◄UNIT 10: POWER AND ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE WORLDUNIT 12 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN THE WORLD►

UNIT 11 INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE WORLD

  • UNIT 11 INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE WORLD

    UNIT 11: INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE WORLD
    Key unit competence:
    By the end of this unit, I should be able to evaluate the success of sustainable
    development projects in the industry in different parts of the world.
    Introductory activity:
    Mr. Gatete is a farmer, he grows crops like coffee, cotton, bananas and
    fruits and rears cows and goats. He sells both crops and animal products to
    Amahoro Cooperative Society which transforms these products into Juice,
    Packed milk, Cheese, Clothes etc.
    1. According to you, in which category of industry does Mr. Gatete belong
    to?
    2. Explain the factors on which Amahoro Cooperative Society base on
    to establish the factory which transforms Gatete’s products and the
    problems that may be associated with the factory.
    3. Make research on internet and find out five examples of more
    industrialized countries in the world and describe the factors for their

    industrial development.

    11.1. Definition, classification of industries, factors influencing location
    of industries and major industrial regions of the world
    Learning activity 11.1
    Use experience from your local environment and answer the following
    questions:
    1. Identify the categories of industries observed.
    2. Describe the factors that influenced their location.
    11.1.1. Definition of industry
    An industry is an establishment that involves production of goods and offering of
    services. It also refers to the processing of raw materials into finished goods.
    Industrialization refers to the concentration or to the development of industries in

    an area, country or region. 

    11.1.2. Classification of industries
    There are three categories of industries which are closely interrelated.
    • Primary / Extractive industries
    These are industries which produce raw materials. They are concerned with the
    extraction of natural resources. They involve agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing.
    • Secondary / Manufacturing industries
    These are industries that transform raw materials into finished products suitable for
    consumption. They include food, beverages, chemical products, etc.
    They are subdivided into two categories:
    - Heavy industries: Such as engineering, metal goods, chemical, ship building
    industries, etc.
    - Light industries: Such as food processing, plastics, textiles, electrical equipment,
    cosmetics and toilet articles etc.
    • The tertiary / Service industries
    These are industries involved in the provision of services. The tertiary industries do
    not produce goods but provide backup services to the industrial sector. The services
    provided include transport and communication, trade and commerce, financial

    insurance, printing and publishing, education, health, banking, etc. 

    11.1.3. Factors influencing the location of industries and industrial
     development
    There are several factors, including physical, economic, political; historical that
    influence the location of an industry. A brief description of these factors is shown
    below:
    • Efficient labor: An adequate or skilled labor force is essential in the initiation
    and continuance of an industry. It gives the company a maximum output with
    lowest possible costs.
    • Power and energy: Any industrial establishment must be located in the areas
    with enough fuel or other sources of energy.
    • Land: The location of any industry requires extensive land for set up and future
    extension.
    • Government policy: Government’s policy of encouraging industries is also
    an important factor. This can be done through tax reduction, giving land
    and energy to investors to establish industries in the areas. This is done for

    economic and political reasons e.g. job creation and regional balance. 

    .Raw materials: Raw materials in their different forms are important in the
    location of industries. Therefore, the availability, the value, size, quantity,
    quality, weight and proximity of the raw materials are essential requirements
    for industrial location.
    • Transport and communication: Modern industries require constant supplies
    of raw materials, often in great bulk from various sources. Finished goods have
    to be distributed to many places also. Thus the availability of a good network
    of transport facilities is another important factor in the location of industries.
    • Market: There is a very strong justification for industries to be located near
    the markets which consume their finished products. Some types of industries
    are more likely to be located near markets than others; e.g. perishable goods,
    fragile goods, bulky goods etc.
    • Capital: No industry can be developed unless it has financial support. The
    finance may be provided by private investors, large companies, or by the
    government. Capital is required in every phase of industrial development.
    Money is required for the purchase of the land , construction of factories,
    purchase of machines, acquisition of the required raw materials, transportation
    of both raw materials and finished goods and for the payment of wages,
    marketing, advertisement, etc.
    • Water supply: Certain industries, especially iron and steel, aluminum smelting,
    thermal power generation, pulping of timber, synthetic fibre manufacture and
    chemicals, consume enormous quantities of water either in processing the
    raw materials or for cooling purposes.
    • Industrial inertia: This is when an industry remains in its original location even
    if the initial advantage that led to its location is no longer available. This is due
    to three main factors:
     The presence of a good transportation network of roads, railways,
    canals and so on. An industry moving to a new site might face
    transportation difficulties.
     Influence of skilled labor and experienced workers built up in that
    area.
     The cost of building and equipping a factory is extremely high.
    Industrial establishments do not readily undertake a complete move
    with the new building and tooling-up costs that this entails.
    • Sites: Some industrial plants have to be sited on leveled ground instead of hilly
    regions. Others require vast acreage of land and the cheapness of the available
    land is a primary consideration.
    • Climate: Climatic factors sometimes have to be taken into account especially
    in countries with extremes of climate. Costs of heating, air conditioning
    factories or offices may be prohibitive. Hot climate may create problems of
    storage. Climatic factors such as severe winters or annual floods may affect

