko umugore yahawe uruhare mu iterambere ry’umuryango.
3. Ni uruhe ruhare rwa Leta mu guteza imbere uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye?
4. Ugendeye ku mwandiko wavuga iki ku nshingano z’abagize umuryango muri iki
gihe?
5. Vuga ku bijyanye n’imyigire ku muhungu n’umukobwa ugereranya ibyo mu gihe
cya kera n’iby’ubu.
6. Ngo: “Ujijuye umugore aba ajijuye umuryango w’abantu muri rusange”. Gira icyo
ubivugaho mu magambo make.II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko, nurangiza uyakoreshe mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye.
a) Akarande b) Umucakara c) Indakoreka
d) Imburagihe e) Amakenga
2. Tanga imbusane z'amagambo akurikira
a) Itonesha b) Gihabwa c) Bagateza imbere
d) Ubwitonzi e) Kure a) Rikihuta
3. Garagaza amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko ahuje igisobanuro
n’aya akurikira
a) Uko ibihe biha ibindi
b) Bagashyira hamwe
c) Uherezwaho
d) Bikamukurikirana17
III. Ikibonezamvugo
1. Tahura amazina mbonera gakondo ari muri izi nteruro ugaragaze
n’inteko yayo.a) Mbere na mbere haremwe ijuru n’isi.
b) Umugore n’umugabo bakwiriye kuzuzanya.
c) Abakobwa n’abahungu bahabwe amahirwe angana mu bintu byose.2. Erekana amazina bwite n’amazina rusange ari muri izi nteruro.
a) Kanyamibwa, Kamana na Muyoboke ni abahungu b’abavandimwe
bakunda mushiki wabo Murekatete.
b) Kibeho ikunda gusurwa n’abantu benshi.
c) Ibyanya by’inyamaswa mu Rwanda ni bitatu. Hari icy’Akagera, ik’Ibirunga
n’icya Nyungwe.3. a) Amazina yandikishije inyuguti z’umukara tsiri ari mu zihe nteko?
Ni akahe karemajambo ka buri zina muri aya kerekana iyo nteko.
– Ikigori keze kiraryoha.
– Amashuri y’abana bawe ari kure y’urugo.
– Umutwe umwe ntiwigira inama.
– Iyo uruzi rujya ni yo amabuye agana.
b) Tanga ingero ebyirebyiri z’amazina kuri buri nteko muri izi
zikurikira.
Nt.3, 5, 8, 10, n’iya 12.
4. Shyira mu bwinshi interuro zikurikira ku buryo zikomeza kuba
mbonezamvugo.
a) Amavuta y’umugabo ni amuraye ku mubiri.
b) Ibuye rimeneka urwondo rugisukuma.
c) Inkoni ivuna igufwa ntivura ingeso.
d) Urukwavu rukuze rwonka abana.
e) Ubwato bw’Abanyamerika buri mu nyanja.18
Ibiyobyabwenge ni inzoga z’inkorano, ibyatsi binyobwa nk’itabi, ibyo bashoreza,
ibikorerwa mu nganda bakabyitera mu nshinge cyangwa bakabinywa mu binini.
Usanga ahanini urubyiruko ari rwo rwiganje mu gukoresha ibyo biyobyabwenge.
Ese kuki babifata? Izo mpamvu se zifite ishingiro? Ni izihe ngaruka ibiyobyabwenge
bigira ku buzima bw’ababifata? Ngibyo ibibazo abantu bibaza, tukaba tugiye kurebera
hamwe ibisubizo byabyo.
Bamwe mu bafata ibiyobyabwenge bavuga ko babiterwa no gushaka kwibagirwa
ibibazo bafite. Bemeza ko kunywa urumogi, kanyanga cyangwa kokayine bituma
urenga imihangayiko y’iyi si, ukigira mu yindi si y’umunezero. Iyo mihangayiko
urubyiruko rushaka kwiyibagiza akenshi iba ishingiye ku buzima babayeho
batabasha guha ikerekezo. Bamwe baba batabasha kwakira amakimbirane ari
hagati y’ababyeyi babo, abandi bafite ababyeyi badafite icyo babamariye, abandi
na bo bashaka kwivumbura ku gitsure cy’ababyeyi babahozaho ijisho, abandi na bo
kubera ubupfubyi n’ubukene bibarembeje, bagahitamo kwiyahuza ibiyobyabwenge19
Nyamara ntibamenya ko kubyishoramo ahubwo birushaho kwangiza ubuzima
bwabo no kumunga umutungo bityo umuco wo kuzigama ukaba urahadindiriye. Hari
n’abanywa ibiyobyabwenge kugira ngo bahuze imico na bagenzi babo bagendana.
Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko ni nyinshi. Ibiyobyabwenge byica ubwonko,
bigatuma imitekerereze y’ubinywa ihinduka, ntiyitware nk’umuntu usanzwe.
Umwana unywa ibiyobyabwenge ntaba acyumvira abamurera n’abamugira inama.
Ibyo gutekereza ejo hazaza he ntibiba bikimushishikaje, ntanabona umwanya wo
kubitekerezaho. Iyo ari mu ishuri, ntashobora kwiga ngo atsinde. Bene uwo mwana
nta cyo atinya, ni yo mpamvu uzamusanga mu bikorwa by’urugomo n’iby’urukozasoni
nk’ubwambuzi, ubujura, ubusinzi, ubusambanyi n’ibindi bikorwa byose by’urugomo.
Bene abo bana babera umutwaro abo babana kuko imyitwarire yabo iba idahwitse,
ugasanga baraciye ukubiri n’umuco w’amahoro no kurangwa n’indangagaciro
z’Abanyarwanda.Kubera ko ibiyobyabwenge byigarurira umutima w’umuntu, kubireka biba
ingorabahizi iyo umuntu yabyimenyereje, ni byiza ko urubyiruko rwakwirinda
ibishuko byose birushora mu biyobyabwenge. Bakwiye kumenya guhitamo
inshuti bagendana, bakirinda kugirana agakungu n’abazwiho ingeso yo kunywa
ibiyobyabwenge. Kunywa ibiyobyabwenge si ikintu cyo kwitoza ahubwo ni ingeso
mbi yo kugendera kure. Uyigaragayeho aba akeneye kugezwa ku nzego zamufasha
kuyicikaho nka porisi y'Igihugu n'izindi.
Biragaragara ko ibiyobyabwenge ari ikibazo mu rubyiruko. N’ubwo bamwe mu
basore n’inkumi banywa ibiyobyabwenge bibwira ko bakemura ibibazo byo kubura
ikerekezo cy’ubuzima, usanga ahubwo kubinywa birushaho gutuma umuntu ata
umurongo ahazaza he hakangirika. Aho kwigirira akamaro, kukagirira umuryango
we n’Igihugu, agahinduka umutwaro. Urubyiruko ubwarwo n’abarushinzwe bakwiye
gufata ingamba mu gukumira ibiyobyabwenge mu bana b’u Rwanda.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Vuga amoko y’ibiyobyabwenge yavuzwe mu mwandiko
2. Ibiyobyabwenge binyobwa gute?
3. Bamwe mu banywa ibiyobyabwenge bagerageza gushaka impamvu zo kubinywa.
Izo mpamvu batanga ni nk’izihe?
4. Ese impamvu zitangwa n’abanywa ibiyobyabwenge zifite ishingiro ? sobanura
igisubizo cyawe.
5. Ni iyihe myitwarire iranga umwana unywa ibiyobyabwenge?
6. Ni iyihe ngaruka igaragara iyo ibiyobyabwenge bimaze kwigarurira umutima
w’umuntu?20
7. Erekana ingaruka zo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ku mubiri w’ubifata ndetse no ku
buzima bw’abantu muri rusange.
8. Ubona ari iki cyakorwa ngo ibiyobyabwenge bicike mu rubyiruko.II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Shaka impuzanyito z' amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko
a) Gushoreza b) Imihangayiko c) Ikerekezo
d) Amakimbirane e) Ingorabahizi f) Agakungu
g) Gukumira2. Shaka imbusane z' amagambo akurikira:
a) Kwibagirwa b) Imihangayiko c) Abamugira inama
d) Ejo hazazaII. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye.
a) Guha umurongo b) Bibagose c) Inkurikizi
d) Ingorabahizi e) Gukumira2. Huza amagambo yo mu ruhande rw’ibumoso n’ibisobanuro bijyanye
na yo byo mu ruhande rw’iburyo
III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
21
1. Vuga insanganyamatsiko ikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Garagaza uburyo ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge ryadindiza umuco wo
kuzigama?
4. Ibivugwa mu mwandiko hari aho bihuriye n’ubuzima bwacu bwa buri
munsiIV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Insanganyamatsiko:
a) Ku bwawe ubona ari nk’izihe ngamba zafatwa mu kurwanya ikwirakwizwa
n’ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge mu bana b’u Rwanda?
b) Urubyiruko rucuruza rukananywa ibiyobyabwenge aho gukemura ibibazo
rwiyumvamo rusubiza inyuma iterambere kuko umuco wo kuzigama
uhadindirira, basahura imiryango yabo. Wowe ubyumva ute?Uturemajambo tw'izina
a) Mu biyobyabwenge habamo n’iby’ibyatsi.
b) Umwana unywa ibiyobyabwenge ntiyumvira abamurera.
c) Aborozi bakurikiza inama bahabwa n’abavuzi b’amatungo.
d) Umushyitsi bamwakiranye ubwuzu.
e) Kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ni icyaha gihanwa n’amategeko y’u Rwanda.
f) Baca umugani ngo: “Agasaza kamwera akandi kuzakamwa.”22
g) Urutoki rwacu rurimo insina nyinshi.
h) Inzira ntibwira umugenzi; sinari nzi ko mbura imfunguzo ngo nkingure
mfate impamba yange imbeba zitarayintanga.
i) Umwana w’imfura aruhira indabo mu busitani bw’umuhinzi.
j) Mu bikoresho by’abanyeshuri habamo n’impapuro.
k) Impyisi y’iwanyu ikurya ikurundarunda.Uko bashaka uturemajambo tw’izina
Iyo dushaka uturemajambo tw’izina, dukoresha uburyo bw’igoragoza, ijambo
rikagenda rihindurirwa inteko z’amazina ryisanisha muri buri nteko. Igoragoza
rigaragaza intego y’amagambo. Ni ukuvuga ko rigaragaza uturemajambo tuyagize.Amazina y’uturemajambo tw’izina
Ubusanzwe izina mbonera mu Kinyarwanda rigira uturemajambo dutatu ari two:
indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi. Intego y’izina ni D-RT-C. Izina iryo ari ryo ryose
rifite iyo ntego, ariko hari amazina adafite indanganteko igaragara bityo mu mwanya
w’indanganteko hagashyirwamo ikimenyetso cya φ.
Indomo: Indomo ni inyajwi itangira amazina mu Kinyarwanda. Mu Kinyarwanda
inyajwi zishobora kuba indomo ni eshatu gusa ari zo: a, i na u. Kugira ngo indomo
iboneke hakoreshwa ijambo “nta”cyangwa indangahantu “mu” imbere y’amazina,
hashobora no gukoreshwa ikibazo “ki” inyuma y’ayo mazina. Icyo gihe inyajwi
itangira izina iratakara. Iyo nyajwi itakara ni yo bita "indomo"
Urugero: nta kigori, mu kabuye, wa kigori we, tubabi ki? Inyajwi i, a na u zatakaye.
Bityo rero inyajwi zatakaye kuri aya magambo ni zo ndomo zayo.
Indanganteko: Indanganteko ni akaremajambo k’izina kagaragaza inteko y’iryo
zina. Mu Kinyarwanda indanganteko ni cumi n’esheshatu ari zo: mu, ba, mu, mi,
ri, ma, ki, bi, n, n, ru, ka, tu, bu, ku, ha. Mu nteruro amagambo menshi yisanisha
n’izina agafata indanganteko y’iryo zina ho indangasano. Bivuze ko indangasano iba
isa n'indanganteko y'izina. Icyo gihe amagambo yose yisanisha na ryo kuko aba
ari ryo rigenga amasano.
Urugero: ikigori kiza kinini nakibonye kiraryoshye
Igicumbi: Iyo tugoragoza izina turisanisha mu nteko zinyuranye hari igice
kidahinduka, kandi icyo gice ni cyo iryo zina riba rishingiyeho. Icyo gice kidahinduka
ni cyo twita igicumbi.Uruger: ikigori (nt.7), akagori (nt.12), utugori (nt.13), urugori (nt.11), ibigori
(nt. 8). Igice kitahindutse ni “gori” ni ukuvuga ko igicumbi k’ijambo ikigori ari “gori”.23
Amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyanye n’inyajwi n’ajyanye n’ingombajwi
Inshoza y’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
Ubusanzwe akaremajambo ni akanyabumwe gato katagira inyito yihagije, katiyunze
n’utundi turemajambo. Igenamajwi rero ni umutwe w’ikibonezamvugo wiga uko
amajwi agize uturemajambo ahinduka iyo ahuriye mu ijambo cyangwa hagati
y’amagambo.Ntabwo tuvuga dukurikije uturemajambo:
Urebye uturemajambo tugize ijambo ukatugereranya n’uko tuvuga, wasanga hari
amajwi ashobora:
– guhinduka andi: u yahindutse w, t yahindutse d, y yahindutse z
– kuburizwamo: a yaburijwemo
Tugendeye ku ngero twihaye, twakwibaza igihe u ihinduka w, t igahinduka d, naho
a ikaburizwamo. Igisubizo ni uko u ihinduka w iyo iri imbere y’inyajwi, t igahinduka
d iri imbere y’ingombajwi na ho a iburizwamo iyo iri imbere y’inyajwi.Ibimenyetso n’impine bikoreshwa
Dore ibimenyetso by’amategeko y’igenamajwi bikoreshwa n’uko bisomwa:
a) J: iki kimenyetso gisomwa «Inyajwi»
b) GR: iki kimenyetso gisomwa «Ingombajwi y’indagi»
c) → : ihinduka
Urugero: i → y: i ihinduka y
u →w: u ihinduka w
d) +: na cyangwa ikurikiwe na
Urugero: a + i: a na i cyangwa a ikurikiwe na i
e) /: iki kimenyetso gisomwa «Iyo»
Urugero: i → y/…: i ihinduka y iyo…
t → d /…: t ihinduka d iyo…24
f) -: iki kimenyetso cy’akanyerezo kerekana umwanya ijwi rihinduka ryari ririmo.
Ni ukuvuga imbere cyangwa inyuma y’irindi jwi runaka.
Urugero: y → z / n-: y ihinduka z iyo iri inyuma ya n
i → y/ - J: i ihinduka y iyo iri imbere y’inyajwi
g) φ: iki kimenyetso gisomwa «iburizwamo»
Urugero: a → φ/ - J: a iburizwamo iyo iri imbere y’inyajwi
t → φ / n-s: t iburizwamo iyo iri hagati ya n na sImbonerahamwe y’amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyanye n’inyajwi
n’ajyanye n’ingombajwi
Ikitonderwa:
Aya mategeko, uhereye ku rya mbere ukageza ku rya gatandatu ajyanye n’inyajwi
naho andi asigaye ajyanye n’ingombajwi25
Umwitozo ku turemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi
Garagaza uturemajambo (intego) tw’amazina yanditse mu nyuguti z’umukara
tsiri mu nteruro zikurikira n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe (mu mpine).1) Imfubyi yumvira mu rusaku.
2) Iyo umuntu agize ubwoba bwinshi avuza induru.
3) Akebo kajya iwa Mugarura.
4) Abantu bose bakwiye kwirinda no gukumira ubwandu bw’agakoko gatera sida.
Umuvugo: Mucyo turwanye ibiyobyabwenge
26
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Kuki dukwiriye kwamagana ibiyobyabwenge?
2. Erekana ingeso mbi ziterwa no kunywa ibiyobyabwenge zagaragajwe muri uyu
mwandiko?
3. Ni izihe ngaruka mbi mu muryango nyarwanda zivugwa mu mwandiko zituruka
ku biyobyabwenge?
4. Ubundi mu Rwanda ibiyobyabwenge bikoreshwa n’urubyiruko gusa? Sobanura
igisubizo cyawe.
5. Ni ubuhe buryo batubwira twatangamo umusanzu mu kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge?
6. Uyu mwandiko uhuriye he n’ubuzima busanzwe?II. Inyunguramagambo:
1. Shaka impuzanyito z'amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko:
a) Rwanda rw’ejo b) Umunyenga c) Mukaba isandi
d) Mugasizora e) Ubwangwe f) Guhekura
g) Byogatsindwa2. Shaka imbusane z'aya magambo akurikira:
a) Ibisenya
b) Kumena ibanga
c) Kwerekeza amashuri
d) Kubirwanya
e) Guhishira27
II. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje igisobanuro n’aya
akurikira; nurangiza uyakoreshe mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye.
a) Mugakabya b) Mugahindana c) Abavuzi
d) Urubyiruko e) Umusanzu f) Kugira ibangaIII. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki? Utaniye he n’indi myandiko dusanzwe dusoma?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka tubona muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Gereranya ubuzima bw’abantu tubona umunsi ku wundi n’ibivugwa mu
mwandiko.
4. Uretse ingaruka zavuzwe mu mwandiko ni izihe ngaruka zindi waba uzi zituruka
ku kunywa ibiyobyabwengeIV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Insanganyamatsiko: Nta ngamba zishobora kubuza ibiyobyabwenge gusakara mu
bana b’u Rwanda
28
Umuvugo
Inshoza y’umuvugo
Umuvugo ni igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo kinogeye amatwi kubera injyana
yumvikanamo. Umuvugo kandi ni ubwoko bw’umwandiko w’ubuvanganzo
ukoreshejwemo imvugo ijimije yiganjemo tw’ikeshamvugo uvuga ku muntu cyangwa
ikintu runaka.
Uturango tw’umuvugo
Umuvugo ni ubwoko bw’umwandiko w’ubuvanganzo urangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
– Umuvugo uba ufite injyana ku buryo uwumva anyurwa amatwi.
– Uba wanditse mu mikarago; si interuro zisanzwe nk’izo mu yindi myandiko.
– Buri mukarago utangizwa n’inyuguti nkuru.
– Ukoresha imvugo ijimije kandi itatse inganzo.
– Ku bijyanye n’ikivugwaho usanga uvuga ku nsanganyamatsiko, ku muntu cyangwa
ikintu runaka.Umwitozo ku muvugo
Imyandiko yasomwe itwumvisha ko ibiyobyabwenge bigira ingaruka mbi ku
rubyiruko, zirimo kurwangiriza ubuzima no kudindiza iterambere ry’igihugu .
Bityo, buri wese akaba asabwa kwamagana ababikoresha cyangwa ababicuruza
yababona akabimenyesha inzego z’umutekano.
Nanone hifashishijwe ingero zivuye muri iyo myandiko twatahuye ko :
Iyo bashaka uturemajambo(intego) tw’amazina hari amajwi agenda ahinduka
ugereranyije n’izina basesenguye, ubibonye mu ijambo asesengura akagaragaza
amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe ashingiye ku nyajwi cyangwa ku ngombajwi.29
Umuvugo ni igihangano (ubwoko bw’umwandiko) cy’ubuvanganzo kivuga ku
nsanganyamatsiko, ku muntu cyangwa ikintu runaka. Urangwa no kuba ufite injyana,
wanditse mu mikarago itangizwa buri gihe inyuguti nkuru kandi ukoreshejwemo
imvugo ijimije yiganjemo ikeshamvugo.
Umwandiko: Ibiyobyabwenge byibasiye urubyiruko
Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge buherutse gufata icyumweru bufatanya n’abayobozi
b’ibigo by'amashuri gukangurira urubyiruko kwirinda ibiyobyabwenge. Intero yari
ukwirinda ibiyobyabwenge kuko byica. Byaravuzwe cyane kugeza n’aho buri murezi
mbere yo gutangira isomo afata akanya gato akavuga ku bubi bw‘ibiyobyabwenge.
Twe ariko ntitwabihaga agaciro kuko tutiyumvishaga ko hari umunyeshuri wanywa
ibiyobyabwenge.Twatangiye kubikeka tubonye bamwe mu bana twiganaga batangiye kugaragaza
imico idasanzwe. Hari umwana witwaga Mugabo, yigeze kuza ku ishuri yakererewe,
ageze ku muryango mugari uturuka ku muhanda akora ibintu bitangaje. Umusaza uba
uri ku muryango yaramubajije ati: “Wakerejwe n’iki?” Undi aho kumusubiza afunga
igipfunsi ngo aramusuhuza. Umusaza biramuyobera. Mu gihe akibyibazaho umusore
wawe yungamo ati: “Ntunteze abantu.” Umusaza arabanza aramukosora agira ngo
ntiyari abizi ati: “Mu Kinyarwanda baramukanya bagira bati: “Amashyo, muraho,
mwaramutse cyangwa mwiriwe. Ibyo bigaterwa n’aho amasaha ageze cyangwa igihe
mumaze mudaherukana”. Umusaza aramureka aratambuka ariko aramwihanangiriza
ngo ntazongere gukererwa.Mu by’ukuri Mugabo akigera mu mwaka wa mbere w'amashuri yisumbuye, yari
umunyeshuri w’intangarugero. Byahindutse mu kanya gato. Mugabo yongeye gufatwa
yatorotse ikigo amasaha yo gutaha ataragera. Umuyobozi amuhamagaza mu biro
bye, akimukubita amaso ahita yibuka ko n’amaraporo menshi amugeraho yibanda
cyane ku myitwarire ya Mugabo. Ngo asigaye aseka ubusa mu ishuri, ngo iyo atarimo
gusakuza arasinzira, ngo yasubiye inyuma mu mitsindire n’ibindi. Yahise amukora
mu mufuka w’ipantaro amusangana agacupa karimo inzoga y'inkorano.
Inama yahise iterana igitaraganya. Umwe mu bari aho ati: “Uyu mwana
twaramurangaranye. Igihe yahinduraga imyitwarire, tuba twaramugiriye inama
tukamukebura amazi atararenga inkombe”. Agize ngo aritsa ijambo, undi ati: “Mbere
yo gufata umwanzuro murebe ko nta bandi babisangira.”Hakurikiyeho gusaka basanga urubyiruko rwarashize; ngizo waragi, ngiryo itabi!
Hari n’utuyoga babonye dufunze mu dushashi; bafashe abanyeshuri basaga batanu.
Kwirukana Mugabo byahise bihagarara basanga ikihutirwa ari ugufata abanyeshuri30
bose bakabagira inama. Badusobanuriye ko ibiyobyabwenge bitera indwara, harimo
umuvuduko w’amaraso n’izo mu mutwe. Banatubwiye ko ibiyobyabwenge bitera
urugomo, batubwira ko kandi bitera n’ubuswa mu ishuri. Zimwe muri izo ngaruka
mbi twari twaranaziboneye. Abo banyeshuri bafatanywe ibiyobyabwenge bose bari
barasubiye inyuma ku buryo bugaragara.Nyuma y’ikiganiro abafatanywe ibiyobyabwenge barahanwe by’intangarugero ndetse
uwajyaga abizana ku ishuri yaje kwisubiraho. Kuva ubwo ikigo kihaye gahunda yo
gukoresha iteraniro mu gitondo, nibura gatatu mu cyumweru. Batuganiriza ku bubi
bw’ibiyobyabwenge, gukundana no gukunda Igihugu, kwiga dushyizeho umwete
n’izindi nsanganyamatsiko zirimo gahunda za Leta. Abayobozi n’abarezi bose
basimburana kutugira inama. Umuyobozi wenyine si we wiharira ijambo. N’iyo
umwe mu banyeshuri yabaga afite icyo ari butuganirizeho yahabwaga ijambo. Ni
ibyo gushimwa kuko byatanze umusaruro ushimishije!I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko:
1. Ni nde munyeshuri uvugwa mu mwandiko ko akoresha ibiyobyabwenge?
2. Ni ikihe kiyobyabwenge bamusanganye mu mufuka?
3. Vuga andi mazina y’ibiyobyabwenge babonye ubwo bari mu isaka ku ishuri.
4. Hari icyo mwaba muzi ku biyobyabwenge?
5. Tanga ubuhamya waba uzi ku bubi bw’ibiyobyabwenge.
6. Vuga ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge: mu muryango, ku munyeshuri, ku buzima, ku
mutekano, no ku bukungu bw’igihugu.
7. Ni uruhe ruhare abanyeshuri bo ubwabo bashobora kugira mu kurwanya
ibiyobyabwenge haba mu kigo no hanze yacyo?
8. Ni iyihe nama wagira abayobozi n’abanyeshuri mu gukumira no kurwanya
ibiyobyabwenge ku ishuri?II. Inyunguramagambo:
1. Tanga ibmpuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko
a) Idasanzwe : b) Biramuyobera c) Kwihanangiriza
d) Intangarugero e) Agaragiwe
2. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo akurikira:
a) Kwirinda b) Gutangira c) Yakererewe
d) Ibibujijwe e) Kwitsa ijambo31
3. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje inyito n’aya akurikira
a) Byangiza : b) Mwabonye bucya? c) Ntunyandagaze
d) Yongeraho e) InyangamugayoIII. Ikibonezamvugo
Garagaza uturemajambo ( intego ) tw’amazina yanditse mu nyuguti z’umukara
tsiri mu nteruro zikurikira n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe
( mu mpine ).1. Nabonye imfizi irisha mu rwuri.
2. Inyana y’insindirano ironka ntitsimba.
3. Akebo kaboshye neza kagura amafaranga menshi.
4. Imyumbati y’imiribwa iraryoha.
5. Abiru bari bazi amabanga menshi.
6. Mu rugo dusukura icyumba turaramo.
7. Umuhigi ntatana n’impigi ze.
8. Buri wese age afura umwambaro we.
9. Kubera izuba twasaruye udushyimbo duke.32
Umwandiko: Amazi n'akamaro kayo
Amazi ni bumwe mu butunzi Imana yaturemeye, ibudushyirira ku isi kugira ngo
budufashe mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Ni yo agize igice kinini k’isi dutuye.
Gusa twakwibaza icyo amazi ari cyo n’akamaro kayo mu mibereho y’ibinyabuzima.
Amazi meza ni igisukika kitagira ibara, uburyohe n’impumuro. Iyo ari menshi usanga
yenda kugira ibara ry’ubururu. Amazi amwe tuyasanga mu migezi, mu nzuzi, mu
biyaga no mu nyanja, andi tukayasanga mu butaka yacengeyemo nyuma yo kugwa
kw’imvura ari na yo ibimera binyunyuza bikoresheje imizi yabyo. Ayo kandi ni na
yo avubukamo amasoko tubona ku misozi. Ibyo biterwa n’uko aba yabaye menshi
mu butaka, noneho mu gushaka aho amenera akavubukamo amasoko ku misozi.
Uburyo amazi abonekamo ku isi buturuka ku ruhererekane rw’amazi. Izuba iyo
ricanye rishyushya amazi yo mu nyanja, mu biyaga, mu nzuzi, mu migezi, no mu
butaka, maze agatanga umwuka ushyushye uzamuka ujya mu kirere. Ibinyabuzima
na byo iyo bihumetse, bisohora umwuka na wo wivanga n'indi bikazamukana mu33
kirere. Uko umwuka ugenda uzamuka ni ko urushaho kugenda ukonja bikagera aho
urema ibihu. Ibyo ibihu bizamuka mu kirere bigahinduka ibicu bizabyara imvura.
Iyo imvura iguye, amazi yayo ubutaka burayanywa, bwahaga, imivu igatemba ishyira
imigezi, imigezi igashyira inzuzi, na zo zigashyira ibiyaga n’inyanja. Bigahora bigenda
bityo ari uruhererekane.
Amazi dusanga ku misozi, ntibyoroshye ko yaba asukuye kuko ni cyo gisukika
kirusha ibindi kwakira ibikivangamo. Iyo imvura iguye imanukana imyuka myinshi
yo mu kirere, yagera no ku isi, imivu yayo ikagenda ivanga amazi n’uduce duto
tw’ibinyabuzima ndetse n’utw’amabuye n’ubutaka. Iyo mivu kandi ihura n’imyanda
ivuye mu ngo, ivuye mu nganda, iy’abantu ndetse n’iy’amatungo bityo amazi yo mu
bidendeze bitandukanye ugasanga adasukuye.
Kubera ibyo bintu byose byivanga mu mazi, ni ngombwa kuyasukura mbere yo
kuyakoresha. Hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gusukura amazi. Hari ubukorerwa mu nganda
zisukura amazi hashyirwamo ishwagara n’indi miti yica udukoko dutera indwara
ikanavanamo ibyakwangiza byivanze mu mazi. Mu rugo, uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa
mu gutegura amazi yo kunywa ni ukuyateka, ukayabika mu gikoresho gifite isuku
kandi gipfundikirwa. Abafite ubushobozi bayashyira muri firitiri, ikayayungurura,
bakajya bavomera mu gikombe ayo bagiye kunywa. N’ubwo kunywa amazi ari
ingenzi mu buzima, kuko agize bitatu bya kane by’ibigize umubiri w’umuntu,
kuyanywa adasukuye byatera umubiri wacu uburwayi buturuka ku mwanda, indwara
z’ubuhumekero n’izindi.
Amazi afite akamaro kanini mu mibereho y’abantu ya buri munsi. Mu ngo, amazi
aranyobwa, agatekeshwa, agakoreshwa mu bikorwa by’isuku. Twavuga nko kumesa
imyenda, gukoropa mu nzu, koza ibyombo ndetse no kwiyuhagira. Amazi kandi
ahabwa amatungo kugira ngo na yo agire ubuzima bwiza. Amazi y’imvura ni yo ameza
imyaka y’abahinzi abantu bakabona ibibatunga. Iyo izuba ryacanye igihe kirekire
amapfa aratera, inzara igahitana imbaga y’abantu. Mu bwubatsi ubwo ari bwo bwose
ari ubw’amazu yo guturamo cyangwa ibindi bikorwa remezo, amazi agira uruhare
rukomeye. Mu kubumba amatafari, mu gukata urwondo, mu guponda sima n’ahandi
henshi amazi arakenerwa cyane.
Nk’uko bigaragara rero, amazi ni kimwe mu bintu biboneka ku isi bifitiye ibinyabuzima
akamaro muri rusange, n’umuntu mu buryo bw’umwihariko. Amazi akoreshwa mu
mirimo myinshi y’abantu kandi kuyanywa asukuye ntacyabisimbura. Kuyanywa
yanduye ariko byo byakururira umubiri wacu akaga gakomeye.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko1. Ni hehe twasanga amazi ku isi?
2. Sobanura isano iri hagati y’amazi y’imvura n’ay’amasoko.
3. Sobanura inkomoko y’imvura.
4. Ese amazi dusanga ku misozi aba asukuye ? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.34
5. Ni ubuhe buryo twasukuramo amazi yo kunywa iwacu mu rugo?
6. Vuga ingaruka zo kunywa amazi adasukuye.
7. Sobanura akamaro k’amazi mu mibereho y’ibinyabuzima.II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandikoa) Avubukamo b) Imivu c) Uruhererekane
d) Guponda sima e) Akaga
2. Shaka imbusane z'amagambo akurikira; nurangiza uyakoreshe mu
nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye.
a) Ubuzima b) Rishyushya c) Ushyushye
d) Bisohora e) Imanukana
3. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje igisobanuro n’aya
akurikira; nurangiza uyakoreshe mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye.
a) Kuvugaho b) Rivuye c) Atunganyije
d) Ngombwa e) ByifashishaIII. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje rimwe muri aya magambo
cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo yatanzwe:Ingenzi, ishwagara, amatungo, amapfa, imvura
a) Abantu si bo bakenera amazi gusa n’ …… ayabuze yashira.
b) Amashyamba agira uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma …… igwa.
c) Mu bwubatsi, no mu gusukura amazi mu nganda …… irakoreshwa.
d) Izuba ryavuye igihe kirekire ritera ……
e) Amazi ni …… mu buzima kuko agize bitatu bya kane by’umubiri w’umuntu.35
IV Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Vuga insanganyamatsiko ikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Sobanura aho izo ngingo z’umwandiko zihuriye n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi?
4. Nyuma yo gusoma umwandiko ni iki wabwira bagenzi bawe?V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku ngamba zafatwa mu rwego rwo kubugabunga ibidukikije
harimo n’amazi?Amabwiriza y’imyandikire: Imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru
a) Amazi ni bumwe mu butunzi Imana yaturemeye.
b) Amazi afite akamaro kanini mu mibereho y’abantu ya buri munsi.
c) Genda Rwanda uratatse! Imisozi myiza igihumbi, isobetse imirambi n’ibibaya
mu runyuranyurane rw’imigezi irasaze ibiyaga.
d) Abanyarwanda baravuze ngo: « N’izibika zari amagi. »
e) Mariya arasubiza ati: « Ibyo uvuze bingirirweho. »
f) Ku wa Gatandatu wa mbere wa Nyakanga hari ku itariki ya 4, u Rwanda rwizihije
Umunsi Mukuru wo Kwibohora.
g) Muhire atuye i Huye hafi ya Tumba.
h) Nyakubahwa Minisitiri w’Uburezi azadusura.
i) Umurenge wa Nyarugenge ufite inyubako nziza.
j) Musenyeri Kagame ni we wanditse Indyoheshabirayi.
k) Inama yitabiriwe n’abantu bakurikira: UMUHIRE Marthe, IYAMUREMYE Evode,
GASANA Simon na MUNEZERO Venantie ibera kwa GASASIRA Jean.36
Imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru mu myandikire yemewe
y’IkinyarwandaImyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda iteganya imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru aha
hakurikira:
a) Mu ntangiriro y’interuro.
Urugero: Aho imfura zisezeraniye ni ho zihurira.
b) Nyuma y’akabago, akabazo n’agatangaro.
Ingero:
Bazataha ejo. Uzabaherekeza? Mbega ukuntu bigushimishije! Ukunda gutembera
cyane!
c) Nyuma y’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya”, “-tyo” n’ijambo “ngo” bikurikiwe n’utubago
tubiri n’utwuguruzo. Ariko inyuguti nkuru ntitangira amagambo asubirwamo
iyo uwandika yayatangiriye hagati mu nteruro yakuwemo.
