Physical Education

Key Unit Competence

By the end of this unit student-teacher will be able to prepare a practical lesson of specific sports: Gymnastics, athletics, football, volleyball, basketball and handball.

Introductory activity

Physical education is a lesson thought in schools that focus on developing physical fitness and the ability to perform and enjoy the day to day physical activities

Sport is an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment or for winning.

KINDS OF SPORTS

Individual sports:

– Athletics including: Racing, throws and jumps

– Gymnastics etc.

Collective sports

– Football

– Basketball

– Handball

– Volleyball

– Netball

– Goalball (for disabled people)

– Sitting volleyball (for disabled people) etc.

In this unit we shall see only: Athletics, gymnastics, football game, basketball game, handball and volleyball as there are supposed to be learned in Primary schools.

5.1 Gymnastics

Activity 5.1

2. Describe type of activities children are performing from a to c

3. In your views do you think there are other similar activities like those mentioned above? If yes give and explain them.

4. Where those activities could be performed?

Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination and balance.

Types of gymnastics

There are two main types of gymnastics to be performed namely:

Ground gymnastics (Acrobatics gymnastics)

Those are different gymnastics exercises to be performed on the ground or in air and ground without apparatus (gymnastics equipment).

We can find exercises such as:

– Forward rolls,

– Backward roll,

– Hand stand,

– Head stand,

– Crouch balance,

– Balance walk on the bench,

– Cartwheel exercises etc.

Apparatus gymnastics

Those are different gymnastics exercises to be performed by using gymnastics equipment such as: Trampoline, plinth, parallel bars, high bar, still rings etc.

Application activity 5.1

5.2 ATHLETICS

Activity 5.2

2. Describe type of activities children are performing from A to D

3. In your views do you think there are other similar activities like those mentioned above? If yes give and explain them.

4. Where those activities could be performed?

Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involves competitive running, jumping and throwing. Athletics activities offer great importance to the learners. The range variety of the individual exercises means that individuals with different physiques and mental ability can take part.

Stage of teaching and learning athletics activities:

The beginning stage

This is the time for exploratory phase where the athlete is attempting to learn the correct sequence of movements of all the basic skills. E.g: running, throwing and jumping. A number of errors may be made and athletes will need feedback to recognise and correct these errors.

Intermediate stage.

In this stage, the basics skills will be performed more consistently and fluently and an athlete may now begin to specialise in certain areas.

Advanced stage

– All the basic skills are automatic and an athlete may tend to specialise in a specific event for.

Teaching and learning process for, racing, throws and jumps

Step 1: Familiarization

Step 2. Initiation

Step 3: Improvement

•  Short distance races(100m,200m,400m relay race, hurdle race)

♦ Start phase:

The start for short distance races is in function of three commands

♦ Acceleration phase

The horizontal drive should be maintained for 15 m after the gun after which the athlete gradually comes into upright positions

A deep finish that involves the chest forward and well-timed is electronic.

• Middle distance races(800m,1500m,3000m)
•  Long distance races(5000m, 10000m, half marathon and full marathon)

♦ Start phase

The race start is curved line with runner having only two start commands (on your marks and go)

♦ Technique

Technique in distance running is highly individualized and no two athletes employ the same pattern.

Application activity 5.2

1. .Observe the image

2. Choose an image which is describing the following athletics techniques:

           a. Long jump

           b. Sprinting

           c. High jump

           d. Hurdles

3. Choose one technique or tactics mentioned above and prepare a lesson related to the technique or tactics chosen.

5.3 Football

Activity 5.3

Nowadays football is pursued both on amateur and professional level all over the world. Playing football involves the use of techniques and tactics.

Technical elements without the ball

– Running without the ball for unmarking.

– Direction changes in order to feint or intercept the ball.

– Jumping with the purpose of kicking the ball by using head.

– Landing on the ground after jumping.

– Basic position and positioning of the goalkeeper in the goal.

Technical elements with the ball

•  Kicking the ball through passing (long pass and short pass).
• Trapping the ball by using feet, thigh or chest.

– Running with the ball.

– Dribbling to eliminate the opponent.

– Tackling.

– Heading.

– Throwing the ball.

– Activity of the goalkeeper in offence and defense.

Aside from those techniques, tactical elements should be applied and performed in football such as:

♦Main individual tactics for attacking

Play the ball immediately, don’t let your team-mates lose their markers for nothing. Lose your marker immediately after passing the ball.

•  Always try to be in an unmarked position.
•  Pass and get into position to:

– help a team-mate

– call for the ball

– support a team-mate

•  Avoid unnecessary confrontations. It is better to eliminate an opponent quickly than take the longer option of dribbling around them etc.

♦Main individual tactics for defending

– Always keep yourself between your opponent and your own goal.

– Always watch your opponent and the ball.

– Don’t give your opponent space, slow your opponent down when he/ she runs with the ball (shutting down).

– Try to get the ball before your opponent, or otherwise hinder/her when he/she receives the ball.

– Mark your opponent on the side of the ball, in other words the side

where he/she will make the pass.

Application activity 5.3

1. Observe the image and describe each image based techniques and tactics used in in football.

2. Choose one of the techniques or tactics mentioned above and prepare a lesson related to the technique or tactic chosen.

5.4 Baskertball

Activity 5.4

Basketball is a fast-paced game that requires the knowledge and instinct to perform quickly and properly. Performing basketball requires some basics skills.

• Shooting: There are many ways to shoot a basketball. Shooting the “scoring” of basketball, where you score points, as like all other sports.