    transportation adversely. 

    • Political stability: encourages long term investment necessary for industrial
    development. This is why countries with little political instability like Western
    Europe are advanced in industrial development than developing countries of

    Africa and Asia.

    11.1.4. Major world industrial regions
    There are major industrial areas in both developed and developing countries. Japan,
    USA, and Russia are the example of industrialized countries in developed countries,
    Egypt, South Africa, China and South Korea in developing countries.
    Application activity 11.1:
    1. Describe the categories of industries common in Rwanda.
    2. Visit the industries located in your area and describe the factors that led to
    their location..
    11.2. Importance of industries and problems affecting industrial
    development
    Learning activity 11.2
    According to you, why is it important for a country to have industries?
    11.2.1. Importance of industries
    Industries have the following advantages:
    • Industries provide self-sufficiency in essential goods rather than the need for
    imports and dependency on foreign aid. In other words, it causes import
    substitution and export promotion, which encourages development.
    • Self-sufficiency gives greater political and economic strength. It makes a
    country more independent of foreign political or economic domination.
    • It creates employment. It employs both skilled and unskilled labor.
    • Industrialization earns the country foreign exchange. If the products are
    manufactured for export, the value of the commodities is increased and so the
    revenue obtained from their sale also increases.
    • Industrialization raises living standards of the population as they contribute to

    increase their income.

    • It contributes to the diversification of the economy and reduces reliance on
    agricultural products which may fluctuate in prices.
    • Industrial growth is cumulative and can stimulate growth in other sectors of
    the economy.
    • It provides infrastructure particularly electricity, transport and communication.
    • Industries also improve social amenities like schools and hospitals.
    • It contributes to the development of research and technology and the regular
    training of skilled man power.
    11.2.2. Problems affecting industrial development
    There are several problems that affect many industries. Below are the main and
    common ones:
    • Inaccessibility to the distant world markets which results into low demand for
    the manufactured goods especially in landlocked countries.
    • Lack of real capital investment. Many countries have a problem of inadequate
    funds to set up industries.
    • Shortage of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled labor. Inadequate managerial
    and entrepreneurship skills have also affected industrial growth.
    • Lack of adequate supporting infrastructure. This is critical for the development
    of industrial activity.
    • Developed countries face the twin challenges of reduced demand and
    increased unemployment levels in older industries as well as finding new
    market for their industrial output.
    • Competition for markets has led to blocks of countries grouping to reduce
    trade barriers and to increase integration of supply and demand. Such trade
    agreements allow individual countries to take advantage of agglomeration
    economies and cheap labor among themselves. However, for countries outside
    the trading block, they act as barriers to trade and tariffs.
    • The infrastructural facilities in the developing countries are not at the level
    necessary to produce and support industrialization.
    • The shortage of valuable minerals in some countries, such as iron ore which
    form a basis for the establishment of industries. These countries have to import
    raw materials at high costs.
    • In developing countries, poverty lead to a low demand for industrial goods

    resulting into a limited market, thus affecting the process of industrialization.