Ingero:
– Mariya arasubiza ati: “Ibyo uvuze bingirirweho”.
– Igihe Mariya yavugaga ati: “bingirirweho” yari yaramaze gusabwa na
Yozefu.
d) Ku nyuguti itangira imibare iranga iminsi, amazina y’amezi n’ay’ibihe by’umwaka.
Ingero:
– Isoko ry’iwacu rirema ku wa Gatatu no ku wa Gatandatu.
– Igihe k’Impeshyi gihera mu ntangiriro za Kamena kigahereza Umuhindo
mu ntangiriro za Nzeri.
e) Ku nyuguti itangira amazina bwite y’abantu, ay’inzuzi n’ay’ahantu, kabone
n’ubwo indomo itangira izina ry’ahantu yaba yatakaye.
Ingero:
– Namenye ko Muhire atuye i Huye hafi ya Tumba.
– Uruzi rw’Akagera ni rwo runini mu nzuzi z’u Rwanda.
f) Ku nyuguti itangira amazina y’imirimo, ay’inzego z’imirimo n’ay’amashyirahamwe.
Ingero:
– Bwana Umuyobozi w’Akarere yaje kudufasha kwakira Nyakubahwa
Minisitiri w’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi mu gikorwa cyo gusura Koperative
Twisungane.
– Umuryango w’Abibumbye ushyigikiye amahoro n’iterambere.
g) Ku nyuguti itangira amazina y’impamyabushobozi, ay’icyubahiro, ay’inzego
z’ubutegetsi, ay’ubwenegihugu n’amoko, ay’indimi, ku mazina y’ibikorwa
byamamaye mu mateka no ku nyuguti itangira ijambo “Igihugu” iyo rivuga u
Rwanda.37
Ingero:
– Dogiteri Karimanzira
– Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika
– Umurenge wa Nyarugenge
– Abanyarwanda barimo Abasinga n’Abagesera.
– Duharanire guteza imbere Ikinyarwanda.
– Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi hapfuye abantu benshi.
– Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu yakoze inoti nshya ya magana atanu.
h) Ku nyuguti itangira izina ry’inyandiko, igitabo cyangwa ikinyamakuru.
Ingero:
– Nujya ku isoko uzangurire Izuba Rirashe.
– RUGAMBA Sipiriyani yanditse Amibukiro n’Umusogongero.
i) Izina bwite umuntu yahawe akivuka cyangwa irindi rifatwa nka ryo riri ku
ntangiriro no ku mpera y’inyandiko (nk’ibaruwa, nk’itegeko,nk’umwandiko
uwo ari wo wose…) no mu rutonde rw’amazina y’abantu ryandikwa ryose mu
nyuguti nkuru. Nyamara rikandikwa mu nyuguti nto uretse inyuguti iritangira
iba nkuru mu mwandiko hagati.
Ingero:
– GATABAZI Marc yashakanye na MUGOREWERA Viviane.– Nagiye kwa Gahire Rose anyakira neza.
Umwitozo ku mikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru
Wifashishije ubumenyi bw’ururimi umaze gusobanukirwa, andukura bundi bushya
ibi bika byombi ukosora amakosa y’imyandikire yaba arimo.
– amazi yo mu rwanda ni kimwe mu byo abanyarwanda bakenera kenshi.uhereye
ku wa mbere ukageza ku cyumweru, nta munsi wira batayakoresheje. iyo umuntu
yafatiwe ibihano bikomeye cyane cyangwa se bamukomanyirije abantu baravuga
ngo: “bamufungiye amazi n’umuriro”.
– Nimucyo duharanire kuyabungabunga nk’uko minisiteri y’umutungo kamere
idahwema kubidukangurira. ese tutayabungabunze twaba tutihemukiye? iyo
usomye ibinyamakuru bitandukanye nk’imvaho nshya, izuba rirashe n’ibindi
byandika mu kinyarwanda usanga na byo bikangurira abantu kubungabunga
ibidukikije birimo amazi n’inyamaswa ziyabamo.38
Ibidendezi by’amazi, imigezi, inzuzi, ibiyaga n’inyanja uko bigenda birutana ubunini
ni na ko bigenda bibasha guturwamo kuva ku dukoko duto kugera ku nyamaswa za
karahabutaka. Ukurikije uko ziteye n’ubuzima zibamo, usanga inyamaswa zo mu
mazi zitandukanye. Zibamo ibyiciro byinshi kandi zikagirira abantu akamaro.
Mbere na mbere hari ibyiciro bibiri dusangamo inyamaswa zo mu mazi. Hari iziba
mu mazi, akaba ari na ho zikura ibizitunga. Izi mu ihumeka ryazo zikurura amazi
zikanayasohora kandi ntizishobora kubaho iyo ziyabuze. Urugero rwazo ni amoko
yose y’amafi. Izindi ziba mu mazi akaba ari ho zifatira ibyo kurya, ariko zigahumeka
umwuka, aho guhumeka amazi. Iyo zigiye kubyara zibikorera hanze y’amazi. Inyinshi
muri izi nyamaswa zigira amaguru (nk’ingona, imvubu, utunyamasyo, izindi zigira
amababa (nk’ibishuhe) hakaba n’izitagira amaguru (nk’inzoka zo mu mazi).
Mu nyamaswa zo mu mazi, hari iziva mu mazi zigatembera ku butaka, hari n’iziguma
mu migezi, mu biyaga no mu nyanja nk’amafi, ingona n’imvubu, hakaba n’iziba mu
bishanga nk’ibikeri n’imitubu n'izindi. Inyamaswa zo mu mazi zifite akamaro kanini
mu bukungu bw’igihugu. Zimwe muri zo ziraribwa nk’amafi ,kuva ku manini kugera
ku duto cyane bita injanga cyangwa indagara, kuko aboneka ku mafunguro y’abantu
benshi ku isi. Ifi iyo ari yo yose iba ikungahaye ku ntungamubiri, ifunguro irimo riba
ryihagazeho! Aha ariko ni aho kwitonderwa, inyama z’ayo mafi zikagenzurwa neza ko
zujuje ubuziranenge kuko ziriwe zararengeje igihe zakwangiza ubuzima bw’abantu.
Usibye kuyaroba mu migezi, mu nzuzi, mu biyaga no mu nyanja, abantu bashobora39
no kuyororera mu bidendezi no mu byuzi bicukuriye ubwabo, bakayoboramo amazi,
bagashyiramo umurama w’amafi hanyuma bakajya bayagaburira nk’uko bagaburira
andi matungo. Iyo akuze aborozi bayo barayarya bakanayagurisha bakinjiza
amafaranga menshi.
Izindi nyamaswa zo mu mazi zikurura abakerarugendo, zikinjiza amadovize.
Aha twavuga nk’ingona, imvubu, utunyamasyo ndetse n’inyoni zo mu mazi. Ni yo
mpamvu inyamaswa zo mu mazi zigomba kubungabungwa, zikarindwa abazangiriza
ubuzima ndetse n'abazishimuta bashaka inyama cyangwa impu zazo. Tugomba kandi
kwirinda kohereza imyanda mu mazi magari kuko amazi yahumana bityo bikangiza
ubuzima bw’inyamaswa ziba mu mazi. Zimwe mu nyamaswa zo mu mazi ariko ni
izo kwitonderwa kuko umuntu atazitondeye zamugirira nabi, urugero nk'ingona.
Icyakora rero amazi n’inyamaswa ziyabamo bigomba kubungabungwa mu rwego
rwo gufata neza no kubungabunga ibidukikije n’iterambere rirambye.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Sobanura ibyiciro by’ingenzi dusangamo inyamaswa zo mu mazi uvuge n’ibiranga
buri kiciro.
2. Erekana neza akamaro k’inyamaswa zo mu mazi.
3. Ni ibiki bivugwa ku mafi muri uyu mwandiko?
4. Ni iki tugomba kwirinda cyakwangiza ubuzima bw’inyamaswa ziba mu mazi?
5. Ba rushimusi bavuzwe baba bashaka iki ku nyamaswa ziba mu mazi?
6. Ni iyihe myitwarire itari myiza ivugwa kuri zimwe mu nyamaswa zo mu mazi?
7. Ni gute wabona inyama z’amafi utagiye kuyaroba mu nzuzi?II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko:
a) Karahabutaka
b) Ryihagazeho
c) amadovize
2. Shaka imbusane z'amagambo akurikira
a) Ubunini b) Ziyabuze
c) Inyinshi d) Bagashyiramo
e) Imbere40
3. Erekana amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko ahuje igisobanuro
n’aya akurikira:
a) Ingeri
b) Ibyo zirya
c) Ikize
d) Ikamwihorera
4. Mu byerekezo byose bishoboka (harimo n’impuzampembe), shaka
amagambo avuga ku mazi, inyamaswa n’udusimba biyabamo cyangwa
biba mu bishanga n’avuga ku bidendezi by’amazi n’imigezi .
1. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje rimwe muri aya magambo
cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo yatanzwe:
Ingona, ibishanga, kubungabungwa, amadovize, intungamubiri
a) Inyamaswa zo mu mazi zimwe zirasurwa zikinjiza
b) Ibyuzi by’amazi ntibicukurwa ku misozi bicukurwa mu
c) Bavuga ko ba rushimusi bahiga kuko uruhu rwayo rukorwamo
inkweto zikomeye.
d) Ibidukikije bigomba kuko bifitiye abantu akamaro kanini
cyane.
e) Uretse amafi, imboga n’imbuto na byo bigira41
1. Tanga ibitekerezo kuri izi nsanganyamatsiko twabonye mu mwandiko
a) Umuco wo kwita ku buziranenge
b) Umuco wo kubungabunga ibidukikije no kwita ku iterambere rirambye
2. Hanga umuvugo muto uvuga ku kurengera ibidukikije harimo amazi n’inyamaswa
ziyabamo.Imikoreshereze y’utwatuzo tw’ibanze (akabago, akabazo,
agatangaro n’akitso)
a) Ibidendezi by’amazi, imigezi, inzuzi, ibiyaga n’inyanja bigenda birutana ubunini.
b) Mu mazi habamo udukoko duto kugera ku nyamaswa za karahabutaka.
c) Ifunguro ririmo ifi riba ryihagazeho!
d) Mbega ukuntu kino kiyaga ari kinini!
e) Ni nde wakwidegembya imbere y’ingona ikamureberaizuba?
f) Ufite bashiki bawe bangahe biga ishuri?42
Utwatuzo tw’ibanze mu myandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda
Utwatuzo tw’ibanze ni utu dukurikira: akabago/akadomo ( . ) akabazo ( ? )
agatangaro ( ! ) n’akitso ( , )
Imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda iteganya imikoreshereze y’utwatuzo tw’ibanze
ku buryo bukurikira:
a) Akabago/akadomo ( . ): gasoza interuro ihamya n’interuro iri mu ntegeko.
Ingero:
– Umunyeshuri mwiza arangwa n’isuku n’ikinyabupfura.
– Urage wubaha ababyeyi cyangwa abarezi bawe.
– Ibidukikije bikwiye kurushaho kubungabungwa.
– Mwite ku bidukikije.
b) Akabazo( ? ): gasoza interuro ibaza.
Ingero:
– Muri iki gihembwe wabaye uwa kangahe?
– Utuye mu wuhe Murenge?
c) Agatangaro ( ! ): gasoza interuro itangara,kagashyirwa n’inyuma
y’amarangamutima.
Ingero:
– Mbega ukuntu iki kigo cyubatse neza!
– Uraberewe disi wee!
d) Akitso( , ): gakoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo baruhuke akanya gato,
kakanakoreshwa mu gutandukanya ibintu barondora.
Ingero:
– Umunyeshuri ushaka kujijuka, yirinda gusiba, ntakubagane mu ishuri
kandi agakurikiza inama z’abarezi.
– Iyo wize neza wihesha agaciro, ukagahesha umuryango wawe, ukagahesha
n’igihugu cyawe.
– Ibidendezi by’amazi, imigezi, inzuzi, ibiyaga n’inyanja bigenda birutana
ubunini.Umwitozo ku mikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru
43
Icyandikwa:
Andukura ibi bika byombi ukosora amakosa y’imyandikire ajyanye n’utwatuzo
tw’ibanze ubonamo (ahabura akabago, akabazo, agatangaro, akitso ukahashyire).
– mu mazi habamo inyamaswa z’amoko menshi. Dusangamo amafi ingona imvubu
utunyamasyo n’izindi hari ubwo se izo nyamaswa zose ziba mu mazi ziribwa yewe
nabera sinigeze numva uwariye ingona cyakora izindi zo inyinshi ziraribwa.
– si ako kamaro ko kuribwa gusa tuzikesha kuko hari n'akandi none se iyo barobye
amafi ntagurwa amafaranga yooo uzi ukuntu abagore n'abakobwa bacuruza
indagara n'isambaza usanga zibafasha kwiteza imbere.Inshamake y’ibyizwe muri uyu mutwe wa gatatu
n’inyamaswa ziyabamo. Amazi n’inyamaswa ziyabamo bigomba kubungabungwa
nk’ibindi bidukikije kuko bidufitiye akamaro kanini cyane. Amazi turayanywa
andi tukayakoresha mu mirimo itandukanye nko gutegura amafunguro, gukora
isuku n’ibindi. Inyamaswa ziba mu mazi ziduha inyama ndetse ba mukerarugendo
bazisura bakadusigira amadovize. Ni ngombwa kubungabunga inyamaswa zo mu
mazi kandi tukagira amakenga kuko hari izishobora kwangiza ubuzima bw’abantu.
Muri uyu mutwe kandi twabonye amategeko y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda agenga
imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru n’imikoreshereze y’utwatuzo tw’ibanze ( akabago,
akitso, akabazo n’agatangaro).
Umwandiko: Amazi n'ibiyabamo, ubutunzi bw’u Rwanda
Iyo witegereje usanga imisozi myinshi y’u Rwanda igiye ikikijwe n’imigezi, imito
igenda yisuka mu yisumbuyeho na yo igahereza iminini cyane nka Nyabarongo
n’Akanyaru bihura bikarema uruzi rw’Akagera kerekeza muri Uganda kajya kwiroha
mu kiyaga cya Vigitoriya. Si ayo mazi atemba gusa; ahubwo hari n’ibidendezi bigiye
bitandukanye hirya no hino mu Gihugu yaba ibya karemano, yaba n’ibyahanzwe
n’abantu, cyanecyane ibyuzi. Hari n’ibiyaga bifite imigezi ibisohokamo nka Kivu
ivubukamo Rusizi igatemba yerekeza amagepfo iw’abaturanyi b’Abarundi; Muhazi
ihereza Nyabugogo na yo igahereza Nyabarongo, Burera na Ruhondo z’impanga
zihereza Mukungwa igemurira Nyabarongo.
Imigezi, ibidendezi ndetse n’ibiyaga habamo amafi menshi anurira iyo atetse ateguwe
neza akagira n’intungamubiri nyinshi. N’izindi nyamaswa zirimo ingona, imvubu,
ibishuhe ndetse n’izindi zidumbaguza mu mazi, tutaretse utunyamasyo two mu44
mazi. Nk’uko bigaragara rero ayo mazi n’inyamaswa acumbikiye biremye ikiciro kiza
k’ibidukikije bifite agaciro kanini kuko byinjiza amadovize, dore ko abakerarugendo
iyo bari imahanga, iyo gihera, bumva isoko ya Nili bagashikira u Rwanda baje kwihera
ijisho, bityo Igihugu cyacu kikahungukira.
Amazi y'imigezi n'ay'amasoko ni yo dufatiraho ayo dukoresha mu ngo zacu.
Si ibyo gusa akamaro kayo karahebuje ndetse ntawabura kuvuga ko amazi ari
ubuzima. Amatungo n’inyamaswa, tutibagiwe ibihingwa n’ibimera byose muri
rusange bikenera amazi. Iyo biyabona birashisha nyamara byayabura ubuzima
bwabyo bugahagarara.I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Rondora imigezi,inzuzi n’ibiyaga byavuzwe muri uyu mwandiko ugaragaze
n’isano bigiye bifitanye.
2. Hari akamaro k’amazi n’inyamaswa byavuzwe muri uyu mwandiko? Sobanura
igisubizo cyawe.
3. Vuga Intara z’u Rwanda zibonekamo ibiyaga by’u Rwanda bivugwa muri uyu
mwandiko.
4. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi n’izingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
5. Garagaza irindi somo mu yo mwiga rijyanye n’ibivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
Sobanura impamvu.
6. Uyu mwandiko ugusigiye irihe somo ryo mu buzima?
7. Hina uyu mwandiko mu mirongo itarenze icumi.II. Inyunguramagambo:
1. Tanga impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko:
a) Impanga b) Indiri c) Anurira
d) Iyo gihera e) Bagashikira f) Kwihera ijisho
2. Tanga imbusane z'amagambo akurikira :
a) Ibisohokamo b) Karahebuje c) Bugakomeza
d) Birashisha e) Atetse45
3. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje igisobanuro n’aya
akurikira :
a) Izengurutswe b) Yiroha c) Ubona
d) Ziyabamo e) BigizeIII. Ubumenyi bw’ururimi: Imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda.
Kosora amakosa y’imyandikire ubona muri iyi myandiko yombi.
a) amazi y’urwanda uyasanga mu nzuzi zirimo akanyaru gahura na nyabarongo
bikarema akagera gakomeza kajya kwiroha mu kiyaga cya vigitoriya cyo muri
uganda, n’indi migezi inyuranye nka rusizi, mukungwa, nyabugogo n’iyindi.
ushobora kandi kuyasanga mu biyaga bitandukanye aho umuntu yatanga urugero
rwa muhazi,burera na ruhondo, kivu idutandukanya na kongo n’ibindi.b) Inyamaswa zo mu mazi na zo ziri mu mutungo kamere w’igihugu Igihe cyose
zagirirwa nabi yaba ari umutungo abantu bangiza bikaba aka ya mvugo
y’Ikinyarwanda ngo: “Umuntu arisenyera nk’inyana” Urumva ko byaba bibabaje
None se ntibyaba byiza ahubwo turushijeho kubungabunga ibyo bidukikije
bidutunga mu bijyanye n’amafunguro tutibagiwe n’uko bitwinjiriza umutungo
Abantu bose rero yaba abana abagabo n’abagore abayobozi n’abayoborwa
inzego zose yaba iza Leta yaba izigenga bakwiye kwita ku bidukikije harimo
n’izo nyamaswa zo mu mazi nyine46
Mu mibanire y’abantu, ntawavuga ko ibintu bishobora guhora ari shyashya. Kuko
“ntazibana zidakomanya amahembe”. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubworoherane ni
indangagaciro ihatse izindi mu mibanire y’abantu. Kutoroherana ni bibi cyane kuko
bitera impagarara ndetse n’imidugararo. Kutoroherana bituruka ahanini ku kwikunda
no kudatekereza byimbitse bituma umuntu abona amakosa ya mugenzi we agasanga
akabije, akabona ari mabi adashobora kwihanganirwa. Nyamara ntatekereze ko na
we, yigeze gukosereza abandi. Iyi ni yo mvano nyamukuru y’amahane n’imidugararo
duhura na byo.
Iyo umuntu yishyize mu mwanya w’uwafuditse, akenshi asanga na we ajya akora
amakosa. Mu muco w’abatuye isi, buri wese yifuza kubabarirwa iyo yakosheje. Nk’uko
umuntu wakosheje aba yifuza kubabarirwa no kwihanganirwa, uwakosherejwe47
na we yagombye kumva ko atari marayika, akorohera umukoshereje. Kwitura
inabi uwaguhemukiye ntibikemura ikibazo habe na mba. Ahubwo bituma ikibazo
gikura ibintu bikagera irudubi. Ingaruka zo kutorohera uwahemutse ni inzangano
zikurikirana imiryango n’ubugome bujyana na zo. Iyo umuntu asesenguye impamvu
y’inzangano n’amakimbirane y’urudaca abaho mu bantu, asanga intandaro ari
ukutoroherana.
Dufatire urugero ku nkuru imwe y’ibyabaye ku gasozi k’i Nyarurembo. Umugabo
Muhindo yari afite imbwa ye Bishondamabano. Igihe kimwe imbwa icika ikibuti
ihita icakirana n’inkoko yo kwa Muneza umuturanyi we. Inkoko yatatse rimwe
gusa, abantu bahageze babona imbwa irarembera. Muneza yananiwe kwihangana
abatura ikibando. Ageze kwa Muhindo imbwa arayibura hasohoka Kaneza, umwana
wa Muhindo. Ako kanya Muneza ahurudukana cya kibando agikubita umwana. Kwa
Muhindo na bo ngo babone ibibaye na bo babatura imyase rubura gica, ariko ku
bw’amahirwe ntihagira umuntu uhasiga ubuzima. Abaturanyi n’inzego z’ibanze
barahagobotse bahosha imirwano.
Ikibabaje ariko ni uko ari kwa Muhindo cyangwa kwa Muneza, bose batashye bakubita
agatoki ku kandi, bahigira kuzihorera. Nuko inzangano zivuka ubwo. Urumva ko
umuntu ashobora gukora ikosa rito, n’iyo yaba yarikoze nkana, yahanishwa igihano
gikabije, akaba mubi kurusha mbere aho guhinduka ngo abe mwiza. Noneho amakosa
yakoraga akiyongera. Umunyarwanda yaravuze ngo: «Impamvu ingana ururo».
Umuntu ntashobora kubana n’abandi mu mahoro, mu rukundo n’ubutabera niba
nta bworoherane yifitemo.
Ubworoherane ni indangagaciro ikomeye ihanitse mu mibanire y’abantu. Abemera
Imana bo bagira bati : «Ubworoherane ni impano mvajuru». Ubwo baba bashaka
kuvuga ko ari impano ituruka ku Muremyi. Umuntu worohera abandi agira inshuti
nyinshi kuko afatwa nk’umunyangeso nziza. Imibanire ye n’abandi ntigira amakemwa.
Umuntu wifitemo ubworoherane ni we ushobora gusesengura ibitekerezo bya
bagenzi be akabivanamo ukuri n’iyo byaba bihabanye n’imyumvire ye bwite cyangwa
se biyirwanya. Kwimika ubworoherane ni ukubagarira ubupfura n’ubunyangamugayo.
Ni ngombwa ko umuntu yorohera bagenzi be, yakira ibitekerezo byabo uko biri
akabisesengura nta yandi marangamutima abikoranye. Akwiye kandi korohera
abandi igihe bakoze ibyo adashima cyangwa adaha agaciro ashingiye ko na we yumva
yakwihanganirwa mu byo akora. Igihe kandi umuntu akorewe amakosa, yagombye
korohera abamukoshereje yibuka ko na we atari miseke igoroye, ko na we hari igihe
ajya akosa kandi akifuza kumvwa no kwihanganirwa.
Birumvikana rero ko kubana n’abandi mu bworoherane ari ingenzi. Bikuraho
amakimbirane n’inzangano, bigatuma abantu babana mu mahoro n’ubwumvikane.
Bituma kandi abantu bungurana ibitekerezo, kuko ubworoherane butuma bisanzura,
bakakirana, bakuzuzanya kandi bakagirana inama. Buri muntu wese akwiye kubugira
nyambere mu mibereho ye adasize imbabazi, kwihangana ariko kandi kugira
urukundo bikaba indangagaciro ihatse izindi zose.48
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko uranenga iki muri rusange?
2. Ni iyihe nama umwanditsi arimo kugira abasoma uyu mwandiko?
3. Rondora ibintu byose bivugwa mu mwandiko bishobora kuba intandaro
y’inzangano mu bantu.
4. Ngo ni iki gitera abantu kugira inshuti nyinshi?
5. Garagaza indangagaciro zavuzwe mu mwandiko.
6. Abanyarwanda bavuga ko tutari ba miseke igoroye. Sobanura wifashishije
umwandiko?
7. Nyuma yo gusoma uyu mwandiko ni iyihe nama wagira bagenzi bawe mu rwego
rwo gukumira amakimbirane?II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko :
a) Imidugararo b) Intandaro c) Umuhererezi
d) Indangagaciro e) Uwafuditse2. Huza aya magambo n’ibisobanuro byayo
3. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo dusanga mu mwandiko
a) Umwanzi b) Yabikoze nkana c) Urukundo
d) Umuhererezi e) AmahoroIII. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Koresha neza amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko,
wubake interuro ngufi kandi ziboneye.49
a) Imidugararo b) Intandaro c) Umuhererezi
d) Indangagaciro e) UwafuditseIV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka biri muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Waba warabonye ku ishuri cyangwa aho utuye abantu bafitanye amakimbirane?
Bayakemuye gute?
3. Uyu mwandiko waba ugusigiye irihe somo mu buzima?
4. Mu rwego rwo guhuza insanganyamatsiko n’ubuzima busanzwe. Garagaza
ibibazo nibura bitatu bishobora gukurura no gutera amakimbirane. Ugaragaze
n’uburyo ubona bishobora gukemuka.
– Iwanyu mu muryango
– Mu kigo wigamoV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Kujya impaka: Nimuge impaka mutanga ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:
Insanganyamatsiko: “Ese koko gukubita uwagukoshereje, bituma atazongera?”Amoko y’amagambo
Iyo tuvuga cyangwa twandika, dukoresha amagambo kugira ngo igitekerezo cyacu
kigere ku bandi. Icyakora ntawakwirengagiza ko hari n’ibindi bimenyetso bitari
amagambo bishobora gukoreshwa mu guhana ibitekerezo. Muri ibyo twavuga
nk’imvugo y’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, ibimenyetso by’amarenga n'ibindi.Ubwoko bw’amagambo
Amagambo y’Ikinyarwanda arimo amoko menshi. Muri yo twavuga:
a) Amazina: Uwera, Muhorakeye, Kigali, Kamembe, umugabo…
b) Ntera: nziza, bibi, gato…
c) Ibisantera: mpuzamahanga, nyarwanda
d) Izina ntera: umwiza, abenshi…
e) Inshinga: Kwiga, guhinga…
f) Ibinyazina: uriya, bano, wabo, bya …
g) Indangahantu: ku, mu, i…
h) Ibyungo: na, nka, boshye, cyangwa, uretse ko…
i) Imigereka (ingera): vuba, kera, hakurya…
j) Amarangamutima: Yooo!, Pe!...
k) Inyigana: Pooo!, kacikaci! n'ibindi.
Ayo matsinda ni yo bita “amoko y’amagambo”. Ayo moko y’amagambo agabanyijemo
amatsinda manini abiri ari yo amagambo ahinduka n'amagambo adahinduka.50
Amagambo ahinduka
Mwitegereze izi nteruro:
– Ubworoherane ni indangagaciro ihatse izindi mu mibanire y’abantu.
– Urumva ko umuntu ashobora gukora ikosa rito.
– Noneho amakosa yakoraga akikuba inshuro nyinshi.
Mubonye ko muri izi nteruro harimo amagambo amwe yenda gusa. Muri ariya
magambo y’umukara tsiri harimo amwe atandukanyijwe n’uko amwe ari mu bwinshi
ayandi akaba ari mu bumwe. Twavuga nka:
Umuntu / abantu
Ikosa / amakosa
Aya magambo bavuga ko ahinduka bitewe n’uko ashobora guhinduranya inteko,
akaba yava mu bumwe akajya mu bwinshi.
Gukora / Yakoraga
Iri jambo "gukora", mbere ryari inshinga iri mu mbundo hanyuma rihinduka inshinga
itondaguye "yakoraga". Ibyo na byo bivuga ko inshinga ari ijambo rihinduka. Andi
magambo ahinduka ni ibinyazina, ntera, ibisantera n'ayandi.
Ingero z’amagambo ahinduka: Duhereye ku magambo tubona mu mwandiko
ndetse n’andi magambo duhura na yo mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi, tubonamo:
Amazina: Itsinda, amatsinda
Ijambo, amagambo51
Inshinga: gushima, adashima, azabishima…
Gukora, yakora, agakora…
Ibinyazina: Ikindi, abandi, ibindi….
Byabo, byacu, bye….
Ntera: mubi, bibi, babi….
Rito, muto, gato….
Ibisantera: mpimbano, muhimbano….Amagambo adahinduka
Amagambo adahinduka ni amagambo adashobora guhindurirwa inteko ngo abe
yava mu nteko runaka age mu yindi nteko cyangwa se ngo abe yakwisanisha n’irindi
jambo runaka bitewe n’inteko yaryo. Muri ayo magambo dusangamo:
Ibyungo: na, no, nka…
Indangahantu: mu, ku, i...
Amarangamutima: yooo, weee…
Inyiganarusaku: kacikaci, dumburi, ziii…
Imigereka: kera, hepfo…Umwandiko: Umurage w’umubyeyi
52
ejo cyangwa ejobundi nshobora kwitahira. » Avuze iryo jambo abana bose amarira
abazenga mu maso. Umusaza arongera ati: « Sinabahamagariye kubariza, ahubwo
nagira ngo ngihumeka mbahe umurage, mbabwire ikizatuma ubuzima bwanyu buba
bwiza, maze nange aho nzaba ndi nzanezerwe. Icya mbere mbifuzaho bana bange ni
ukubahana ubwanyu no kubaha abantu bose muzahura na bo mu buzima bwanyu
bwose.
Muri ubu buzima, buri muntu mu rwego rwe, agira agaciro ke. Nta muntu wo
gusuzugurwa uriho nta n’uwo wavuga ngo sinamukenera. Umukene akenera
umukire nk’uko umukire na we akenera umukene. Umushumba akenera umutunzi
kuko ari we uzamuha akazi akanamuhemba, ariko umuntu utunze amashyo y’inka
ntashobora kuyiragirira, ni yo mpamvu atasuzugura abashumba kuko bamufatiye
runini. Umucuruzi w’umuherwe ntiyagombye gusuzugura umuhinzi usanzwe
kuko ibiribwa agura ku isoko ni we abikesha. Ibintu ni magirirane rero bana bange
ntimuzagire uwo musuzugura ngo ni uko aciye bugufi. Ikindi nabasaba bana bange
ni ugufatanya. Umunyarwanda yaravuze ngo : “Igiti kimwe si ishyamba” undi ati :
“Inkingi imwe ntigera inzu”.
Mumenye ko mugize umuryango umwe wa bene Ruzima. Mu byishimo no mu mage
muge muterana ingabo mu bitugu. Ntihakagire uwihererana ikibazo. Uzasumbirizwa
azahamagare abavandimwe be bamufashe. Ngo: “Umutwe umwe ntiwigira inama
wifasha gusara, nyamara ariko “Abishyize hamwe ntakibananira”. Ntimuzironde ngo
muheze abandi mu muryango; ahubwo aho mugeze hose muge muhashaka inshuti
kuko “Kubaho ni ukubana” bana bange. Nta kintu mwageraho mwenyine; kugira
inshuti nyinshi ni ukugira amaboko.
Muge mwubaha ibitekerezo by’abandi, cyanecyane mwemere kugirwa inama.
Umunyarwanda yaravuze ati: “Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze no kubona.” Nimugenza
uko mbabwiye muzarama kandi ikibi ntikizabatera ubwoba. Baca umugani mu
Kinyarwanda ngo: “Inshuti iruta inshuro.” Baraza bapfukama imbere ye, nuko
abarambikaho ibiganza abaha umugisha abifuriza ishya n’ihirwe mu buzima bwabo.
Abana bose bashimye umurage w’umubyeyi, bamwizeza kutazawutezukaho, nukobagenda bishimye.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ni bande bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
3. Umurage aba bana basigiwe ni uwuhe muri make?
4. Ese hari aho uhuriye no kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro?
5. Abantu ni magirirane. Sobanura wifashishije umwandiko.
6. Ni iyihe mpamvu yavuzwe mu mwandiko ituma umukire adakwiye gusuzugura
umukene?53
7. Vuga akamaro ko guha abana umurage hakiri kare, mbere y’uko umubyeyi asaza.
8. Vuga imigani byibura itatu igaragaza ko umuntu umwe nta cyo yakwimarira.II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura izi mvugo dusanga mu mwandiko ukoresheje amagambo
yawe bwite:
a) Kugira amaboko
b) Abantu ni magirirane
c) Bura bwange
d) Bamufatiye runini
e) Uzasumbirizwa2. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
a) Kwironda b) Kubariza c) Umugisha
d) Ejobundi e) GuhezaIII. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Koresha aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko mu nteruro
ziboneyea) Umutunzi b) Umurage c) Ibiganza
d) Umugisha2. Uzuza izi nteruro zikurikira ukoresheje rimwe muri aya magambo:
kwironda, gusuzugura, inshuti, umuherwe
a) Umuntu ufite imitungo myinshi bamwita ………
b) ……… nyayo uyibonera mu byago.
c) Ubusambo no kwikubira bijyana no ………
d) Umuco mubi wo……… ntukwiye kuranga umwana warezwe.54
IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Mu mwandiko umusaza yavuze ko ashobora kwitahira. Azaba atashye he?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Garagaza imigani ibiri ivuga ku kamaro ko gukorera hamwe.
4. Ni iki wabwira ababyeyi bagiye gutanga umurage ku bana babo, ukurikije
ibivugwa mu mwandiko?V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Kungurana ibitekerezo hahuzwa insanganyamatsiko n’ubuzima busanzwe
Nimukorere mu matsinda hanyuma mugaragaze ibintu nibura bitatu mushobora
gukora bikagaragaza hagati yanyu ubwanyu ko hari imibanire myiza, ubworoherane,
kubahana no gufatanya. Ibyo byose bishobora kuba muri ku ishuri mu gihe muri mu
masomo no hanze mu gihe k’imyidagaduro ndetse no mu gihe muba mwatashye
mutari ku ishuri.
Kugirana ikiganiro mpaka ku ngamba zo kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro
Nimusobanure ubworoherane icyo ari cyo munagaragaze ingero zifatika zigaragaza
ubworoherane mu mibanire yanyu ku ishuri.
Insanganyamatsiko: «Igihe muri gukina hagize ugukinira nabi ukababara wamugira
gute?»
