Kinyarwanda

Ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda

Mu buvanganzo nyarwanda, habamo ubuvanganzo nyabami n’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda. Ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda bugenewe rubanda, nta kiciro runaka cy’abantu bihariye bugenewe nk’ubuvanganzo nyabami bwabaga bugenewe ab’ibwami. Ubu buvanganzo usanga tubukoresha hatitawe ku kumenya uwabuhimbye, cyane ko muri rusange aba atanazwi. Ubwinshi muri ubu buvanganzo usanga ari nyemvugo, ni ukuvuga ko abantu bagiye babugeza ku bandi hakoreshejwe imvugo (uruhererekane munwa-gutwi). Icyakora muri iki gihe usanga hari abagiye babukusanyiriza mu bitabo, bityo abazi gusoma bakabubonamo ariko ababwanditse atari bo babuhimbye.

Twavuga ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda aho umuntu yatanga urugero nk’igitekerezo cya Binego bya Kajumba wabaye intwari agahorera se imbogo yari imaze kwivugana, icya Semuhanuka wari umubeshyi cyane ariko tugakuramo n’isomo ko indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda zitubuza kubeshya. Igitekerezo cya Ngunda wari igisambo kandi ubusambo Si bwiza. Umuntu ntiyakwibagirwa n’icya Nyirarunyonga wari igisambo cyane akagira n’ingeso y’uburaya , n’icya Serugarukiramfizi wakundaga ibirunge byahebuje n’ibindi.

Habonekamo kandi insigamigani nka Ntabyera ngo de, Habe na mba, Utazi akaraye i Fumbwe araza ifu n’izindi zikaba zikubiyemo amateka y’Igihugu cyacu mu buryo bukomeye cyanecyane ayagiye yerekeza by’umwihariko kuri abo bantu zirenguriraho. Muri iki kiciro cy’ubuvanganzo dusangamo nanone imigani miremire nk’uwa Nyanshya na Baba, uw’impara n’imparage uzwi cyane ku izina rya Rugoyigoyi, uwa Rujonjori n’iyindi kandi yose itwereka indangagaciro zo gukurikiza tutibagiwe na kirazira mu muco nyarwanda; cyangwa se imigani migufi nk’iyi ikurikira: Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito, Uwiba ahetse aba abwiriza uwo mu mugongo, Nta mugabo umwe, Abagiye inama Imana irabasanga n’iyindi. Iki kiciro kikaba kibumbatiye umuco n’imitekerereze by’Abanyarwanda ku buryo bwimbitse kuko ari ho bakosoranaga , bagahugurana, bakagirana n’inama mu mvugo ishushanya kandi itatse inganzo. Aha ni na ho bagiraga bati: “Abwirwa benshi akumva beneyo”.

Muri ubu buvanganzo bwo muri rubanda dusangamo n’ibisakuzo aho umwe agira ati : “Sakwe sakwe” undi ati: “Soma”. Ati: “Nagutera icyo utazi utabonye”, undi akakica agira ati: “Ubukumi bwa so na nyoko”; undi na we ati: “Cya mutimbutimbu cya mutimburandwanyi” na we akakica agira ati: “Ikirungurira” bagakomeza muri uwo mukino wo gufindura. Habamo kandi n’indirimbo, ibihozo, n’ibindi bitandukanye.Ikindi gice cy’ubu buvanganzo kuri ubu tugisanga mu buvanganzo nyandiko aho benebwo babuhimba banabwandika, ariko bukaba bugenewe umuryango muri rusange w’abantu by’umwihariko Abanyarwanda, butari umwihariko w’ikiciro runaka cyonyine. Ubu buvanganzo bwo ababuhimbye akenshi baramenyekana. Aha twavuga nk’imivugo n’indirimbo binyuranye, amakinamico yaba ahita ku maradiyo, ku matereviziyo, ndetse n’akinirwa ku rubuga abantu bihera ijisho imbonankubone.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Vuga abo ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda bugenewe.