    Application activity11.2:
    Explain why the industries in developed countries are highly developed than
    the ones in developing countries.
    11.3. Problems resulting from industrial development and ways to
    mitigate them
    Learning activity 11.3
    Why is it not advisable to live near industrial areas?
    Industrial development has both positive and negative effects on a given country.
    • Pollution of the environment: In the areas of heavy industrial concentration,
    land, air and water are contaminated by industrial wastes.
    • Wildlife Extinction:  Industrial pollution affects habitats of wildlife and destroys
    its species; it is hard to recover them in the environment. For instance, major
    industrial accidents like oil spills, fires, leak of radioactive materials cause great
    damages.
    • Global Warming: With the rise in industrial pollution, global warming has been
    increasing at a steady pace. Smoke and greenhouse gases are being released
    by industries into the air and this contributes to global warming. Melting of
    glaciers, existence of floods, tsunamis, hurricanes are some of the effects of
    global warming.
    • The accidents caused by the machines used in industries: The machines used
    in industries for various purposes may cause the accidents from the misuses
    by the employees or from other external causes; e.g. Lightening, tsunami,
    electricity, collapses of mining tunnels, etc.
    • Leaching of resources from the environment:  Industries do require large
    amount of raw materials to process into finished products. This requires
    extraction of minerals from beneath the earth. The extracted minerals can
    cause the environment destruction in different ways.
    Ways to mitigate the problems caused by industries
    - Isolation of industries from settlements and sources of water to reduce the
    effects of pollution.
    - Reducing of greenhouse effects through neutralizing industrial fumes before
    they are disposed into either air or water.

    - Efforts should be made to control pollution. These can take the form of
    industries treating their wastes before disposing them as well as recycling
    some of those waste products and the use of biodegradable materials.
    - Promotion of training skilled manpower and use of appropriate technology to
    reduce accidents in industries.
    - Creation of special areas/ zones where industrial wastes are channeled or
    poured.
    Application activity 11.3:
    Examine the ways of reducing problems caused by industries in developing
    countries.
     11.4. Case studies on major industrial regions in the world
    Learning activity 11.4
    Make research and identify the major world industrial regions.
    11.4.1. Developed countries
    a. Industrialization in USA
    i. Factors for the high level of industrialization in USA
    USA is the world’s leading industrial nation. About four-fifth of the industrial
    output of North America is contributed by the United States alone. The factors,
    which helped in the industrial development of USA, are:
    • A wide range of raw materials such as agricultural raw materials and mineral
    raw materials.
    • The population of USA was made up of immigrant from many advanced
    European countries especially from U.K, France, Germany, Holland and others.
    These immigrants brought with them the experience skills and technical
    knowhow of their mother countries. This encouraged rapid industrial
    development.
    • USA is located on the opposite side of Atlantic from Europe. This has stimulated
    trade and growing world markets. It has also led to industrial expansion.
    • USA has extended water transport from St. Lawrence Seaway to the heart of
    Geography Senior Six Student Book 309
    the continent via the Great Lakes. This has stimulated industrial development
    by providing cheap means of transport for raw materials and finished goods.
    • USA has a high level of technology. This has been maintained by adequate
    educational and training facilities and a technological system. This system
    attracts skilled scientists and technologists. This brain gain helps to give the
    USA a lead in scientific modern industries such as electronics computers and
    so on.
    • USA has abundant petroleum, natural gas, local and hydro-electric power. The
    availability of various sources of power in economic quantities has stimulated
    the development of large manufacturing industries.
    • Availability of capital generated from international trade (from exports)
    encouraged industrialization.
    • The government of USA also encourages rapid industrialization. It encourages
    export promotion.
    • There is internal competition among the industries and this has stimulated
    industrial development.
    • Availability of extensive land for industrial development. 
    ii. Industrial regions of USA
    There are six industrial regions in USA:
    1. Southern New England: It is centered in Boston with two types of industries;
    shipbuilding and textile,
    2. Mid-Atlantic States: This region includes cities of New York, Philadelphia and
    Baltimore. The industries here include iron and steel, engineering, printing,
    electrical goods, foot wear and consumer goods.
    3. Pittsburgh – Lake Erie region:this is the core of heavy industries, engineering,
    glass, pottery, chemicals, synthetic, rubber, tyre making, generating
    hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls, flour milling etc.
    4. Detroit industrial region: this is the greatest automobile manufacturing
    region of the USA. Other industries include electrical wires, glass, batteries,
    paints, alloyed steel etc…
    5. South Appalachian region: It is centered in Birmingham. Industries include
    steel making, Hydro Electric Power generation, cotton textiles, metal works,
    machinery manufacture etc.
    6. Eastern Texas: It has major cities like Dallas, Fort Worth and Houston. This

    region is the major USA source of oil and gas.