Kwitoza kuvuga mu ruhame
Vuga mu magambo yawe bwite ibikubiye mu mwandiko “Umurage w’umubyeyi”55
Isanisha ry’amagambo mu nteruro
a) Umuntu munini araboneka turamubona arahagaze.
b) Abahanga bakuru barahari turabazi baratekereza.
Inshoza y’isanisha mu nteruro
Ubusanzwe interuro ni urukurikirane rw’amagambo. Mu nteruro yubatse neza hari
ijambo rishingirwaho isanisha. Ni ukuvuga ko andi magambo yose aryiyungaho
yisanisha na ryo bityo akagirana isano na ryo. Iryo jambo riba rigenga amasano ari
na yo mpamvu ryitwa ijambo ngengasano. Naho amagambo afitanye isano na rya
jambo ngengasano yisanisha na ryo afata indangasano ishobora gutuma ajyana na rya
jambo ngengasano mu nteruro ku buryo interuro wumva ivugitse neza idakocamye.
Buri jambo kandi ryisanisha n’ijambo ngengasano ku giti cyaryo bitewe n’ubwoko
bwaryo.Mu nteruro twabonye:
a) Umuntu munini araboneka turamubona arahagaze.
b) Abahanga bakuru barahari turabazi baratekereza.
Amagambo ngengasano ni "umuntu" mu nteruro ya mbere na "abahanga" mu nteruro
ya kabiri.
Andi magambo yagiye yisanisha na yo ndetse afite indangasano (zaciweho akarongo)
zigaragaza isano yagiranye n’ijambo ngengasano.
Dore uko yisanishije:
a) Umuntu munini
Umuntu araboneka
Umuntu turamubona
Umuntu arahagaze
b) Abahanga bakuru
Abahanga barahari
Abahanga turabazi
Abahanga baratekerezaAmategeko agenga isanisha
Amategeko agenga isanisha ry’amagambo mu nteruro ashingiye ku kubahiriza inteko
y’ijambo ngengasano mu nteruro. Aha twibutse ko buri jambo ryisanisha ukwaryo
bitewe n’ubwoko bwaryo. Amagambo ahinduka, yisanisha n’ijambo ngengasano afata
indangasano yaryo ku buryo bwubahiriza amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo.56
Urugero:
Mu isanisha ry’amagambo inteko z’amazina zigomba kubahirizwa kuko mu isanisha,
amagambo ahuje inteko ashobora kugira amasano amwe mu nteruro kuko iyo
asimburanye nk’amagambo ngengasano, indangasano z’andi magambo agize interuro
zidahinduka.Urugero:
Ibitwenge by’inkoko bishirira mu kwayura
Ibitenge by’abagore bikorerwa mu Rwanda.
Ibijumba by’amaganda biraryoha.
Ibibindi by’inzoga birikorerwa.Amagambo “ibitwenge, ibitenge, ibirenge, ibijumba, ibibindi” yasimburanye kandi
indangasano ntizahindutse.Imyitozo ku isanisha ry’amagambo mu interuro
1. Ijambo ngengasano mu nteruro ni iki?
2. Vuga uruhare rw’inteko z’amazina mu isanisha ry’amagambo mu nteruro?
3. Garagaza isano (indangasano) amagambo aciyeho akarongo mu nteruro
zikurikira afitanye n’ijambo ngengasano:
a) Abana bakiriye neza impanuro bataragenda barapfukama abaha umugisha.
b) Umubyeyi abonye agiye gutaha ahamagara abana baramukikiza bamutega
amatwi abaha umurage.Interuro mbonezamvugo n’interuro nyobyamvugo
57
a) Avuze iryo jambo abana byose amarira kihazenga mu maso.
b) Avuze iryo jambo abana bose amarira abazenga mu maso.Interuro mbonezamvugo n’ibiyiranga
Interuro mbonezamvugo ni interuro ivugitse neza idakocamye, iboneye imvugo
kandi yubahirije amategeko y’isanisha. Ni ukuvuga ko interuro mbonezamvugo
yubatse ku buryo bukurikiza amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo. Aha twibutse ko interuro
yubatse neza atari ivuga ibizwi, ibibaho cyangwa ibishoboka. Interuro yubatse neza
( mbonezamvugo) ni iyubahiriza amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo.Ingero:
– Igiti kiza turakibona kireze.
– Amasaka meza yerera amezi atanu.
– Ibitwenge by’inkoko bishirira mu kwayura.
– Uyu mukambwe afite imyaka myinshi.Izi zose ni interuro mbonezamvugo kuko zivugitse neza kandi zikaba zubahirije
amategeko y’isanisha.Interuro nyobyamvugo n’ibiyiranga
Interuro nyobyamvugo ni interuro idasanisha amagambo uko bikwiye, itavugitse
neza, ikocamye, yica amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo. Kuba amagambo akurikiranye
mu nteruro ntibihagije kugira ngo interuro yumvikane neza. Amagambo agomba
gukurikirana asanishije neza kandi mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge.Ingero:
– Igiti mwiza turahabona areze.
– Insina hagufi ni byo icibwaho urukoma.
– Umwana heza kubaha ababyeyi be.Izi nteruro ni nyobyamvugo kuko zivugitse nabi kandi zikaba zitubahirije amategeko
y’isanisha.Umwitozo ku nteruro mbonezamvugo na nyobyamvugo
1. Interuro mbonezamvugo n’interuro nyobyamvugo bitaniye he?
2. Uzurisha amagambo wahawe ku buryo interuro ziba mbonezamvugo.58
Amagambo : umukene, ijisho, imodoka, urwego.
a) ………….. umuntu ribona byinshi.
b) ………….. uhiye uraryoha cyane.
c) ………….. itazakugeza i Kigali ntuyitega.
d) ………….. rufasha mu isakara ry'igisenge.3. Kosora interuro zikurikira zibe interuro mbonezamvugo
Muge yubaha ibitekerezo by’abandi, cyanecyane mwemere kugirwa inama.
Umunyarwanda baravuze kiti : “Nyamwanga kumva nticyanze no kubona”. Nimugenza
uko mbabwiye hazarama kandi ikibi ntikizabatera ubwoba.Inshamake y’ibyizwe muri uyu mutwe wa kane
Imyandiko yasomwe itubwira ko amakimbirane akenshi aterwa no kutoroherana
kwa bamwe kandi ubufatanye n’ibiganiro ni byo by’ingenzi mu kubaka amahoro
arambye. Abantu ni magirirane dukwiye gufashanya muri byose tugatahiriza
umugozi umwe kuko mu buzima abantu barakenerana.
Twabonye ko mu Kinyarwanda harimo amagambo ahinduka n’adahinduka. Mu
nteruro tugira ijambo ngengasano naho amagambo yisanisha na ryo akagira
indangasano zubahiriza inteko yaryo, zikagaragaza isano afitanye na ryo kandi
buri jambo ryisanisha ukwaryo bitewe n’ubwoko bwaryo.
Interuro mbonezamvugo ni interuro idakocamye, yumvikana neza ndetse isanisha
ry’amagambo na ryo rigakorwa neza. Naho interuro nyobyamvugo ni interuro
yubatse nabi itubahiriza amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo.
Umwandiko: Inkomoko y’amakimbirane
Amakimbirane ni ukutumvikana hagati y’umuntu n’undi cyangwa hagati y’itsinda
n’irindi. Kutumva ibintu kimwe byahozeho kuva kera kandi ibyo birasanzwe
mu mibanire y’abantu nyamara bibyara amakimbirane. Umuryango wagezemo
amakimbirane uba ugize ingorane nyinshi kuko nta terambere ryongera kugerwaho.
Aho gukora ngo biteze imbere cyangwa bateze imbere urwababyaye, birirwa mu
matiku. Uko kutumvikana gushobora gutera impaka z’urudaca, amahane n’inzangano
bikabona icyuho.Kutumva ibintu kimwe ntibyakagombye kuba ikibazo ahubwo byakabaye inzira
yo kugira ngo abantu bicare baganire bagere ku myanzuro ibateza imbere.
Abahanga bavuga ko abantu baramutse bumva ibintu kimwe nta mpinduka zabaho.
Amakimbirane avuka rero iyo hari abanze kuva ku izima bagatsimbarara ku
bitekerezo byabo abandi na bo bikaba uko bakumva ko ibyabo ari byo bitunganye.59
Hari n’ubwo usanzwe azwiho kuvuga rikumvikana atanga igitekerezo kitakwemerwa
akagira ngo baramurwanya. Ibyo na byo ariko ni imyumvire itakijyanye n’igihe kuko
nta muntu n’umwe wari ukwiye kumva ko ari kamara. Umunyarwanda yabivuze neza
agira ati: “Inkingi imwe ntigera inzu”.
Indi mpamvu na yo itoroshye mu zikurura amakimbirane ni ukutarangiriza ku gihe
imirimo yuzuzanya. Mu bakorera hamwe nk’amashyirahamwe cyangwa inganda
z’ubucuruzi, iyo umwe ashaka kwihutisha akazi undi akanebwa, biragoye ko abo
bantu bombi bumvikana. Umwe ashobora gukenera ibyo undi yakoze kugira ngo
abashe kunoza umurimo we. Iyo rero abitegereje igihe kirekire agaheba, bimwicira
akazi akaba yagawa maze amakimbirane akavuka ubwo. Ariko na none abantu
bagomba kumenya ko abakozi bose batagira imbaraga zingana.
Dufatire urugero ku bakozi bo mu ruganda rukora amagare. Umwe wenda akora
amapine, uwa kabiri agakora amahembe naho uwa gatatu agasabwa guteranya igare
ryose. None se uwanyuma najya guteranya igare ngo rigurishwe agasanga ukora ipine
yabaye umunebwe bizagenda bite?
Akaga karenze ihaniro ni amakimbirane aturuka ku muyobozi ubwe iyo atangiye
gutonesha bamwe. Gutonesha ni umuco mubi ukurura amakimbirine n’umwiryane
mu babana mu muryango. Iyo ukuriye abandi atangiye gufata umwe cyangwa bake
akabarutisha abandi, icyo gihe inyungu zitangira kwikubirwa na bamwe abandi
basigaye bagacyura amara masa.
Ishyari na ryo abashakashatsi basanze riri mu bitera amakimbirane. Ishyari ritera
umutima kutanyurwa. Iryo ryo ni ishyano rimwe ritagira gihanura kuko rihera
mu bwana. Hari umwana ubona baguriye umuvandimwe we umwenda akamikwa.
Babagurira inkweto bombi akagira ngo azitwarire zose. Zipfa kuba zidasa gusa!
Ntatekereza ko undi yaba asigariye aho. Ishyari rero ritera kutishimira ikiza kiri
ku bandi, urifite akumva yahora ashimwa wenyine, bityo akagirana amakimbirane
n’abandi.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Rondora nibura ibintu bine bivugwa mu mwandiko bishobora gutera
amakimbirane.
2. Mu mwandiko baravuga ko inzangano zo zaba zituruka ku ki?
3. Garagaza inkomoko y’ishyari uko ivugwa mu mwandiko.
4. Vuga indi mpamvu itavuzwe mu mwandiko ubona itera amakimbirane
5. Ni iyihe mpamvu ivugwa mu mwandiko isobanura impamvu abantu iyo bari mu
kazi kamwe hari ababa aba mbere abandi bakaba aba nyuma?
6. Nyuma yo gusoma umwandiko urumva mu ishuri wakwirinda amakimbirane ute?60
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo akurikira unayakoreshe mu nteruro ngufi
kandi ziboneye
a) Itsinda
b) Icyuho
c) Gutonesha
d) Kuva ku izima2. Vuga amagambo ari mu mwandiko asobanura kimwe n’aya akurikira:
a) Bagataha nta cyo babonye
b) Akagira ishyariIII. Ubumenyi bw’ururimi
1. Mu nteruro zikurikira, erekana indangasano mu magambo aciyeho
akarongo, werekane n’amagambo ngengasano agenga izo ndangasano.
a) Imbazi ya menshi ivuga icyo yariye.
b) Inka nini ndazibona zirarisha.
c) Abana bange barara bahagaze bwacya bakaryama.
d) Amarembo magari arugariye kandi imbyeyi ziravumera.
2. Mu Kinyarwanda hari amagambo ahinduka n’amagambo adahinduka.
Bisobanuye iki?
3. Mu nteruro isanisha ry’amagambo rigomba kubahiriza iki?
4. Wifashishije ingero ebyirebyiri kuri buri bwoko bw’interuro garagaza
aho interuro mbonezamvugo itandukaniye n’interuro nyobyamvugo.61
Umwandiko: Tumenye SIDA n’ubwandu bwayo
Hari icyorezo gihangayikishije isi cyane kuko kitarabonerwa umuti kikaba nta
n’urukingo rwacyo ruravumburwa. Abantu bakivugaho byinshi, uwafashwe na cyo
bakavuga ko yanduye virusi cyangwa se yanduye SIDA. Umuntu yakwibaza rero icyo
SIDA ari cyo n’isano ifitanye na virusi. Yakwibaza kandi uburyo yandura kugira ngo
abashe kuyirinda.
SIDA ni uruhurirane rw’ibimenyetso by’uburwayi buterwa n’agakoko ko mu bwoko
bwa virusi bita «HIV». Iyo virusi inegekaza abasirikare barinda umubiri ntube
ugishoboye kwirwanaho, maze indwara z’amoko yose zikawibasira. Iyi virusi iyo
ikigera mu mubiri, ntabwo uyanduye ahita arwara SIDA, aba afite gusa ubwandu
bwa virusi itera SIDA. Bavuga ko umuntu arwaye SIDA iyo umubiri umaze gucika
intege indwara yose ije ikawutaha, umurwayi agashiramo, agasigara ari igikanka. Hari62
n’abantu bagira ubwandu bwa virusi ariko ntibarware SIDA nyamara bakayanduza
abandi. Kubera ko SIDA yica nabi, ni ngombwa ko abantu bamenya uko virusi iyitera
yinjira mu mubiri w’umuntu.
Uburyo buza ku isonga ni ugukorana imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye hagati
y’uwanduye virusi n’utayanduye. Mu matembabuzi yo mu gitsina cy’umugore no
mu masohoro y’umugabo hatemberamo iyo virusi ku bwinshi. Virusi kandi iba mu
maraso. Igihe cyose amaraso y’uwanduye ahuye n’igikomere cy’uwari muzima ahita
yandura virusi. Ayo maraso ashobora guhura bitewe no guhererekanya ibikoresho
bikomeretsa n’ufite ubwandu nk’inzembe, ibikwasi, inshinge umuntu yatewe
zakoreshejwe n’urwaye... Ibyo bigakunda kugaragara mu buvuzi bwa magendu.
Umuganga na we ashobora kwandura igihe atirinze kandi avura uwanduye,
yifashishije ibikoresho bikomeretsa. Umubyeyi wanduye ashobora kwanduza
umwana igihe amubyara cyangwa igihe amwonsa.
Umurwayi wa SIDA agaragaza ibimenyetso bitandukanye. Indwara yose ije
iramwadukira, akananuka cyane akaba igikanka, umusatsi ugacurama, uruheri
rukamutaha umubiri wose, akagira inkorora idashira, akarwara igituntu, mbese
akaba isibaniro ry’indwara nyinshi. Nkuko SIDA itagira umuti ntigire n’urukingo kandi
umurwayi wa SIDA yivuza ibyo byorezo ariko ntabe yayikira ikamwica yaramumazeho
umutungo wose, we n'umuryango we. Cyakora ubu haje imiti igabanya ubukana
ariko idakiza SIDA.
Kwirinda SIDA ariko birashoboka. Abakiri bato bagomba kwifata bakirinda gukora
imibonano mpuzabitsina batarageza igihe kandi bagakomera ku busugi n’ubumanzi
bwabo, kugeza igihe bashakiye bakubaka ingo. Abashakanye kandi bagomba kugira
ubudahemuka, bakubahiriza amasezerano bagiranye ntibacane inyuma, uwo kwifata
binaniye agakoresha agakingirizo. Nimuze rero turwanye SIDA itatumaraho abantu.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko uravuga ku ki?
2. SIDA ni iki?
3. Kwandura SIDA no kurwara SIDA bitandukaniye he?
4. Vuga ahantu hatandukanye twasanga agakoko gatera SIDA.
5. Rondora uburyo agakoko gatera SIDA gashobora kwanduramo.
6. Umuntu urwaye SIDA agaragaza ibihe bimenyetso?
7. Ni iki cyakorwa ngo twirinde SIDA?
8. Ni gihe ki umubyeyi ashobora kwanduza umwana we?II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:63
a) Icyorezo b) Kunegekaza c) Ubukana
d) Ubwandu e) Kuba igikanka2. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo
a) Ubujiji b) Abashakanye c) Kuba mutaraga
d) Ubuvuzi bwa magendu3. Huza aya magambo ari mu ruhushya rwa mbere n’ibisobanuro byayo
biri mu rwa kabiri
4. Tahura amazina y’indwara waba uzi zishobora kwandurira mu
mibonano mpuzabitsina zanditse muri iki kinyatuzu.
1. Koresha neza amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye:
a) Ubwandu b) Magendu c) Gucika intege
d) Kwifata
2. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko64
a) Tugomba kumenya ko ……… itagira umuti n’urukingo.
b) Abakobwa bakomere ku …... bwabo n’abahungu ku ……bwabo kugeza igihe
bazubaka ingo zabo.
c) Abashakanye birinde ………… bubahirize amasezerano bagiranye.
d) Gukora ………. idakingiye hagati y’uwanduye n’utanduye byanduza virusi
itera SIDA.IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko.
2. Ushingiye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite, vuga ingaruka nibura ebyiri zo kwandura
SIDA ku munyeshuri uri mu kigero nk’icyo ugezemo.
3. Nyuma yo gusoma uyu mwandiko bwira bagenzi bawe uburyo SIDA yandura
n’uburyo bayirinda?V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Insanganyamatsiko:
a) Nimugereranye ibivugwa mu mwandiko n’ibyo mwaba muzi cyangwa
mwarumvise mu buzima busanzwe bavuga kuri SIDA .
b) Niba muri mwe hari umwana uzi uwarwaye SIDA cyangwa se akaba azi aho
bayirwaje natange ubuhamya.65
Amoko y’imyandiko
Umwandiko ntekerezo
Inshoza y’umwandiko ntekerezo
Umwandiko ntekerezo ni umwandiko muhimbano akenshi uvuga ibintu bisanzwe
mu buzima. Umwandiko ntekerezo uvuga ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka. Uwandika
umwandiko ntekerezo akenshi ahera ku byo abona, yumva cyangwa atekereza ko
byabaho akabyandika ku buryo uzabisoma agira icyo yiyunguraho mu bumenyi.
Imyandiko ntekerezo bayita kandi “imyandiko isanzwe”. Yitwa imyandiko isanzwe
mu rwego rwo kuyitandukanya n’indi myandiko y’ubuvanganzo nk’inkuru, imivugo
n’iyindi. Imyandiko ntekerezo isa nk’imenyesha amakuru y’ibiriho maze usoma akaba
yabifata nk’ukuri cyangwa akabihakana. Nta keshamvugo rikunze kubamo; ahubwo
imyandiko ntekerezo ikoresha imvugo isanzwe yumvikana itazimije.
Iyo usomye uyu mwandiko “Tumenye SIDA n’ubwandu bwayo” usanga umwanditsi
yarashakaga kuduha amakuru; ni umwandiko utubwira icyo SIDA ari cyo,
ukanadusobanurira uko yandura n’uko twayirinda. Ni umwandiko usanzwe rero.
Mu yandi magambo ni umwandiko ntekerezo.Uturango tw’umwandiko ntekerezo
Umwandiko ntekerezo ugira insanganyamatsiko runaka uvugaho. Umwandiko
ntekerezo ndetse n’ikindi gikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose, bijya gukorwa byabanje
gutekerezwaho bigakorerwa imbata.Imbata y’umwandiko ntekerezo
Umwandiko ntekerezo ugira ibice bitatu by’ingenzi: intangiriro, igihimba
n’umwanzuro ariko kandi ukaba ufite umutwe.Umutwe ni nk’ipfundo riba riri bupfundurwe mu mwandiko nyiri izina. Umutwe
w’umwandiko ugomba kuba witaruye gato ibindi bice by’umwandiko bisigaye.
Umutwe w’umwandiko ushobora kwandikwa mu nyuguti nkuru cyangwa mu nyuguti
nto ariko ugacibwaho umurongo. Biba byiza cyane iyo umutwe ubaye mugufi. Ni
ukuvuga ko uba wanditse mu murongo umwe cyangwa ibiri. Iyo irenze ishobora
kwitiranywa n’igika cy’umwandiko.Intangiriro: Mu ntangiriro uwandika avuga muri make ibyo agiye kwandikaho.
Intangiriro iba igizwe n’igika kimwe kandi kigufi.Igihimba: Mu gihimba uwandika avuga byimazeyo ibyo ashaka kuvuga ndetse
agatanga n’ingero zifatika. Mu gihimba uwandika atondeka ibitekerezo bye neza ku
buryo ubisoma yumva ibitekerezo biri ku murongo. Igihimba gishobora kugira ibika66
birenze kimwe bitewe n’ingingo uwandika ari butange cyangwa bitewe n’uburebure
bw’umwandiko bwasabweUmusozo: Mu musozo uwandika avuga muri make yanzura ku byo yavuze mu
ntangiriro no mu gihimba. Umusozo ntugomba gutandukira ibyavuzwe mu gihimba.
Umusozo uba ugizwe n’igika kimwe kandi kigufi. Muri iki gice kandi ni ho uwandika
ashobora kugaragaza uruhande abogamiyeho, byanaba ngombwa akagira inama
atanga ku bimaze kuvugwahoDore imiterere y’umwandiko ntekerezo ku rupapuro:
67
Ibisobanuro:
1 : umutwe 3 : igihimba
2 : intangiriro 4 : umusozo
Intambwe z’ingenzi zikwiriye guterwa mu guhimba umwandiko ntekerezo
1. Gutekereza ku nsanganyamatsiko no kuyisobanukirwa neza.
2. Gutekereza no kwandika ku ruhande ibitekerezo ku ngingo nkuru uri buvugeho.
3. Kumenya imbata y’umwandiko.
4. Kwandika umwandiko wita ku isuku no ku mategeko y’imyandikire.
5. Gusoma ibyo wanditse ukareba ko hari ibyo waba washyizemo bitari.
ngombwa cyangwa se ko hari ibyo waba wibagiwe byari ngombwa.
6. Gukuramo ibitari ngombwa no kongeramo ibibuze.
7. Kwandukura ibyo wanditse ku rupapuro mu buryo bufite isuku, wita no ku
Umwitozo ku mwandiko ntekerezomategeko y’imyandikire y'ururimi.
Insanganyamatsiko:
a) Tumenye ibishobora kuzamura imitsindire mu kigo cyacu.
b) Akamaro k'umurimo68
Ishuri ryacu ni ryiza cyane. Ni ishuri rishya rigizwe n’amazu maremare agerekeranye.
Ni ryo shuri ry’ikitegererezo mu mashuri yo mu karere kacu. Riri ku rwego rumwe
n’andi mashuri mpuzamahanga. Ni ishuri ntangarugero mu gutanga ubumenyi ngiro
bwizewe.
Ishuri ryacu riherereye mu mpinga y’agasozi keza kitaruye utundi. Bavuga ko ako
ari ko gasozi indatwa mu karere. Iyo uhari uba wumva akayaga gahuhera kakazana
amahumbezi mu duce twose iryo shuri ryubatsemo. Ababyeyi benshi usanga baba
bifuza kuhazana abanyeshuri kuko kuhigira bingana no gutsinda. Ako gasozi keza
kubatseho ishuri ryacu, kari bugufi y’akagezi gato kadasuma; gafite amazi make ariko
asa neza ku buryo kuharuhukira wumva binejeje.
Abayobozi baho ni ntamakemwa. Ikintu kiza bashimirwa cyane ni isuku usangana
amashuri ndetse n’abanyeshuri bahiga bose. Ukinjira mu muryango munini w’ishuri
ryacu, ubona ubusitani bwiza cyane n’uduhanda dutoduto tw’utugenderano tugana
mu byerekezo bine amashuri yubatseho. Utwo tuyira dukikijwe n’indabo ndende
n’izindi ndabo ngufi kandi ziteye amabengeza.
Iyo umenye imitsindire myiza yaranze ishuri ryacu kuva ryashingwa, uhita wifuza
kuharerera kuko abana bahiga batsinda neza cyane. Nta kibazo k’indwara z’ibyorezo
kiharangwa kandi n’imirire ni ntagereranywa pe! Ibyo byose babikesha ubuyobozi
bwiza bw’indashyikirwa. Abana bakiri bato bo mu mashuri abanza, biga bashyizeho
umwete ngo nibatsinda bazabohereze ku ishuri ryacu.69
Ibibazo twakwibaza kuri uyu mwandiko:
1. Uyu mwandiko witwa ngo iki?
2. Mu mwandiko baratubwira iki?
3. Ishuri ryubatse rite?
4. Ukinjira mu marembo magari ubona iki?
5. Hafi y’ishuri hari iki?Duhereye ku bisubizo by'ibi bibazo, turumva neza ko mu mwandiko basa
n’abaduha ishusho y’ishuri ryacu uko riteye n’aho ryubatse. Umuntu usoma
umwandiko aragira ishusho runaka y’uko iri shuri riteye.Inshoza y’umwandiko mvugo shusho n’uturango twawo:
Umwandiko mvugo shusho ugaragaza ikivugwa uko kiri, ukagaragaza imiterere
y’ikintu iki n’iki. Twavuga nk’uyu mwandiko utaka ishuri, imiterere y’aho ryubatse,
n’ibindi umuntu ashobora gukenera kumenya. Umwandiko mvugo shusho uba
wanditse ku buryo utanga amakuru yose mbese ugatanga ishusho y’ikintu runaka.Umwitozo wo guhimba umwandiko mvugo shusho:
Umuvugo: Muze twambarire urugamba
70
Ibibazo twakwibaza kuri uyu mwandiko:
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki?
2. Kubera iki? Vuga nibura impamvu ebyiri.
3. Murumva uvugitse ute?
4. Ese uyu mwandiko wanditse ute ugereranyije n’indi myandiko?
5. Amagambo “Kwizihira agatimba cyangwa ikoti na karuvati” bivuze iki mu
mwandiko?I. Inshoza y’umuvugo
Umuvugo ni igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo kigira injyana kikavuga ku nsanganyamatsiko
runaka ku buryo bunyura uwumva cyangwa uwusoma. Umuvugo ugira ikeshamvugo
n’ubuhanga bwo gukoresha amagambo. Umuvugo usingiza umuntu cyangwa ikintu.
Ushobora ariko no kukivuga nabi bitewe n’ububi bw’icyo uvuga kugira ngo abantu
bakirinde. Umuvugo wandikwa mu mikarago.II. Uturango tw’umuvugo
Umuvugo urangwa n’injyana inogeye amatwi. Umuvugo kandi ugira ikeshamvugo
ari bwo buryo bwo kunoza ururimi, bakoresha agambo atoranyijwe ndetse
agakurikiranywa neza, kandi bagakoresha cyane imvugo izimiza. Umuvugo wandikwa
mu mikarago ntabwo interuro zawo ziba ndende nko mu yindi mikarago.a) Injyana: ni uburyo amajwi aba yubakitse, ku buryo arema ururirimbo runogeye
amatwi.
b) Imikarago: interuro zigize umuvugo ni ngufi, si ndende nkuko bisanzwe mu
yindi myandiko.
c) Ikeshamvugo: ni uburyo bwo kunoza ururimi, bahitamo amagambo meza ndetse
bakayakurikiranya neza.
d) Imvugo izimije: mu muvugo bakoresha imvugo ishushanya, iterura neza71
ibivugwa, rimwe na rimwe bigasaba gusiganuza kugira ngo umenye icyo
umuhanzi yashatse kuvuga.Umukoro:
Itandukaniro hagati y’umwandiko ntekerezo, umwandiko
mvugo shusho n’umuvugo
Iyi myandiko itandukaniye ku miterere yayo. Umuvugo witaruye iyi myandiko isigaye
kuko uba wanditse mu mikarago mu gihe iyo yindi yo yanditse mu mirongo. Ikindi
umuvugo uba wiganjemo ikeshamvugo n’injyana bititabwaho cyane mu myandiko
yindi.
N’ubwo bwose mu miterere y’ibika umwandiko ntekerezo n’umwandiko mvugo
shusho nta ho bitaniye, uwandika umwandiko ntekerezo ahera ku nsanganyamatsiko
runaka akavuga ibyo abona, yumva cyangwa atekereza ko byabaho. Abyandika atitaye
ku kurobanura amagambo n’imvugo zishushanya ikivugwa kandi agamije kugira icyo
ahindura ku mitekerereze y’abantu cyangwa kubungura ubumenyi.
Umwandiko mvugo shusho ugaragaza ikivugwa uko kiri, ukagaragaza imiterere yacyo
binyujijwe mu magambo n’imvugo zishushanya icyo kivugwa. Mu mwandiko mvugo
shusho hibandwa cyane ku ikoresha ry’amagambo agereranya kandi ataka ubwiza
cyanecyane ubugaragara inyuma, ku buryo ibivugwa biba bishingiye ku miterere
wabonesha amaso. Nyamara mu mwandiko ntekerezo ho bavuga n’ibyo utabonesha
amaso, wumva mu bwenge bwawe gusa ukemera ko byabaho kandi ari ukuri72
Inshoza y’ibiganiro mpaka
Ibiganiro mpaka bikorwa n’abantu benshi bagamije kungurana ibitekerezo hagati
yabo. Ibiganiro mpaka bigira insanganyamatsiko bityo hakaba impande ebyiri
z’abantu bamwe bakayishyigikira abandi ntibayishyigikire.
Impaka zivugwa aha ngaha si za zindi za ngo turwane, si zimwe zibyara amacakubiri.
Ahubwo ni impaka zigamije kugera ku mwanzuro wubaka, abajya impaka bagatahiriza
umugozi umwe cyane ko akenshi ziba kugira ngo hagire umurongo ufatirwa ikibazo
runaka.
Ibiganiro mpaka biba bigamije guhuza impande zombi ngo barebe icyo bakumvikanaho
gikwiye gukurikizwa ku mpande zombi.
Iyo ari umwitozo wo mu mashuri, ibiganiro mpaka bituma abanyeshuri baba intyoza
mu kuvuga. Bakaba imbonera mu gutega amatwi ibivugwa no mu gutanga ingingo zifite
ireme. Ntibarondogora; ahubwo bagusha ku ntego kandi bakamenyera gukurikiranya
ingingo, bubahiriza inyurabwenge n’injyabihe y’ibivugwa. By’umwihariko, ibiganiro
mpaka bitoza abanyeshuri kuvugira mu ruhame.73
Imitegurire y’ikiganiro mpaka
Ikiganiro mpaka kiba kigomba gutegurwa, ndetse n’abajya impaka bakitegura
bagakora ubushakashatsi kugira ngo igihe nyirizina nikigera bazatange ingingo
zifatika kandi zifite ireme. Mu mitegurire y’ikiganiro mpaka hari ibigomba kwitabwaho
nyuma y’uko insanganyamatsiko iboneka n’aho ikiganiro kigomba kubera.Abagize ibiganiro mpaka
Ibiganiro mpaka bigirwa n’amatsinda atatu hatabariwemo indorerezi. Uruhare rw’ayo
matsinda yose ruba rukenewe mu migendekere myiza y’ikiganiro mpakaa) Uruhande rushyigikira insanganyamatsiko: Ni itsinda ry’abashyigikiye
insanganyamatsiko. Ibitekerezo, ingingo n’ibisobanuro batanga bigomba
kutanyuranya n’insanganyamatsiko.b) Uruhande rudashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko: Ni itsinda ry’abantu batemera
ibitekerezo n’ingingo bikubiye mu nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe. Abafata
umwanya wo kugira icyo bavuga, bagerageza kuyirwanya. Bagomba ariko
kwifashisha ingingo n’ibisobanuro byumvikana ku buryo n’uruhande rwemeza
rushobora kuva ku izima cyangwa bakagamburukaho gato.c) Umuhuza/ umuyobozi w’ibiganiro mpaka: Ni umuntu uba ushinzwe guhuza
izo mpande zombi. Ashobora kuba umwe cyangwa benshi. Umubare w’abafasha
umuhuza uterwa n’urwego rw’ikiganiro, igihe ibiganiro bizamara ndetse n’intego
y’ibiganiro.Ingero:
– Ibiganiro mpaka bibera mu mashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, umuhuza ashobora
kuba ari umuntu umwe ntabamufasha. Impamvu ni uko bimara igihe gito
kibarirwa mu masaha.
– Ibiganiro mpaka bitegurwa ku rwego rw’igihugu cyangwa bihuje impande
zishyamiranye, umuhuza agira abamufasha. Impamvu ni uko biba bisaba
ubumenyi bwinshi bunyuranye nk’amateka, poritiki, ubukungu n’ibindi. Nta
muntu rero waba inzobere mu bintu byose. Indi mpamvu ituma umuhuza
agira abamufasha, ni uko bene ibyo biganiro bishobora no gufata igihe kirekire
nk’ibyumweru cyangwa amezi.Inshingano z’umuhuza
Inshingano z’umuhuza zishobora kuba nyinshi ariko iz’ingenzi ni izi zikurikira:
– Gusobanura insanganyamatsiko.
– Gutanga umurongo ngenderwaho.
– Gutanga umwanya w’amagambo kuri buri ruhande.74
– Kwerekana ingufu n’imbaraga nke z’ibitekerezo bya buri ruhande.
– Gufasha mu kumvikanisha impande zombi.
– Kugeza impande zombi ku mwanzuro.