2. Rondora zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvangazo bwo muri rubanda zavuzwe mu mwandiko utange n’ingero nibura ebyiri kuri buri yose.

3. Garagaza uburyo ubu buvanganzo bwifashisha ngo bugere ku bo bugenewe.

4. Erekana nibura ingeso eshatu zavuzwe mu mwandiko zigaragara mu bitekerezo byo muri rubanda uvuge n’abo zivugwaho.

5. Vuga insigamigani eshatu zavuzwe mu mwandiko utange n’izindi eshatu waba uzi zitavuzwemo.

6. Ni iki cyavuzwe ku ndangagaciro na kirazira by’umuco nyarwanda muri uyu mwandiko?

7. Ni iyihe ngeri y’ubuvanganzo yavuzwe ko ibumbatiye imitekerereze y’Abanyarwanda. Tanga ingero eshatu zayo ziri mu mwandiko n’izindi eshatu zitari mu mwandiko.

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Ubuvanganzo

b) uruhererekane munwa-gutwi

c) gukusanyad) rubanda

e) zirenguriraho

f ) ikirungurira.

III. Imyitozo yo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe arakoresha neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye

1. Koresha aya magambo dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro wihimbiye:

a) Ishushanya

b) Itatse inganzo

c) Rusange

d) Zitubuza

e) Bwimbitse.

2. Huza amagambo yo mu ruhushya A n’ibisobanuro byatanzwe bijyanye no yo mu ruhushya B

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

2. Garagaza ingingo ndangamuco n’ingingo ndangamateka zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko?

3. Uyu mwandiko uhuriye he n’ubuzima busanzwe bw’Abanyarwanda?

V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe arabwira abandi ibyo yungutse n’ibyo azi ku muco nyarwanda, ku bukwe no ku buvanganzo nyarwanda.

Geza kuri bagenzi bawe ibyo wungutse ndetse n’ibyo uzi ku buvanganzo nyarwanda.

Igitekerezo: Binego bya Kajumba

Binego bya Kajumba mwene Ryangombe rya Babinga mwene Nyundo yabaye aho akura ari umwana w’igihangange cyane. Ubwo buhangange bwe ntibwagombaga kwihishira. Uyu Binego bya Kajumba yakomeje kwibera aho iwabo ariko akomeza no kugenda agaragaza amatwara adasanzwe. Ayo matwara n’ubuhangange bitihishiriye cyangwa ngo bihere yabigaragarije mu bintu bitandukanye.

Reka se umubyara Ryangombe rya Babinga mwene Nyundo azabyukane umuhigo. Yari asanzwe azobereye muri uwo mwuga, yambika impigi ze zarimo iyitwa “Uruciye munsi ntamenya ikiruri imbere”, “Bakosha badahannye”, n’izindi. Akora no ku muhigi we Nyarwambari ngo bage guhiga. Nyiraryangombe, nyina wa Ryangombe, akaba yari yarose inyamaswa z’amayobera muri uwo muhigo, zirimo urukwavu rutagira ishyira ku murizo n’impongo y’impenebere, by’umwihariko zigasozerezwa n’imbogo y’ihembe rimwe yigize ingunge mu ishyamba. Ngo yari yanarose umukobwa wari warohewe mu ishyamba kubera gutwara inda y’indaro. Uwo mukecuru kandi ngo yari karosi, agakabya inzozi byahebuje kuko ibyo yarotaga ntakitarasohoraga.

Icyo gitondo yinginga umuhungu we ngo asubike umuhigo, ariko undi aramurahira. Agera nubwo atambika umweko we mu bikingi by’amarembo ngo ataharenga kuko cyaziraga, biranga biba iby’ubusa asimbuka urugo aragenda yanga kumva impanuro. Nyiraryangombe muri bwa buhanuzi bwe n’agahinda kenshi ati: “Mwana wange ururenze ururenze.” Na Nyarwambari umuhigi we ashyiraho ake undi aranga agera naho yenda kumutera icumu undi aramuhunga.