    Major industrial regions of USA

    
    b. Industrial development in Japan
    i. Factors for high level of industrialization in Japan
    Japan is the most highly industrialized country of Asia and ranks among the main
    industrial nations of the world. Despite its shortage of industrial raw materials,
    Japan has been able to develop her industries because of the following reasons:
    • Development of hydro – electric power resources to provide enough power to
    support rapid industrial development because of little quantity of coal.
    • Efficient use of its limited raw materials such as copper, manganese, iron ore,
    sulphur and timber.
    • The coastline and many large ports facilitate the importation of large quantities
    of raw materials from all over the world. This is because of the geographical
    location of Japan.
    • The population that provides a large supply of labor and the development of
    industries since it has small land for agriculture.
    • The government that encourages industrial development. It has formulated
    a technically based education system. This has improved the country’s
    technological development
    • A high and expanding market potential. It is located near Asian countries 
    which are mainly agricultural dependent. These provide market for Japanese
    goods
    • Aid from USA: after the Second World War, Japanese industrial establishments
    were destroyed. It got financial assistance from rich countries specifically the
    USA. These loans were used to replace and rebuild the ruined industries
    • Advanced technology: Japan adapted latest techniques from Western
    industries and have been able to improve upon them
    • Improved transport network: water transport, modern ports were build, roads
    and railways were improved.
    ii. The Major industrial regions of Japan
    Japan is the most industrialized country in Asia and ranks among the industrial
    nations of the world. There are four main industrial zones in Japan:
    • The Keihin Region: This is the most industrial region in Japan located on
    the Kwanto plain to the East of HONSHU. It is formed by the conurbation
    of three important towns; Tokyo, Kawasaki, and Yokohama. This region
    has 20 % of the Japan’s population and account for 33 % of the country’s
    output. The major industries found in this region are Chemicals, machinery,
    textiles, food processing, furniture. Each town in the region specializes
    in a particular item. Tokyo is noted for electrical engineering (especially
    Television sets, refrigerators, washing machines and computers.)
    Yokohama has precision engineering, shipbuilding, oil refining, petrochemical
    products and port industries. Kawasaki is renowned for marine engineering,
    cement works and glassworks. The manufacture of iron and steel products is
    centered on Chiba.
    • The Hanshin Region: this stretches across a great industrial conurbation of
    three major cities formed by Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto. It accounts for about 20
    % of Japan’s industrial output. It is important for the manufacture of textile,
    iron, and steel products, handcrafts, and shipbuilding. Osaka is the greatest
    textile industry. Plastics, footwear and textiles machines are also made. Kobe
    concentrates on shipbuilding, oil refining, and petrochemical industries. Kyoto
    is important for the manufacture of crafts, toys, and oriental (Asiatic) ware.
    • The Ise Bay Region: this is the third industrial region dominated by NAGOYA
    industrial Region on the Nobi Plain with a wide range of manufacturing
    industries including textile mills that process local silk, imported cotton ,
    wood and also synthetic fibres ; engineering industries including all kinds
    of machinery , automobiles ,locomotives and aircraft . The nearby towns of
    Tajimi and Seto are noted for musical instruments such as guitars, violins and 
    pianos are mass-produced at Hamamatsu.
    • The Kitakyushu Region: in the northern Kyushu area, the Chikugo coalfield
    and good accessibility gave rise to a conurbation, called Kitakyushu. This one,
    embraces several towns, including Yawata, Kokura and Moji. The industrial area
    extends southwards to Fukuoka and Nagasaki. It makes steel, ships, machine
    parts, chemicals and textiles.
    Apart from the above four major industrial regions, there are several scattered
    industrial towns. Iron and steel are made at Muroran, oil refining is important at
    Akita and Niigata, engineering at Hiroshima, shipbuilding at Kure, and textiles at
    Okoyama, Hakodate and Sapporo in Hokkaido are also industrially developed. 

