Unit 9: Work Safety and Health
Key unit competence
To be able to apply standard health and safety practices and regulations at
the workplace.
Introduction
Successfully managing health and safety practices in the workplace relies on
commitment, consultation, and co-operation of everyone at the workplace.
Safety practices help protect people from accidents and injuries, while security
helps protect people from crime and violence. Both are important for creating
a safe and productive work environment. Everyone in the workplace needs
to understand the need for standard health and safety practices, what their
role is in making the workplace safer, and how they can abide by regulations
and fulfill their responsibilities and duties.
This unit is intended to give knowledge, skills regarding the health and safety
guidelines that the business must comply with and attitude to be adoptedduring an emergency.
Introductory Activity
Read the proverb below and answer the questions that follow.
“Inyamaswa idakenga yicwa n’umututizi” (When not cautious, an animal
can be killed by an ordinary tree cutter).
a) What does the proverb mean?
b) What is the relationship between the proverb and safety and health
at work place?
c) Give an example of situations at the workplace that may relate with
the proverb.
d) What other proverbs do you know that have the same meaning?
e) What should one do in order to avoid the situation portrayed by theproverb?
9.1. Positive health and safety practices
Learning Activity 9.1
Study the figure below showing a workplace and answer questions thatfollow.
Questions
a) Does the workplace above provide a healthy environment for work?
Explain your answer.
b) What do you think the following terms means in relation to safety and
health at the workplace?
• Workplace safety
• A healthy workplace
• A healthy habit
• Hygiene
• Sanitation
• Personal hygiene
• Workplace hygiene
c) Why is it important to have a safe and healthy workplace?
d) Mention any health habits that you observe at the workplace (school)
e) Why is it important to have good personal care and healthy habits at
the workplace?
f) Using the knowledge on hygiene and sanitation, give examples of
personal hygiene and sanitation practices that can be practiced at:
• Home• School/workplace
9.1.1. Definition of concepts
Workplace safety refers to the limitation of elements that can cause harm,
accidents, and other negative outcomes in the workplace. It represents a
collection of policies, behaviors, and precautions applied at work to limit
hazards, accidents, and other kinds of harm in a work environment.
A healthy workplace is a setup where employees, managers, and leaders
openly communicate and collaborate on a shared vision of improving the
health, safety, and wellbeing of all members of the organization. According to
the World Health Organization (WHO), a healthy workplace provides physical,
psychological, social, and organizational conditions that protect and promote
the health and safety of all workers of a company. A healthy workplace is the
ideal place to work in.
A healthy habit: is any behavior that benefits physical, mental, and emotional
health. These habits improve overall well-being and make you feel good.
Example: Most people spend at least six hours every day sitting in a chair.
Not only is this bad for your back, but it also leads to weight gain and
circulatory issues.
Hygiene is the practice of keeping oneself and one’s surroundings clean in
order to prevent infection and disease and remain healthy and fit.
Sanitation is an arrangement to protect the public health specially the
provision of clean drinking water and proper disposal of sewage.
Personal hygiene refers to maintaining cleanliness of one’s body and clothing
to preserve overall health and well-being.
Workplace hygiene refers to the standards of cleanliness that employers are
expected to meet in ensuring that they provide a healthy working environment
in which their staff can work, as well as clean and safe premises for membersof the public to visit.
9.1.2. Importance of safety and health workplace
Workplace safety is important because it helps prevent deaths, injuries,
financial losses, property damage, increases worker productivity, enhances
product or service quality and promotes good public relations.
A safe and healthy workplace not only protects workers from injury and
illness, it can also:
◾ Improved health and wellbeing. The most significant and most
obvious benefit of a healthy workplace is the improvement of the
workforce’s health and wellbeing.
◾ Greater productivity and performance. A business can increase
productivity when employees are healthy and happy in the
workplace, which results in an improvement in the performance of
their employees as well as the quality of output.
◾ Improved corporate image. When employees are satisfied with the
safety and health of the workplace, it leads to an improvement in the
organization’s corporate image.