Burya ngo: “Amatwi arimo urupfu ntiyumva” kandi ngo: “Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze no kubona”. Yarahuruye arahutera no mu ishyamba rya Rurengamiganyiro arahiga arahiga; yajya kuvumbura akivumburira za nyamaswa z’amayobera nyina yamubwiye. Birumvikana ko no kuzica bitashobokaga kuko ari impiri, icumu n’ibindi bikoresho byose bageragezaga kuzicisha ngo byifungiraga mu biganza. Yaje kuyobera kuri wa mugore wari warohewe muri iryo shyamba abonye akotsi gacumba, agezeyo bigira mu by’urukundo, dore ko ngo uwayobye atayoba rimwe, asize umuhigi we mu muhigo ngo navumbura inyamaswa y’inkazi amubwire.

Ntibyatinze umuhigi we Nyarwambari yavumbuye imbogo y’ihembe rimwe, ayishumuriza za mpigi zose, iyo yoherejeyo yose akabona inzogera irirenga, abonye ko bikomeye imbogo imaze kuzitsemba ajya gutabaza shebuja. Mu kuza n’igihunga kinshi na za ngeso abyutsemo, agize ngo ariyahura kuri ya mbogo afora umuheto ngo ayikubite umwambi ya mbogo irawugarama, agize ngo ayitere icumu imbogo irarigarama, iramusimbukira imutera ihembe mu nyonga y’itako maze iramukunkumura, imurahira aho bavoma nk’uko nyina yakabivuze imutendeka mu giti cy’umuko ari wo murinzi. Irya mukuru riratinda ntirihera kandi irya mukuru urishima uribonye. Nyarwambari nta kindi yari gukora, yahagaze ku ka rubanda aratabaza abika Ryangombe.

Umuhungu we Binego bya Kajumba ngo arite mu gutwi, nibwo abwiye nyirakuru kumushakira imishandiko ikenda y’itabi ayitekerera icyarimwe, atumura umwotsi umwe amena umuyonga, afata icumu n’umuheto bya se, afata n’inkota yiruka ajya guhorera se mu rya Rurengamiganyiro. Agezeyo asanga imbogo yivuze yivovose yahindurije! Arayisimbukira ayifata ku gakanu ayishinga icumu mu rwano arayigusha, ayikata igihanga akibambisha ku ka rubanda, yurira wa murinzi amanura umurambo wa se aragenda awuhamba iruhande rw’aho yabambye igihanga cya ya mbogo, ageze mu rugo arivuga arivovota kuko ahoreye se Ryangombe ati: “Ni nge Binego bya Kajumba mwene Ryangombe rya Babinga mwene Nyundo”, arangije yicara ku ntebe ya se aratwara. Kandi ngo: “Imfura nzima isubira ku izina rya se”.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Binego bya Kajumba yari mwene nde? Umwuga wa se wari uwuhe?

2. Vuga izina ry’umuhigi wa Ryangombe ugaragaze n’ibitekerezo bye ku muhigo wa shebuja uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko.

3. Umuhigo wa Ryangombe ntiwavugwagaho rumwe n’abantu batandukanye. Abo bantu ni ba nde? Ibitekerezo byabo byabusanaga bitewe n’iki?

4. Sobanura ukuntu inyamaswa Nyiraryangombe yarose zari zidasanzwe. Ese uko kuba zidasanzwe byasuraga iki?

5. Sobanura isano Binego bya Kajumba yari afitanye na Nyiraryangombe. Ese uyu mukecuru hari icyo yamufashije mu rugamba rwo kujya guhorera se? Bisobanure.