    Major industrial regions of Japan

    c. Industrialization in Russia
    i. Factors for high level of industrialization in Russia
    • Presence of a variety of minerals such as Iron, copper, gold, diamond, coal etc.
    • Improved transport network of railways, aircrafts and developed road network.
    • Existence of agricultural raw materials such as cotton for textiles, milk for
    dairies, hides and skins for leather and footwear industries.
    • Availability of capital from financial institutions to promote industrial
    development.
    • Improved research to develop cheap and highly efficient methods of
    production. This has led to technology and industrial development.
    • Government policy of promoting self-sufficiency in most of the manufactured
    goods consumed in the country.
    • Attraction of foreign investors from Europe, Japan and USA has greatly
    contributed to industrial development.
    • Presence of a large population which provide a large domestic market and
    cheap labor force.
    • Skilled labor in form of electrical, mechanical, chemical engineers, laboratory
    assistance.
    ii. Industrial regions of RUSSIA
    The Russian industries are concentrated in the four major areas:
    1. The Moscow – Gorki region: this region has diverse industries including
    heavy engineering, steel industries, railways, equipment, automobiles,
    aircraft and food processing.
    2. The Ukraine industrial region: This region has developed during the period
    of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) the main industries are iron
    and steel, making machinery, chemicals, etc.
    3. The Urals industrial region: engineering (heavy) and metallurgical industries
    dominate all other activities,
    4. The Kuzbas region: This area has large thermal plants, extensive coal
    deposits, engineering, hydro-electric power plants, metallurgical plants,
    chemicals including petrochemicals.
     Major industrial regions of Russia


    11.4.2. Developing countries
    a. Industrial development in China
    Industrial development in China began after the beginning of Communist rule in
    1949, and now China is an art industrial power of Asia and of the world. There has
    been a complete transformation of the industrial system during the last 60 years.
    Under the new system and policy, China is developing its industrial system in a
    planned manner. Rapid development has made China a leading producer of iron
    and steel, textiles, and cheap consumer goods such as toys, household goods and
    light metal goods.
    i. Factors for industrial development in China
    • Large quantities of natural resources: They constitute the raw materials 
    for industries such as coal, copper, zinc, lead, and manganese. This has given rise to
    industries dealing in copper processing, steel products, electrical equipment
    etc.
    • Deposits of coal and petroleum: They act as a source of energy for the industries.
     Coal is the single most important energy source.
    • Large population: With over 1.3 billion people,
     China has large domestic market for its industrial goods.
    Chinese manufactured goods have a ready market
    even in other countries like USA, Japan, UK, and the European union.
    Geography Senior Six Student Book 315
    • Location of China: On the Asian main land and the most populated continent
    provides the market for manufactured goods, the promotion of 
    trade and procurement of raw materials.
    • Government policies: Communist system has great influence on
     the development of industries where each commune was encouraged
     to have its own industries.
    • Education: Chinese system provides the basic skills on practical knowledge
    required in industries and workshops.
    • Cheap labor force: With a large population, China has a big labor force which is
    cheap, skilled and unskilled. China has a largest labor force in the whole world.
    • Transport and communication systems: Aircraft is developed to communicate
    with the entire world and railway transport is improved for acquisition of raw
    materials and distribution of manufactured goods. Also the country has navigable
     inland water ways but has been improved by construction of canals.
    ii. Industrial regions of China
    • Manchurian Industrial Region: This is the most important industrial area of
    China with centers at Anshan (steel industry), Penki (steel industry), Fushun
    (coal, lubricating oil, and chemicals), Mukden or Shenyang (machinery and
    tools) and Dairen (mills and shipyards). All of them are nearby coal and iron ore
    deposits. Anshan, Fushun and Shenyang form a triangle, within which there
    are numerous large plants.
    • Tientsin and Beijing Region: This is a second industrial area located at the
    northern end of the North China Plain, near the Kailan coal reserves, with
    Tientsin, Peking or Beijing and Tangshan as its main centers. The presence of
    coal-fields in Shansi and Hopei has contributed to the rise of the metallurgical
    and engineering industries here.
    • Lower Yangtze Industrial Region: This is China’s oldest industrial region. 
    It existed since the middle of 19th century. Shanghai is the main industrial town
    and port of this industrial region. The main goods produced are cotton, silk,
    textile, food, leather, radio, television sets, utensils, leather, etc. There are also
    shipyards, oil refineries, flour mills, steel plants, metal works and a great variety
    of light industrial products.
    • The Middle Yangtze Industrial Region: It is located on the middle Yangtze plain
    around the former tree towns of Hankow-Hanyang-Wuhan. There iron and
    steel works there that are based on Peninsiang coal and Tayeh iron ore.
     Shipbuilding, metallurgical and heavy industries, railway equipment and 
    chemicals are important items of production.
    • Sichuan (Szechwan) Industrial Region: Sichuan (Szechwan) province above
    the Chang Jian (Yangtze Kiang) gorge has many important industries around
    Chongqing (Chungking) and Chengdu (Chengtu).The rich deposits of coal,
    iron, Ferro-alloys and abundant agricultural raw materials have all encouraged
    industrial development. Iron and steel, textiles, paper and pulp, machinery,
    cement, and chemicals are made here.
    • Si Kiang Delta Region: The port of Canton is the main industrial centre at the
    mouth of the Xi Jiang (Si Kiang). Canton lacks local raw materials and once
    was known largely for commerce. Modern industries are centered on silk production;
     there are silk mills, jute and cotton goods are manufactured, rubber
    is processed, and there are food-canning and match factories. Iron works and