– Gufasha mu kubahiriza igiheIbyo umuhuza agomba kuba yujuje
Umuhuza agomba kuba ari:
– Inararibonye
– Umuhanga mu byo baganiraho
– Azwiho kwihangana
– Kuba ashobora kuvuga rikumvikana
– Kuba azwiho kutabogama
– Kuba afite igitsure.d) Indorerezi: Ni abantu bose baba bateze amatwi banihera ijisho impaka zirimo
kuba. Abo uretse kumva no kutivanga mu biganiro, nta zindi nshingano baba
bafite. Icyakora bemerewe kugaragaza amarangamutima batagize uruhande
babangamira cyangwa bakabaza ibibazo aho batasobanukiwe.
e) Abakemurampaka:Ni ababa bashinzwe kugaragaza uruhande rwatsinze
n’uruhande rwatsinzwe. Iyo ari mu myitozo ibera mu mashuri batanga
amanota bakurikije imyitwarire ya buri ruhande. Umwarimu ashobora kuba
umukemurampaka mu gihe impaka zabereye ku kigo cy'amashuri cyangwa mu
ishuri.Uko ibitekerezo bitangwa
Buri ruhande rugerageza gutanga ingingo no kuzisobanura hifashishijwe ingero
zumvikana nezaDore aho wavana zimwe muri zo:
1. Amagambo n’ibitekerezo byatanzwe n’abahanga bazwi ndetse n’abantu
bakomeye byerekeranye n’iyo nsanganyamatsiko.
2. Ubumenyi bwigwa mu mashuri n’ahandi
3. Ubunararibonye bwa buri muntu…75
Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro:
Gukora ikiganiro mpaka ku buryo bukoreshwa mu kwirinda SIDA
Insanganyamatsiko: “Urubyiruko rugize uruhare mu kurwanya no kwirinda SIDA,
yacika burundu.”
Imodokari itwara abagenzi yari ibakuriyemo ku cyapa. Nuko bafata umuhanda muto
w’ibitaka berekeza ku ivuriro ryari nko mu kirometero kimwe. Ni ahantu ubona ko
hari amafu n’amahumbezi kubera ibiti byiza biteye hepfo no haruguru y’umuhanda.
Karangwa na Munezero barimo baganira bahuje urugwiro. Baratambuka intambwe
ku yindi bakanyuzamo bakarebana mu maso bakamwenyura.
Bagiye kumva bumva urusaku rw’abana bagira bati: “Komerakomeraaa, imodoka,76
imodoka, imodokaaa!” Munezero yarakebutse ngo arebe ibyo abo bana batangariye,
abona urukurikirane rw’imodoka nyinshi zitatse indabo n’udutambaro twiza.
Zagendaga zivuza amahoni. Bi bi bibibi, bi bibi, bi bi bibi... Yitegereje abona imodoka
iziri imbere irimo abantu bagenda bafotora, iya kabiri yarimo abantu bambaye
imyenda ibengerana, itwawe n’umusore wambaye ikoti ry’umukara.
Kubera ukuntu zagendaga gahoro, n’ayo mahoni yavugiraga icyarimwe, Munezero uko
yagakebutse ntiyongeye kugarura amaso ngo akomezanye na mugenzi we. Karangwa
na we akomeza kugenda yivugisha azi ngo aracyari kumwe na Munezero. Sinzi uko
yakebutse gato abona yamusize nko mu ntambwe icumi atangira kumuhamagara:
“Muneze, Munezero, ni ko nshuti!” Abonye ko atarimo kumwumva asubira inyuma
atangira kumukomanga mu bitugu. Karangwa amenya ko yatwawe n’abo bageni
aramwihorera ngo imodoka zibanze zirenge. Ibitekerezo bye ntibyari biri hafi.
Munezero yabonye abo bageni ukuntu bameze, bavimviriye mu mamodoka atagira
uko asa, yibuka ukuntu iminsi ye y’ubwangavu atabashije kuyirangiza neza,
yakwibuka n’ukuntu yari yaririnze, agahinda karamwegura. Nuko ibitekerezo bye
bisubira inyuma atangira gutekereza ibyo mu buto bwe.
Munezero arangije amashuri abanza, yakoze ikizamini aratsinda bamwohereza ku
kigo cy’abafurere cyari mu mugi i Rwamagana aho yagombaga kwiga aba mu kigo.
Mu ijoro yari bubyuke agenda, mama we yamusanze mu cyumba aho yari arimo
kuzinga imyenda, atangira kumuganiriza.
– Wiriwe ute Muneze?
– Nta kibazo mama.
– Ejo rero uzabyuka ujya ku ishuri. Urumva bikumereye bite?– Ndumva nishimye mama. Urukumbuzi ariko ruzanyica. Uzi ko natangiye
kubakumbura kandi tukiri kumwe!
– Oya mwana wa! Nta kibazo uzagira, nta n’irungu kuko tuzajya tugusura. Tuzajya
tukuzanira amapera n’imigati. Si byo mwana wa?
– Mama, barambwiye ngo nta kiribwa na kimwe kemerewe kwinjizwa mu kigo ku
munsi wo gusura abanyeshuri. Ngo byose biba bihari kandi ngo banarya neza.
– Nta kibazo ubwo tuzajya tugusura gusa.
Barakomeje baraganira ku buryo abandi bana mu rugo bagiye ku meza bakarya
bakarangiza Munezero na mama we bakiri mu cyumba. Amagambo yose baganiriye
iryo joro, Munezero yakomeje kuyazirikana yose ariko akibuka ko mama we
yakundaga kumubwira ngo age yirinda abahungu. Mu myaka yose yamaze ku kigo
aho yize amashuri, ni we mukobwa wari intangarugero muri bagenzi be.
Ubwo Karangwa na Munezero bari bafashe urugendo berekeza ku kigo nderabuzima,
Munezero yabonye ibyo birori byizihiye abo bageni, atekereje ko kwa muganga77
bashobora kuhava bahakuye igisubizo kibi cyangwa kiza, imitima imubana myinshi.
Yikekaga se iki ko yari umwari witonda? Cyangwa yakekaga ko umukunzi we ari
busange yaranduye?
Yagaruye akenge asa n’uwikanze abonye Karangwa amukomanga ku bitugu.
– Ni ibiki ko unkomanga? Sha urambabaje.
– Yooo! Mbabarira mukunzi. Nabonaga abageni bakuntwaye.
– Wowe se ntiwabonaga ukuntu byari byiza?
– Ubwo ni ziriya modoka watangariye. Izo mu bukwe bwacu zizaba zizikubye
kabiri.
Karangwa yagiye kwitsa ikiganiro asanga Munezero yacitse intege. Ahita amusaba ko
bicara hasi akanya gato. Bigiye haruguru bicara mu twatsi hafi aho ariko ikiganiro
gihindura isura. Wa munezero na ya nseko nziza izira imbereka byari byayoyotse.
Karagwa yibaza ibibaye ku mwana yihebeye biramuyobera.
Afata Munezero aramwiyegamiza undi na we arakunda indoro irahonga ariko
ntiyagira icyo amutangariza. Aho kugira ijambo risohoka mu kanwa ahubwo atangira
kwimyoza. Hashize akanya avuga mu ijwi rituje ryuje agahinda ati: “Ibyo mama
yahoraga ambwira byari ukuri”.
Karangwa aramubaza ati: “Yakubwiraga ngo iki Mukunzi wange?”
Yatinze kumusubiza amara umwanya muto arimo kwiyumvira nuko ati: “ Abahungu”!
Karangwa biramushobera ariko kuko yabonaga kumubaza byinshi birushaho
kumutera ikiniga, ahitamo kumwihorera. Yumvise iryo jambo “Umuhungu” atangira
kuryibazaho byinshi. Ese haba hari abahungu bahemukiye umukunzi we? Yaba se
yanga ikitwa umuhungu wese ku buryo nge ngiye kubihomberamo? Ibyo ni bimwe
mu bitekerezo byari bitangiye kuza mu mutwe wa Karangwa.
Icyari kimugoye kurushaho ni uko uwo munsi ari bwo bari batemberanye ku nshuro
yabo ya mbere. Na bwo ni uko bari bemeranyije ko bagiye kwa muganga kwipimisha
agakoko gatera SIDA kugira ngo urukundo rwabo rutazagira imbogamizi. Yari
yaragambiriye kuva kera ko nabona umukobwa bashobora kurushingana, bazabanza
kwipimisha mbere yo kubimenyesha ababyeyi. Burya koko ngo iyo mbimenya yari
ijambo iyo ijya kubanza. Yabonaga ko uwo munsi bitagikunze n’ubwo bari bageze
hafi y’ivuriro aho bagombaga kwipimishiriza. Aho bagombaga kwipimishiriza iyo
bageraga ku isaha ya saa tanu nta muntu bongeraga kwakira.
Yooo! Mbega ukuntu yari ababaye! Ivuriro yaribonaga nko mu metero nke cyane ariko
kurigeraho ari kumwe n’umukunzi we bikaba ingorabahizi. Yageze n’aho atekereza
kubwira abantu bake bacaga aho ngaho ngo bamumuteruze bamugeze aho bari bagiye
na byo agasanga Munezero atari bubyakire neza. Yabonaga neza ko nta kindi arwaye.78
Intandaro y’ibyo byose yari za modoka zitwaye abageni. Icyo yagombaga gukora
kwari ugukomeza kumuhendahenda no kumukomeza ngo bakomeze urugendo.
Munezero yageze aho aramwerurira ati: “Tubyihorere.” Undi ati: “Ese ko twari
twabyumvikanyeho tutaranahaguruka ibyo bije bite?” Undi na we ashaka
kumwihorera ariko asanga yaba amuteye intimba itazamuva ku mutima ni ko
gutangira kumusobanurira. Ati: “Kera nkigera mu mwaka wa mbere w’amashuri
yisumbuye, nari umwana witonda cyane. Nakurikizaga inama nziza nahabwaga
n’abarezi buri gitondo mbere y’amasomo. Nakongeraho n’izo mama yahoraga angira,
nkaba intangarugero. Yahoraga ambwira ngo sinkakubagane mu ishuri kandi nge
nubaha abarimu. Yahoraga ambwira ko burya umurezi ari umubyeyi wo ku ishuri,
ko umurezi aba ahagarariye umubyeyi igihe cy’amasomo. Buri gihe yambwiraga
kandi ko umukobwa ari nyampinga ko isuku, ubugwaneza n’umurava ni byo bikwiye
umwari nka nge.”
Nyamuhungu na we aramukundira ntiyamuca mu ijambo. Umukobwa na we
aramuganirira, iby’urugendo rwo kwipimisha bishirira aho. Yarakomeje ati: “Inama
narazikurikizaga ibihe byose ariko ngiye kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye ndacikwa.
Sha abahungu ni babi koko. Barambwiye ngo rimwe gusa nta kibazo na nge ndemera”.
Akirangiza ayo magambo ikiniga kiraza aratuza ntiyongera kuvuga. Karangwa yamaze
kumva ayo magambo asanga neza na we ni byo byamubayeho, Karangwa ariko we
yabaye intwari ajya kwipimisha mbere. Ubwo baganaga ku kigo nderabuzima nta
bwoba yari afite. Yasaga n’uwizeye igisubizo kiza. Yumvaga nyuma yo kuva ku ivuriro
nta mezi menshi ashize. Ikindi kandi yari yararahiye ko atazongera gukubagana dore
ko n’ubundi itari ingeso ye. Yari yarishinze agakungu k’abahungu babi, bananywaga
ibiyobyabwenge.
Aho yongeye gufatira agatege arongera asubira muri ya magambo ati: “ Tubyihorere,
kwipimisha tubireke ndumva mfite ubwoba”. Karangwa ariko yakomeje
kumuhumuriza aho yemereye asanga igihe cyo kujya ku ivuriro cyarenze.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Muri iyi nkuru umaze gusoma Munezero na Karangwa bafitanye iyihe sano?
2. Ni uwuhe mugambi Karangwa yari yarafashe akiri muto?
3. Mbese na Munezero na we bari bahuje umugambi? Sobanura.
4. Ni iki cyatumye Munezero atabasha kugera ku mugambi yari yariyemeje akiri
muto?
5. Munezero na Karangwa bari bafashe urugendo berekeza he?
6. Bari bagiye gukora iki?
7. Ese icyari kibajyanye baragikoze?
8. Babujijwe n’iki?79
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo akurikira unayakoreshe mu nteruro ziboneye
a) Irungu
b) Urukumbuzi
c) Kwiyegamiza
d) Ikiniga
e) Agakungu2. Sobanura uyu mugani: “Iyo mbimenya yari ijambo iyo ijya kubanza”
III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu nkuru, mu nteruro
ngufi kandi ziboneye :
a) Irungu b) Urukumbuzi c) Ikiniga
d) AgakunguIV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Inama umubyeyi yahoraga agira Munezero zari nziza. Zaba zaramugiriye
akamaro? Sobanura.
2. Muvuge ibyiza nibura bitatu byo kwirinda imibonano mpuzabitsina igihe cyose
utari washinga urugo.
3. Ni iki mubona muri iki gihe gituma urubyiruko rwinshi runanirwa kwifata?
4. Kuganiriza abana kuva bakiri bato ku buzima bw’imyororokere mubona ari
ngombwa ? Niba ari byo cyangwa atari byo bigaragaze wifashishije ingero ebyiri
z’inyungu cyangwa igihombo byateza.Inkuru ngufi
Inshoza y’inkuru ngufi
Inkuru ngufi ni igihangano kigufi kigamije kubarira abandi ibyabayeho ku buryo
burambuye. Inkuru ngufi ivuga amateka agaragara nk’ayabayeho nyamara akenshi
aba ari amahimbano.80
Uturango tw’inkuru ngufi
Inkuru ngufi irangwa no kugira insangamatsiko imwe. Ishobora kuba ivuga ikintu
wabonye cyangwa icyakubayeho mu buzima. Inkuru ngufi igira abanyarubuga bake
kandi bavuga ibintu bishobora kubaho, bitarimo amakabyankuru menshi.V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Umukoro:
Soma inkuru ngufi zivuga ku myitwarire y’urubyiruko n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere.
Izo nkuru mushobora kuzibona mu masomero yo ku kigo cyanyu ndetse n’andi
masomero yaba aya Leta cyangwa ayigenga. Umunyeshuri arasabwa kandi gukora
inshamake y’inkuru yasomye akazanafata igihe akayisomera abandi.Inshamake y’ibyizwe muri uyu mutwe wa gatanu
Muri uyu mutwe twabonyemo imyandiko ivuga kuri SIDA uko yandura, zimwe
mu ngaruka zayo n’uburyo bwo kuyirinda. SIDA yandurira mu buryo bwose bwo
guhuza amaraso n’uwanduye nko mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye hagati
y’uwanduye n’utanduye, guhererekanya ibikoresho bikomeretsa hagati y’uwanduye
n’utanduye, umubyeyi wanduye ashobora kandi kwanduza umwana igihe amubyara
ndetse n’igihe amwonsa.
SIDA ntigira umuti cyangwa urukingo kandi kuyirinda byashobokera umuntu uwo
ari we wese.
Umwandiko ntekerezo ni umwandiko usanzwe kuko usa n’ugaragaza ibiriho,
ugatanga amakuru usa n’umenyesha. Umwandiko mvugoshusho wo urataka
cyangwa ukagaragaza ububi bw’ikintu. Mbese ugaragaza imiterere, imimerere
n’ingano.
Umuvugo wandikwa mu mikarago kandi ukaba ugaragaramo imikarago, injyana,
isubirajwi, ikeshamvugo.
Inkuru ngufi ni igihangano kigufi kigira abanyarubuga bake. Kivugwamo ibyabayeho
cyangwa ibihimbano bishobora kubaho.
Ibiganiro mpaka ababigira baba bari mu matsinda abiri atandukanye. Ayo
matsinda ajya impaka ku nsanganyamatsiko yatazwe bamwe bayishyigikira abandi
bayirwanya. Izo mpande zombi zihuzwa n’umuhuza ari we muyobozi w’ikiganiro
mpaka.81
Umwandiko: Oya ni oya!
Hambere abari n’abategarugori benshi, umuco wasaga n’aho utabemerera gufata
ikemezo muri gahunda zose zo kubaka urugo. Uretse n’aba kera, hari n’abagore na
n’ubu bakiyemerera ko abagabo babo babakoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku ngufu
cyangwa ku gahato. Ngo ntibashobora guhakana n’iyo baba batabishaka.
Nyamara mu bari ho hari abagira ingeso mbi. Bamwe ngo bajya guhuza urugwiro
babishaka ariko bakanga kwemera ko hagira ubita ibyomanzi. Ngo bamwe bahakana
mu magambo ariko imyifatire yabo ikagaragaza ko bemeye. Ibyo bitera bagenzi babo
b’abahungu kubafata ku ngufu. Gusa ugasanga basa n’abarimo korosora uwabyukaga.
Bene iyo myumvire rero ni imbogamizi mu rugamba rwo kurwanya no gukumira
icyorezo cya SIDA. Ni byiza ko abagore n’abakobwa bagira umuco wo guhakana
ntibakoreshwe imibinano mpuzabitsina ku gahato. Bakwiriye kujya bahakana kandi
bagakomera ku kemezo kiza nk’icyo baba bafashe. Bitabaye ibyo SIDA yaba ibonye
icyuho kitari gito. Hari n’ubwo kudahakana bivuye inyuma bituma abagabo n’abasore
bahatiriza kandi burya urugiye kera ruhinyuza intwari.
Si byiza rero ko umukobwa akoresha amagambo atagaragaza guhakana neza. Amwe
ni nka have ariko, iwacu bankubita, ubuse ntwaye inda byagenda bite, mbabarira
sha n’ayandi nk’ayo adafashije. Si byiza rwose gukoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina
ukiri muto. Abari bakiri bato bakwiye kwirinda abasore n’abagabo babashukisha
utuntu cyangwa amafaranga. Ibyo ni ibintu bishobora kubangiriza ubuzima bwabo
kandi bari bafite ejo heza.
Umwari ukwiye yakagombye kujya akoresha amagambo ahakana yivuye inyuma mu
gihe agiye gukoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina atabishaka. Ayo ni nka: Oya sinshaka!
Uwo muco mubi wawukuye he? Ntunankoreho! Ndanze! Mwari w’u Rwanda gira
ubutwari bwo kuvuga “Oya” kandi oya yawe ibe oya.I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni ibihe byiciro by’abantu birimo kugibwa inama muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni iyihe nama barimo kubagira?
3. Vuga umuco mubi wanenzwe abari n’abakobwa bo muri iki gihe.
4. Rondora amagambo ahakana ariko mu buryo budafashije abari(abakobwa)
bakwiriye kwirinda.82
5. Ni ayahe magambo umwanditsi avuga ko ari yo yari akwiriye gukoreshwa mu
guhakanira abashaka gushora abari mu ngeso mbi?
6. Nyuma yo gusoma uyu mwandiko wowe wagira abana b’abakobwa iyihe nama?II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko
a) Abari
b) Abategarugori
c) Imbogamizi
d) Icyomanzi
e) Urugwiro2. Ni ayahe magambo dusanga mu mwandiko ahuje inyito n’aya akurikira:
a) Kubona inzira
b) Kwinginga umuntu kandi na we yari agukeneye
c) Guhakana byimazeyoIII. Ubumenyi bw’ururimi
1. Umwandiko twahawe mu isuzuma ni bwoko ki? Sobanura.
2. Rondora amoko y’imyandiko twize uvuge n’aho itandukaniye ugaragaza ibiranga
buri bwoko.
3. Vuga ibigomba kuranga umuyobozi w’ikiganiro mpaka.VI. Ihangamwandiko
Hanga umwandiko ntekerezo mu mirongo 20 ku bubi n’ingaruka by’indwara ya SIDA.Ikitonderwa: Urasabwa kugaragaza ingingo enye kandi ukanazisobanura neza.
83
Iyo bavuze indangagaciro, umuntu yumva igikorwa cyangwa imyitwarire umuco
w’abantu ufata nk’ibinogeye ubwenge na kamere muntu. N’ubwo habaho
indangagaciro rusange imiryango yose isangiye, buri muryango, bitewe n’imibereho
wihariye cyangwa amateka yawo hamwe n’inyungu zawo bwite, ugira indangagaciro
z’umwihariko wawo. Abanyarwanda na bo bagira indangagaciro mu muco wabo.
Izo ndangagaciro zigabanyijemo ibyiciro bibiri: Hari indangagaciro remezo, hakaba
n’indangagaciro zizishamikiyeho.
«Kubaha Imana» ni indangagaciro remezo y’umuco nyarwanda. Indangagaciro
zishamikiye ku kubaha Imana ni amahoro, kwifuriza abandi umugisha n’ihirwe,
ndetse no kurangwa n’ubumuntu. Umunyarwanda kuva kera na kare yubahaga
Imana kandi akanayiyambaza mu bikorwa bye bya buri munsi. Bigaragarira cyane
mu mazina y’abanyarwanda ndetse n’imigani migufi imwe n’imwe. Hari amazina84
nka Bimenyimana, Ngizwenayo, Niyigena n’ayandi menshi. Mu migani migufi
harimo nk’iyi ikurikira: “Iyakaremye ni yo ikamena”, “agati gateretswe n’Imana
ntigahungabanywa n’umuyaga” n’iyindi tutarondora ngo tuyirangize.
Indangagaciro remezo ikurikiraho ni «Ugukunda Igihugu». Hashamikiyeho kwihesha
agaciro, kugira ubwitange, kugira ishyaka n’ubutwari, kugira uruhare mu bikorwa
by’Igihugu, kwirinda amacakubiri n’ivangura, gucunga neza ibya rubanda no
kubungabunga umutekano.
Indangagaciro remezo ya gatatu ni «Ukubaha umuryango». Kuri iyi ndangagaciro
hashamikiyeho kugira ubumwe, ubufatanye n’ubusabane, kwizerana no kujya inama,
kubahana, kugira ubwuzu n’urugwiro. Indangagaciro remezo ya kane ni «Ukubaha
ubuzima». Aha hashamikiyeho kubaha uburenganzira bwa muntu, kwirinda ihohotera
iryo ariryo ryose no kwiyitaho. Kwica abandi cyangwa kwiyahura ntibyigeze
bishyigikirwa na rimwe mu banyarwanda. Ahubwo gutabara abari mu kaga byari
muri bimwe mu byarangaga intwari.
Hakurikiraho indangagaciro remezo yo «Kugira umutima». Iyi ndangagaciro
ishamikiyeho iy’ubumanzi, iy’ubwuzu, ubucuti n’ubuntu. Indangagaciro remezo ya
gatandatu ni «Ukugira ubupfura». Iyi ndangagaciro ishamikiraho kwiyoroshya, kujya
inama, kuzuza amasezerano wagiranye n’abandi, kubaha ijambo wivugiye ndetse no
gukomeza indahiro n’igihango wagiranye n’abandi. Hashamikiraho kandi kuvuga
neza, kwihangana, kudahemuka, gushima no gushimira, gushishoza no kwanga
umugayo.
Indangagaciro remezo ikurikiraho ni «Ukunga ubumwe». Iyi ishamikiraho gutabarana,
gufashanya no kuganura. Uyu ni umuco karande waranze Abanyarwanda kuva kera
aho bicaraga bagasangira ku musaruro wa mbere. Baranezerwaga bakaboneraho no
gutura Imana ku musaruro w’uwo mwaka. Iyi ndangagaciro ariko yongeye guhabwa
imbaraga nyuma ya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu wa 1994 yari yasize umuryango
nyarwanda ushegeshwe n’amacakubiri.Indangagaciro remezo ya munani ni «Ugukunda umurimo». Aha hashamikiyeho
gushishikarira umurimo, gukora umurimo unoze kandi ufite ireme, gukorera hamwe,
gukorera ku gihe, guhanga imirimo mishya no kuvugurura imikorere, kurangiza ibyo
watangiye, gucunga neza umutungo, guteganya, kwigira, kugira umuco wo guhiganwa
no kuba indashyikirwa.
Indangagaciro remezo ya nyuma ni «Ukwagura amarembo». Burya rero umuco
uraguka ; mu kwaguka kwawo utakaza ibitakijyanye n’igihe ugafata ibyiza by’ahandi.
N’iyi ndangagaciro rero yo kwagura amarembo ni nshya mu muco w’u Rwanda.
Igizwe n’imico mishya yaturutse mu mahanga. Muri iyo mico twavuga nk’imyemerere
ishingiye ku madini, amatwara ya demokarasi, uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye,
ubumenyi bushya, ikoranabuhanga, indimi z’amahanga, gukoresha ifaranga no
kwita ku bidukikije.
Ngizo rero indangagaciro z’umuco w’u Rwanda. Abanyarwanda biyumvamo
ubunyarwanda buhamye n’urukundo rw’Igihugu cyabo kandi bagifite umuco wacyo
bakwiye kuzigira izabo bakazigenderaho badatezuka. Kuzikurikiza bituma bihesha
agaciro bakanagahesha aho bavuka.85
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ijambo “indangagaciro” risobanura iki?
2. Rondora indangagaciro z’ibanze z’umuco nyarwanda uko zavuzwe mu mwandiko.
3. Kuki hari indangagaciro tubona ko ari nshya mu muco nyarwanda?
4. Garagaza uburyo Abanyarwanda bubaha Imana babinyujije mu mazina bita.
5. Hari izindi ndangagaciro ubona zikwiye kuranga Abanyarwanda?
6. Nyuma yo gusoma uyu mwandiko ni iyihe nama wagira abantu bata
indangagaciro?II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko
a) Indangagaciro remezo
b) Akanayiyambaza
c) Kugira ishyaka
d) Kubungabunga umutekano
e) Ubumanzi
f) Kuganura2. Sobanura iyi migani migufi ibiri ikurikira
a) Iyakaremye ni yo ikamena.
b) Agati gateretswe n’Imana ntigahungabanywa n’umuyaga.III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
.
1. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo wahawe yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko: ikoranabuhanga, indangagaciro, amacakubiri, agaciro
a) Buri Munyarwanda akwiye kugira zimuranga.
b) Kwihesha bikwiye guharanirwa.
c) Dukwiye gukumira mu bana b’Abanyarwanda.
d) U Rwanda rurakataje mu gukoreshaIV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
86
1. Uyu mwandiko urabona uvuga ku yihe nsanganyamatsiko?
2. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi zikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Ni iki kindi ubona kitavuzwe muri uyu mwandiko ubona ko Abanyarwanda
bagombye kwimakaza muri iki gihe tugezemo?V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Niba kera abashyitsi baragutunguraga ukaba wanabatekera imbuto wateganyirije
ihinga, wumva iyi ndangagaciro yo kwakira abashyitsi yakorwa ite muri iki gihe ku
muntu wumva neza ko kuzigama ari imwe mu ndangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda
zikwiye kwimakazwa?
Kwakira neza abakugana ni imwe mu ndangagaciro z’Abanyarwanda kuva kera kugeza
ubu. Ibyo bigaragazwa n’imvugo ndetse n’imigani migufi nk’uyu ugira uti: “Umushyitsi
akurisha imbuto”. Bisobanura ko umushyitsi ushobora no kumwakiriza ibyo wari
warizigamiye byari kuzagufasha mu gihe kizaza. Abagana umuntu bashobora kuba87
ari: abashyitsi, abakiriya n’abandi bahisi n’abagenzi.
Mu muco w’Abanyarwanda bo hambere rero, umushyitsi iyo yakugendereraga
wagombaga kumwakira neza uko ushoboye kose. Ibyo byatumaga yishima kandi
ntanatahe akuvuga nabi. Abanyarwanda bangaga umugayo.
Kwakira neza abakugana rero ni imwe mu ndangagaciro zishamikiye ku murimo
ndetse n’ubupfura. Burya kwakira neza abakugana biroroshye. “Mwiriwe, tubafashe
iki? Nimwicare muruhuke, murakoze”. Ayo magambo kimwe n’ayandi meza nk’ayo
aroroshye. Ni magufi, kuyabwira abaje bagusanga nta muntu byagombye kugora. Iyo
uvuze neza ntacyo uhomba kandi ubwiwe neza agenda anezerewe.
Hari umucuruzi umwe uherutse kuganiriza mugenzi we ati : “Hari igihe wirirwa
uvugira ubusa bukira, buri mukiriya wese uje akareba ntagure”. Nta cyo bitwaye kuba
umukiriya arebye ntagure. Ejo cyangwa ejobundi ashobora kugaruka. Atanagarutse
kandi hari ubwo yazaharangira abandi aka ya mvugo ngo : “Utagusabye yanagusabira”.
Ibyo ni ko biri mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Kwakira neza abatugana dukwiye
kubigira intego kuko uwakiriwe neza agenda abara inkuru y’uko yakiriwe. Ibyo
bituma uwakira abamugana neza amenywa n’abantu batandukanye ko uwo muco
mwiza umuranga. Bikaba byanatuma benshi bakomeza kumugana kuko baba bazi
neza ko bazakiranwa urugwiro. Kwakira neza abatugana tubigire intego kuko burya
ngo: “Ijambo ryiza ni mugenzi w’Imana”.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko uravuga ku ki?
2. Ni uwuhe muco w’abakurambere uvugwa mu mwandiko werekeye ku kwakira
abashyitsi?
3. Iyo umuntu yakiriwe neza bimumarira iki?
4. Ni izihe nyungu ziva mu kwakira abantu bakugana neza.
5. Rondora amagambo avugwa mu mwandiko aganisha ku kwakira neza abatugana.
6. Nyuma yo gusoma uyu mwandiko wagira abantu iyihe nama mu rwego rwo
kwakira ababagana?II. Inyunguramagambo :
1. Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko
a) Umugayo
b) Imbuto
c) Ubupfura88
d) Inzitizi
e) Kubenguka2. Ni ayahe magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko asobanura:
a) Umuntu ukugenderera aje kureba uko umeze cyangwa kukugezaho
amakuru ye.
b) Gufata neza umushyitsi waje kugusuraIII. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje rimwe muri aya magambo
cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo yatanzwe:
Umugayo, imbuto, ubupfura, inzitizi, kubenguka
a) Nta muhinzi urira kuyimara.
b) umugeni biterwa n’imyifatire ye myiza.
c) Abanyarwanda twese tugomba kugira
d) Kwanga ni indangagaciro ikwiye kuturanga.
e) Kamana aba yaraguze uriya murima hazamoIV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Insanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko ihuriye he n’indangagaciro
z’umuco nyarwanda?
2. Ni izihe ndangagaciro zindi zikwiye kuranga Abanyarwanda?
3. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zikubiye muri uyu mwandiko?
4. Ni iki usanze muri uyu mwandiko usanzwe ubona mu buzima busanzwe?89
V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Kungurana ibitekerezo
Insanganyamatsiko: Uramutse uri umuyobozi, ukora muri banki cyangwa uri
umucuruzi, ni ibihe bikorwa ubona byaba ari bibi (ingeso mbi) mu kazi utakorera
abakugana? Ni ibihe se ubona wakora mu rwego rwo kureshya abakugana?Ntera
a) Ikigo gishya kigizwe n’amazu maremare.
c) Ubona ubusitani bwiza cyane n’uduhanda dutoduto.
c) Dukikijwe n’indabo ndende n’izindi ndabo ngufi ziteye amabengeza.
d) Ako gasozi keza kubatseho ishuri ryacu, gakikijwe n’akagezi gato kadasuma.Aya magambo yanditse atsindagiye yitwa ntera.
Inshoza ya ntera
Ntera ni ijambo rigaragira izina rikagaragaza imiterere, imimerere cyangwa ingano
y’iryo zina igaragiye. Ntera kandi yisanisha n'izina igaragiye ifata indanganteko y’iryo
zina igaragiye maze ikarigira indangasano yayo. Ntera ni ijambo rishobora kwinjira
mu nteko zose z’amazina.Uturango twa ntera:
Ntera irangwa n'ibi bikurikira:
- Ntera igaragaza imimerere, imiterere cyangwa ingano y’izina igaragiye.
- Mu nteruro ntera igaragira izina. Ni ukuvuga ko itajya igenda yonyine; iteka
ryose iba iri kumwe n’izina irisobanura cyangwa igaragaza ingano yaryo.
- Indangasano ya ntera isa n’indanganteko y’izina igaragiye.
- Ntera ishobora kugoragozwa ikaba yakwinjira mu nteko zose uko ari cumi
n’esheshatu.90
Intego ya ntera
Kugaragaza intego y’ijambo ni ukugaragaza uturemajambo twaryo, twifashishije
uburyo bw'igoragoza.Urugero rwa ntera zigoragojwe mu nteko zitandukanye:
a) Indabo ngufi
Uturabo tugufi
Uburabo bugufi
Ibirabo bigufi
Ikirabo kigufi
Akarabo kagufi
b) Agasozi keza
Udusozi twiza
Ubusozi bwiza
Urusozi rwiza
Ibisozi byiza
Umusozi mwizaIyo witegereje iri goragoza rikozwe haruguru, usanga ntera ifite igice gihinduka uko
yisanisha mu nteko runaka. Icyo gice kitwa indangasano. Naho igice kidahinduka
uko ntera ihindura inteko kitwa igicumbi.
Ntera rero igira uturemajambo tubiri: Indangasano n’igicumbi. Mu mpine
indangasano ni RS naho igicumbi ni C.
Intego ya ntera ni RS–C.
Indangasano: Indangasano ni akaremajambo kagenda gahinduka uko ntera igenda
ihinduranya inteko. Ni ko karemajambo kagaragaza inteko ntera irimo. Indangasano
za ntera ni 16 zikaba zisa n’indanganteko z’amazina mu nteko zose uko ari 16.
Ikitonderwa:
Ntera yisanisha n’amazina adafite indanganteko (RT) ifata RT mu yandi mazina y’iyo
nteko y’amasano ho indangasano (RS)91
Impugukirwa:
– Ibicumbi –yinshi na –ziza bikoreshwa mu nteko ya 9 n’iya 10 bigasimbura
ibicumbi –inshi na –iza bisanzwe.
Impugukirwa:
– Ibicumbi –yinshi na –ziza bikoreshwa mu nteko ya 9 n’iya 10 bigasimbura
ibicumbi –inshi na –iza bisanzwe.Urugero: Igiti kiza umuti mwinshi
Inka nziza inka nyinshi
Igicumbi – toto , - toya na –to – to bikomoka ku gicumbi – toUrugero: Igiti gito, igiti gitoto, igiti gitoya, igiti gitogito
– Igicumbi – re – re gikomoka ku gicumbi – re kitagikoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda.