6. Mbese uyu mwandiko hari aho ugaragaza amakabyankuru? Byerekanishe ingero.

7. Sobanura uko Binego bya Kajumba yagaragaje ubuhangange ahorera se ku mbogo yari yamwivuganye.

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Impigi

b) Impenebere

c) Gukabya inzozi

d) Impanuro

e) Ururenze ururenze

f ) Yahindurije

g) Iramukunkumura

III. Imyitozo yo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe akoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye.

1. Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro wihimbiye kandi ziboneye

a) Karosi

b) Inzogera irirenga

c) Imurahira aho bavoma

d) Arivovota

e) Umuyonga

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

2. Erekana ingingo z’umuco n’iz’amateka zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko.

3. Uyu mwandiko hari ibikorwa bigaragaza ubutwari waba ugaragaza?

4. Wishyize mu mwanya wa Ryangombe wumva wari gukora iki nyuma y’impanuro z’umubyeyi wavugaga ko yamuroteye nabi?

Igitekerezo

Soma interuro zikurikira nurangiza ugire icyo uzivugaho ugendeye cyanecyane ku magambo yanditse mu nyuguti z’umukara tsiri uyagereranya n’ibibaho mu buzima.

- Mu byo Nyiraryangombe yarotaga ntakitarasohoraga.

- Ari impiri, icumu n’ibindi bikoresho byose bageragezaga kuzicisha ngo byifungiraga mu biganza.

- Imutendeka mu giti cy’umuko ari wo murinzi.

- Imishandiko kenda y’itabi ayitekerera icyarimwe, atumura umwotsi umwe amena umuyonga.

- Arayisimbukira ayifata ku gakanu ayishinga icumu mu rwano arayigusha.

Izi nteruro urazibona ute ugereranyije n’ibintu bibaho mu buzima?

Inshoza y’igitekerezo

Igitekerezo ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo yubakiye ku mwibariro w’ibitangaza bigaragaramo amakabyankuru. Igitekerezo kijya kumera nk’umugani muremure kuko na wo ubamo amakabyankuru n’ibitangaza, ariko mu mugani ibivugwa bibera mu isi y’umugani igizwe n’ibitangaza gusagusa. Mu gihe mu gitekerezo dushobora gusangamo uturango tw’amateka n’ahantu hasanzwe hazwi.

Uturango tw’igitekerezo

Igitekerezo cyo muri rubanda ni ubwoko bw’umwandiko w’ubuvanganzo uteye ku buryo bw’ibarankuru, uvuga ku bantu batabayeho cyangwa bashobora kuba barabayeho mu muryango rusange w’abantu. Uvuga ibyababayeho ariko ukagenda wongeramo n’amakabyankuru menshi. Umutekereza agerageza kunoza no kuryoshya imvugo akoresha kugira ngo abo agezaho igitekerezo bamutege amatwi bashishikaye. Amakabyankuru yo mu gitekerezo agaragarira mu bikorwa bivugwamo, mu bantu ndetse n’aho ibyo bikorwa byabereye, hashobora kuba hazwi muri uwo muryango uvugwamo iyo nkuru.

Ingero z’ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda:

- Igitekerezo cya Ndabaga

- Igitekerezo cya Ngunda

- Igitekerezo cya Semuhanuka

- Igitekerezo cya Nyirarunyonga

Imyitozo

1. Shaka mu mwandiko izindi nteruro zigaragaza ko umwandiko ari igitekerezo.

2. Tanga ibindi bitekerezo byo muri rubanda uzi unavuge gato ku bivugwa ku mukinankuru mukuru uvugwamo.

Imigani migufi

Soma interuro zikurikira nurangiza uvuge imiterere yazo ugendeye ku butumwa bukubiyemo.

- “Uwitonze akama ishashi”

- “Ntawuvuma iritararenga”

- “Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze kubona”.

- “Irya mukuru riratinda ntirihera”.

- “Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito”.

- “Abagiye inama Imana irabasanga”.

Urabona izi nteruro zibumbatiye ubuhe butumwa?