◾ It also attracts more clients. Employees in a healthy workplace are
more productive, which results in higher quality output. This will
attract customers and clients to the products and services of that
business, bringing in higher profits.
◾ Increased job satisfaction. Seeing employees happy with the
workplace is one of the significant benefits of a healthy workplace.
When a workplace caters to the needs and wants of an employee, it
reduces the turnover rates of the company.
◾ Greater work development and learning opportunities. Employees
feel appreciated when their work environment allows them to explore
their capabilities and skills in their work.
◾ Improved employee morale. Having a healthy workplace helps
employees feel safe, heard, and comfortable enough to freely
work and express their creativity without feeling judged. A healthy
workplace sees employees’ happiness increase and motivation to
continue working.
◾ Lower absenteeism rates. Businesses that take the time to cultivate
a healthy workplace will see fewer health and sickness instances,
lowering the number of absenteeism and tardiness.
◾ Increased employee engagement. A healthy workplace naturally
increases employee engagement in the workforce, resulting in
higher productivity rate, greater loyalty, better retention rates, and
enhanced customer experiences.
◾ Lower turnover rate. Employees who are happy with their business’s
work environment will be less likely to leave for another company.
When turnover rates are low, it helps businesses lower costs
associated with hiring new employees.
◾ Lower workers’ compensation premiums. Having a healthy
workplace sees employees satisfied, motivated, and healthy. In effect,
companies will see a reduction in claimed workers’ compensationpremiums
9.1.3. Daily Positive health habits
Healthy habits include but are not limited to eating well, exercising, getting
enough rest and avoiding harmful substances, but also:
◾ Get enough sleep. A good sleep can improve memory and
concentration, boost the immune system, and help you cope with
stress more easily.
◾ Manage stress. Stress can affect the mood and physical health. It
can cause anxiety, anger, and irritability as well as headaches, muscle
pain, exhaustion, and sleeping problems.
◾ Find time to relax. Set aside time every day for self-care and
relaxation. Make a routine for the self, so that relaxation becomes a
daily ritual.
◾ Meditate once a day. Meditation may help you manage pain, reduce
blood pressure, improve symptoms of depression and anxiety, and
cope with daily stress.
◾ Maintaining a healthy social life. Whether it is volunteering, joining
a club, or attending a movie, communal activities help improve mood
and mental functioning by keeping the mind active and serotonin
levels balanced.
◾ Maintain healthy eating habits. To get all the nutrition the human
body needs, you must eat a balanced diet including dairy, grains,
protein, fruits and vegetables, as well as fat.
◾ Get some exercise every day, even just a little. This will not only
make you feel better but also make you look better. Try walking if
you cannot afford another as it is a great exercise.
General good safety habits at work
◾ Everyone helps keep the work environment tidy and organized.
◾ Everyone is comfortable reporting unsafe working conditions up the
chain of command.
◾ Everyone who is required to wear PPE is wearing it the right way—
and it fits properly.
◾ Everyone knows where safety equipment is located.
◾ Everyone who handles heavy objects uses proper lifting and carrying
techniques.
◾ Everyone knows that their organization is committed to safety at the
highest levels and can see posters in the break room or on the job
site demonstrating this commitment.◾ Everyone knows where to go and what to do in an emergency.
Everyone is aware of hazardous chemicals in the work area andknows where to find the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs).
Healthy hygiene and sanitation are very important for every workplace.
Below are some healthy hygiene and sanitation practices that can be practiced
at the workplace:
◾ Provide staff with a written hygiene policy. Inform them of the
intentions and expectations of a clean workplace.
◾ It is pivotal for a hygienic workplace to have a clean restroom well
stocked with soap, toilet paper and hand towels.
◾ Provide items such as clean wipes, sanitizers, and tissues to help the
staff maintain a clean and hygienic workspace.
◾ Make sure the workplace is regularly cleaned. This helps prevent the
spread of infection
◾ Before and after using the cooking supplies (including utensils) youshould wash these with soap and water (preferably hot water).