Urugero: Ntiwavuga umusozi mure ahubwo ni umusozi muremure.92
Amategeko y’igenamajwi muri ntera
Amategeko y’igenamajwi muri ntera amenshi asa n’akoreshwa mu izina. Impamvu ni
uko ntera yisanisha n’izina. Indangasano ya ntera isa n’indanganteko y’izina igaragiye
kandi amategeko y’igenamajwi menshi akora hagati y’indangasano n’igicumbi.Ingero:
u→ w/-J
mwiza : mu-iza
a + i→e
benshi : ba-inshi
meza : ma-iza
i→ y/-J
myiza : mi-iza
myinshi : mi-inshi
k→ g/-GR
gato : ka-to
guto : ku-to
t → d / - GR
duto : tu-toImyitozo kuri ntera
1. Vuga ubwoko bw’aya magambo yanditse mu mukara tsiri
a) Ubuyobozi bw’ikigo ni bwiza cyane.
b) Hafi aho hari akagezi gato gafite amazi meza.2. Ntera ni iki?
3. Garagaza intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi by’amagambo yagaragajwe mu ibara
ry’umukara tsiri.
a) Ni ikigo gishya kigizwe n’amazu maremare agerekeranye.
b) Indabo ndende n’izindi ndabo ngufi.
c) Akagezi gafite amazi make ariko meza cyane.93
Izina ntera
a) Ni ikigo gishya kigizwe n’amazu maremare agerekeranye.
Igishya kigizwe n’amazu maremare.
Amaremare ni yo gusa yubatse mu kigo cyacu.
b) Indabo ndende n’izindi ndabo ngufi zituma ikigo cyacu gisa neza.
Indende n’ingufi ni zo ndabo zituma ikigo cyacu gisa neza.
c) Akagezi gafite amazi make ariko meza cyane.
Ameza cyane ni amazi yo muri ka kagezi.
Amake akama vuba igihe k’izuba.Muri izi nteruro harimo amagambo asa na ntera ariko atari ntera. Witegereje neza
urasanga ari ntera yafashe indomo. Ntera rero iyo yafashe indomo ihinduka izina
ntera.Inshoza y’izina ntera
Izina ntera ni ijambo riteye nk’izina mu rwego rw’intego (Uturemajambo) ariko
rikagaragaza imiterere n’imimerere y’izina ryasimbuyeIngero:
a) Umwiza nawuguze ejo (Izina ntera "umwiza" rishobora gusimbura izina
"umwenda")
b) Abenshi bakora neza
c) Ikibi tucyamagame.
d) Ijambo ry'umukuru riba ryuje impanuro.Aya magambo yagaragajwe mu ibara ry’umukara tsiri ni amazina ntera. Amwe
yasimbuye amazina ariko andi arayagaragiye. Aya magambo yose aragaragaza
imiterere y’ayo mazina biri kumwe cyangwa yasimbuwe.Uturango tw’izina ntera
a) Izina ntera rijyana n’izina cyangwa rikarisimbura
Ingero: Umwenda mwiza w’umweru
Umwiza w’umweruIntego y’izina ntera
Izina ntera rigira uturemajambo nk’utw’izina kuko rigira indomo, indanganteko
n’igicumbi.(D-RT-C)94
Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa mu mazina ntera
Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa mu mazina ntera asa n’akoreshwa mu mazina
ndetse n’akoreshwa muri ntera.Imyitozo kuri ntera n’izina ntera
1. Inzu nshya navugaga ni indende.
2. Roza yavuze ko umwiza awutwara.
3. Umwembe mubisi uryana mu menyo.
4. Amazi meza ni ariyaIbisantera
a) Bavuga ko ako ari agasozi ndatwa.
b) Imitsindire ntagereranywa.
c) Umubyeyi gito nta burere atanga.
d) Umuco nyarwanda.
e) Ibigo mpuzamahanga.Aya magambo iyo agereranyijwe na ntera, bigaragara ko afite aho ahuriye na ntera;
afite umumaro nk’uwa ntera ariko ntasa na ntera. Bene aya magambo rero yitwa
“ibisantera”Inshoza y’ibisantera:
Ibisantera ni amagambo afite umumaro nk’uwa ntera ariko atari ntera mu rwego
rw’intego. Mu ndimi zose, hagenda havuka amagambo mashya, hakurikijwe inzira95
amagambo ni ugucura amagambo ameze nka ntera, afite umumaro umwe nka ntera
ariko atari ntera ndetse adafite uturemajambo dusanzwe.
Ingero:– Umuco nyarwanda
– Ikigo nderabuzima
– Ibiro mpuzamahanga
– Inteko nshingamategekoUturango tw’igisantera
Igisantera ukibwirwa n’uko giherekeza izina kikarifutura kitagombye kwisanisha na
ryo nka ntera. Gifata umwanya nk'uwa ntera kikanagira umumaro nk’uwayo. Kiba
ari izina cyangwa inshinga zahinduye ubwoko zikagira ingingo nk’iya ntera.Urugero :
Umugabo mbwa (imbwa ubusanzwe yari izina ariko hano «mbwa» ni igisantera).
Umubyeyi gito (-to isanzwe ari igicumbi cya ntera ariko hano «gito» ni igisantera).
Agasozi ndatwa (kuratwa ubusanzwe yari inshinga ariko hano «ndatwa» ni
igisantera).Ikigereranyo k’izina ntera, ntera n’ibisantera
Iyo urebye umumaro wabyo mu nteruro, ntera, izina ntera n’igisantera byose
bigira umumaro w’imfutuzi. Bifutura izina bigaragiye cyangwa bisimbura
bikumvikanisha imiterere yaryo. Mu rwego rw’intego, ntibisa kuko ntera
igira indangasano n’igicumbi gusa, izina ntera rikagira indomo, indanganteko
n’igicumbi mu gihe igisantera gishobora kugira uturemajambo dutandukanye
bitewe n'aho cyakomotse.Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa mu izina ntera no muri ntera
Amategeko akoreshwa mu izina ntera no muri ntera arasa. Dore amwe muri yo ni
aya akurikira:Amategeko akoreshwa mu izina ntera no muri ntera arasa. Dore amwe muri yo ni
aya akurikira:u → w/-J
Umusozi mwiza: mu-iza
Umwiza: u – mu – iza
a + i→e
Abana beza: ba-iza
abeza: a- ba-iza
i → y/-J
Imyaka myinshi→mi-inshi
Imyinshi→i-mi-inshi96
t → d/- GR
Udukawa duto→ tu-to
uduto→ u-tu-to
k → g /-GR
Agapira gato: ka-to
Agato: a-ka-to
r → d /n-
Indabo ndende : n-re- n-re
indende: i-n-re- n-re
n → m /- b
Imboga mbisi→n-bisi
imbisi→i-n-bisi
Kera habayeho umugabo akagira umugore, noneho umugore agasama inda; uko
ayisamye ikavamo. Bukeye ajya kuraguza ku mupfumu, umupfumu aramubwira ati:
“Noneho ubwo usama inda ikavamo, uzagende niwongera gusama indi nda uzage
uyuhagiza amata, uyisige amavuta, ntuzayikoze amazi, kandi ntukage ku zuba,
nubyara umwana, na we ntazage ku zuba, kandi ntazakore amazi. Naba umukobwa97
azage yiyuhagira amata, yisige amavuta, ntazakore amazi na rimwe, kandi ntazagere
ku zuba. Umugore aragenda akora ibyo umupfumu yamubwiye, bukeye arabyara,
abyara umukobwa. Umukobwa arakura, aba mwiza cyane.
Bukeye nyina w’uwo mukobwa arapfa. Amaze gupfa, umukobwa yicara mu kirambi,
afata intango ye araboha. Se yari yagiye guhiga. Noneho haza abahungu babiri
b’abakugabanyi, bavuye gushora inka baravuga bati: “Uriya mukobwa ko bavuze
ko adakora amazi, uwagenda akayamutera tukareba uko bigenda?” Nuko umwe
azana amazi mu kuho, akoramo aramutera. Amuteye amazi, umukobwa ata intango,
arikanga, ajya ku gasozi, agenda avuga ati: “yemwe bahigi, yemwe bahigi bagiye
guhiga ku Buha bwa ruguru, kera nari Muziramazi, hari Muzirazuba nari mwene
Ruringa agahiga Bugesera.”
Uko avuga agatibira. Noneho se aho ari mu ishyamba, abwira abandi bahigi bari
kumwe ati: “Nimufate izo mbwa amayombo yewe niyumvire.” Arongera aravuga ati:
“Yemwe bahigi, yemwe bahigi, yemwe bahigi bagiye guhiga ku Buha bwa ruguru,
kera nari muziramazi, nari muzirazuba, nari mwene Ruringa agahiga i Bugesera.” Se
ati: “Mwo kanyagwa mwe, umukobwa wange arapfuye.” Aza yiruka noneho, baraza
basanga hasigaye amasunzu. Barayakurura, arabananira, arigita wese. Noneho
barataha.
Hashize iminsi mike, ha handi wa mukobwa yatebereye hamera uruyuzi. Uruyuzi
bararuzitira n’amahwa, noneho, hazamo igisabo kinini cyane, kizamukamo wa
mukobwa yigumiramo.
Bukeye haca abantu, baraza bareba igisabo, baragenda babwiraumwami bati:
“Nyagasani hariya hari igisabo nta wundi gikwiye, ni wowe gikwiye gusa, wowe nyiri
u Rwanda.” Bukeye atuma abagaragu ba mbere baragenda barareba, baragaruka
baratangira bati: “Hariya hari igisabo nta wundi gikwiye, ni wowe gikwiye gusa,
wowe nyiri u Rwanda.” Atuma aba kabiri na bo baragenda barareba baragaruka
baratangira bati: “Hariya hari igisabo nta wundi gikwiye, ni wowe gikwiye gusa, wowe
nyiri u Rwanda.” Noneho bukeye abwira abagaragu ba gatatu ati: “Nimugende muge
kugiterura.” Baragenda, baragiteruye kirabananira. Arongera yohereza abagaragu ba
kane. Baragenda, baragerageza na bo kirabananira. Barongera baramubwira bati:
“Cyatunaniye.”
Yohereza abagaragu ba gatanu. Baragenda na bo biba uko. Bukeye haza umusore,
abwira umwami ati: “Nyagasani kiriya gisabo cyananiye bariya bantu, ngiye
nkakikuzanira wazampemba iki?” Umuhungu aragenda aragiterura araza,
baramubwira bati: “Gishyire munsi y’ikigega.” Amaze kugishyira munsi y’ikigega,
umwami amuha inka, aramugororera, amuha ibintu byiza.
Uwo mwami rero nta mugore yari afite, cyakora yari afite mushiki we babanaga.
Umwami bukeye ajya guhiga, agiyeyo, mushiki we asigara aho ngaho, aravuga ati:
“Ubona kiriya gisabo cya musaza wange, kitaza ngo twoze ibyansi cyo kameneka.”98
Noneho umukobwa wari mu gisabo aravuga ati: “Kireke, kireke, kireke, kirimo rutoki
rw’urutunda yaza yakurusha.” Undi ati: “Ngwino undushe.” Wa mukobwa ava mu
gisabo, araza baboha ibyibo aramurusha, bacunda amata aramurusha, bariyuhagira
aramurusha, noneho arongera asubira mu gisabo ke.
Bukeye wa mukobwa abwira umwami ati: “Muri kiriya gisabo, harimo umukobwa
mwiza.” Ati: “Uzagume aha ngaha, wihishe mu kiraro, nzamuhamagare aze. Amaze
kuza, uzagende ugiterure, ukivanemo maze uzamurongore.”
Bukeye, noneho umwami ajya mu kiraro yifungiranamo, amaze kwifungiranamo, wa
mukobwa aragenda, yicara iruhande rw’ikigega aravuga ati: “Ubona kiriya gisabo cya
musaza wange, kitaza ngo twoze ibyansi cyo kameneka.” Undi ati: “Kireke, kireke,
kireke kirimo rutoki rw’urutunda yaza yakurusha.” Undi ati: “Ngwino undushe.” Wa
mukobwa avamo, araza, bakora ibyo bakora byose, aramurusha, amaze kumurusha
noneho, umwami ava mu kiraro aragenda igisabo aragiterura, aragihisha. Umukobwa
agarutse ngo asubire muri cya gisabo ke, asanga cyavuyeho. Umwami aramufata,
amujyana mu nzu, aramurongora.
Si ge wahera, hahera umugani
(DPES, Ikinyarwanda Gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko I, bifatiye kuri SMITH, P,
Le récit populaire au Rwanda, Armand Colin, Paris, 1975, imp. 334 – 338)I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki?
2. Umugore yategetswe iki n’umupfumu?
3. Umukobwa uvugwa mu mwandiko yari afite ayahe mazina?
4. Ukurigita k’umukobwa kwaturutse ku ki?
5. Kuki umwami yatumye abagaragu kumuzanira igisabo?
6. Umukobwa wo mu gisabo yaje kubonwa na nde? Yakoresheje ubuhe buryo?
7. Mu mwandiko batubwiye ko umwami yari ingaragu. Ese yakomeje kuba ingaragu?II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo akurikira unayakoreshe mu nteruro ziboneye
a) Igisabo b) Ikibo c) Uruho
d) Amasunzu e) Ikiraro f) Gucunda99
2. Aya magambo ari mu mpushya ebyiri yahuze n’ibisobanuro byayo
1. Ni ibihe bintu bidasanzwe bigaragara mu mwandiko?
2. Garagaza ingingo byibura eshatu zigaragaza ko ibivugwa mu mwandiko
bidashobora kubaho.
3. Uyu mwandiko utangiye ute? usojwe n’iki?
4. Umukobwa wo mu gisabo yari azi imirimo y’abakobwa cyane. Sobanura.
5. Mu mwandiko haragaragaramo imigenzo n’imiziririzo ndetse n’imihango
yo mu muco nyarwanda wo hambere itagikorwa ubu. Twavuga nko kujya
mu bapfumu. Ni ngombwa gukomeza gutsimbarara ku bya kera byose?Umugani muremure
Inshoza y’umugani muremure
Umugani muremure ni ibitekerezo bimeze nk’inkuru ndende bahimba ikemerwa
na rubanda rwose kugira ngo bishimishe ababyumva cyangwa se ngo bigire icyo
byigisha. Umugani ugira isi yawo yihariye ivugwamo ibintu bidashoboka birimo
ibitangaza n’amakabyankuru. Umugani ugira umumaro wo kwigisha indangagaciro,
gucyaha cyangwa guhana ibyo umuco nyarwanda uziririza, kugira inama nziza,100
gutoza gutega amatwi n’ubwitonzi, gutoza gufata mu mutwe no kumenya kubara
inkuru.Uturango tw’umugani muremure
Umugani utangizwa na kera habayeho ugasozwa na si nge wahera... Umugani
muremure ubamo ibitangaza n’ amakabyankuru ndetse n’ibikorwa ndengakamere
bidashoboka mu buzima bwacu busanzwe. Mu mugani muremure ibintu byose bibaho
biba bikora nk’abantu; inyamaswa zitandukanye cyangwa inyoni zivuga nk’abantu,
abazimu n’ibindi bintu bitandukanye na byo bigatizwa ubushobozi nk’ubw’abantu.Umwitozo wo guhanga umugani muremure
Umuhango wabimburiraga iyindi mu bukwe bwa kinyarwanda ni uwo gufata
irembo. N’ubu kandi ni ko bikimeze. Intumwa z’iwabo w’umuhungu zajyaga iwabo
w’umukobwa bakavuga ko baje gusaba irembo rya nyirakanaka wabaga yararanzwe
n’umuranga akamushimira umusore. Babishyiraga mu kiganiro kinogeye amatwi,
bakajya mu mateka y’uko imiryango isanzwe ibanye neza. Bakavuga ko basanzwe
bahana inka n’abageni. Irembo bamara kuryemererwa umushyitsi mukuru agashima101
ariko akongeraho ko irembo barikinze kandi ko umusore wabo atari sendataze.
Byavugaga ko ubukwe nyirizina butazatinda. Nuko bakanywa bagahembuka. Muri
iki gihe n’ibiribwa biraza. Hambere byari ikizira kikaziririzwa ko umushyitsi mukuru
agira icyo arya ataravuga ikimugenza. (Ngo yirindaga ko yamera nka wa mugabo
uvugwa mu biganiro wagiye gutira imfizi yagerayo akishimira izimano akibagirwa
kuvuga icyamuzinduye. Ngo yaba yaributse ari uko bayemereye undi kandi yari yaje
mbere). Nuko bagasezera bagataha hagakurikiraho umunsi w’isaba.
Muri kino gihe gusaba no gukwa bigendera hamwe. Ni umunsi uba wahuje imiryango
yombi noneho umukobwa agatangwa ku mugaragaro. Mu isaba bitwaza isuka, igicuba
n’igikoresho cyo gukata ubwatsi kuko inka zisigaye zororerwa mu kiraro. Hambere
yabaga ari isando. Isando kikaba igikoresho cyakoreshwaga mu gusasanura ubwatsi
n’ibihuru.
Umuhango wo gusaba uryoshywa cyane n’ibiganiro. Muri iki gihe ariko hari
amadini amwe n’amwe avuga ko ibyo biganiro biba byuzuyemo kubeshya. Mu
gusaba no gukwa, ibiganiro byose byabaga byibanda ku muco gakondo warangaga
Abanyarwanda. Bavugagamo ubusabane bwarangwaga no gusurana, gufashanya no
gutabarana mu gihe cy’akaga, bagashyira imbere cyane guhana inka n’abageni… Haba
ubwo banyuzamo bagacyocyorana ariko bimwe by’ineza, utabimenyereye akagira
ngo umugeni bari bumwimane. Umusaza akihorera ati: “Umukobwa wacu yagiye mu
kibikira” ubundi se ati: “Mu bo mwazanye harimo uwaduhemukiye…” Usaba iyo atari
inararibonye arahasebera kuhikura bikagomba abunganizi. Usaba iyo ari umuhanga
hari ubwo agira ati: “Biri amahire n’ubundi n’umusore wacu akubutse mu gifurere...”
Akongeraho ati: “Ubwo rero ibisa birasabirana, n’ubundi naje nzi ko ari ukwisanga”.
Iyo bajya kwemera bazana agakobwa k’inshuke bati: “Umugeni wadusabye ni uyu.”
Undi na we akaba yagira ati: “Nshimye ko muri ba maboko atanga ataziganya”,
agashima ko yasabye umwe bakaba bamuhaye n’uza gutinyisha. Hari n’ubwo bazana
agakecuru kashizemo amenyo bati: “Ni uyu” ubwo abari aho bose bakakwenkwenura.
Aho ababasha kuhikura baba ari abahanga. Barakomeza bagagoragoza ariko
amaherezo akemera ariko akagira ati: “Umwana wacu ni mutumwinka cyangwa
mukobwajana n’ayandi mazina menshi agusha ku nka.” Abashyitsi bose bari aho
amashyi ngo kacikaci!
Ubwo reroUbwo rero umuhango ukurikiyeho uba ari uwo gukwa. Umushyitsi mukuru akagira
ati: “Nimudukoshe”. Kuva kera rero kugeza n’ubu aho umuco utaracuya, inka ni yo
nkwano. Ibyo ntibibuza ko n’amafaranga atangwa ariko aho inzuri zimariye kuba
ingume mu Gihugu. Iyo uganiriye n’abakuru ariko bakubwira ko n’abageni b’ubuntu
bataburaga gutangwa. Bene abo bitwaga abageni b’ineza. Ibyo ariko byabaga hake
cyane kuko umugabo utarakoye atagiraga ijambo kwa sebukwe. Yewe n’abana abyaye
ntibabaga ari abe kuko iyo umugore yahukanaga ubutazagaruka, yashoboraga
kubajyana. Bagakwa rero maze umukobwa agakunda agaseruka. Yamaraga gushyika
mu byicaro, inka bagatangira kuzivuga amazina. Nyuma y’ibyo iyo imihango itabereye
rimwe, haba hatahiwe gusezerana mu butegetsi n’imbere y’Imana ubundi umugeni
agahekwa agataha ku wamukunze.202
Kera ibintu bitarajya mu mibare n’iterambere ritaraza, umunsi w’ubukwe
wabanzirizwaga n’uwo gutebutsa. Uwo munsi ukaba uwo kumvikana umunsi wo
kwitegura umugeni. Ubu amaterefoni yaraje asigaye yihutisha ibintu. Umugeni
yararikwaga, maze abakobwa b’inshuti ze na ba nyirasenge bakaza bakajya
bamutaramira. Ba nyirasenge babaga ari abo kumuhanura, bakamwigisha uko azita
ku mugabo we. Abakobwa bamuririmbiraga zimwe mu ndirimbo zibabaje, yarira
bagatera ibihozo.
Ku munsi w’ubukwe nyirizina, ni ho abantu banywaga bakabyina bakizihirwa.
Byabaga ari ibirori bihambaye, abantu bose banezerewe. Muri ibyo birori ni ho
bagabiraga urugo rushya. Mu bifite urugo rushya ruhabwa inka, impano zindi na zo
zigatangwa hakaba n’ababaha abana babo ho impano ariko bakabaterura akanya
gato. Biba ari ikimenyetso cyo kubifuriza kubyara hungu na kobwa. Ibyo kwambikana
umwishywa ubu byasimbuwe no kwambikana impeta. Nguko uko ubukwe bwa
kinyarwanda bugenda.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Umuranga yari muntu ki?
2. Umuranga yahuzaga nde na nde?
3. Vuga akamaro k’umuranga mu gihe cyashize no muri iki gihe tugezemo.
4. Ufatiye ku mwandiko, vuga nibura imihango itatu mu mihango y’ubukwe bwa
kinyarwanda.
5. Ku bwawe urumva ubukwe bwaramariraga iki imiryango yombi?
6. Ni iyihe mihango ubona idashobora kubera umunsi umwe? Kubera iki?
7. Umaze gusoma uyu mwandiko ni iki wabwira abasore n’inkumi bishyingira.II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo dusanga mu mwandiko.
a) Igicuba
b) Inkwano
c) Nyirasenge
d) Ibihozo
2. Garagaza ijambo riri mu mwandiko rivuga kimwe n’aya.
a) Umuco utaragenda wangirika
b) Ibyo bakiriza abakwe cyangwa abandi bashyitsi bakomeye
c) Igihe cy’ubukwe kigeze
d) Aho inka zirishiriza103
III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’iz’ingereka ziri uri uyu mwandiko
2. Kuki umwanditsi avuga ngo: "Kera ibintu bitarajya mu mibare."
3. Mu biganiro byo gusaba habamo ibisa no kubeshya. Sobanura niba hari
icyo byaba bikimaze muri iki gihe niba ntacyo na byo ubisobanure.Ihinamwandiko
Iyo usomye cyangwa ukumva inkuru runaka, hari ubwo igushimisha cyangwa se
ikakubabaza. Birashoboka ko wayisubiriramo abandi kandi mu gihe gito, ku bwende
bwawe cyangwa ubisabwe. Ubwo rero uba utangiye igikorwa cyo guhina cyangwa
kuvuga mu nshamake ibyo wumvise. Ihinamwandiko rikorwa wandika cyangwa mu
mvugo.Inshoza y’ihinamwandiko
Guhina umwandiko ni ubuhanga bwo kumenya no gucengera umwandiko maze
ukawusubiramo mu magambo make yifujwe kandi udatakaje ingingo z’ingenzi
zikubiyemo. Umwandiko wahinwe witwa “Impine y'umwandiko cyangwa inshamake".
Gucengera inkuru cyangwa umwandiko, ni ukuyumva no kuyisobanukirwa. Ibyo rero
bikaba ubumenyi n’ubuhanga nk’ubundi bumenyi bwose.Intego n’akamaro by’ihinamwandiko
Ihinamwandiko ni uburyo bushobora kwifashishwa mu gupima no kugaragaza
ikigero cy’ubwenge n’ubumenyi bw’umuntu. Ihinamwandiko rigaragaza ubushobozi
bw’umuntu bwo gusobanura no kwisobanura mu magambo ye bwite kandi
hubahirijwe igihe.Uko ihinamwandiko rikorwa
Ihinamwandiko rikoranwa ubwitonzi n’ubuhanga kandi rigakorwa kuri gahunda.
Ihinamwandiko biba byiza iyo ari kimwe cya kane cy’umwandiko w’umwimerere.
Dore bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo gutangira impine igihe usabwa guhina
nk’umwandiko cyangwa inkuru ndende. “Mu mwandiko…. Havugwamo…” cyangwa
se “Umwanditsi avuga ko…”104
Intambwe zikwiriye guterwa kugira ngo ihinamwandiko rikorwe mu
buryo bunoze.a) Gusoma umwandiko inshuro zirenze imwe.
Kugira ngo usobanukirwe kandi wumve neza inkuru cyangwa umwandiko, ni
ngombwa kuwusoma inshuro nyinshi. Uhina ashobora gusoma umwandiko
inshuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu.
b) Kurobanura ingingo z’ingenzi no gushyira ku ruhande ingingo
z’ingereka.
Akenshi umwandiko iyo wanditswe n’umuhanga, igika kimwe kibumbatira
ingingo imwe y’ingenzi cyangwa ingingo zirenze imwe ariko zuzuzanya. Izindi
ngingo ziba ari ingingo z’ingereka.
c) Kumenya amagambo y’ingenzi
Mu mwandiko hari ubwo habamo amagambo y’ingenzi aba adashobora
gukurwamo. Ibyo biterwa n’uko aba abumbatiye ingingo ikomeye. Bene ayo
magambo rero agomba kwitabwaho.
d) Gukurikiranya za ngingo z’ingenzi.
Impine ikurikiranya ingingo nk’uko zari ziri mu mwandiko w’umwimerere.
e) Kwandika impine hongerwamo amagambo yunga ibika n’imvugo
ziboneye.
Amagambo yunga ibika afasha cyane mu guhuza ibitekerezo naho imigani
migufi ikanoza imvugo. Imigani migufi kandi ifasha cyane mu kuvuga byinshi
mu magambo make. Igaragaza kandi ubuhanga n’ubukesha mu rurimi n’umuco
nyarwanda.
f) Kwandukura ibyo wakoraga ku rupapuro rwiza.
Kwandukura umwandiko bigomba gukoranwa isuku. Nta gusiribanga cyangwa
guhekeranya amagambo cyangwa kuyandika aho atagomba kwandikwa nko mu
mwanya usigwa iburyo cyangwa ibumoso bw’urupapuro.
Ibidakwiriye gukorwa mu ihinamwandiko
1. Ni bibi kwandukura interuro yose cyangwa igika uko cyakabaye mu mwandiko
w’umwimerere.
2. Ihinamwandiko si urubuga rwo kwivugira ibitekerezo byawe bwite. Ibitekerezo
by’ingenzi byandikwa uko biri n’iyo waba utabyemera. N’iyo waba ubishyigikiye
kandi ntugomba gushyiramo amarangamutima yawe.105
3. Mu ihinamwandiko nta mitwe yo hagati izamo kabone n’iyo mu mwandiko
w’umwimerere yaba yari irimo.
4. Uhina umwandiko ntagomba kugaragaramo akoresha ngenga ya mbere
y’ubumwe.Umwitozo wo guhina umwandiko
Twasomye imyandiko ibumbatiye ingingo yo kwakira neza abashyitsi n’abandi
bose baza batugana. Iyo ni imwe mu ndangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda ikwiriye
guhabwa umwanya mu migirire yacu ya buri munsi.
Muri uyu mutwe kandi twabonyemo umugani muremure nk’ingeri y’ubuvanganzo
nyarwanda igaragaraza umuco gakondo w’Abanyarwanda. Umugani muremure
ubamo inyigisho zitari nke ndetse ukagira umumaro wo kuruhura, guhana no kugira
inama, gutoza gutega amatwi, gufata mu mutwe,… kandi ukubaka ubushobozi bwo
kubara inkuru.
Ibyigwa bijyanye n’ikibonezamvugo twabonyemo ntera, izina ntera n’ibisantera.
Ntera ni ijambo rigaragira izina rikerekana imimerere, imiterere cyangwa ingano
yaryo. Ntera igira uturemajambo tubiri gusa ari two: indangasano n’igicumbi.
Indangasano ya ntera isa n’indanganteko y’izina igaragiye. Iyo ntera ifashe indomo
yitwa izina ntera.
Ibisantera ni amagambo afite umumaro nk’uwa ntera ariko adasa na ntera mu
rwego rw’intego. Twabonye kandi uko bakora ihinamwandiko.
Umwandiko: Akira neza uje wese akugana
Umugabo Muvunanyambo mwene Karinganire yarihoreye ati: “Mbere nabereye
aho nkaba ntaragera kuri turiya tununga nabwiwe ko tubamo ingagi zikurura ba
mukerarugendo! Ubwo yarebaga ibirunga byiza byo mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda
yabireberaga kure akagira ngo biri hafi y’aho yari atuye. Umunsi umwe abwira
umugore we yakundaga by’agahebuzo ngo namushakire impamba arambagire106
impugu y’amajyaruguru. Bari baramubwiye ngo iyo mpugu izwiho kwakira abashyitsi
kakahava. Ni mu gihe haranera cyane. Ngo ibirayi byiza kandi byinshi bibarizwa
muri ako gace. Umugore na we amutegurira impamba amushakira, n’agakoni ke keza
akegeka hafi y’umuryango ngo niyibatura azakabone bugufi. Umugabo na we arara
agera ijoro buracya ahata inzira ibirenge. Yabanje kugenda n’amaguru ariko bigeze
aho abona ari burare nzira yiyemeza gutega imodoka.
Yageze mu Murera bumaze kugoroba. Yagiye kubona abona ari wenyine nta muntu
azi n’umwe. Ubwo kandi ni ko n’ijoro ryari ritamworoheye. Mu gihe agitangira
kwibaza uko biri bugende abona umugabo n’umugore basa n’abavuye mu birori.
Arabegera na bo ntibamwima amaso, abatekerereza iby’urugendo rwe, ababwira
iyo ava n’iyo ajya nuko bajya kumucumbikira. Bamuzimaniye neza aranezerwa
bamuha aho aryama araruhuka bukeye abaza neza inzira yazamugeza ku birunga
ngo akunde atuze umutima. Bamuyoboye inzira igana ku ishami ry’ikigo gishinwe
iby’ubukerarugendo iyo mu majyaruguru agezeyo yakiranwa yombi. Ntibyatinze
yuzuza imyirondoro yasabwaga maze bihuza n’uko hari itsinda rigiye kuzamuka
ibirunga maze ajyana na ryo.
Nubwo guterera imisozi atari abimenyereye ariko intego yari afite yatumaga
ataruha. Ntibyatinze binjira urugano bageze imbere gato baricara bararuhuka.
Nuko uwabayoboraga atangira kubaha amabwiriza y’uko bitwara imbere ya za
nyamaswa zahogoje amahanga dore ko zenda gusa n’abantu. Izo ni ingagi bavugaga.
Yahise yumva akanyamuneza atazi iyo gaturutse. Si we warose bongeye gutsimbura.
Barazisuye nuko mu gutaha arongera acumbika muri wa muryango wamwakiriye
buracya arataha. Mbega urugendo ruhire! Ubwo yabariraga ab’iwe iby’urwo
ruzinduko, bose batangariraga imico myiza n’urugwiro umuryango yacumbitsemo
wamugaragarije. Kuva ubwo we n’ab’iwe bose bahise biyemeza kugira umuco mwiza
wo kwakira abantu bose baje babagana kabone n’iyo baba batabazi.I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Umugabo uvugwa mu mwandiko wasuye ingagi mu birunga yitwaga nde?
2. Ni nde wamugiriye neza iyo mu majyaruguru?
3. Uwo mugabo ni iki cyamuteye kujya yakira neza abamugana bose atarobanuye.
4. Ese abamugiriye neza yari abazi cyangwa bo bari bamuzi?
5. Ingagi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko ngo abantu baba bazikundira iki?
6. Ushingiye ku mwandiko n’ibyo ubona mu buzima busanzwe kuki ari byiza
kwakira neza abaje bagusanga?
7. Garagaza inyungu nibura ebyiri ku ruhande rw’umusangwa n’ebyiri ku ruhande
rw’umushyitsi.107
Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Utununga
b) Yakundaga by’agahebuzo
c) Niyibatura
d) Urugano2. Shaka mu mwandiko ijambo risobanura.
a) Urugendo umuntu akora yagiye gusura ahantu cyangwa abantu
b) Kurara ubyuka ucunga ko bucya ngo utangire urugendo3. Andika imbusane z’aya magambo y’umukara tsiri.
a) Inzira igana ku ishami ry’ikigo gishinwe iby’ubukerarugendo
b) Ntibyarinze binjira urugano
c) Nyamaswa zahogoje amahanga
d) Bamuzimaniye neza aranezerwaII. Ikibonezamvugo n’ubumenyi bw’ururimi
1. Vuga ubwoko n’inteko by’amagambo aciweho akarongo mu nteruro
zikurikira
a) Biyemeza kugira umuco mwiza wo kwakira abantu bose.
b) Umuco nyarwanda udutoza kwakirana yombi abatugana.
c) Amushakira n’agakoni ke keza akegeka hafi y’umuryango
d) Mbega urugendo ruhire!
e) Abeza bagira urugwiro.
f) Muvunanyambo yahuye n’abantu bafite imico myiza2. Garagaza intego za ntera n’iz’izina ntera unatange urugero kuri buri
bwoko bw’ijambo.
3. Rondora uturango tw’umugani muremure, uvuge nibura dutatu.
4. Vuga unasobanure nibura ibiri mu mimaro y’umugani muremure.
5. Hina umwandiko "Akira neza uje wese akugana" mu mirongo icumi
(10).108
Itumanaho ni uburyo abantu bakoresha bwo kugezanyaho amakuru igihe batari
kumwe ngo baganire bisanzwe. Bumwe muri ubwo buryo ni ukwandikirana
amabaruwa cyangwa kuvugana hakoreshejwe terefoni. Ubu buryo bukoreshwa hari
ubwabanjirije ubundi. Gusa muri iki gihe hari ubwo abantu bitabira kurusha ubundi.