Inshoza y’umugani mugufiUmugani mugufi bakunze kuwita kandi umugenurano. Umugani mugufi ni imvugo ikoresha amagambo make, nyamara igisobanuro ari kirekire kandi kirimo ubutumwa ku buryo bw’amarenga, impanuro n’inyigisho zitandukanye. Umugenurano ugizwe n’imvugo izimije kandi ishushanya, ku buryo kugira ngo uwumve; uburyo bwa mbere bisaba kubanza kumva neza amagambo yose awugize, uburyo bwa kabiri bikaba kumva imvugo shusho iba yakoreshejwe. Ngo umugani ungana akariho. Ni ukuvuga ko abaca umugani babiterwa n’ibyo babona cyangwa babamo umunsi ku wundi.

Ubutumwa bukubiye mu mugenurano, buba bugamije kugira inama uwo bugenewe mu rwego rwo kumwereka ibyamugirira nabi ngo abyirinde, ibyo yakoshejemo ngo yikosore cyangwa se ibikwiye gukorwa bakamuhanura, bamukangurira kubyitabira. Iyi ngeri y’ubuvanganzo ikubiyemo ubuhanga buhanitse bw’imikoreshereze y’ururimi, bugaragaza gukeneka ururimi ndetse n’umuco wa ba nyirarwo.

Muri uyu mugenurano: “Usuzugura agafu kakakujyana ku mugezi” uwashaka kuwumva neza agomba kubanza kwiyumvisha icyo ariya magambo ane (gusuzugura, ifu, kujya, ku mugezi) awugize asobanuye. Hanyuma kumva icyo bagenuriraho ni ukugerageza kumva imvugo ishushanya yakoreshejwe, kuko niba ugomba kuvuga umutsima, naho agafu kaba gake, adafite amazi wabigenza ute? Kabe gake cyangwa kenshi ni ngombwa ngo uge kuvoma amazi. Uyu mugani wawucira umuntu ubona ko ashaka kugira ibintu adaha agaciro bikwiye mu buzima.

Uturango tw’umugani mugufi:

- Umugani mugufi ukoresha amagambo make atarenze interuro imwe.

- Umugani mugufi ukoresha imvugo igenura, ikosora, ihanura, yigisha, iburira.

- Umugani mugufi ugira igisobanuro shusho ukanagira igisobanuro gishingiye ku magambo awugize.

- Umugani mugufi ukoresha imvugo yuje ikeshamvugo

Ingero z’imigani migufi:

- Uwitonze akama ishashi.

- Amatwi arimo urupfu ntiyumva.

- Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze kubona.

- Irya mukuru riratinda ntirihera.

- Abwirwa benshi akumva beneyo.

Ingero z’imigani migufi isobanuye:

1. Umwanzi agucira icyobo Imana igucira icyanzu (Umwanzi agucira akobo Imana igucira akanzu): birumvikana ko umuntu anyuze hejuru y’icyobo yagwamo akaba yapfa. Bishatse kuvuga ko kuba umwanzi akwifuriza ibibi ari byo bigereranywa na cya cyobo. Mu gihe icyanzu cyo ari akayira kaba kinjira mu rugo ariko atari mu buryo bwa rusange. Ni akayira gakunze no kuba ari gato kaba kagenewe bene urugo bonyine. Imana rero igafatwa nk’umutabazi utabura uko agenza, ku buryo igihe wa mwanzi uguhiga yaguteze imitego igereranywa na cya cyobo Imana yo igushakira inzira yo kugutabariramo igereranywa na cya cyanzu.

2. Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito: ubusanzwe abamenyere iby’ubuhinzi babona ko iyo ushaka kugira isura runaka uha igiti ugomba kubikora kikiri gito kitarakomera ngo kigagare; iyo bitabaye ibyo kikamara gukomera cyane iyo bakigoroye kiravunika. Iyo baca uyu mugani rero baba bagereranya igiti n’umwana bakaba bashaka kuvuga ko umwana ahabwa uburere akiri muto atararengerana. Ibyo bituma akurira muri wa murongo mwiza yatojwe hakiri kare; bitaba ibyo rero ukaba utamukosora yararangije kwangirika. Aha akaba ari na ho bahera bagira bati: “Ntawuhana uwahanutse”.

Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda ifatiye ku ngigo zinyuranye zo mu buzima: umuntu yavuga nk’ubupfura, ubuzima n’urupfu, uburezi n’uburere, ubucuti n’ubufatanye, imico n’imyifatire, inkomoko, inka, ibidukikije n’izindi. Hari n’imigani imwe n’imwe usanga ihuza ingingo zirenze imwe.

Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda ifatiye ku ngingo zinyuranye zo mu buzima busanzwe: umuntu yavuga nk’ ubupfura, ubuzima n’urupfu, uburezi n’uburere, ubucuti n’ubufatanye, imico n’imyifatire, inkomoko, inka, ibidukikije n’izindi. Hari n’imigani imwe n’imwe usanga ihuza ingingo zirenze imwe.

Dore ingero z’imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda ifatiye kuri zimwe muri izo ngingo

Ubupfura

Aho imfura zisezeraniye ni ho zihurira.

Imfura ishinjagira ishira.

Imfura igwa mu mfuruka.

Ubukungu ntibukura ubukuru.

Ubuzima n’urupfu

Amagara araseseka ntayorwa.

Ubwenge si ubugingo umupfumu ntiyapfuye.

Indishyi y’urupfu ni ukubyara.

Ntarutamburira imfusha.

Urucira mukaso rugatwara nyoko.

Inkware y’inyabugingo itora mu itongo ry’uwayihigaga.

Aho umwana ashishiye ni ho atetera.

Uburezi n’uburere

Uburere buruta ubuvuke.Ubwenge burarahurwa.

Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito.Umwana apfa mu iterura.

Utaganiriye na se ntameya icyo sekuru yasize avuze.

Ubucuti n’ubufatanye

Inshuti iruta inshuro.

Abagiye inama Imana irabasanga.

Ababiri bishyize hamwe baruta umunani urasana.

Agasaza kamwera akandi kuzakamwa.

Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge.

Gira so yiturwa indi.

Imico n’imyifatire

Izina ni ryo muntu.

Kora ndebe iruta vuga numve.

Umwana murizi ntakurwa urutozi.

Ihene mbi ntuyizirikaho iyawe.

Hanyurwa umutima inda ni igisambo.

Inkomoko

Inyana ni iya mweru.

Ntayima nyina akabara.

Amata asabwa aho ari.

Nta rutundo rubura indamu.

Mwene samusure avukana isunzu.

Inka

Inka utanze iruta iyo utunze.

Iyanze kuzimira irabira.

Iya babiri ntikobwa.

Agasozi kamanutse inka kazamuka umugeni.

Inka imwe itashye iruta ijana riragurwa.

Ibidukikije

Akarenze impinga karushya ihamagara.

Isuri isambira byinshi igasohoza bike.

Inkunguzi y’inkware ishoka agaca kayireba.

Nta nkuba ikubita umunyabugingo.

Akagozi kaziritse ku nkuru bijyana mu nkono

Ntawutinya ishyamba atinya icyo bahuriyemo.

Inyamaswa idakenga yishwe n’umututizi.

Igiti kimwe si ishyamba.Inkware yicwa n’abarebyi.

Igikoba kikururiye ikara.

Ikoranabuhanga cyangwa itangazamakuru.

Akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenya iyo uburo bweze.

Inkuru mbarirano iratuba.Uruvuga undi ntirugorama.

Imburagihana yabuze gihamba.

Wanga kumvira so na nyoko, ukumvira ijeri.

Nyamwangakumva ntiyanze no kubona.

Imburagihana yabuze gihamba.

Wanga kumvira so na nyoko, ukumvira ijeri.

Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

Mu matsinda ya banebane muhange umwandiko, ku nsanganyamatsiko mwihitiyemo, wiganjemo imigani migufi hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

Hanga umwandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo, wiganjemo imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda.

Ubukwe bwa Kinyarwanda

Umuhango wabimburiraga iyindi mu bukwe bwa kinyarwanda ni uwo gufata irembo. Intumwa z’iwabo w’umuhungu zajyaga iwabo w’umukobwa bakavuga ko baje gusaba irembo ry’umugeni. Ibi ariko bikaba byarabanjirijwe n’umurimo w’umuranga wabaga yaratanze amakuru yose ku mukobwa ukwiye kubaka urugo, ushimwa mu mico no mu myifatire. Imisango bayishyiraga mu kiganiro kinogeye amatwi, bakajya mu mateka y’uko imiryango isanzwe ibanye neza. Bakavuga ko basanzwe bahana inka n’abageni n’ibindi. Irembo bamara kuryemererwa umushyitsi mukuru agashima, agatanga ikimenyetso k’ifata rembo. Hambere yabaga ari isando yasubizwaga nyuma yo kwakira inkwano, akongeraho ko irembo barikinze kandi ko umusore wabo yiteguye.

Nuko bakanywa bagasabana ndetse n’ibiribwa bikaza. Hambere byari ikizira kikaziririzwa ko umushyitsi mukuru agira icyo arya ataravuga ikimugenza. Nuko bagasezera bagataha hagakurikiraho umunsi w’isaba. Muri kino gihe hari aho gusaba no gukwa bikorwa umunsi umwe. Ni umunsi uba wahuje imiryango yombi noneho umukobwa agatangwa ku mugaragaro. Mu isaba bitwaza isuka, igicuba n’igikoresho cyo kwahira ubwatsi kuko inka zisigaye zororerwa mu kiraro.

Umuhango wo gusaba uryoshywa n’ibiganiro. Mu gusaba no gukwa, ibiganiro byose byabaga byibanda ku muco gakondo w’amahoro warangaga Abanyarwanda n’indangagaciro zawo. Bavugagamo ubusabane bwarangwaga no gusurana, gufashanya no gutabarana mu gihe cy’akaga, bagashyira imbere cyane guhana inka n’abageni. Haba ubwo banyuzamo bagacyocyorana ariko bimwe by’ineza, utabimenyereye akagira ngo umugeni bari bumwimane. Nyamara uhagarariye umuryango w’umukobwa akagera ubwo amutanga ariko akongeraho ko atamutanganye inkwano.

Ubwo rero umuhango ukurikiyeho uba ari uwo gukwa. Umushyitsi mukuru akagira ati: “Nimudukoshe”. Kuva kera rero kugeza n’ubu aho umuco utaracuya, inka ni yo nkwano. Ibyo ntibibuza ko n’amafaranga atangwa aho inzuri zimariye kuba nke mu Gihugu. Iyo uganiriye n’abakuru ariko bakubwira ko n’abageni b’ubuntu bataburaga gutangwa. Bene abo bitwaga abageni b’ineza. Byabaga hake cyane kuko umugabo utarakoye atagiraga ijambo kwa sebukwe. Abana abyaye bakabita ba “nkuri” ntibabaga ari abe kuko iyo umugore yahukanaga ubutazagaruka, yashoboraga kubajyana. Bagakwa rero uko babisabwe n’umuryango maze umukobwa agakunda agaseruka. Iyo yamaraga gushyika mu byicaro, inka batangiraga kuzivuga amazina. Ubundi umugeni akazahekwa agataha k’uwamukunze.