Application Activity 9.1
Using the knowledge and skills on hygiene and sanitation, make a weekly
plan that you will follow in order to apply hygiene and sanitation practices
either at home or work (school). In you include the practices you will
apply and those you will avoid. Every day you will put a check/tick on the
hygiene and sanitation practices applied or avoided.Use the following template to make the plan.
At the end of the week you will assess the hygiene and sanitation practices
by comparing the practices applied and those avoided. Which practiceswere you able to apply? Which practices did you manage to avoid?
9.2. Hazards in the workplace and ways to make work saferLearning Activity 9.2
The above figure illustrates a workplace environment from one of
the departments in the company. Study the figure and answer the
questions below.
a) Is this a safe and healthy workplace? Justify your answer
b) What do you think the term ‘hazard’ means?
c) What do you think the term ‘Workplace Hazard’ means?
d) How many workplace hazards can you identify in this image?
e) Briefly explain what you understand by the following types of hazards
as relates to safety and health at work
• Safety hazards
• Chemical hazards
• Biological hazards
• Physical hazards,
• Ergonomic hazards,
• Workload hazards
f) How can the workplace above be made safer? Suggest ways toeliminate the hazards identified
9.2.1. Meaning of Hazards at the workplace
A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects
on something or someone. A hazard is the potential for harm or an adverse
effect to for example, to people as health effects, to organizations as property
or equipment losses, or to the environment.
Hazards in the workplace occur when the working environment can cause
injury, illness or death. The hazards can result from many of the different
aspects of the working environment world, including: equipment, dangerous
materials, unsafe working practices and behavior of people.
9.2.2. Types of hazards
Workplace hazards fall into six core types – safety, biological, physical,ergonomic, chemical and workload.
Safety hazards
Safety hazards can affect any employee, but these are more likely to affect
those who work with machinery or on a construction site. Safety hazards
include slips, trips and falls, operating dangerous machinery and electrical
hazards
Biological hazards
Biological hazards are extremely dangerous. These include exposure to
dangerous substances and diseases associated with working amongst
animals, people, or infectious plant materials.
Physical hazards
Physical hazards can affect those who work in extreme weather conditions or
in harmful environments. Workers that are exposed to continuous loud noise,radiation, sun rays and ultraviolet rays could be at risk.
Ergonomic hazards
Ergonomic hazards affect individuals whose work puts a strain on their body.
Manual roles that require lifting or sitting for long periods can cause damage
over time.
Chemical hazards
Chemical hazards mainly threaten employees whose roles expose them
to dangerous liquids, solvents or flammable gasses. Exposure to harmful
chemicals can cause illness, skin irritation, breathing problems and, in extreme
cases, death.
Workload hazards
Workload hazards include issues that could cause stress or strain, such as
workload, violence or aggression. These hazards can be experienced in anyjob role.
9.2.3. Handling hazards in a workplace
The best way to prevent injuries or illness in the workplace is to find the
hazards that could cause injury or illness, and fix them.
The following four steps may be followed to prevent unsafe situations at the
workplace using the acronym SAFE (Spot the Hazard, Assess the Risk, Fix the
Problem, Evaluate Results)
Spot the hazard
The first step in ensuring a safe workplace is to identify hazards. Hazards can
be identified by:
◾ Asking workers and contractors in the workplace about any hazards
they may have noticed.
◾ Looking at the physical structure of the workplace: for example,
stairs, desks, floor surfaces, exits, driveways.
Checking all machinery, appliances and vehicles used for work.
◾ Examining how substances are stored, used and moved from one
place to another.
◾ Reviewing the injury records, including ‘near misses’ reviewing
information from designers, manufacturers or suppliers of the
equipment and substances in the workplace.
Assess the risk
A risk is the likelihood of a hazard causing injury, illness or damage to the
health. So you need to work out which hazards are more serious than others
and deal with those first.
Assess the risk associated with each hazard by determining:
◾ The potential impact of the hazard.
◾ How severe could an injury or illness be?
◾ What’s the worst possible damage the hazard could cause to
someone’s health?
◾ Would it require simple first aid only? Or cause permanent ill health
or disability? Or could it kill?
◾ The likeliness of the hazard to cause someone harm.