Types of shooting

– Jump shot

– lay-up

– slam dunk

•  Dribbling: Dribbling may seem like a simple thing in basketball, but if you look carefully at the players in any professional basketball game, you see those using different types of dribbles to get past their defender.

Types of dribbling

    – Crossover dribbling

    – Spin dribbling

    – Change of pace dribbling

    – Behind dribbling

    – Passing: passing in a technique that will be needed in basketball game which can help players to move towards to the       

                 opponent’s court in order to shoot into the basket.

Types of passes

    – Bounce pass

    – Overhead pass

    – Chest pass

Advanced Variations:

     –Baseball pass

     – Dribble pass

     – Behind-the-back pass

     –Pick and roll pass

Application activity 5.4

1. Observe the images and select the appropriate image for the following basketball techniques:

     i. Passing

     ii. Dribbling

     iii. Shooting

2. Choose one of the techniques mentioned above and prepare a lesson related to the technique chosen.

5.5 Handball and Volleyball

5.5.1 Handball

Handball is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outfield players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team.

Technical elements of defense in handball

– Basic position.

– Motion in basic position.

– Collisions.

–Activities to get the ball: intercepting or hitting the ball.

–Hindering the goal: blocking.

– Defense against blocks: over-slipping, rounding, changing directions.

Technical elements of offence in handball

Without ball

– Basic position of the offending player.

– Start, run, stop, jump up, landing.

– Feints (fake start, fake run movement).

With ball

– Possession of the ball (keeping and dribbling the ball).

– Passing the ball (with one- or two hands, overarm- and underarm shot, on the ground or in the air, standing still or in motion).

– Taking, interception of the ball (in lower- or upper position, with one or two hands, standing still or in motion).

– Faking with the ball (e.g. start fake, fake run movement, feinting a pass- and a shot).

– Blocks, blocking-breakaway.

– Techniques to gain a goal (shooting on goal, typical shooting techniques of players playing at different positions e.g.: vertical

jump shot, falling jump shot, bow-shaped shot, etc...).

Team tactics for attacking systems

– Positions system (based on creating weight points and manoeuvring).

– Position changing system (based on place changes where the players continuously change their positions to open the defence line of the opponent team).

– Mixed attack system (combination of positions system and position changing system).

Team tactics for Defense systems (and line-up formations)

– Man catches/ block defence.

– Area defence.

– Mixed defence.

Activity 5.5.1

5.5.2 Volleyball

Volleyball is the game played by two teams on a rectangular court divided by a high net, in which each team, using up to three hits per effort to return the ball, tries to drive the ball over the net onto the ground on the opposing team’s side.

Technical Elements of Playing Volleyball

Movement Techniques without the Ball

– Basic position

– Approach

Technical and tactical elements Performed in volleyball

      –Serving

      – Passing

      – Reception

      – Dig

     – Setting

     – Blocking

      – Spiking

      – Diving

      –Rolling

Activity 5.5.2

1. Observe the images and select the appropriate image for the following volleyball techniques: i. Receiving the ball ii. Jump

Service iii. Passing iv. Underarm service

2. Describe the image above by giving in details how technique mentioned will be performed while playing the game.

3. Choose one of the techniques or tactics mentioned above and explain how a teacher may prepare a lesson related to the

technique or tactics chosen.

Application activity 5.5

Let student teachers perform techniques and tactics of playing handball and volleyball on the court individually/in pairs/teams.

5.6 End unit assessment

1. Explain the following terms as used in sports:

        a. Offensive techniques

        b. Individual tactics

        c. Apparatus gymnastics

        d. Field and track events

2. Classify the following materials based on type of sports activity to be used in:

REFERENCES

1. Dave Carnell, John Ireland, Claire Jones, Ken Mackreth, Sarah van Wely (2002), Advanced PE for OCR, Oxford U.K

2. ELIAS, A. HILGERS, W. JETTER, M. RASHDORFF. J.

WINTERMEIIER, D. WOLFARTH Education Physique et Sportive pour les Ecoles Primaire et les CERAI, F, Kigali.

3. FIFA. (2018). Coaching manual.

4. Goldberger, M. And Howarth, K. (1990). The National Curriculum in Physical Education and the Spectrum of Teaching Styles. British Journal of Physical Education.

5. Ken Jones and Pat Welton (1979) Soccer Skills and Tactics, Crown Publishers.

6. MIJESCAFOP, UNICEF, and MINEDUC (1998). Guide pour Animateur Pédagogique en Education Physique et Sportive à l’Ecole Primaire.

7. NDC (2016) Teacher’s Physical Education and Sports reference book in Primary school.

8. Physical education and sports, primary one/teacher’s guide, Kigali/ January/2019.

9. Physical education and sports, Primary six/teacher’s guide, Kigali/ January/2019.

10. Physical education and sports, primary three/teacher’s guide, Kigali/ January/2019.

11. Physical education and sports, senior three /teacher’s guide, Kigali/ January/2019.

12. REB (2018) Training module for TTC tutors, student-teacher leavers and teachers from demonstration schools on the competence based curriculum.

13. Shafak Malek/Micro-teaching 11952776.

14. Sreejithukurup/Micro-teaching 39468943.

15. Vandanathakur/Assessment strategies.

16. Ministry of Education. (1998). Physical and Sports Training Programme in Ordinary Level. National Curriculum Development Centre.

17. Peter J L Thomson (2009) The official IAAF Guide to Coaching Athletics.

18. REB (2019). The Teacher Training Colleges (TTCS) COMPETENCE BASED CURRICULUM ORIENTATION MANUAL, Kigali.