Ku bantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho, biragora kumara igihe batabwirana amakuru.
Umuntu wibereye mu burasirazuba yandikira inshuti ye iri mu burengerazuba
akayimenyesha amakuru cyangwa se akayibwira gahunda y’ubukwe afite. Icyo gihe
afata urupapuro akandika ibaruwa, akayishyira mu ibahasha agafunga, agashyiraho
tembure ijyanye n’aho ubutumwa bujya, hanyuma akayijyana ku iposita. Abakozi109
b’iposita ni bo bageza iyo baruwa aho igomba kujya, hanyuma bagashyira ya bahasha
mu gasanduku k’iposita uwohereje ibaruwa yagaragarije nimero ku ibahasha inyuma.
Ubu buryo kandi bushobora gukoreshwa n’inshuti ziri mu bihugu bitandukanye, kuko
iposita ifite gahunda mpuzamahanga. Ibaruwa nanone ishobora guhabwa umuntu
uyitwara mu ntoki akayishyikiriza uwo igenewe. Gusa amabaruwa ya gicuti aragenda
ata agaciro muri iki gihe kubera ko itumanaho rishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rigenda
rirushaho gutera imbere no gusakara hose.
Bumwe mu buryo bw’itumanaho rishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga bumaze kwamamara
ni terefoni igendanwa. Muri iki gihe terefoni igendanwa yigaruriye isoko ry’itumanaho
ku buryo butangaje. Uraba wibereye mu cyaro iyo, ugafata terefoni yawe washyizemo
ikarita iriho amafaranga yo kuriha sosiyete y’itumanaho, ugashyiramo nimero ya
terefoni y’uwo ushaka kugezaho ubutumwa, yaba uwo mu Rwanda cyangwa uwo mu
mahanga, ubundi ugakanda ahagenewe guhamagara. Iyo terefoni y’uwo uhamagaye
na yo iri ku murongo w’itumanaho, abona ikimenyetso cy’uko umuhamagaye, agakora
ahagenewe kwitaba, mugatangira mukavugana.
Iyo uwo muntu mutabashije kuvugana kuko terefoni ye itari ku murongo cyangwa
nta mwanya mufite wo kuvugana, umwandikira ubutumwa bugufi, amakuru ushaka
kumugezaho akaza kuyasomera kuri terefoni ye. Hari na terefoni zikoresha murandasi
(interineti) ku buryo ubwo butumwa umuntu yabunyuzaho. Mu itumanaho rikoresha
terefoni ntitwakwibagirwa itagendanwa, ariko yo ntikoreshwa cyane kuko iba
mu nzu cyangwa mu biro, igakoreshwa ari uko umuntu ahari gusa. Ikindi ikora
umurimo umwe gusa wo guhamagarirwaho no kwitabirwaho mu gihe igendanwa
inandikirwaho ubutumwa.
Ugereranyije ubu buryo bwombi, ibaruwa ya gicuti na terefoni, usanga buri buryo
bufite umwihariko wabwo. Ibaruwa irusha terefoni kuba idasibama, ubutumwa
umuntu yakwandikiye kera ugakomeza kubutunga mu gihe ubutumwa bwa terefoni
bushobora gusibama bitewe n’uko yuzuye cyangwa n’umuntu akabusiba abishaka
cyangwa atabishaka. Mu ibaruwa wandikamo amakuru menshi ndetse ishobora
kurenga urupapuro rumwe, zikaba ebyiri cyangwa eshatu bitewe n’ibyo ubwira
uwo wandikiye ; naho ubutumwa bwo muri terefoni bugomba kuba bugufi, inyuguti
zibugize ziba zibaze, zarenga, bakaguca andi mafaranga y’ubutumwa bushya.
Terefoni yo irusha byinshi ibaruwa cyanecyane igendanwa. Icya mbere ni uko
ubutumwa bwayo buhita bugera ku muntu ubugenewe kandi na we agahita
abusubiza, baba bavugana cyangwa bandikirana ubutumwa bugufi. Ikindi ni uko
umuntu amenya ako kanya ko ubutumwa bwe bugeze ku wo yabugeneye. Ubutumwa
bwaciye mu ibaruwa bwo bufata igihe ndetse hakaba n’ubwo buzimirira mu nzira
ntibugere ku wo bwari bugenewe kandi nyiri ukubwohereza we agira ngo bwageze
ku wo bwari bugenewe. Aho uri hose ushobora kwakira ubutumwa bwa terefoni110
buturutse mu gihugu cyangwa mu mahanga, mu gihe ubw’ibaruwa busaba gufata
urugendo ujya kubureba ku iposita cyangwa ugashaka uwabukuzaniye mu ntoki.
Kubera ukwihuta kw’ubutumwa bwayo, hari abakoresha terefoni nabi
bakayibeshyeraho, abandi bakayitegurisha ibikorwa by’ubugizi bwa nabi n’urugomo.
Ariko abo bararye bari menge kuko ibigo by’itumanaho byashyizeho uburyo bwo
kugenzura amaterefoni ku buryo bibaye ngombwa ko umuntu wakoresheje terefoni
ibidakwiye akurikiranwa, amakuru kuri we yaboneka ku buryo buhagije.
Nk’uko bigaragara, ibaruwa ni yo yabanje gukoreshwa mu itumanaho, ariko terefoni
irimo kugenda iyisimbura mu itumanaho risanzwe. Ibyo biraterwa n’iterambere
ry’ikoranabuhanga rya terefoni n’isakara ry’ikoreshwa ryazo hirya no hino mu Gihugu
ndetse no mu mahanga. Kuyikoresha ni byiza kuko yihutisha itumanaho haba mu
kuvugana hakoreshwa ijwi, haba no mu kwandikirana ubutumwa bugufi. Kuyikoresha
ibidakwiye ni ibyo kwirindwa kuko uwo byagaragaraho yabihanirwa. Iterambere
ry’ikoranabuhanga ni ryiza ariko ibibi bizana na ryo ni ibyo kugendera kure.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Itumanaho ni iki?
2. Akamaro k’iposita mu by’itumanaho rikoresha amabaruwa ni akahe?
3. Ni iki ibaruwa irusha terefoni?
4. Terefoni yo irusha iki ibaruwa?
5. Wumva umunyeshuri akwiye kwemererwa gutunga terefoni ku ishuri? Sobanura
igisubizo cyaweII. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
a) Tembure
b) Iposita
c) Agasanduku k’iposita
d) Gusakara2. Sobanura aya magambo nurangiza uyakoreshe mu nteruro ngufi kandi
ziboneye :
a) Kugezanyaho b) Gutwara c) Kugenzura3. Amagambo yatanzwe yashakire imbusane kandi uyakoreshe neza mu
nteruro ngufi kandi yumvikana :
a) Gicuti b) Impamvu c) Kugendera kure111
4. Shaka muri iki kinyatuzu amagambo atanu akoreshwa mu itumanaho
rya terefoni n’iry’amabaruwa asanzwe kandi iryatanzweho urugero
ntiririmo.
1. Insanganyamatsiko yavuzweho muri uyu mwandiko ni iyihe?
2. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Erekana ibice by’ingenzi bigize uyu mwandiko.IV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Nimukore ikiganiro mpaka kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko:
“Itumanaho rizana ingorane nyinshi kurusha akamaro karyo mu buzima bw’umuntu.”112
Ibaruwa isanzwe
MUTIMUKEYE Marie Kagogwe, ku wa 15 Mata 2017
Ishuri Ryisumbuye rya Kagogwe
B.P. 16 GasharuKu mubyeyi wange nkunda cyane,
Muraho neza!
Nejejwe no kukwandikira, mubyeyi nkunda, ngira ngo nkumenyeshe amakuru
yange nyuma y’amezi abiri maze mu mashuri yisumbuye. Nagira ngo kandi nkubaze
amakuru yo mu rugo kuko mbakumbuye cyane.
Muribuka ko nkimara kugera ku ishuri nari mfite ikidodo kuko ari bwo bwa mbere
nari ngiye kuba ahatari iwacu. Ubu maze kumenyera pe! Amasomo aragenda neza.
Sinibagirwa impanuro wampaye no kwirinda agakungu.
Igihe cyo kwiga ngikoresha neza. Ubu amasuzumabumenyi yose twakoze
narayatsinze bishimishije. Sindabona munsi y’amanota arindwi ku icumi. Ndizera
ko indangamanota nzazana izabashimisha.
Amakuru ki se yo mu rugo? Karigirwa amaze kumenyera ishuri? Ubu se asigaye
ararana na nde? Nange kwiraza ku gitanda byabanje kuntonda, ariko naramenyereye.
Nyogokuru se yarorohewe ko nasize arwaye? Umuntahirize, kandi nawe nibigukundira
uzanyandikire, umbwire amakuru, cyangwa uze kunsura ku cyumweru cya kabiri
cy’ukwezi gutaha. Uzi ukuntu byanshimisha mbonye mama ahingutse ku ishuri!
Sinarangiza ntakubwiye kunsuhuriza papa, basaza bange bombi na ka Karigirwa uti:
“Mutahe cyane, arabakumbuye byo gupfa, si we uzabona ibiruhuko bigera.” Imana
ibarinde.
Imfura yawe,
MUTIMUKEYE Marie
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Iyi baruwa yanditswe na nde?
2. Yayandikiye he? Yayanditse ku yihe tariki?
3. Yandikiraga nde?
4. Ni iyihe mpamvu yatumye yandika ibaruwa?
5. Vuga muri make ubutumwa bukubiye muri iyi baruwa?113
Ibaruwa isanzwe
Ibaruwa isanzwe bakunze kwita ibaruwa ya gicuti, ni ibaruwa umuntu yandikira
umubyeyi, umuvandimwe se cyangwa inshuti agamije kumubwira cyangwa
kumubaza amakuru. Uwandika ibaruwa abwira uwo yandikira nkaho bari kumwe,
ibyo yakamubwiye akabyandika ku rupapuro. Kuko urupapuro ruba ari ruto, umuntu
wandika ibaruwa agomba kuvuga iby’ingenzi, nta kurondogora.Ibiranga ibaruwa isanzwe
Ibaruwa isanzwe igomba kugaragaza ibi bikurikira:
a) Amazina y’uwanditse n’aho abarizwa.
b) Ahantu yanditse ari n’itariki.
c) Uwandikiwe (isano afitanye n’uwayanditse)
d) Indamutso
e) Ubutumwa nyirizina bw’ibaruwa.
f) Umusozo (ugaragaramo gusezera n’intashyo)
g) Izina ry’uwanditse n’umukono we.
Ibaruwa isanzwe ariko igira imbata yubahiriza, ku buryo iyo uyikubise amaso
byonyine uhita ubona ko ari ibaruwa ya gicuti.114
Nk’uko bigaragara kuri iyi mbata, uwandika ibaruwa agomba gusiga umwanya
hejuru, hasi ndetse n’iburyo n’ibumoso bw’urupapuro yanditseho ibaruwa kugira
ngo usoma abone aho afata.115
Umwitozo ku ibaruwa isanzwe:
Ubutumwa bugufi
Ingero z’ubutumwa bugufi:
– Uraho neza! Tubwirire abanyeshuri bifotoreje ku Murenge wacu ko indangamuntu
zabo zaje. Bazaze kuzifata ejo mbere ya saa sita.
– Wiriwe! Ba bashyitsi twari dutegereje barahageze, banguka umfashe kubakira.
– Kamana waramutse! Ko amasaha y’ikizamini ari hafi kugera, waba wageze ku
ishuri?
– Muraho neza Muyobozi! Mbwirira Karimba ko amafaranga y’ishuri nayanyujije
kuri konti y’ikigo. Ntazirirwe agaruka mu rugo.Ibibazo ku butumwa bugufi
1. Izi nyandiko ni bwoko ki?
2. Ubu butumwa ni hehe umuntu yabusanga?
3. Tahura uwanditse buri butumwa n’uwo wumva bugenewe.Ubutumwa bugufi ni iki?
Ubutumwa bugufi ni inyandiko umuntu akora, yoherereza uwo yandikira amakuru
cyangwa ayamusaba. Bugomba kuba burasa ku ntego kuko bugomba kuba bugufi.
Uwandika agomba kuvuga ibiri ngombwa gusa. Bene ubu butumwa bukunze
gukoreshwa kuri terefoni no kuri mudasobwa ifite interineti hifashishijwe imbuga
nkoranyambaga.Umwitozo ku butumwa bugufi
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa karindwi
Imyandiko iboneka muri uyu mutwe yerekeza ku itumanaho. Itumanaho
ryagarutsweho ni iry’amabaruwa asanzwe n’irikoresha terefoni. Byagaragaye ko
ibaruwa isanzwe irimo gusimburwa n’ubutumwa bugufi bwa terefoni igendanwa
n’ubwo ku mbuga nkoranyambaga.116
Ibaruwa isanzwe ni inyandiko umuntu yandikira undi amubwira kandi amusaba
amakuru.
Ubutumwa bugufi ni inyandiko umuntu yoherereza undi kuri terefoni cyangwa
akoresheje interineti. Bugomba kuba burasa ku ntego.
Umwandiko: Akamaro k'itumanaho
Abantu benshi bemeza ko itumanaho ari urufunguzo rw’iterambere. Itumanaho
ubundi rivuga uburyo bw’ihererekanyamakuru hagati y’ibiremwa, n’abantu barimo.
Ese ni gute iryo hererekanyamakuru rishobora kuba imbarutso y’iterambere? Ese
uburyo bw’itumanaho ubwo ari bwo bwose bwatuma amajyambere yiyongera?
Mu by’ukuri kugira ngo muri iki gihe umuntu avuge ko yateye imbere, ni ngombwa
ko aba afite uburyo abasha gukora ku ifaranga. Kandi kugira ngo ubashe kurikoraho,
ni uko urishaka, haba mu gushaka akazi kaguhesha umushahara, haba mu guhanga
umushinga wakubyarira inyungu. Kugira ngo ubone akazi, ni ngombwa ko umenya
ko hari ahantu bakeneye umukozi. Nta bundi buryo wabimenya hadakoreshejwe
itumanaho. Kuranga ahari akazi, hakoreshwa ibinyamakuru, amaradiyo
n'amatereviziyo. Umuntu w’inshuti na we abimenye yakoresha terefoni akakubwira
cyangwa akakwandikira. Iyo ugiye ugakora ikizami ukagitsinda ukabona ako kazi
kaguhemba umushahara w’ukwezi, burya uba ubikesheje itumanaho.
Uwiyemeje guhimba umushinga ubyara inyungu we bigenda bite? Kugira ngo wige
umushinga uzaguteza imbere, bisaba gushaka umujyanama ubihugukiye akagufasha,
kuko gutegura umushinga bisaba ubuhanga. Uwo muhanga ugufasha uzamubona
wakoresheje itumanaho; wanditse cyangwa waterefonnye. Kugira ngo umenye
uko wabona isoko ry’umushinga wawe, umenye n’ingufu rifite nanone uzifashisha
ibikoresho by’itumanaho. Umushinga wawe kugira ngo wunguke bisaba kubona
abakozi bagufasha. Abakozi igihe batangiye akazi ntiwabasha kubakurikirana nta
tumanaho.
Itumanaho rero ni ryo rizatuma utera imbere. Abayobozi b’Igihugu na bo, bitewe
n’amabwiriza yabo ndetse n’ibikorwa remezo bagenda bageza ku baturage, bagira
uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’igihugu. Ariko se nta radiyo bavugiraho, nta
baruwa bandika, nta terefoni bagira, akazi kabo kagenda neza? Mu binyamakuru,
ku maradiyo, ku matereviziyo, ku materefoni, aho hose ni inzira abayobozi b’Igihugu
bashobora gucishamo amabwiriza y’iterambere. Birumvikana ko nta tumanaho, nta
n'iterambere ryagerwaho. Mu nzego zose z’ubuzima rirakenewe kugira ngo abantu
babashe kwiteza imbere, bityo babeho neza.117
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Itumanaho ni iki ukurikije uyu mwandiko?
2. Itumanaho rimarira iki umuntu ushaka akazi?
3. Garagaza ko bigoye gutera imbere muri iki gihe nta tumanaho ufite?
4. Sobanura uburyo terefoni yoroshya itumanaho.
5. Ni ku buhe buryo wumva wowe wakeneramo itumanaho ngo witeze imbere?Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira unayakoreshe mu nteruro ngufi kandi
iboneye.
a) Imbarutso
b) Amabwiriza
c) Gukora ku ifaranga
2. Simbuza amagambo aciyeho akarongo andi ahuje inyito na yo.
a) Mu kinyamakuru, abayobozi bashobora gucishamo amabwiriza
y’iterambere.
b) Uyu mushinga wakubyarira inyungu.
3. Simbuza amagambo aciyeho akarongo imbusane zayo.
a) Uyu mushinga uzaguteza imbere.
b) Ese ugomba gushaka umushinga wakubyarira inyungu?II. Ihangamwandiko
a) Andika ubutumwa bugufi busaba ababyeyi uruhushya rw’abanyeshuri
bagomba kwitabira inama y’abanyeshuri bari mu kiruhuko.
b) Andikira mubyara wawe uba mu Karere ka Nyamasheke ibaruwa isanzwe,
umubwire umushinga ushaka ko mufatanyamo unamugishe inama118
Imikino ni ibikorwa umuntu akoresha umubiri we akurikiza amategeko runaka,
yishimisha cyangwa ari mu marushanwa. Ashobora gukina ari umwe cyangwa agakina
mu itsinda. Ni kenshi twumva havugwa ko habaye imikino iyi n’iyi ku maradiyo, ku
matereviziyo no mu biganiro tugirana n’inshuti n’abavandimwe. Uzumva umuntu
abaza mugenzi we ati: “Wa mukino warangiye ute?” Undi ubone yahagaritse byose
ngo akurikire umukino w’ikipe afana. Abandi bafata amasaha runaka mu cyumweru,
bakajya gukina.
Imikino igira akamaro kenshi ituma umuntu agorora umubiri. Umuntu ufite umukino
akina usanga afite ubuzima bwiza, afite ingufu, atarwaragurika kuko ikomeza imikaya,
igakomeza amagufwa ndetse igatuma amaraso atembera neza. Udakina we usanga
ahora ananiwe, afite umubyibuho ukabije, arwaye rubagimpande n’izindi ndwara
zijyanye n’umuvuduko w’amaraso. Kwitabira imikino bituma umuntu agira ubuzima
buzira umuze.119
Imikino kandi iruhura mu mutwe. Umupira w’amaguru, uw’intoki, amasiganwa
y’amamodoka, ay’amagare n’ay’amapikipiki abamo amarushanwa. Mu marushanwa
haba hari abantu babiri cyangwa amatsinda abiri ahanganye, buri ruhande rushaka
kwegukana insinzi. Akenshi usanga mu marushanwa nk’ayo hari n’igikombe
gihatanirwa. Mu marushanwa hazamo gukina ariko n’ishyaka ntirisigare kuko
gutsindwa umukino bitera ipfunwe n’agahinda, kuwutsinda bigatera ishema.
Irushanwa ntirigirira akamaro abakina gusa, ahubwo rinafasha abaje kwihera
ijisho kuruhuka mu mutwe. Imikino y’amarushanwa iritabirwa cyane kandi yinjiza
n’amafaranga kuko abaje kuyireba akenshi na kenshi bishyura. Bamwe mu bareba
umukino baba bafite uruhande babogamiyemo, abo ni bo bitwa abafana. Uko mu
kibuga ruba rwambikanye hagati y’abakinnyi, ni ko abafana na bo baba barushanwa
gushyigikira amatsinda yabo mu ndirimbo, mu mbyino no mu ikobe ryinshi.
Umupira w’amaguru ugira amarushanwa ashyushye. Urya mupira abakinnyi biruka
inyuma wigaruriye isi yose. Usibye no kujya kureba uwo mukino ku kibuga, usanga
imbaga y’abantu yateraniye imbere y’ibyuma bigaragaza amashusho, bakoranyijwe
no kureba umupira. Kureba umupira birashimisha, hagerekaho n’ishyaka rya
gifana agahu kakaba gahuye n’umunyutsi. Hari abafana amakipe yo mu Gihugu,
hakaba n’abafana amakipe yo mu bihugu by’amahanga. Iyo mikino yo mu mahanga
Abanyarwanda bayirebera kuri tereviziyo maze bagafana kakahava, bakishima.
Mu marushanwa ahimbaza abarebyi harimo amasiganwa y’amagare, ay’amapikipiki
n’ay’amamodoka. Usanga abantu bakikije imihanda, abana, abasore, inkumi, abagabo,
abagore, abasaza n’abakecuru bose bakoranye bategerezanye amashyushyu ko
amasiganwa agera aho bari. Iyo abasiganwa babagezeho, wumva amashyi ahise
yivanga n’urusaku, bogeza abakinnyi bari imbere. Muri iyi mikino, usanga harimo
ibihembo binyuranye, cyanecyane hakurikijwe ibyiciro amasiganwa yagiye
akorwamo. Igihembo kiruta ibindi ariko gihabwa uwakoresheje igihe gito.
Imikino ni myiza cyane. Ituma umubiri w’umuntu unanuka, ugakomera bityo indwara
nyinshi ntiziwuhangare. Ituma kandi umuntu aruhuka, agasinzira neza. Imikino ikuza
ishyaka mu bakinnyi no mu bafana. Kureba imikino kandi birashimisha, bigatera
akanyamuneza. Ni ngombwa kugira umukino umuntu yitabira.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Imikino ni iki?
2. Gukina bifitiye umuntu akahe kamaro?
3. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’umuntu witabira imikino ngororamubiri
n’utayitabira?
4. Amarushanwa mu mikino amariye iki abantu?120
5. Ni uwuhe mukino ukunzwe cyane kurusha iyindi ku isi?
6. Ni akahe gaciro uha imikino mu buzima bwawe?II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo n’imvugo bikurikira unayakoreshe mu
nteruro ngufi kandi zumvikana:
a) Rubagimpande
b) Ishyaka
c) Ipfunwe
d) Ishema
e) Ikobe
2. Simbuza aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko aciyeho akarongo
andi bihuje inyito.
a) Mu mikino amakipe aba ahatanira igihembo.
b) Usanga abantu badakina bafite umubyibuho mwinshi.
c) Hari abakurikiranira umupira ku nyakiramajwi.
d) Kureba amasiganwa y’amagare biranezeza.III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwaho mu mwandiko?
2. Garagaza ibice by’ingenzi bigize uyu mwandiko unavuge impamvu ubyise
utyo.
3. Shaka ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.121
Insanganyamatsiko: “ Imikino ifatiye runini ubuzima bwacu”
Inshoza y’igisakuzo
Igisakuzo ni amagambo yumvikana mu buryo busanzwe ariko afubitse ingingo
ifindurwa n’umuhanga. Gusakuza ni umukino ukinwa n’abantu babiri bagategana
ibisakuzo kandi bakabitegura. Usakuza atangira agira ati: “Sakwesakwe!” Undi na
we akikiriza ati: “Soma”. Uwabanje akavuga igisakuzo, ubajijwe agafindura igisubizo
ari byo bita kwica igisakuzo. Iyo uwasakujwe atabashije kukica, uwamusakuje
aramubwira ati: “Kimpe!” Uwananiwe gufindura igisubizo ati: “Ngicyo, kende
cyangwa kice ”Nuko akabwirwa igisubizo. Uwo mukino ugakomeza basimburana122
Uturango tw’ibisakuzo
Ibisakuzo ni interuro zumvikana ku buryo zifubitse ubuhanga bushushanya ikintu
runaka kigomba gufindurwa n’uwo musakuza. Ibisakuzo bikoreshwa mu kwidagadura
ariko bikanatoza gutekereza no gufata mu mutweUmwitozo ku bisakuzo:
1. Umugabo yifatiye undi ati: «Ubu mvuye muri Amerika, u Burayi ndetse na
Aziya.» Ati: "Mbese ubu nta mugabane w’isi ntagezemo". Undi ati: «Ubanza
ugarutse uzi jewogarafi (geography) yose!» Uwabeshye ati: «Yababaaa, ubwo
naba narajyanywe n’iki ntageze muri jewogarafi!»
2. Umukobwa yagiye gushaka akazi mu mugi, nuko bamuha ako kurera umwana.
Igihe nyirabuja yarimo kumuhugura agira ngo amutoze gukora akazi ke neza,
amusaba kuzajya agaburira umwana ku isaha. Bukeye nyamukobwa abonye ko
umwana ashonje, amanura isaha yari imanitse ku rukuta, agusukiraho ibiryo
by’umwana, atangira kumugaburira. Nyirabuja aba arahahingutse. Abaza
nyamukobwa ati: «Ibi ni ibiki wakoze?» Umukobwa ati: “Ntiwambwiye se ko
nzajya mpera umwana ibiryo ku isaha!”Inshoza y’urwenya
Urwenya ni agakuru karyoshye kandi gasekeje gakoreshwa cyangwa kanyuzwa mu
kiganiroUturango tw’urwenya:
Urwenya ni inganzo igamije gusetsa abantu b’ingeri zose, ifatiye ku nkuru mpimbano
zivuga ibintu byo mu buzima busanzwe ariko birimo ibisetso. Ibyo bisetso bishingiye
cyanecyane ku buswa, ku buhubutsi, ku kumvirana, kwitiranya cyangwa ukutimenya
umunyarubuga akorana ibikorwa byo mu nkuru, ku buryo uyumva atabura guseka.
Ni inganzo ituma abantu baruhura ubwonko ariko inanenga imyitwarire idahwitse
dore ko Umunyarwanda yavuze ngo: “Ukuri gushirira mu biganiro”.Umwitozo ku rwenya
123
Hari ku mugoroba, abayobozi b’ishuri badukoranyirije mu cyumba gisanzwe
kiberamo imyidagaduro. Twari benshi kandi dusakuza. Bamwe baganiraga ibyo
babonye mu masomo, abandi bavugana ibyo bakoze mu biruhuko. Nge narebaga
imbere ahabambitse umwenda watubuzaga kureba ibirimo gutegurwa, nkumva
mfite amashyushyu yo kuhabona. Kera kabaye mbona wa mwenda ugiye wisunika,
ukinguka.
Uko wagendaga ubambuka, ni ko nabonaga ingoma z’umubyimba unyuranye
zihinguka, inyuma ya buri ngoma hahagaze umuntu ukenyeye umwenda w’umweru
aniteye undi. Buri ngoma yari irambitseho uduti tubiri tubaje neza. Nabajije
umunyeshuri twari twicaranye, arambwira ati: “Turiya duti batwita imirishyo,
badukubita ku ngoma iyo bazivuza”. Mu kanya gato ingoma ziba zitangiye kunihira.
Byari bishimishije kubireba. Ba bakaraza bajyaga ejuru, bagakubitira rimwe ingoma,
bakizenguruka, bakongera bagakubita. Hagati harimo umukaraza umwe wabonaga
yagowe. Yari afite akagoma gato mu mubyimba, ariko karekare. Yaragakubitaga,
akakihaniza, akavangamo no gukubita ingoma nini zimuri iburyo n’ibumoso. Maze
abandi bagakubita ingoma zabo basa n’abikiriza ibyo ateye. Nabajije mugenzi wange
izo ngoma uko zitwa, ambwira ko ka kandi karekare ari inyahura kakaba kayobora
imirishyo y’ingoma. Ingoma y’iburyo n’iy’ibumoso bw’inyahura zitwa ibihumurizo.
Ibihumurizo ni zo ngoma ziruta izindi ubunini. Izikurikiraho yambwiye ko ari
impuma. Impuma ziba ari nyinshi.124
Hari akandi kagoma gato cyane haba mu mubyimba haba no mu burebure. Ako
yambwiye ko kitwa ishakwe. Kukavuza ni ugushirika ubute kuko ukavuza adatuza.
Ni na ko ngo gatangiza ingoma ari byo byitwa gusuka. Haciyeho imirishyo myinshi
hanyuma barazicyura. Umuyobozi w’ishuri yahise afata ijambo atubwira ko izo
ngoma ari izo kuduha ikaze mu gitaramo nyarwanda.
Akimara gusoza ijambo rye numva imbyino ziri mu majwi meza ziratewe, mbona
abakobwa beza bakenyeye imishanana bambaye n’udupira dusa ndetse n’abasore
bakenyeye utwenda tugufi dufite amabara n’incunda baraje babyina, bakaraga
umubyimba, bikunda, bamwenyura, ukabona biryoheye amaso. Babyinnye imbyino
nyinshi: imishayayo, imidiho, n’ikinimba. Hari ebyiri muri zo nabonye zifitemo
ubuhanga burenze bwo kubyina no gukoma mu mashyi. Izo ni “bagore beza” na
“benimana”. Najyaga nzumva mu gitaramo cyo kuri radiyo nkumva ari nziza, ariko
kubona aho bazibyina byo byambereye agahebuzo.
Abo bavuyeho haje umusaza ufite inanga ikiranuye neza. Yaducurangiye indirimbo
ebyiri z’agahozo, ku buryo nahise numva ngomba kwiga gucuranga inanga nange.
Haje n’ucuranga iningiri, ucuranga ikembe n’ucuranga umuduri. Nyuma haje umugabo
n’umugore barasakuza. Bimwe mu bisakuzo bashakuje nari nzi kubyica, ibindi
ngasanga ari ubwa mbere mbyumvise. Nyuma badukiniye umukino ugaragaza uko
ubukwe bwa kera bwagendaga. Nasanze n’ubwo bifite aho bihuriye n’ubw’uyu munsi
hari aho ubukwe bw’ubu bushyiramo ibya kizungu.
Nemera ko gutira atari bibi. Gusa umuntu agomba gutira ibyiza, ibibi akabireka. Ni
byiza kandi ko dutira ibyo dukeneye, atari ibyo gusimbura ibyo umuco wacu wari
wisanganiwe. Igitaramo cyashojwe n’umukino w’intore zihamiriza, zikunda, zica
umugara, amayugi yazo wumva asohora urujyano rw’amajwi runyuze amatwi. Intore
zitashye, umwenda urikinga, baradusezerera tujya kuryama. N’uyu munsi iyo nibutse
icyo gitaramo numva nshaka kongera kukibona.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Umuntu ubara iyi nkuru ni muntu ki?
2. Iki gitaramo cyabereye he?
3. Ni iki cyatumaga agira amashyushyu kurushaho?
4. Rondora ibintu byari bigize kiriya gitaramo nyarwanda.
5. Niba warigeze kugera mu gitaramo, vuga icyo washimyemo n’icyo wagayemo.
6. Ibitaramo bya kizungu biramutse bimize ibyacu bya kinyarwanda wumva byaba
bidutwaye iki nk’Abanyarwanda?
7. Wumva gutozwa gutarama ukiri muto byakumarira iki?125
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Simbuza ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo y’umukara tsiri
iryakoreshejwe mu mwandiko bihuje inyito.a) Umukuru w’umudugudu yahurije hamwe abaturage ashinzwe bose.
b) Twari twemeje ko igitaramo kitakibaye twigira mu bindi, hashize umwanya
munini twumva umurishyo w’ingoma tumenya ko gitangiye noneho.
c) Umunyarwandakazi wakereye ibirori akenyera umwenda muremure
akitera kandi agatega urugori.
d) Nge ndi umuntu uvuza ingoma, mvuza akagoma gato cyane kurusha
izindi.
e) Iyi nanga iregeye neza, ndumva ntarekera aho kuyivuza.
f) Intore zarabyinnye karahava.III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki?
2. Uyu mwandiko uravuga ku yihe nsanganyamatsiko?
3. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko.IV. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Andika umwandiko ntekerezo maze ugereranye uburyo bwo gutarama mu
Rwanda rwa kera n’uko bikorwa muri iki gihe, unabitangeho ibitekerezo.126
Ibinyazina nyereka
a) Nabajije mugenzi wange uko izo ngoma zitwa.
b) Turiya duti batwita imirishyo.
c) Kera kabaye mbona wa mwenda ugiye wisunika.
d) Ba bakaraza bajyaga ejuru, bagakubitira rimwe ingoma.
e) N’uyu munsi iyo nibutse icyo gitaramo numva nshatse kukibona.
f) Zirya mbyino twumva kuri radiyo mu gitaramo ushobora kuzirebera abantu
bazibyina.
g) Uno mwana yanyuzwe n’ubu buhanga bwo gucuranga inanga.Inshoza y’ikinyazina nyereka
Ikinyazina ni ijambo rihinduka, ricibwamo uturemajambo. Kijyana n’izina cyangwa
kikarisimbura kandi iyo kirisimbuye kikaba gifite umumaro umwe nk’uw’iryo zina.
Ikinyazina gishobora kugira indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi, ariko hari n’ikigira
indangakinyazina n’igicumbi gusa.
Ikinyazina nyereka ni ikinyazina kerekana izina giherekeje cyangwa kikaryibutsa.
Ikinyazina nyereka gishobora kwerekana ibintu biri ahantu hatandukanye akaba ari
yo mpamvu kigabanyijemo ibyiciro bitandatu bitewe n’aho icyo kerekana giherereye.
Hari ibifite ibicumbi ( - no, - o, - riya, - rya, - a. Hari n’ikindi gifite igicumbi - ϕ cyo ku
rwego rwa uyu, aba, iki...)Uturango tw’ikinyazina nyereka
a) Ikiciro cya mbere
Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byerekana ikintu kiri hafi cyane y’abavugana. Ibi binyazina
ntibigira igicumbi mu mwanya w’igicumbi bakoreshwa ikimenyetso “ϕ”. Intego
yacyo ni indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi(ϕ). Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu
buryo: D – Rkz – ϕ.Ingero:
– Iki gitaramo kirashyushye.
– Uyu munsi.
b) Ikiciro cya kabiri
Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byerekana ikintu kiri hafi y’uvuga. Ibi binyazina bigira igicumbi127
–no. Intego yacyo ni indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (-no). Mu mpine byandikwa muri
ubu buryo: Rkz – C.Ingero:
– Kino gihe turimo igitaramo cyarahindutse.