◾ Could it happen at any time or would it be a rare event?
◾ How often are workers exposed to the hazard?
Fix the problem
Remove the hazard completely from the workplace. Concentrate on the most
urgent hazards without neglecting the simpler ones that could be easily and
immediately fixed.
Hazards can be fixed by using the hierarchy of controls to remove or reducerisk in the workplace.
Eliminate the hazard
Remove it completely from the workplace. For example: repair damaged
equipment. If this is not practical, then;
Substitute the hazard
Replace it with a safer alternative. For example: use a less toxic chemical; lift
smaller packages. If this is not practical, then;
Isolate the hazard
Keep it away from workers as much as possible. For example: relocate
photocopiers to separate, ventilated rooms; install barriers to restrict access
to hazardous work areas. If this is not practical, then;
Use engineering controls
Adapt tools or equipment to reduce the risk. For example: place guards on
dangerous parts of machinery; use a trolley for moving heavy loads. If this is
not practical, then;
Use administrative controls
Change work practices and organization. For example, rotate jobs to reduce
the time spent on any single work task; train staff in safe work procedures;
carry out routine maintenance of equipment. If this is not practical, then;
Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
For example: use hearing/eye protection equipment, hard hats, gloves and
masks; train staff to use PPE correctly.
Evaluate results
◾ After fixing the problem, find out whether the changes have been
effective.
◾ Get feedback from those affected by the changes and include them
in any modifications to their workplace or work routines.
◾ Make sure the solution does not introduce new hazards.
◾ If the work process changes, or new equipment is introduced to atask, then the risk assessment must be reviewed.
Application Activity 9.2
The illustration above shows some situations that may cause harm to
workers or people at a workplace. Study the illustration and answer the
questions below.
a) Describe all the situations that can cause harm illustrated above
b) Categorize the situations described above according to the types of
hazards and suggest how the situation (hazard) can be managed bycompleting the table below:
c) Using the knowledge and skills of hazards at the workplace, identify
all potential causes of harm at the school (workplace) and make a
report of all the hazards identified which should include:
• All potential hazards identified
• Categories of the hazards identified• Measures or strategies to manage or handle the hazard
9.3. Emergencies at workplaceLearning Activity 9.3
The figure above shows a situation at a workplace. Study the figure and
answer questions that follow.
a) What do you think is happening at the workplace?
b) How can the situation illustrated above affect the workplace (people
and organization)?
c) Name any other situations that can occur and endangers employees,
clients, or the public at the workplace.
d) What do you understand about the term ‘workplace emergency’?
e) What do you understand about the following types of emergencies
related to safety and health at work?
• Natural emergencies
• Civil emergencies
• Work-related emergenciesf) How can emergencies be responded to at the workplace?
9.3.1. Types of workplace emergencies
A workplace emergency is an unforeseen or unplanned situation that
threatens the employees, customers, or the public; disrupts or shuts down
the operations; or causes physical or environmental damage.
A natural emergency could occur as a result of flooding, severe weather
such as hurricanes or tornadoes, or forest fires.
Work-related emergencies are caused by factors relating directly to the work
conducted. Work-related emergencies could be things such as chemical spills,
explosions, machinery malfunction, or dangerous gas releases.
Civil emergencies are emergencies that stem from civil factors. Civil factors
could be things such as protests, strikes, or workplace violence or harassment,either employee-to-employee or client-based.
9.3.2. Responding to emergencies and staying healthy at work
Guidelines for action in an emergency situation
There are five steps that are considered to be best-practice that should be
taken in the management of an emergency.
Prevention: The steps that are taken to avoid an incident or accident from
occurring in the first place
Mitigation: These are measures that can reduce the risk of an emergency
happening.
Preparedness: The activities that are carried out to be ready to respond in
the event that an emergency has occurred.
Response: The actions that are taken immediately before, during and or after
an emergency to save lives and reduce loss and damages.
Recovery: The actions that take place in the aftermath of the emergency torestore services and return to normal conditions.
Application Activity 9.3
Read the statement below and answer questions that follow.
“An emergency can happen with no warning, so the best thing to do is
be prepared”.