    machine factories occupy sites near the docks.

    In China, many cities are considered to be the industrial cities. Some towns such as
    Anning, Kiuchuan (iron and steel); Yumen and Hangzhou or Hangchow (oil refining);
    Lanzhou or Lanchow (chemicals, textiles, mining equipment) and Kunming

    (chemicals, machinery, textiles) have industrial development.

    b. Industrial development in South Korea
    i. Factors for industrial growth in south Korea
    • Highly skilled labor force: The education system provides basic skills required
    in industries and workshops. There is highly trained labor force in managerial
    and marketing which help the country to compete with other countries.
    • High technology: In industries, microelectronics and computers which keep in
    touch with scientific advancement.
    • Government support: Policies aiming at export-oriented industries, rather
    than to supply the local market.
    • Agricultural development: The country is self-sufficient in rice growing with
    large schemes of irrigated land this has made the rural economy more efficient.
    • Many business people: Companies or businessmen from Europe, USA, Japan
    who had the capital and skills to build industries have been attracted by low
    wage rates in South Korea.
    • Infrastructural development: Well developed transport and communication
    network which makes the exportation of goods very easy.
    • Research: This is highly emphasized especially in electronic industry, so as to
    improve all the existing products and develop new products to meet the market demands.
    ii. Major industrial regions of South Korea
    • The major industrial regions of South Korea are: Seoul, Yeosu, Chongju,
    Gwangju, Masan (Changwon), Ulsan, Pohang, Taejon, Busan, Yongdimpo.
    • The major industries found in these regions are Iron and steel, petrochemicals,
    ship building, agricultural equipment, machinery, electronics, textiles and
    light industries.

    Major industrial regions of South Korea

    c. Industrial development in Egypt
    In the 1920’s, the Egyptian economy was characterized an agricultural economy.
    Three quarters of the Egyptian exports was raw cotton. As a result, industrial output
    was mainly cotton spinning and weaving, followed by preserved food, cigarettes,