– Uno mwana yanyuzwec) Ikiciro cya gatatu
Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byerekana ikintu kiri hafi y’uwo babwira. Ibi binyazina bigira
igicumbi – o. Intego yacyo ni indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (- o). Mu mpine
byandikwa muri ubu buryo: D – Rkz – C.Ingero:
– Nibuka icyo gitaramo nkashaka kukireba.
– Abo bakaraza bikozaga ejuru.d) Ikiciro cya kane
Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byerekana ikintu kitaruye abavugana bombi. Ibi binyazina bigira
igicumbi – riya. Intego yacyo ni indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (- riya). Mu mpine
byandikwa muri ubu buryo: Rkz – C.Ingero:
– Turiya duti twitwa imirishyo.
– Urabona kuriya kuntu intore zihamiriza!
– Uriya mukobwa abyina neza.e) Ikiciro cya gatanu
Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byibutsa ikintu abavugana baba basanzwe baziranyeho cyangwa
se nanone baba barigeze kuvuganaho. Iki kinyazina kigira igicumbi – rya. Intego yacyo
ni indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (- rya). Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu buryo: Rkz – C.Ingero:
– Zirya mbyino zaratunyuze.
– Irya ngoma nto yitwa inyahura.f) Ikiciro cya gatandatu
Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byibutsa ikintu abavugana baba barigeze kuganiraho cyangwa
kubonera hamwe. Ibi binyazina bigira igicumbi – a. Intego yacyo ni indangakinyazina
n’igicumbi (-a). Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu buryo: Rkz – C128
Ingero:
– Ba bakaraza bikozaga ejuru.
– Mbona wa mwenda ugiye wisunikaIntego y’ikinyazina nyereka
Intego y’ikinyazina nyereka muri rusange igizwe n’uturemajambo tubiri ari two
indangakinyazina n’igicumbi; icyakora ibinyazina byo mu kiciro cya mbere bigira
indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi -ϕ naho ibyo mu kiciro cya gatatu bikagira
uturemajambo dutatu ari two indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi.
Dore zimwe mu ngero z’ibinyazina nyereka zisesenguye mu nteko zimwe na zimwe:
129
Ikinyazina nyereka mpamya
Ibinyazina nyereka byo mu itsinda uyu, uriya, uwo... bishobora kwifashisha
akaremajambo ng- gashobora gufata inyajwi isa n'iyo ku ndangasano mu gihe nta
ndomo icyo kinyazina gifite. Ako karemajambo gafite inyito ihamya ni yo mpamvu
byitwa mpamya.
Ikitonderwa:
Ibinyazina bifite ibicumbi -no, -ryo na -a ntibyemera gukorana n'aka karemajambo
(ng-). Ingero: Ntibavuga: ngurya, nguno…130
Umwitozo ku binyazina nyereka
Habayeho umugore n’umugabo babyarana umwana w’umukobwa bamwita
Nyirakandengu. Uyu mukobwa yabyirukanye uburanga maze amaze kuba inkumi
abasore benshi batangira gusimburana bamurambagiza. Uwa mbere yarahageze,
umukobwa ati: «Wowe ntiwaba umugabo wange!» Icyo gihe yabivugaga akangwa na
bwa bwiza Imana yari yaramuhereye ubuntu. Umusore wa kabiri we yari abyibushye
cyane afite n’imbaraga. Yaje azi ko rwose Nyirakandengu atamubenga. Agituruka
kure, wa mukobwa aba yamurabutswe kare, ati: «Uriya muhungu ntakamvugishe!»
Hafi aho hari icyanzu, akihinamo, handuruka we!
Nyamusore ahageze abura cyakira, arikubura arataha. N’abandi basore bagiye baza
yagiye abasuzugura atyo. Bukeye abasore bateranye baganira ku mukobwa wigize
kabushungwe. Umusore umwe ati: "Ngewe nazana Nyirakandengu". Abandi bati: «Aka
gahungu nta soni kagira! Umukobwa wabenze abahungu b’intarumikwa ni wowe
yakwemera?» Undi ati: «Tubitegere, kandi nzamuzana nkukane ibihembo byange.»
Bukeye umuhungu yihindura agatosho, arihirika ajya iwabo wa Nyirakandengu.
Agihinguka mu marembo, Nyirakandengu ati: «Urashaka iki kabuye gatembera
mu ngoro, ingoma zavugije imirishyo?» Akabuye kati: «Ndashaka Nyirakandengu
umukobwa wabenze cyane, mfungurira.» Karagiye kidundarika ku ntebe ya se wa
Nyirakandengu. Se w’umukobwa ahageze, umukobwa amutekerereza uko byagenze,
se ati: «Kariya kabuye uragakurikira wa mukobwa we si nge wakubwiye kubenga.
Genda utazankururira ishyano…Ibyivugo
1. "Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya Rugema ahica"
Icumu ryera ikigembe nariteye Umuhima kuri Gakirage
Akirangamiye ubwiza ndarimugabiza riramugasha nk’ubukombe bw’intare
Mbonye ko rimubaga ndamushinyagurira
Nti: “Aho ga si wowe wenyine, n’uw’i Bunyabungo ni uko namugize”.Cyahimbwe na Gahunde ka Nyakaja
131
2. Intwari igaruka bahunga ya Rukangamiheto
Ingabo idashishwa n’abayirasa
Yangombye imisare sinayisigira umugaragu.
Nyendanye n’amacumu mberako isibo
Intoki ziyisangwa mu gifunga
Imfura irema urugamba sinayicarana mu nteko
Induru ivugije abakoni ndamaga njya kuyishakira intambara
Irakariye abatwara imikore sinayikoma imbere
Mbonye ko nzabikundirwa imbaraga iranjyana mbaganamo
Uwababeraga indongozi nkinga musanga
Sinareka asubira mu babo […]Cyahimbwe na Rubibi rwa Kayiru
Uturango tw’ibyivugo:
Ikivugo kirangwa nuko umuvugo umuntu yiratamo ubutwari cyangwa akamaro
yagize. Ibikorwa bivugwamo bishobora kuba byarabaye cyangwa ari ibihimbano.
Ikivugo kivugwa umuntu asukiranya amagambo kandi afatiye agakoni mu kirere
yiyereka umubyimba. Umuntu ashobora kwihimbira ikivugo cyangwa akagihimbirwa
n’undi abisabye. Ku byerekeranye n’ikeshamvugo, usanga ibyivugo byiganzamo
isubirajwi n’isubirajambo kandi bigakoreshwamo amagambo y’indobanure.
Kubera ko uyu munsi ikigambiriwe atari ukurasanira Igihugu ku rugamba ruvusha
amaraso; ahubwo ari ukukirasanira ku rugamba rw’iterambere n’urwo kwihesha
agaciro, ibyivugo by’ubu byagombye kubamo amagambo y’indobanure aganisha ku
bikorwa byo kurwanya no kwivana mu bukene no guharanira ko n’abandi babigeraho,
ndetse n’aganisha ku byo kwimakaza indangangaciro z’umuco wacu.Urugero rw’ikivugo cy’ubu:
Imena mu baterura isuka ya Rudasigarinyuma mu bashaka iterambere,
Ndi indongozi mu bashaka inyungu,
Inyamibwa mpimbaza amabanki,
Nshore nunguke nayigize intego.
Sinzarira mu kazi, inzangano n’amatiku nabigize ikizira,
Nzira abanebwe babunza amagambo,
Aho gushaka akazi ngo biteze imbere.
Nahinze amasaka amasoko aransingiza,132
Abana bati: «Imena ya Rudasigarinyuma atumye tumera neza,
Nti: «Nimuhumure ndacyasizanira kugeza ibiribwa ku masoko
N’ibitari amasaka bizahasesekara.»Cyahimbwe na Hagumuburame bwa Mukurira
Umwitozo ku byivugo
Uturingushyo
Igare
Iri gare mujya munyonga
Mukarinyonga inshuro nyamwinshi
Ridaciriwe n’urubanza
Reka mbabwire uko naribonye
Rigira amahembe ariko ntiryica
Rigira amasasu atagira imbunda
Rigira umunyururu nta ngororwa
Rigira ikiboko nka ba bandi
Rigira imipira ritifubika
Rigira ibirenge bitigenza
Rigira umusingi ariko inkwi nta zo
Rigira n’inkingi nk’inzu ya kera.
Rigira ifarasi itagira ubwoya
Rigira inanga ridacuranga
Rigira imashini itadoda ikanga
Rigira n’inzogera, ryagutura zikirenga
Rigira sitade ikarihagarika
Iritayigira ni “mfashanyare”
Ryasaza ngo ni “kajaganya”
Irishya ryo ryitwa "mutongoro".
Rigira intebe imbere n’inyuma
Rikanaheka ariko ntiryonse
Kandi nta ngobyi naribonanye
Ntirinavuka bararihanga.133
Imfura
Imfura ni iyo musangira ntigucure
Mwajya inama ntikuvemo,
Waterwa ikagutabara
Wapfa ikakurerera,
Kuba ukize ntusuzugure ukennye
Wasonza ntiwibe.
Ibitotsi
Ibitotsi ni ibiragi, bigomba ibirago,
Usinzira utiziguye
Uwazindutse akagusumbya akantu!
Ijoro ni intati, rikaba intambara,
Ryageza igihe k’igicuku rikagucuragiza,
Impyisi igatera, umurozi akaza!
Ibijumba
Imbuto ya mbutuye abahange ya nyiramirenzo,
Iyo mbuto iramamaye mu kotswa!
Bayirimira intebu,
Bakayikura mu ntaba,
Bakayuzuza mu ntebo,
Ikava ikuzimu yirabye inzarwe,
Igatsinda inzara y’abana,
Igasibya ba nyina gusya!
Ubukene
Ese umpoye iki ruhu rwange?
Ko amambere twajyanye i Nyabitare,
Watanyuka nkaguteza ikiremo,
Gusaba uwo munganya ububabare,
Ni ugusiga irembo ugaca mu cyanzu
Inzoga ya ngeso yanga ababo,
Aho kuyivumba nzayiva hambavu!
Cyumbati, Cyumbati, Cyumbati!
Cyumbati k’ikivunde
Bokereza umusaza
Umusore agasukuma
Umukecuru akayabamba.134
Kimpe nkirire
Cyo kabura ubugingo
Kimpe kitakwica
Cyo kabura amagara!Uturango tw’uturingushyo
Uturingushyo turangwa n'utuvugo tugufiya abasizi bahimbiraga gushyenga, ariko
ukuri bafite ku mutima bakakuvugira muri ayo mashyengo. Dutoza abana gufata mu
mutwe no kumenya kuvuga badategwa kandi bagaragaza isesekaza.Umwitozo ku turingushyo
Amagorane
Amagorane ni imvugo yuje isubirajwi ikoresha amagambo y’indobanure maze
kuyakurikiranya bikagorana, cyane iyo uyavuga ashatse kuyasubiramo yihuta. Uko
kugorana bayavuga ni byo bituma bayita amagorane.Ingero:
1. Isha y’umushi y’ishashi ishotse icitse ijosi.
2. Ta izo njyo uze urye izi nzuzi.
3. Buri muntu asanzwe azi ijwi rye.
4. Birazwi ko Karisa arusha se ijwi.
5. Imbogo irarisha imboga imbere y’ingoro y’umwami.
6. Ejo nishe ibibiribiri bibiri
None nishe ibibiribiri bibiri
Hari umugabo wo kwica ibibiribiri bibiri
Bya Nyirabibiribiribibiri.
7. Genda Ruri uri Ruri.
8. Ibibiribiri bibiri bya nyirabibiri biri mu murima wa Mubirigi.
9. Maze amata masa amaze amasaha.Uturango tw’amagorane
Amagorane arangwa n'interuro zubatse ku buryo amagambo azigize yenda gusa mu
mivugirwe kandi akagenda asimburana ku buryo kuvugishwa byoroshye. Kuyavuga
neza bisaba kugororokerwa mu bwonko. Agamije gutoza umuntu gufata mu mutwe
no kudategwa mu magambo135
Umwitozo ku magorane:
Inshamake y'ibyizwe mu mutwe wa munani
Muri uyu mutwe wa munani harimo imyandiko iganisha ku nsanganyamatsiko
y’imyidagaduro. Bigaragara ko imikino n’imyidagaduro ari ngombwa mu buzima
bw’umuntu. Muri uyu mutwe kandi dusangamo ibisakuzo bifasha gufindura no
gufata mu mutwe. Dusangamo kandi urwenya rufasha abantu gusabana baseka,
ariko kandi no kunenga ibitagenda neza bikaziramo. Harimo nanone ibyivugo,
uturingushyo, amagorane byose bikaba inganzo zibumbatiye umuco wo gutarama
mu Kinyarwanda dutoza abantu kuvuga neza no gufata mu mutwe.
Muri uyu mutwe dusangamo ikinyazina nyereka. Ikinyazina nyereka kigira ibyiciro
bitandukanye biri mu nzego: uyu, uno, uwo, uriya, urya na wa.
Umwandiko: Igikona, inyange n’umukecuru
Kera hariho igikona n’inyange byarika hamwe, bikajya bijyana gutora bikanatahira
rimwe mu byari byabyo. Bukeye igikona kirabyara kibyara abana basa nabi cyane.
Inyange na yo ibyara abana beza by’agahebuzo. Igikona kiti: “Nge nabyaye ibyana
bibi nzabijugunya maze ntware bariya bana b’inyange”.
Nuko buracya inyange igenda igiye gutora, igikona kisigaza mu rugo kitoratoza.
Igikona gifata abana b’inyange kiriruka gisiga ibyana byacyo aho ngaho. Igikona
kigera mu ishyamba kihasanga umukecuru wari ufite ubumuga atagira ukuboko
kumwe n’ukuguru kumwe. Kiti: “Yewe wa mukecuru we, mbikira aba bana bange”.
Umukecuru arabakira abaha amata, aranabaryamisha, bararuhuka.
Inyange na yo uwo munsi ntiyatora kure, igaruka bwangu, igeze mu cyari isanga
harimo abana b’igikona. Ifumyamo iriruka, igeze mu ishyamba ibona abantu batashya
inkwi, iti:
“Yemwe mwa batashyi mwe
Mwo gatashya kera mwe,
Nta gikona nyamunobo kinobagira
Gihetse abana babiri batoshye
Gisize abacyo b’inyamunwandi?”136
Abatashyi bati: “Ngicyo kirahise”. Nuko inyange irakomeza, igera aho abahinzi
bahinga, itangira kuririmba, iti:
“Yemwe mwa bahinzi mwe
Mwo gahinga kera mwe,
Nta gikona nyamunobo kinobagira
Gihetse abana babiri batoshye
Gisize abacyo b’inyamunwandi?”
Bati: “Ngicyo kirahise komeza ugende”. Inyange irakomeza, yigiye imbere isanga wa
mukecuru, iramubaza iti: “Ese wa mukecuru we ntiwandangira umuntu unyibiye
abana?” Umukecuru ati: "Hoshi ngwino nge kukwereka". Igikona cyari kikicaye
aho kiruhuka kuko cyari cyagenze urugendo rurerure. Bageze mu rugo, igikona
kibabonye gishya ubwoba.
Umukecuru yereka inyange abana igikona kizanye, igikona kiratsimbarara ngo ni
abacyo. Umukecuru ati: “Ubwo mwembi mwemeza ko abana ari abanyu, ngaho
nimuge hariya mwembi muri uriya mukungugu washyuhijwe n’izuba mwigaraguremo
ndababwira. Inyange iremera, ariko igikona kiranga ngo kidashya. Umukecuru agira
amakenga.
Umukecuru ati: “Ngaho nimuge hejuru y’inzu murwanireyo, utsinda undi arabona
abana be”. Igikona kiranga ngo inzu idasenyuka. Umukecuru atahura ko abana ari
ab’inyange ariko ashaka amayeri yo kugira ngo inyange ibone abana bayo. Nuko
abaha intego ya kabiri. Umukecuru ati: “Nimwende ibivomesho muge kuvoma kandi
mubanguke, utanga undi hano kandi afite amazi aze atware abana be.” Inyange
ihabwa ikibindi kizima naho igikona gitwara urutete. Inyange n’igikona bishyira
nzira, biragenda biravoma. Inyange iravoma irataha naho igikona kikavoma bihita.
Kirakomeza kirahanyanyaza ariko biranga biba iby’ubusa.
Inyange igeze ku mukecuru ayiha abana bayo, irigurukira iritahira. Igikona na cyo
aho gitahukiye kiza kitotomba kiti: “Mvoma bihita, mvoma bihita!” Kigera mu rugo
cyamwaye. Umukecuru ati: “Subirayo”. Gisubirayo kiravoma, cyagera haruguru amazi
agashiramo. Kigasubirayo cyagera haruguru amazi agashiramo. Nuko kiratagangara
kitura mu iriba kimira nkeri.
Si nge wahera, hahera igikona n’ubugome bwacyo.I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko:
1. Uyu mwandiko uri buhe bwoko bw'imyandiko? Kubera iki?
2. Ni ba nde bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Ni iki cyatumye igikona kiba abana b’inyange?
4. Kimaze kunanirwa, igikona cyashyize he abana b’inyange?137
5. Ni iki cyatumye umukecuru yemeza ko abana ari ab’inyange koko?
6. Garagaza amayeri umukecuru yakoresheje ahima igikona.
7. Uyu mugani ugusigiye irihe somo ry’ubuzima?
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira unayakoreshe mu nteruro ngufi kandi
ziboneyea) Gutsimbarara
b) Guhanyanyaza
c) Kwitotomba
d) Urutete2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ayo bihuje igisobanuro.
a) Irukana icyo gikona kitanyonera ubunyobwa.
b) Inyange igaruka bwangu, isanga mu cyari harimo abana b’igikona.
c) Umujura yabonye umuporisi agira ubwoba.
d) Uvomera mu rutete avoma bimeneka.3. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ayo binyuranyije igisobanuro.
a) Igikona giheka abana b’inyange kiragenda.
b) Nuko inyange ikomeza urugendo.III. Ikibonezamvugo n’ubumenyi bw’ururimi
1. Shaka ibinyazina nyereka mu nteruro zikurikira maze ubishakire
uturemajambo ugaragaze n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe.a) Iki gikona n’iyi nyange bivugwa, mbere byari bibanye neza.
b) Kino gikona cyatwaye abana b’inyange, gisiga abana bacyo aho.
c) Ngicyo kirahise, komeza ugende.
d) Igikona cyageze harya mu ishyamba cyananiwe.
e) Ndabona kiriya gikona cyarashakaga guhemukira inyange.
f) Umukecuru yasubije ba bana b’inyange nyina.2. Tanga inshoza y'igisakuzo unatange nibura n’ingero enye z’ibisakuzo
waba uzi.
3. Tanga urugero rw’akaringushyo k’abasizi waba uzi.138
Biragoye kuvuga ku iterambere ry’urugo tudahereye ku kwihaza mu biribwa
ngandurarugo kuko ari byo shingiro ry'iterambere. Ibihingwa ngandurarugo ni
ibishyimbo, amasaka, amashaza, imyumbati, ibijumba, amateke... Mbega ni ibihingwa
byose bihingirwa gutegurwamo amafunguro atunga urugo. Akamaro kabyo ni kanini
cyane kuko bidahinzwe abantu ntibabona ibibatunga.
Mu bihingwa ngandurarugo harimo ibinyamisogwe. Mu kwera kwabyo birayanga,
hanyuma ahari indabo hakaza imisogwe. Iyo misogwe iyo ikuze izanamo imbuto. Iyo
byeze birahisha, bigasarurwa, bikanikwa, byakuma bigahurwa cyangwa bigatonorwa.
Imbuto zivuyemo ni zo zitekwa zikavamo amafunguro. Ibi bifite akamaro kuko bituma139
umubiri wacu ubona ibiwubaka bihagije. Muri byo twavuga nk’amashaza, ibishyimbo,
soya... Kubibura ku ifunguro ni ikosa kuko bifitiye umubiri akamaro kadasimburwa.
Ifunguro ry’Umunyarwanda ritariho ibishyimbo akenshi usanga ridashamaje.
Ibindi ni ibinyabijumba. Ibinyabijumba byerera mu butaka. Kubera ko ibinyabijumba
bikungahaye ku masukari, bitera imbaraga umubiri. Ibindi bigira amido na yo
ikenerwa cyane. Mu binyabijumba twavuga ibijumba, ibirayi, imyumbati, amateke,
ibikoro n’ibindi. Mu mafunguro y’Abanyarwanda, ibinyabijumba bifata umwanya
munini, ibindi biribwa bikaza bibiherekeje. Usanga umuntu ukijijwe n’ubuhinzi
bamwita umukungu. Ibinyabijumba ariko ubona bikeneye uburyo bwa kijyambere
bwo kubihunika kugira ngo umusaruro wabyo udapfa ubusa. Usibye imyumbati
y’imivunde ishobora kwanikwa igahunikwa cyangwa igasheshwa ikabikwa ari ifu,
ibindi binyabijumba ubona bigoye kubihunika.
Ibindi bihingwa ngandurarugo ni ibinyampeke. Mu kwera kwabyo na byo birayanga
ariko ntibigira imisogwe ahubwo bigira impeke zitondetse ku giti. Ibinyampeke na
byo bigira amasukari, bityo bijya mu bitera imbaraga umubiri wacu. Muri byo twavuga
nk’amasaka, ibigori, uburo, umuceri n'ibindi. Kimwe n’ibinyabijumba, ibinyampeke
bifata umwanya munini mu mafunguro y’Abanyarwanda. Tubirya mu mitsima,
mu migati, tukabinywamo igikoma, ibindi nk’umuceri tukabirya uko byakabaye.
Ibinyampeke byo ntibigora ihunika kuko byanikwa, bikabikwa byumye. Bishobora
kandi gusebwamo amafu, agashyirwa mu mifuka, agahunikwa.
Imboga n’imbuto kandi na zo ziri mu bihingwa ngandurarugo. Akamaro kazo mu
mafunguro ni ugutanga ibirinda indwara. Zigomba guhingwa cyane rero kandi
zikaribwa kugira ngo abantu bagire ubuzima buzira umuze. Mu mboga twavuga
dodo, amashu, ibihaza, inyanya, isogi, karoti, ibitunguru, tungurusumu, intoryi,
epinari n’izindi. Mu mbuto ho twavuga amapera, amapapayi, amacunga, amatunda,
ibinyomoro, inanasi, indimu n’izindi. Imboga n’imbuto ntibihunikika. Ibyiza ni
ukubitegura ku mafunguro bigisoromwa. Iyo bitinze bitakaza ubuziranenge.
Nk’uko bigaragara rero ibihingwa ngandurarugo bigomba guhingwa ku bwinshi,
bikaboneka ku masoko kugira ngo bidakomeza guhenda. Ibyo byatuma Abanyarwanda
barya indyo yuzuye, ifite ibyubaka umubiri, ibitera imbaraga n’ibirinda indwara.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ibihingwa ngandurarugo birimo ayahe moko?
2. Ibishyimbo biri mu buhe bwoko bw’ibihingwa ngandurarugo kandi bimariye
iki umubiri w’umuntu?
3. Vuga icyo ibinyabijumba bihuriyeho n’ibinyampeke unavuge icyo bitandukaniyeho.
4. Ni ibihe bibazo ubona biri mu buhinzi bw’ibihingwa ngandurarugo? Ibyo bibazo
wabishakira uwuhe muti?
5. Kugira ngo ibihingwa ngandurarugo biboneke ku bwinshi wumva hakorwa iki?140
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Simbuza aya magambo aciyeho akarongo andi bivuga kimwe.
a) Ifunguro ry’Umunyarwanda ritariho ibishyimbo usanga ridashamaje.
b) Ibinyabijumba bikungahaye ku masukari.
2. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Imivunde b) Ubuziranenge c) Guhunika d) Ifunguro e) UmuzeIII. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
a) Kurya ……yuzuye bituma umuntu amererwa neza.
b) Imboga n’imbuto birinda umubiri wacu………….
c) Ibihingwa ……..ntibigombera kujya mu nganda kugira ngo bikoreshwe.
d) Ibigori si ibinyabijumba ahubwo ni……………..IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwaho mu mwandiko?
2. Shaka ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigaragara mu mwandiko.
3. Ku bwawe urumva inyito y’ibihingwa ngandurarugo yarakomotse kuki?V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
141
a) Mubona ibihingwa ngandurarugo bimaze iki mu buzima bw’abantu?
b) Ni izihe ngamba zafatwa ngo ibihingwa ngandurarugo biboneke ku
bwinshi?Ubutinde bw’imigemo
1. Uno mwumbati ufite umuzi munini. Uno muntu umuzi hehe ?
2. Utaka ubabaye / Utaka inzu ngo ise neza.
3. Ibaze ikibazo maze wisubize / Ino nkoko ibaze neza, ntikurushya kuyiteka.Inshoza y’umugemo
Iyo umuntu avuze ijambo yitonze, yiyumvisha ibice bigize iryo jambo, kuko buri gice
cyumvikana kivuzwe inshuro imwe ishyitse. Igice kimwe mu bigize ijambo kitwa
umugemo. Umugemo ushobora kuba inyajwi iyo itangira ijambo. Ariko ingombajwi,
n’ibihekane ntibishobora kurema umugemo batabitwereye inyajwi. Bityo rero usanga
inyajwi ari yo shingiro ry’umugemo.Urugero:
– Umugabo u/mu/ga/bo iri jambo rifite imigemo ine.
– Impaka i/mpa/ka iri jambo rifite imigemo itatu.Gusoma imigemo itinda
Mu kinyarwanda, umugemo ushobora kuvugika ubangutse cyangwa utinze. Ni
ukuvuga ko aho umugemo ubangutse batahatinda ariko aho umugemo utinda
n’ubundi ijwi usanga rihatinda. Uku gutinda cyangwa kubanguka kw'inyajwi
z'imigemo igize ijambo ni byo mu Kinyarwanda bita ubutinde.Urugero:
– Inkoranya: imigemo igize iri jambo nta n’umwe utinda; imigemo yose
irabangutse.
– Urukundo: mu gusoma iri jambo byumvikana ko ijwi ribanguka kuri u na ru
twagera kuri kuu tugatinda maze kuri ndo nabwo ijwi rikabanguka.
– Umwambi: muri iri jambo birumvikana ko umugemo wa kabiri utinda.142
Kwandika imigemo itinda
Mu nyandiko ya gihanga, umugemo ubanguka wandikwa n’inyajwi imwe naho utinda
ukandikwa n’inyajwi ebyiri.Urugero:
– Inkoranya
– Urukuundo
– UmwaambiMu kinyarwanda amagambo ashobora guhuza ishusho cyangwa imisusire, ariko
ntahuze ibisobanuro biturutse ku kudahuza ubutinde bw’imigemo.
Urugero:– Gutara (ibitoki) ≠ gutaara (amakuru)
– Guhuma (amaso) ≠ guhuuma (kw'impyisi)Ubutinde n’imigemo bifite agaciro kuko imihindagurikire yabyo ishobora gutuma
igisobanuro k’ijambo gihinduka. Twibuke ko mu Kinyarwanda:
– Umugemo ubangutse wandikwa n’inyajwi imwe.Urugero: umuriro, akagabo, urugo, ikibonezamvugo
– Umugemo utinda wandikwa n’inyajwi ebyiri zisa.
143
2. Shaka amagambo atanu ahuje imigemo ariko agatandukanywa n’ubutinde
hanyuma uyakoreshe mu nteruro, uyandike wita ku butinde bwayo.
(Umujyanama w’ubuzima yatumije inama y’abaturage b’Umudugudu wa Kageyo,
abagira inama ku kamaro k’imboga). Dore ikiganiro bagiranye :
Umujyanama: Mwaramutseho mwese?
Abitabiriye inama: Waramutse nawe Mujyana?
Umujyanama: Ubushize dukora inama nk'iyi hari gahunda twavuzeho. Ni nde
wayitubwira? Kayitesi ngaho tubwire.
Kayitesi: Murakoze. Ubushize twari twavuze ku ndyo yuzuye. Tubona ko igizwe
n’ibyubaka umubiri, ibitera imbaraga n’ibirinda indwara. Uyu munsi twaganira ku
birinda indwara, kuko ibyubaka umubiri n’ibitera imbaraga twarabiganiriye.
Umujyanama: Arakoze Kayitesi kuba atunyuriyemo ibyo twaganiriye ubushize
akaba anakomoje ku cyo twageneye ibiganiro by’uyu munsi. Mureke rero mbibarize.
Ko avuze ko tuganira ku birinda indwara, ni mu bihe biribwa twabisanga? Ngaho
Gasirabo tubwire.
Gasirabo: Nkurikije uko nabyumvise babivuga, imboga n’imbuto ni byo bitanga
ibirinda indwara. Gusa ndashaka gusiganuza uko bigenda.
Umujyanama: Arakoze Gasirabo, mumumpere amashyi. Koko imboga n’imbuto
ni zo zitanga ibirinda indwara. Nyamara usanga iwacu mu giturage umuntu ateka144
imboga ari uko ibishyimbo byakendereye. Wagira ngo imboga ni izo kumara inzara
gusa nta kandi kamaro zigira.
Kayitesi: Yego disi! Iwacu twari abakungu, ugasanga nta na rimwe turya imboga
kubera ko twahoranaga ibishyimbo mu mutiba. Mbega ubujiji!
Madandi: Mureke nange nibarize umujyanama. Ubu koko umusaza nkange najya
kwasamira imboga rwatsi ndeba ibishyimbo? Mba ndoga Rukimbira sinazikurira!
Umujyanama: Sigaho Madandi ntukarahire mu bintu utabanje gushishozaho!
Nk’uko Kayitesi yabivuze, kera abantu bapfaga kurya batitaye ku ntungamubiri ziri
mu biribwa barya bitewe n’ubujiji. Ni yo mpamvu tutarenganya umusaza Madandi.
Ariko uyu munsi tugomba kurya ibintu tuzi icyo bimariye umubiri wacu. Nk’imboga
rwatsi tugomba kuzirya kuko ari zo zivamo imyunyu ngugu na vitamine zose umubiri
ukeneye. Izo vitamine n’iyo myunyu ngugu ni byo birinda umubiri wacu indwara
z’amoko yose. Niba ushaka kwirinda no kurinda abawe rubagimpande, kanseri
y’amara, ubuhumyi n’izindi ndwara, imboga rwatsi ntizikabure ku ifunguro ryawe
rya buri munsi. Tubyumvikanyeho?
Madandi: Bana bange mwarize. Nta ho muhuriye natwe. Muge muduhugura turebe
ko twarwanya izabukuru. Ningera mu rugo ndabwira umwuzukuru wange ko noneho
antekeye imboga nazirya. Ntizizongera kubura ku ifunguro ryange mba nkuroga
mujyana!
Umujyanama: Ikindi mugomba kumenya ni uko imboga rwatsi kugira ngo zigire
akamaro kazo ko kurinda indwara zitagomba gushya ngo zihwane. Ubundi umuntu
yakaziririye aho zidatetse. Hari n’iziribwa ari mbisi nka sarade. Ariko igihe mutetse
imboga, muge muzarura zigifite ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi. Burya iyo zihiye zigahwana,
hari intungamubiri zangirika, bityo umubiri w’abazirya ukaba urahombye.
Kayitesi: Noneho ndasobanukiwe. Uzi ko nagiye mu mugi bakampa imboga zipfubije
nkagira ngo ni ubuswa bw’umutetsi! None nsanze ari nge muswa. Nange sinzongera
kuzihisha cyane pe.
Umujyanama: Amasaha ndabona agiye, mureke ducumbikire aha ibiganiro.
Tuzakomeza ubutaha. Ndashimira abantu biyemeje guhindura imyumvire ku mboga.
N’abatavuze kandi nizere ko mufite icyo mutahanye.
Abitabiriye inama : Urakoze mujyana!I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ni ryari umuntu yavuga ko indyo agiye kurya yuzuye.
2. Kurya imboga bimarira iki umubiri w’umuntu?
3. Ese iwanyu mukunda kurya imboga? Ni ryari muzirya ? Ubona biterwa n’iki?
4. Ni ibiki biri mu mboga birinda umubiri indwara?
5. Kuki atari byiza guteka imboga zigashya cyane?145
6. Uretse imboga ni ibihe bindi byazunganira mu kurinda umubiri indwara?
7. Umaze gusoma uyu mwandiko ni iyihe nama wagira abantu batarya imboga?II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura buri jambo mu yakurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko
a) Kunoganya b) Gukomoza c) Gusiganuza
d) Gukendera e) Akamaro f) Umutiba
g) IzabukuruII. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro
1. Koresha neza amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko mu
nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye
a) Akamaro b) Gukendera c) Izabukuru
d) Umwuzukuru e) UbujijiIII. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
146
Insanganyamatsiko: Imirire y’imboga n’ingamba zafatwa kugira ngo iyo mirire
yazo irusheho kunoga.Ikinyazina ngenera
a) Akamaro k’imboga ni uguha umubiri ibirinda indwara.
b) Igisubizo cya Kayitesi cyashimwe n’Umujyanama.
c) Madandi yafashe ikemezo cyo kujya arya imboga.
d) Abajyanama b’ubuzima bafite akamaro kanini.
e) Kayitesi ni umukobwa w’umuhanga.
f) Umwuzukuru wa Madandi azi guteka imboga.Inshoza y’ikinyazina ngenera
Ikinyazina ngenera cyunga ijambo n’irindi. Kibumbatiye inyito yo gutunga, kugira,
guteganyiriza no kugenera, kugaragaza ubwoko cyangwa inkomoko, imiterere
cyangwa imimerere, guhamya no kubara.Ingero :
Umwuzukuru wa Madandi azi guteka imboga. (Kugira: Madandi afite umwuzukuru)
Kayitesi ni umukobwa w’Umunyarwandakazi. (Inkomoko: Kayitesi akomoka mu
Rwanda).
Kayitesi ni umukobwa w’umuhanga. (Imimerere: Kayitesi ni umuhanga).
Gasarabwe ni umwana wo mu cyaro. (Inkomoko: wo mu cyaro).
Yasoromye imboga zo kurya. (guteganyiriza: imboga ziteganyirijwe kuribwa)
Iwacu turya imbuto ku wa Mbere no ku wa Gatanu. (Kubara: umunsi wa mbere)
Umujyanama w’ubuzima ni ingenzi. (Kugenera: agenewe ubuzima)Uturango tw’ikinyazina ngenera
Ikinyazina ngenera kirangwa no kwisanisha n’izina gifata inteko yaryo.