Make an emergency response plan that can be followed to respond
appropriately if there is a safety hazard, an accident or an emergency in
a workplace and in daily life. The plan should include steps and guidelines
for the following emergencies:
a) Fire and smoke/Natural disasters/Severe weather
b) Personal injury or threat
c) Gas leak/Dangerous gas releasesd) Workplace violence or harassment
Skills Lab Activity
Skills Lab activity You have been given a job to make guidelines to apply
standard health and safety practices and regulations related to your
business club. Present the guideline that include:
a) Daily positive health habits to be practiced.
b) Daily hygiene and sanitation practices to be applied.
c) Strategies to handle hazards at the school.
d) Steps and guidelines to respond to emergencies at the workplacewhen something happens.
End of Unit Assessment
I. Project activity
Suppose that the Head Teacher asks you to put in place the checklist
to ensure that the Kitchen department is working in healthy and safe
working conditions. |Your checklist should include.
• Emergency procedures in kitchen context.
• Health and safety practices and hazards to be checked.
• How to recognize and assess the health and safety risks
• Appropriate practices to protect the environment.
II. Other Assessment Questions
1. Describe any 5 healthy habits that should be practiced every
day:
• at work
• in daily life
2. Describe some strategies to prevent the spread of illness and
contamination at the workplace and at home.
3. Briefly describe any 5 unsafe situations that could harm people
while on the job.
4. With examples, differentiate the types of hazards in the
workplace.
5. With examples, differentiate the types of emergencies at the
workplace.
6. Describe some strategies to deal with emergencies in life and inany workplace.
Bibliography
1) Anthony, L. (2018, January 8). Planning Process & Goal Setting. Retrieved
April 25, 2018, from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/planning-processgoal-setting-4540.html.
2) Anything, w. t. (2018, March 12). Wikihow.com/
Write-a-Letter-ofApplication-for-a-Job#_note-1. Retrieved from https://www.wikihow.
com/Write-a-Letter-of-Application-for-a-Job#_note-1.
3) Business dictionary. (2018, January 3). definition/motivation. Retrieved
from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/motivation.html.
4) Carole Martin, M. c. (2018, January 5). Ten-interviewing-rules.
Retrieved from https://www.monster.com/career-advice/article/teninterviewing-rules.
5) Chand, S. (2018, January 3). career-planning-definition-features objectives
-and-benefits/32400. Retrieved April 24, 2018, from http://
www.yourarticlelibrary.com/career/career-planning-definitionfeatures-objectives-and-benefits/32400.
6) Doyle, A. (2017 , June 01). https://www.thebalance.com/what-isa-letter-of-application-2062031. Retrieved from https://www.
thebalance.com/what-is-a-letter-of-application-2062031.
7) Doyle, A. (2018, March 16). thebalance.com/curriculum-vitae-format.
Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/curriculum-vitaeformat-2060351.
8) EDC, U. P. (2015). Work Readiness Training Program. In U. P. EDC, Akazi
Kanoze Youth Livelihoods Project (pp. 177-214). Kigali-Rwanda: EDC,
USAID, PEPFAR.
9) Edwardson, O. (2018, January 03). 5 Steps to Finding Your Balance
Between Work and Play. Retrieved April 25, 2018, from https://
gentwenty.com/work-play-balance/.
10) Elements of career planning programs [Online] / auth. England
Jerry Gillet and Steven // http://www.explorehr.org/articles/
Career_Management/Elements_of_Career_Planning_Programs.
html. - Jerry Gillet and Steven England, Principles of Human Resource
Development, Perseus Books Group., January 04, 2018. - May 02,
2018.
11) Hindle, M. (2013, October 1). Standards of Behaviour and Attitude at
Work - NHS Jobs. Retrieved from www.jobs.nhs.uk/cgi-bin/doc_viewer.
cgi?type=jpd&id=8398.
12) Holland, E. (2017, January 03). 5 Steps to Reaching Your Goals in 2017.
Retrieved April 24, 2018, from https://chopra.com/articles/5-steps-toreaching-your-goals-in-2017.