    soap and handicrafts

    i. Factors for industrial development in Egypt
    • Availability of raw materials: Egypt has agricultural raw materials to feed the
    industries like cotton for textile and sugar for agro-based industries.
    • Availability of minerals: Egypt has various mineral resources such as oil, Iron,
    Zinc, Copper, Lead, phosphate that lead to the development of industries.
    • Availability of power and energy: Egypt has the cheapest source of fuel (HEP)
    due to Aswan High Dam which allowed the connection of most Egyptian
    villages to use electricity.
    • Internal market: Egypt as one of the most densely populated countries in
    Africa, its population is the ready market for manufactured goods.
    • Availability of water: Despite that Egypt is a desert country; it has high strategies
    to use available water from the Nile River. Water is used as a raw material in food
    processing, construction, cooling machines and other industrial activities.
    • Improved transport: Water, canals, roads, and railway, provide the cheapest
    water transport cost of raw materials and finished goods.
    • Relief: The gentle relief of Egypt enables the construction of industries and
    transport routes which facilitate the development of industries.
    • Government policy: The government is currently adopting an industrial policy
    that entails large-scale privatization of state owned enterprises as well as the
    gradual removal of subsidies and price controls in the remaining public sector

    companies.

    ii. Major industrial regions of Egypt
    1. Cairo:
    It is the industrial centre of Egypt with textile industries, food processing, motor
    vehicle assembling and chemical industries. There are also Iron and steel industries
    located at Hulwan near Cairo city.
    2. Alexandria:
    It is the main industrial centre in Egypt as well as the country’s largest sea port. It
    has agricultural, textile and chemical industries etc.
    3. Helwan industrial area:
    It is found on the bank of river Nile with several industries mainly the agricultural

    industries, sugar, gases and steel industries.

     Major industrial regions of Egypt


    d. Industrial development in South Africa
    South Africa is the most industrialized country in Africa. Today South Africa exports
    a large amount from manufacturing sector. Two thirds of South Africa’s national
    outputs are derived from manufacturing industries.
    i. Factors for industrial development in South Africa
    • Large quantity of mineral resources: South Africa is endowed with a wide
    range of mineral resources which constitute raw materials for industries. The
    exploitation of minerals has stimulated industrial development.
    • Presence of energy: The most important of this is coal. There are also numerous
    rivers, which produce hydro-electric power. Such rivers include orange, the
    Transvaal River and others.
    • Climate: Ranging from the temperate climate, Mediterranean, desert and
    tropical climate. The variety of climate contributes to a wide range of
    agricultural products, which form the raw materials for many industries.
    • Forest resources: contribute to the development of sawmills, furniture making
    and manufacture of paper industries.
    • Fish resources: South Africa has one of the most developed fishing industries
    on the Africa continent. This has given rise to fish canning, freezing, fishmeal
    and fertilizers industries.

    • Labour: Abundant labor supply

    • Market: Large market for its finished manufactured products.
    • Capital: Enough capital to invest in Industries.
    • Transport and communication: Good transport and communication networks.
    • Government policy: Encouragement from the government.
    • Land: Availability of land for industrial location and extension.
    ii. Major industrial regions of South Africa
    1. Johannesburg: The main industries found here are textile industries, chemical
    industries, paper and printing, engineering, electrical equipment, saw milling
    etc.
    2. Springs: The major industries in this town include manufacturing of mining
    machinery, electric goods, printing machinery, sheet glass, paper and food
    canning industries.
    3. Durban: Industries in this region include ship repairing, oil refining, soap
    manufacture, textile, light engineering etc.
    4. Cape Town: It has food processing, textile, chemical, paper and printing etc.
    5. Pretoria: industrial establishment include glass, cement, metal working,
    manufacturing railway wagons etc.
    6. Eastern Cape Industrial Zone: Is formed by East London and Port Elizabeth. It is the
    important port for international trade. It produces building material, soft drinks,

    furniture, clothes, local agricultural products etc.




    Application activity 11.4
    1. Compare the factors that have led to the development of industries in
    Japan with those of South Africa
    2. Analyse the economic importance of industrialization in these countries:
    a. USA
    b. Egypt

    c. Russia

    End unit assessment
    Make a field trip in any industrialized area around your area and answer the
    following questions:
    1. Discuss the physical and human factors influencing location of industries
    in an area.
    2. Describe how industrialization contributes to sustainable development.
    3. Analyse the ways of improving the level of industrialization in developing

    countries.


    ◄UNIT 10: POWER AND ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE WORLDUNIT 12 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN THE WORLD►