Ingero :
Umwuzukuru wa Madandi. (nt. 1Abuzukuru ba Madandi.(nt. 2)
147
Uruboga rwo gutera. (nt. 11)
Imboga zo gutera.(nt. 10)
Ikinyazina ngenera kigira ibicumbi bibiri. Hari ibigira igicumbi – a hari n’ibigira
igicumbi – o.Intego y’ikinyazina ngenera
Intego y’ikinyazina ngenera igizwe ahanini n’indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine
ni: Rkz – C ariko kubera ko ikinyazina ngenera gifata indomo iyo gisimbuye izina,
gishobora no kugira indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine D – Rkz – C
– Iyo tugoragoje ikinyazina ngenera dusanga gifite ibicumbi bibiri: -a na-o.
149
Imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina ngenera
Imyitozo ku binyazina ngenera
Shaka ikinyazina ngenera mu nteruro cyangwa amatsinda y'amagambo
bikurikira unagaragaze uturemajambo n'amategeko y'igenamajwi yubahirijwe.
1. Amasaha yo gukora
2. Abana ba Rukundo
3. Umukobwa wo mu gisabo
4. Indabo za Kayitesi
5. Akarima k'igikoni
6. Imbuto y'umugisha
7. Imyitozo twakoze isa n'iyo mu gitabo.Umwandiko: Akarima k’igikoni
Abanyarwanda benshi bamaze gusobanukirwa akamaro ko gutegura imboga kuri buri
funguro. Bazi ko mu rwego rwo kwirinda indwara bagomba kurya imboga rwatsi.
Akenshi na kenshi, mu migi no mu midugudu, aho abantu badafite aho guhinga149
hahagije, usanga imboga bazikura ku isoko. Usibye amafaranga atwarwa no guhaha
imboga ku isoko, zimwe mu mboga zigurwayo zitekwa zatakaje intungamubiri.
Ubundi imboga zigira agaciro kazo kuzuye iyo ziteguwe zigisoromwa umuntu agahita
azirya. Iyo zitinze kuribwa zigenda zitakaza ibyo umubiri wari ukeneye ngo wirinde
indwara.
Uburyo bwiza bwo kubona imboga zidahenze kandi zujuje ubuziranenge ni ukugira
akarima k’igikoni mu rugo kagaterwaho imboga z’amoko anyuranye. Ako karima
ntikaruhije kukubaka no kukitaho. Kukubaka ni ukurunda itaka ugenda urivanga
n’ifumbire y’imborera, ubundi ugateraho imboga. Kugira ngo itaka ritagenda ritsuka,
umuntu aritangiriza imifuka cyangwa ikindi kintu cyabufata.
Amazi avomerera izo mboga ni asaguka ku yo umuntu akoresha mu gikoni atarimo
isabune. Iyo zimaze gukura ugenda usoroma izo gutegura ifunguro gusa, bityo buri
gihe mu rugo iwawe mukarya imboga zigisoromwa kandi bitabahenze. Iyo ifumbire
igabanutse mu karima k’igikoni, umuntu yongeramo indi kugira ngo imboga zikomeze
gukura neza. Akarima k’igikoni kandi gashobora kuba akarima gasanzwe kari hafi
y’urugo kateguriwe guterwamo imboga zo gusoroma umuntu ahita ateka. Akamaro
k’akarima k’igikoni karasobanutse, buri Munyarwanda yagombye kukagira iwe.I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Sobanura itandukaniro riri hagati yo guhaha imboga ku isoko no kuzisoroma
mu karima k’igikoni.
2. Ni iki umuntu akenera igihe agiye kubaka akarima k’igikoni?
3. Ese iwanyu abantu bagira uturima tw’igikoni ? Sobanura impamvu bimeze bityo.
4. Ese wowe wumva akarima k’igikoni ari ngombwa? Sobanura impamvu y’igisubizo
utanze.II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko unakoreshe buri
jambo mu nteruro.
a) Gutsuka
b) Umudugudu
c) Igikoni
d) Ifumbire150
III. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Insanganyamatsiko:
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku buryo iwanyu mwubakamo akarima k’igikoni.
Ikinyazina ngenga
a) Imboga ni zo zitanga ibirinda indwara.
b) Kayitesi we asobanukiwe akamaro k’imboga.
c) Akarima k’igikoni ko gatuma imboga rwatsi ziribwa zigisoromwa.
d) Abanyamugi, ntawurya imboga nka bo.
e) Nge na we ntidusa n’abatarya imboga.
f) Imboga zera ahantu hose mu Rwanda.
g) Iyo ifumbire ishize mu karima k’igikoni umuntu yongeramo indi.Inshoza y’ikinyazina ngenga
Ikinyazina ngenga ni ijambo rihagararira nyakuvuga, nyakubwirwa cyangwa
nyakuvugwa risobanura ibyo ari byo. Iyo ryerekeza kuri nyakuvuga cyangwa
nyakubwirwa riterurwa n’indangangenga, ryakwerekeza kuri nyakuvugwa rikajya
mu nteko zose.Ingero :
– Nge nawe ntidusa n’abatarya imboga.
Nge ( n-gi-e): iki kinyazina ngenga kiri muri ngenga ya mbere y’ubumwe.
We (u –e): iki kinyazina ngenga kiri muri ngenga ya kabiri y'ubumwe.
– Akarima k’igikoni ko gatuma imboga ziribwa zigisoromwa.
ko (ka-o): iki kinyazina ngenga kiri muri ngenga ya 3 mu nteko ya 12.151
Uturango tw’ikinyazina ngenga
Ikinyazina ngenga kigira ibicumbi bibiri : -e, na –o.Igicumbi - e
Ingero :Ng 1 mu bumwe: nge
mu bwinshi: twe
Ng 2 mu bumwe: wowe
mu bwinshi: mwe
Ng 3 nt.1: weIgicumbi – o
Iki gicumbi gikoreshwa muri ngenga ya gatatu kuva ku nteko ya 2 kugera ku nteko
ya 16.Ingero:
ng 3 nt. 2: Bo ndababona.
ng 3 nt. 3: Wo ndawuhinga.
ng 3 nt. 8: Ibibindi byo biravoma.
ng 3 nt. 10: Inka zo zirarisha.
ng 3 nt. 16: Ho ndahajya.Intego y’ikinyazina ngenga
Ikinyazina ngenga kigira intego y’indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine Rkz – C
152
Ikinyazina ngenga gifatanye n'umusuma
Ikinyazina ngenga gishobora kwiyomekaho umusuma ufite inyito yo gusobanura.
Imisuma ishobora kwiyomekaho ni : - we, - bwe, - nyine ,- mbi,- se. Imisuma ntabwo
igira intego.
153
Imyitozo ku kinyazina ngenga
1. Shaka ikinyazina ngenga mu nteruro zikurikira maze uvuge inteko
kirimo, ugaragaze uturemajambo twacyo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi
yakoreshejwe.
a) Kamuzinzi uyu ni we wampingiye amashu mu gishanga.
b) Imboga mwe mukunda si zo twebwe dukunda.
c) Za dodo ni zo mboga ziboneka henshi mu Rwanda ; si ko bimeze?
d) Wowe ntujya urya ibishyimbo bitarimo imboga rwatsi.
e) Aba bana ni bo bazakora ibyo mwebwe mwananiwe.
f) Niba mwenda guhaga, murye imboga, ibindi byo muraba mubirya.154
Inshamake y'ibyizwe mu mutwe wa kenda
Muri uyu mutwe, imyandiko iraganisha ku kwihaza mu biribwa hashingiwe ku
guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’ibihingwa ngandurarugo. Hagarutswe ku kamaro
k’imboga n’imbuto n’uburyo bwo kubyihazamo hategurwa uturima tw’igikoni.
Ku byerekeye ikibonezamvugo n’ubumenyi bw’ururimi, muri uyu mutwe
twasanzemo ubutinde bw’imigemo: tubona ko umugemo ubanguka wandikwa
hakoreshejwe inyajwi imwe, naho utinda ukandikwa hakoreshejwe inyajwi
ebyiri. Twabonye ko ikinyazina ngenera kibumbatiye inyito yo gutunga, kugira,
guteganyiriza no kugenera; n’ikinyazina ngenga gihagararira nyakuvuga,
nyakubwirwa cyangwa nyakuvugwa risobanura ibyo ari byo . Ikinyazina ngenera
kigira ibicumbi bibiri: -a na -o. Ikinyazina ngenga cyo kikagira ibicumbi bibiri: -e
na -o.
Umwandiko: Bakame, ikinyogote, ingunzu n’umuhinzi
Umugabo yarihoreye afata isuka ye ajya guhinga, ahinga uburo. Bumaze kumera
Bakame ijya kumwonera. Nyiri umurima aje asanga Bakame yamwoneye. Araza
ati: “Inyamaswa zandembeje!” Ashyiramo umutego. Bakame igarutse kona ifatwa
n’umutego. Nibwo ibonye ikinyogote kije kona mu yindi mirima; Bakame igikubise
amaso, irakibwira iti: “Yewe wa mugabo we, enda nkura muri uyu mutego maze nze
nkwereke uko abakobwa b’ino babyina. Cya kinyogote gitegura Bakame. Bakame
ibonye ko ivuyemo, igifata ukuboko ihirika muri wa mutego iragenda.
Nyiri umurima aje kureba umutego we asangamo cya kinyogote akijyana imuhira
iwe arakirya. Nanone Bakame ikomeza kumwonera. Arongera ashyiramo umutego
nuko Bakame irongera irafatwa. Nibwo ibonye ingunzu ije kona mu yindi mirima
irayibwira iti: “Yewe wa mugabo we, enda nkura muri uyu mutego nze nkwereke uko
abakobwa b’ino babyina”. Ya ngunzu itegura Bakame. Bakame ibonye ko ivuyemo,
ihirikira ya ngunzu muri wa mutego. Iriruka no kwa nyiri umurima iti: “Ngwino uge
kureba abajya bakonera imyaka yawe uge ureka kumbeshyera”.
Umugabo araza asanga ingunzu muri wa mutego arayifata ajya kuyirya. Nanone
Bakame ikomeza kumwonera. Umuhinzi ati: “Inyamaswa ziranze zirandembeje!”
Afata ibumba aribumbamo igishushanyo agihagarika muri wa murima. Bakame
igarutse kona isangamo cya kintu irakibwira iti: “Yewe wa mugabo we, mvira mu
myaka niwanga turwane”. Rya bumba riricecekera. Bakame irongera iti: “Yewe wa
mugabo we, mvira mu myaka niwanga turwane”. Ibumba riti: “Ce”. Bakame ibonye
ko ibumba nta cyo riyisubije irasimbuka irikubita urushyi ukuboko guheramo.
Bakame iti: “Ndekurira ukuboko wa mugabo we!” Ibumba riti: “Ce”. Bakame iti:155
“Nta cyo bitwaye mfite amaboko abiri. Irikubita ugusigaye na ko guheramo. Bakame
ibona byakomeye itangira gutakamba. Iti: “Wa mugabo we wandekuriye amaboko
washaka n’iyi myaka ukayimaraho?” Ibumba nanone ntiryakoma. Bakame iti: “Nta
cyo bitwaye ndagutera umugeri mfite amaguru. Igize ngo iratera umugeri, ukuguru
na ko guheramo. Bakame iti: “Urabeshya turarwana inkundura burinde bucya.”
Iriteye ugusigaye na ko kurafatwa isigara yinaganitse ku ibumba risa n’umuntu.
Nuko Bakame ifatwa ityo.
Amagambo ashira ivuga, Bakame ihebera urwaje. Nyiri umurima aje mu ruturuturu
asanga Bakame arayitwara ajya kuyirya. Kuva ubwo ntihagira icyongera kumwonera
aratunga aratunganirwa.
Si nge wahera; hahera Bakame.I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko uri mu buhe bwoko bw'imyandiko?
2. Ni iki cyateye umuhinzi gushyira umutego mu murima we?
3. Ubwenge bwa Bakame bwatumye icika umutego inshuro ebyiri. Yabigenje ite?
4. Kugira ngo afate Bakame burundu umuhinzi yakoresheje iki?
5. Garagaza ko inyamaswa zitarusha abantu ubwenge ugendeye ku mwandiko.
6. Nyuma yo gusoma uyu mwandiko wabwira iki abantu bangiza iby’abandi?II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira unayakoreshe mu nteruro iboneye.
a) Uburo b) Inkundura c) Kona
d) Zandembeje2. Simbuza ijambo ry’umukara tsiri impuzanyito zayo.
a) Bakame isigara yinaganitse ku ibumba.
b) Ukuguru na ko guheramo.
3. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri imbusane zayo.
a) Bakame yongera kumwiba.
b) Ukuguru nako guheramo.156
III. Ikibonezamvugo
1. Vuga ubwoko bw’amagambo aciyeho akarongo unayashakire
uturemajambo, amategeko y'igenamajwi n’inteko zayo.
a) Nyiri umurima aba ari cyo asangamo.
b) Irikubise urundi na rwo rurafatwa.
c) Akaguru ka Bakame na ko karafatwa.
d) Nze nkwereke uko abakobwa b’ino babyina?
e) Umutego w’umuhinzi wafashe Bakame.2. Andika amagambo y’umukara tsiri ugaragaza ubutinde bw’imigemo.
a) Bakame ibona byakomeye.
b) Umugati uraryoha.
c) Nuko amagambo ashira ivuga.
d) Nkwereke uko abantu b’ino babyina.157
Imyandiko y’inyongera
Ibiyobyabwenge
Ibiyobyabwenge ni ibyo kurya cyangwa ibyo kunywa bituma umubiri wacu uhindura
imikorere myiza yari isanzwe. Twavuga nk’ibintu umuntu anywa agatangira
gusinzira kandi mu by’ukuri nta kazi gakomeye yakoze kamuteye umunaniro .
Hari n’ibigera mu mubiri umuntu akagira ingufu zirenze kamere. Abandi na bo iyo
bafashe ibiyobyabwenge hari ubwo bahindura imyitwarire bakaba bagira urugomo.
Ibiyobyabwenge urubyiruko rukunze kwishoramo twavuga nk’inzoga zitandukanye,
itabi, urumogi, kokayine, kore, mayirungi n’ibindi.
Iherezo ry’abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge ariko ntiriba ryiza. Benshi mu bakinnyi
bagiye bapfa bishwe n’indwara zikomoka ku ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge. Abandi
bagiye barwara indwara zidakira. Ubu habarurwa benshi mu bakinnyi b’ibirangirire
basezerewe burundu mu mikino yari ibabeshejeho. Ubu benshi baciwe akayabo
k’amafaranga babaziza gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Ubu basigaye iheruheru.
Ingaruka rero zitari uburwayi cyangwa urupfu na zo ntizibarika. Ubu urubyiruko
rwishora mu biyobyabwenge usanga rutagifite umuco. Ntibakimenya gukoresha
imvugo iboneye; ahubwo bakoresha imvugo nyandagazi.
Icyakora ababivuga bose ntibabikoreshwa n’ibiyobyabwenge. Hari n’abatora izo
ngeso mbi kubera abandi bana babi biriranwa. Hari n’ibyo bagenda batoratora hirya
no hino mu ndirimbo n’amafirime bumva cyangwa bareba. Bene ibyo na byo hari
ubwo biba byarahimbwe n’abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge.
Murumva ko ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge zidakora ku buzima bw’ababinywa
gusa. Ingaruka ziragenda zikagera no mu muryango mugari cyangwa ku gihugu.
Ibiyobyabwenge bitera benshi mu rubyiruko kwifata nabi haba mu mvugo cyangwa
se mu ngiro. Benshi ntibaba bakibuka ibyo umuco uzira n’ibyo ushima. Hari byinshi
umuco uzira kuvuga mu mazina. Ibyo mu muco nyarwanda kubivuga byitwa
ibishenzi. Uretse n’ibyo kandi, hari n’abo ibiyobyabwenge byibagiza ikinyabupfura
nko kwimukira abakuze cyangwa kudaca abandi mu ijambo.
Duharanire amahoro
Kamariza ni umwana w’umukobwa ukiri muto uri mu kigero k’imyaka cumi
n’itatu. Yiga mu mwaka wa mbere w’amashuri yisumbuye mu ishuri ry’uburezi
bw’ibanze bw’imyaka ikenda riri hafi y’iwabo, akiga ataha mu rugo iwabo.
Hafi y’inzira igana iwabo hakaba hatuye umuhungu w’inzererezi uri mu kigero
k’imyaka cumi n’irindwi kandi akaba umuntu w’imico mibi cyane.
Umunsi umwe atashye avuye ku ishuri, Kamariza ahura na wa muhungu w’inzererezi
aramwirukankana ashaka kumuhohotera. Ku bw’amahirwe, ahura n’abantu benshi
bamukiza iyo nzererezi barayifata. Bakora inama yo kuyihana berekana ko abantu
bakuru bagomba gutoza abato umuco wo kurwanya ihohoterwa.Bibutsa ko ihohoterwa aho riva rikagera ari ribi; banibutsa ko ikiremwa muntu
kigomba kubahwa, by’akarusho umwana, umwari n’umugore bagahabwa agaciro
uko bikwiye; aho kugendera ku muco wa “ya nsina ngufi icibwaho urukoma” usanga
abenshi bashaka kwimika.
Nuko wa muhungu w’inzererezi asaba imbabazi, avuga ko uwo muco mubi
w’ubuzererezi atazawusubira; ahubwo yiyemeje kugaruka mu murongo muzima;
agasubira no mu ishuri yari yarataye. Abari aho bose bamuha amashyi menshi,
bake muri bo bamukora no mu ntoki bamushimira uwo mugambi mwiza yiyemeje.
Bahumuriza na Kamariza bamubwira ko igihe cyose abonye uwashaka kumuhohotera
agomba kutabiceceka; byaba ngombwa bikagezwa no mu nzego z’ubuyobozi
zibishinzwe.
Basoza bibutsa ko Abanyarwanda bakwiriye kurangwa n’umuco mwiza w’amahoro
aho bari hose, nuko basezeranaho barataha.Mwarimu wange
Iwacu banshakiye umwarimu unyigisha mu biruhuko. Ni umugabo munini kandi
muremure, wabarira mu myaka mirongo itanu n’irindwi y’ubukure. Afite uruhanga
rurambuye n’uruhara rwamumaze umutwe rukikijwe n’umusatsi muke w’umukara
wijimye urimo utuvi duke. Mu maso he hahora hakeye, wagira ngo ntajya arakara.
Ubwanwa bwe buhora bwogoshe keretse ubwo hejuru y’umunwa aconga neza. Mu
ishati ye y’amaboko magufi hasohokamo ibizigira by’umuntu wateruye ibiremereye.
Amaboko ye ariho imitsi myinshi n’ubwoya buza bukagera ku biganza. Ntafite
inda nini, atebeza ishati mu ipantaro ye byombi biteye ipasi, bitari binini ariko
bitamwegereye cyane, maze ugasanga araberewe. Iyo agenda, atera intambwe nto
yitonze kandi adakebaguza, ukaba wamugenda inyuma ntabimenye. Ni umusaza
w’umusirimu pe!
Iyo uwo musaza arimo kwigisha, avuga yitonze kandi ahagaze ku kuri yigisha.
Akunda umurimo we w’uburezi kandi ni umuhanga rwose. Nta kintu wamusobanuza
ngo areke kugusobanurira, haba mu masomo, haba no kukugira inama zisanzwe
z’ubuzima. Ni umuntu w’inararibonye, kandi ushimishwa no kugeza ku bandi ibyo
azi. Urugwiro rwe kandi rurahebuje. Ntimushobora guhura ngo akurenze ingohe,
ahubwo akuramukanya ubwuzu bwa kibyeyi. Iyo akubajije ikibazo ugasubiza ibitari
byo, ntagutuka cyangwa ngo agukankamire. Aragufasha, akakuyobora kugeza
igihe ugereye ku gisubizo kiri cyo. Ni urugero rwiza rw’umurezi. Kuba ababyeyi
baramumpitiyemo ni iby’igiciro. Ndabashimye cyane.159
160
161
162
Iyungure amagambo
Abantu ni magirirane: abantu baberaho gufashanya no kuzuzanya.
Abari: abakobwa, abangavu, inkumi…
Abategarugori: abagore
Agakungu : imyitwarire mibi umuntu aba afatanyije n’abandi bantu, guhora
ugendana n’abantu bamwe kandi bafite ingeso mbi.
Agaragiwe : yungirijwe, aherekejwe.
Agasanduku k’iposita: kamwe mu dusanduku twinshi tuba ku biro by’iposita
dushyirwamo ubutumwa bwanditseho nomero zatwo. Agasanduku kaba
kigengwaho n’ikigo runaka.
Akaga : ibyago bikomeye.
Akanayiyambaza: akanayisunga, akanayisaba,
Akarande: ibintu bimaze igihe kirekire cyane, byamenyerewe.
Amabwiriza: amagambo umuntu abwira undi amuyobora, amubwira uko agomba
kwitwara mu bintu.
Amadovize: amafaranga y’amahanga.
Amahumbezi: akayaga gake gahuhera kagatanga umwuka mwiza, amafu.
Amakenga: ubwitonzi burimo n’igenzura butuma umuntu adapfa guhubukira ibintu.
Amakimbirane : ibibazo umuntu agirana n’abandi.
Amaraporo: inyandiko zigaragaza ibintu byakorewe muri gahunda runaka zigahabwa
umuyobozi wo ku rwego rwisumbuyeho.
Amashyo:Inka nyinshi ziri hamweAmayombo: amayugi y’imbwa, inzogera z’imbwa ziri mu muhigo.
Anurira : aryoha cyane.
Anyuzwe: yishimye, nta ngingimira, yabyemeye n’umutima we wose.
Ashoramo: atangamo kugira ngo imirimo ikorwe neza.
Ashya ubwoba: agira ubwoba bwinshi cyane.
Avubukamo: asohokamo
Bagakeburana: bagakosorana, bakagirana inama.
Bagashikira: bagahururira.
Biramuyobera : bimubera urujijo.
Dusangira akabisi n’agahiye: dukundana cyane by’umwihariko.
Gufata igihe: kujya kuba ku muntu ugukoresha kugira ngo umukorere, igihe runaka
nikirangira abe yakugabira maze witahire.163
Guhanyanyaza: kwanga guhagarika igikorwa kigaragara nk’ikitari bukunde.
Guhatanira ikintu: guhangana n’abandi mu bikorwa bigamije kwegukana ikintu.
Guhekura : kwicira urubyaro.
Guhererekanya: gukoresha ikintu kimwe muri benshi, gutizanya…
Guhunika: kubika imyaka ahantu izamara igihe kirekire.
Gukendera: kwenda gushira kw’ikintu.
Gukomoza: kuvuga ku kintu ho gatoya.
Gukora ku ifaranga: gutunga amafaranga.
Gukumira: guhagarika, gutangira.
Gupfunyikira umuntu ikibiribiri: kumubeshya ko hari icyo umuhaye, kumuha
ikintu kitagifite agaciro…
Guponda sima: kuyitunganya bayivangamo amazi n’umucanga ngo bayikoreshe.
Gusaakaara: kugera ahantu henshi.
Gushoreza : kwinjiza banyujije mu mazuru nk’umwuka.
Gusigana : kwanga gukora ikintu utegereje ko gikorwa n’undi kandi byakagombye
kuba mu nshingano zawe.
Gusiganuza: gusobanuza ushiritse ubute.
Gusobanura amavuta: kuyatandukanya n’amata igihe bamaze gucunda.
Gutahira: kurongorera kwa sobukwe kubera ubukene bwo kutagira aho uba.
Gutahiriza umugozi umwe: kuzuzanya, gukora ibishyigikira ibya bagenzi bawe.
Gutenda: kujya kuba kwa sobukwe ukora imirimo y’amaboko kugira ngo bazaguhe
umugeni. Byakoraga umusore w’umukene wabuze inkwanoGutonesha: Gukundwakaza, gukunda bamwe.
Gutsimbarara: kwanga kuva ku gitekerezo umuntu yatangiranye, kwanga kurekura
ikintu ufite.
Gutsuka: kunyerera ukava mu mwanya warimo.
Icyari: ni inzu y’inyoni naho kwarika ni uburyo inyoni ubwazo ziyubakira inzu mu
byatsi.
Icyuho: mu mwandiko icyuho ni inzira cyangwa aho ikintu cyakwinjirira.
Igenamigambi: gahunda y’itegurwa ry’ibikorwa abantu biyemeza kuzagenderaho
mu gihe bihaye.
Igicuba: igikoresho badahishaga amazi bashyira mu kibumbiro aho inka zanyweraga
amazi. Muri iki gihe igicuba bagiterekamo amata.
Iguciye urwaho: ikubonye wowe utayibonye.164
Ikamurebera izuba : ikamwihorera.
Ikerekezo : intego umuntu yiha ngo azayigereho.
Ikiniga: kunanirwa kuvuga kubera agahinda n’umubabaro.
Ikinyogote: ni inyamaswa iba mu gasozi igira amahwa ku ruhu rwayo ku mugongo
no mu mbavu.
Ikitegererezo: intangarugero, icyo abandi bashobora gufataho urugero.
Ikobe: urusaku rutewe n’ibyishimo.
Imbarutso: ku mutego ni akantu inyamaswa ikoma umutego ugahita uyifata. Mu
mvugo ishushanya, imbarutso ni igikorwa kiba intandaro y’ikintu.
Imbogamizi: ibibangamira abantu, intambamyi.
Imburagihe: igihe gikwiriye kitaragera, mu buryo butari bwo.
Imidugararo: amahane, ibibazo, umwiryane, amakimbirane, impagarara, …
Imihangayiko: ibibazo bitesha umuntu umutwe.
Imivu: amazi menshi atemba iyo imvura igwa.
Imivunde: imyumbati yinnye ikinurwa yaba yumye cyangwa itumye.
Impanga: ubundi bivuga abantu bavukiye icyarimwe kandi babyawe n’umuntu umwe
Imyumvire: imitekerereze, uburyo umuntu afata ibintu, uko atekereza…
Inanga: igikoresho cya kinyarwanda cy’umuziki.
Indakoreka: umuntu ukora ibyo yishakiye kandi bibi kandi ntiyemere gukosorwa.
Indangagaciro remezo: indangagaciro y’ibanze, indangagaciro shingiro…
Indiri: intaho (cyanecyane rikoreshwa ku nyamaswa).
Ingorabahizi: bikomeye cyane kwikuramo.
Intandaro: imvano, impamvu, inkomoko…
Intangarugero: ukora ibyiza bishimwa n’abo bari kumwe.
Inzogera irirenga: arapfa, yitaba Imana.
Ipfunwe: ikimwaro cyangwa isoni umuntu aterwa no kuba atakoze ibikwiye.
Iposita: ni ibiro bishinzwe gutwara no kwakira impapuro z’itumanaho n’ibindi
bintu biturutse cyangwa bijya kure.
Irudubi: bibi bikabije, kure habi, nabi bikabije…
Irungu: kuba wenyine udafite uwo muvugana.
Ishema: umunezero umuntu aterwa no kuba yakoze ibikwiye.
Ishyaka: umurava, ubutwari.
Isugi: umukobwa, utarigeze akora imibonano mpuzabitsina. Ku gikoresho, bavuga
ko ari isugi iyo kitarakoreshwa na rimwe.165
Itsinda: abantu bari hamwe ku murimo umwe.
Iyitaho: igikorwa cyo kwita ku kintu, ukagikenura.
Iyo gihera: kure cyane.
Izabukuru: igihe umuntu ageramo cyo gucika intege kubera ubusaza.
Kadasuma: kadasakuza, katavuga cyane, kadahinda…
Karahabutaka: ikintu kinini cyane.
Kokama: gucengera mu muntu ku buryo bidapfa kumuvamo (ubundi iyi mvugo
ikoreshwa ku bintu bibi).
Kokayine: ubwoko bw’ikiyobyabwenge.
Kona: kurya imyaka kw’inyamaswa ziyangiza.
Ku isoko ry’umurimo : mu ipiganwa ryo kubona akazi cyangwa mu gutunganya
ibintu runaka.
Ku ruhimbi : aho batereka amata cyangwa babika ibikoresho cyanecyane ibijyanye
n’amata.(ari nko ku rusika cyangwa ku gatanda bubatse).
Kuba igikanka: kunanuka cyane bikabije.
Kubungabunga umutekano: kwita ku mutekano, gucunga umutekano ngo uhoreho…
Kuganura: kurya bwa mbere ku byo bejeje, gusangira umusaruro wa mbere...
Kugariza : guhangayikisha; gushaka kugirira nabi.
Kugaya : kunenga; kugaragaza ko ikintu kidakwiye.
Kugira amaboko: kugira inshuti nyinshi.
kugira ishyaka: kugira umwete, kugira ubutwari, kwiyongeramo imbaraga…
Kumara amavuta: umuhango wakorwaga n’abageni bakoze ubukwe. Bageraga aho
bari burare bakabanza gukirana…
Kumira nkeri: kurohama mu mazi ugapfa, ugasoma amazi menshi ugahwera.
Kunegekaza: kuzahaza, guca intege…
Kuva ku izima: kwemera icyo wari wanze nyuma y’igihe kirekire.
Kwagura: kongera ubugari cyangwa ubunini.
Kwegukana: gutwara ikintu ugitsindiye abandi.
Kwibaruka: kubyara.
Kwibasira: kwitabira kugirira nabi umuntu cyangwa ikintu runaka.
Kwica ugakiza: kugira ububasha burenze ubw’abo muri kumwe, ariko ukabukoresha
uko wiboneye nta we ugisha inama.
Kwigiza nkana: kwijijisha, gusa n’uwirengagiza ibintu kandi ubizi neza.
Kwihanangiriza: kwiyama umuntu bamusaba kutazasubira amakosa yakoze.166
Kwihera ijisho: kwirebera.
Kwitabira: gufata umwanya wo kuboneka mu gikorwa runaka.
Kwitotomba: kuvuga amagambo menshi kubera ikintu giteye umuntu uburakari.
Kwiyegamiza: kwicara maze umurwayi akakwegamaho ngo aruhuke.
Mu ruturuturu: mu museso, mu gitondo cya kare, butaracya neza.
Mugasizora: mugakabya; mukarengera.
Mukaba isandi: mugasakuza cyane; mugasahinda.
Nkoma agatima: ntekereza.
Ribura isoko: ritakaza agaciro.
Rubagimpande: indwara y’imitsi ikunda gufata abantu bashaje.
Rwanda rw’ejo : abakiri bato, abakibyiruka.
Ryihagazeho: rifite agaciro kanini.
Tembure: ni agapapuro gato kariho igishushanyo n’amafaranga kagura kagenewe
komekwa ku ibahasha kugira ngo iposita yemere kuyigeza aho igomba kujya.
Twasemberera: twaba ducumbitse ariko mu buryo budahesheje ishema.
Ubumanzi: ubunyangamugayo, umuco wo kwanga umugayo…
Ubuziranenge: kuba ikintu ari umwimerere kandi nta mwanda gifite.
Ubwangwe: ubunebwe.
Umucakara: umuntu ukora imirimo y’uburetwa, ivunanye cyane kandi nta gihembo.
Umudugudu: ahantu hagenewe guturwa mu cyaro, abantu bakahubaka
Umuhondo (amata): amata y’inka ikibyara
Umuruho: imibereho mibi umuntu abamo igihe kirekire.
Umutiba: igikoresho babikamo imyaka kiboshye nk’igitebo ariko kikaba kirekire
kurusha uko ari kigari.
Umwete: ubushake bwo gukora vuba, kutiganda…
Urugwiro: ubugwaneza, kwakirana umuntu ubwuzu, urukundo…
Uruhererekane : urukurikirane rw’ibintu runaka bifite icyo bihuriyeho.
Urukumbuzi : kumva wifuje guhura no kuganira n’umuntu mwigeze kubana.
Uwafuditse: uwakosheje, uwahemutse, uwakoze amafuti, uwakoze amakosa…167
Ibitabo n'inyandiko byifashishijwe
1. INTEGENYANYIGISHO Y’IKINYARWANDA IKICIRO RUSANGE, Kigali, 2015
2. Minisiteri y’Amashuri Abanza n’Ayisumbuye, Ubuyobozi bukuru bw’ubushakashatsi
n’ubuhanga mu nyigisho, IKIBONEZAMVUGO K’IKINYARWANDA, IYIGANTEGO
N’IGENAMAJWI, IZINA na NTERA, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri Imyaka 2 ya mbere
Amashami yose, 1988
3. Igazeti ya Leta no 41 yo ku wa 13/10/2014, Amabwiriza ya Minisitiri no 001/2014
yo ku wa 08/10/2014 agenga imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda, 2014
4. BIZIMANA, S. n’abandi, Imiteêrere y’îkinyarwaanda, Igitabo cya Mbere, IRST, 1998
5. BIZIMANA, S., Imiteêrere y’îkinyarwaanda, Igitabo cya gatatu, umusogongero ku
buvaanganzo, IRST, 1998
6. MUTAKE Tarisisi, Ikinyarwanda , Ikibonezamvugo, imbonerahamwe
y’itondaguranshinga risanzwe “Risanzwe” les éditions de la Régie de l’imprimerie
scolaire, 1991
7. INKORANYA Y’IKINYARWANDA MU KINYARWANDA, IRST, 2004.
8. FOUNTAIN PUBLISHERS, IKINYARWANDA, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri, umwaka wa
gatatu amashuri yisumbuye Fountain Publishers, 2013.
9. RUGAMBA C., Nkubambuze umugani, igitabo cya kabiri, INRS, BUTARE, 1988.
10. IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO (NCDC), IKINYARWANDA,
Imyandiko rusange, 2008
11. Microsoft Encarta, 2009.
12. DPES, Ikinyarwanda Gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko I, bifatiye kuri SMITH,
P, Le récit populaire au Rwanda, Armand Colin, Paris, 1975, imp. 334 – 338.168