13) http://s3.amazonaws.com/powerthink/productivity-timemanagement-definition.html
14) https://cgg.gov.in/core/uploads/2017/07/Handbook-on-TimeManagement-Skills.pdf
15) https://recruitment.mifotra.gov.rw/. (2017, January 01). Rwanda Civil
Service Recruitment Portal. Retrieved April 25, 2018, from https://
recruitment.mifotra.gov.rw/.
16) https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/finding_a_job.
html?sti=lkizjn9nrftw7r2puy|. (2018, January 2). https://www.123rf.
com/stock-photo/finding_a_job.html?sti=lkizjn9nrftw7r2puy|.
Retrieved from https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/finding_a_job.
html?sti=lkizjn9nrftw7r2puy|.
17) https://www.aem.umn.edu/teaching/undergraduate/advising_guide/
jobs.shtml. (2016, March 10). BAEM Advising Guide. Retrieved from
https://www.aem.umn.edu/teaching/undergraduate/advising_guide/
jobs.shtml.
18) https://www.forbes.com/sites/.../2014/06/.../5-proven-methodsfor-gaining-self-disciplin. (2014, June 18). 5 proven-methods-forgaining-self-disciplin. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/
sites/.../2014/06/.../5-proven-methods-for-gaining-self-disciplin.
19) https://www.ldsjobs.org/ers/ct/articles/developing-your-careerplan?lang=eng // https://www.ldsjobs.org/ers/ct/articles/developingyour-career-plan?lang=eng. - September 1, 2016. - May 02, 2018.
20) https://www.naija.ng/1083027-how-write-application-letter-jobvacancy.html#1083027
21) inc., m. W. (2018, January 6). Organizational Skills for Your Resume.
Retrieved from https://www.monster.ca/career-advice/article/
organizational-skills-resume-examples.
22) Jesu, B. (2011, October 1). 20 good work habits to develop. Retrieved
from http://mystarjob.com/articles/story.aspx?file=/2011/10/1/
mystarjob_atwork/9485113&sec=mystarjob_atwork
23) https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/
business-pitching#:~:text=A%20business%20pitch%20needs%20
to,and%20make%20it%20a%20reality.
24) job, h. (2018, January 01). Pictures+of+searching+job. Retrieved April
28, 2018, from https://www.google.com/h?q=Pictures+of+searching+
job&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4743amdza
AhVMPsAKHStsC88Q7Al6BAgAEEI&biw=1366&bih=654#imgrc=HJykK
hmf1N509M:.
25) Make a Career Plan | MIT Global Education & Career Development.
(2018, January 5). Retrieved from https://gecd.mit.edu/explorecareers/career-first-steps/make-career-plan.
26) Republic of Rwanda, U. P. (2015). Work readiness training program.
Kigali: EDC.
27) Simpson, M. (2016, May 31). How to write a CV. Retrieved April 24,
2018, from https://theinterviewguys.com.
28) University, M. (2015, January 05). Time management skills - Macquarie
University - Student. Retrieved from https://students.mq.edu.au/
public/download.jsp?id=262723.
29) Washington/Bothell, U. o. (2018, January 5). Sample Letter of Application.
Retrieved from https://www.uwb.edu/careers/job-search-tools/
coverletters/sample-application.
30) wikihow. (2018, January 9). How to Balance Your Professional and
Personal Life. Retrieved from https://www.wikihow.com/BalanceYour-Professional-and-Personal-Life.
31) Wikipedia, t. f. (2017, May 01). Cover letter. Retrieved April 27, 2018,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_letter.
32) (Government, H. K. (2015). Metrology, accreditation and standards.
World Accreditation Day and World Standards Day (p. 1). Hong Kong:
Hong Kong Government.
33) Metrology, standardization and conformity assessment. (2006, feb).
Building an infrastructure. Genève 20, Switzerland: International
Organization for Standardization.
34) Rwanda), M. o. (October 2010). Rwanda Quality Policy. Kigali:
Government of Rwanda.
35) Standards, R. B. (2010, October unknown). Rwanda Bureau of Standards
newsletter. quarterly newsletter, 36. Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda: Rwanda
Bureau of standards.
36) states, E. A. (2006). THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY STANDARDIZATION,
QUALITY ASSURANCE, METROLOGY AND TESTING ACT, East Africa: East
Africa states.
37) Swanepoel, K. R. (September 2015). The economics of metrology.Austria:
Australian Government.
38) Pinson, Linda. (2004). Anatomy of a Business Plan: A Step-by-Step
Guide to Building a Business and Securing Your Company’s Future (6th
Edition). Page 20. Dearborn Trade: Chicago, USA.
39) Key Lessons from Alan Sugar Autobiography ‘What You See Is What
You Get’ (reviewed by Gil Dekel, PhD). [Page 10]. Retrieved 28 July
2011.
40) A Short Summary of ‘Your Financial Rules: Change Your Mind, Change
Your Life’, online webinar by Robert Kiyosaki’s Rich Dad Coaching.
Retrieved 28 July 2011.
41) Chand, S. (2018). 6 Main Advantages of Perpetual Inventory Control.
Retrieved March 26, 2018, from www.yourarticlelibrary.com: http://
www.yourarticlelibrary.com/inventory-control/6-main-advantages-ofperpetual-inventory-control/26151
42) iEduNote. (2018). Periodic Inventory System: Advantages and
Disadvantages. Retrieved March 27, 2018, from iedunote.com: https://
iedunote.com/periodic-inventory-system
43) Kelchmer, L. (2017, September 26). The Importance of Stock Control.
Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://bizfluent.com: https://bizfluent.
com/info-8357463-importance-stock-control.html
44) https://www.orbitax.com/news/archive.php/Rwandas-New-IncomeTax-Law-In-51298
45) Layton, A. (2015, October 5). The importance of stocktaking: 6 reasons
why your business needs regular stocktakes. Retrieved March 22, 2018,
from www.prognostore.com: https://www.prognostore.com/blog/
why-stocktaking-important
46) Lu, D. (2011). Fundamentals of Supply Chain Management. London:
Ventus Publishing Aps.
47) MINECOFIN. (2010). Public Procurement User Guide. Kigali.
48) Robertson, T. (n.d.). The Disadvantages of the Continuous Inventory
System. Retrieved March 26, 2018, from smallbusiness.chron.com:
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-continuous-inventorysystem-20849.html
49) Seehorn, A. (2018). What Are Remediation Activities? Retrieved March
27, 2018, from /classroom.synonym.com: https://classroom.synonym.
com/remediation-activities-8065079.html
50) Water, S. (2003). Inventory Control and Management. England: John
Wiley.
51) Herrera, M. (2013, May 17). four-types-of-risk-mitigation. Retrieved April
02, 2018, from www.mha-it.com: https://www.mha-it.com/2013/05/
four-types-of-risk-mitigation/
52) Institute of Credit Masnagement. (2014, January 02). Accounting
Principles questions, answers and comments. Retrieved April 01, 2018,
from www.cicm.com: www.cicm.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/
AP_7B_PQP_Jan2014.pdf
53) (REMA), R. E. (August 2009). Sector Specific EIA Guidelines for
Road Construction Projects in Rwanda. Kigali: Rwanda Environment
Management Authority (REMA).
54) R. S. (August 2011). Environmental Impact Assessment Report for
Stone Crushing Factory. Kigali: Green World Consultants.
55) Development, I. (2006). EIA Sample Test Questions and Answer
Key. In I. i. Development, EIA Sample Test Questions and Answer
Key (p. 8). Winnipeg, Manitoba: International institute for sustainable
Development.
56) Development, I. I. (2006). Environmental Impact Assessment Training
Manual. Suite 325: International Institute for Sustainable Development.
57) Development, I. i. (2006). EIA Sample Test Questions and Answer
Key. In I. i. Development, EIA Sample Test Questions and Answer
Key (p. 8). Winnipeg, Manitoba: International institute for sustainable
Development.
58) General Guidelines and Procedures for Environment Impact Assessment.
(2006). kigali: government of Rwanda.