Kera iterambere ritaraza, umunsi w’ubukwe wabanzirizwaga no gutebutsa. Uwo munsi ukaba uwo kuvugana umunsi wo kwitegura umugeni. Ubu amaterefoni yaraje asigaye yihutisha ibintu. Umugeni yararikwaga, maze abakobwa b’inshuti ze na ba nyirasenge bakaza bakajya bamutaramira. Ba nyirasenge babaga ari abo kumuhanura, bakamwigisha uko azita ku mugabo we. Abakobwa bamuririmbiraga zimwe mu ndirimbo z’abageni, yarira bagatera ibihozo.

Ku munsi w’ubukwe nyiri izina, ni ho abantu banywaga bakabyina bakizihirwa. Byabaga ari ibirori bihambaye, abantu bose banezerewe. Muri ibyo birori ni ho bagabiraga urugo rushya. Mu bifite urugo rushya ruhabwa inka, impano zindi na zo zigatangwa hakaba n’ababaha abana babo ho impano bakabaterura akanya gato. Biba ari ikimenyetso cyo kubifuriza kubyara. Ibyo kwambikana umwishywa ubu byasimbuwe no kwambikana impeta.

Umugeni amaze guhekwa agataha ku mukunzi we ibirori by’umunsi byasozwaga no kumutwikurura, ibi bikagenda bitandukana bitewe n’umuco w’agace aka n’aka. Hose ariko mu biherekeza umugeni n’ibimutwikurura habagamo inzoga n’amarwa umubare wabyo ugaterwa n’uko bifite, ngo byashoboraga no kugera kuri mirongo itatu. Bigaherekezwa n’ibiseke n’inkangara by’amafu atandukanye n’ibindi by’imyaka n’imbuto binyuranye. Hari n’ababyitaga ibihembo by’umukwe. Habagamo n’umuhango wo kogosha umugeni amasunzu, umuhungu warongoye akabanza, nyuma nyirabukwe n’abandi bagakomeza amasunzu bakayamaraho barangiza bakanywa bakabyina igitaramo kikarimbanya. Aha ariko na sebukwe w’umugeni akamugabira yaba inka bitaga iy’amasunzu, yaba intama cyangwa ikindi akabona kumukura muri icyo gitaramo.

Ntawakwibagirwa ko nijoro habagaho umuhango wo gukirana no kumara amavuta; uwo wari umukino w’umusore n’umugeni we biherereye. Nyuma y’iminsi mike habagaho umuhango wo gutekesha urugo rushya. Hagati aho ubwo ntibatekaga, bagemurirwaga na baramukazi b’umugeni. Uwo muhango wabagamo kubaterera amashyiga bakazana inkono n’ikibindi cyo kuvomesha ndetse n’uruho rwo kudaha amazi, bakarika umutsima, ahenshi wabaga ari uw’uburo. Umugabo na nyirabukwe w’umugeni bakamufasha kuvuga umutsima, bakawurisha ibishyimbo by’umubaga. Abari aho bose bakaryaho, barangiza buri wese ufite icyo atekesha akagitanga, yaba amatungo cyangwa ibikoresho.

Kuri ubu twavugako imihango y’ubukwe kwa Kinyarwanda, ikorwa ariko ugasanga igenda itandukana n’uko hambere yakorwaga. Impamvu ni nyinshi, zirimo ahanini gushaka kujyana n’igihe, ubundi ugasanga umukwe n’umugeni barihuje nta muranga, amikoro nayo rimwe na rimwe ugasanga aratera bamwe gukora ubukwe bya nyirarureshwa, tutibagiwe n’amadini cyangwa amatorero y’inzaduka nayo yadukana ibyayo n’ibindi. Gusa ubukwe ni bwiza buhuza imiryango ikungana amaboko igashyigikirana ikagira ubumwe.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Umuranga yari muntu ki?

2. Vuga akamaro k’umuranga mu gihe cyashize no muri iki gihe tugezemo.

3. Ufatiye ku mwandiko, vuga nibura imihango itatu ya ngombwa yo mu bukwe bwa kinyarwanda.

4. Ufatiye ku mwandiko n’ibyo ubona muri iki gihe, ni uwuhe muhango utagikorwa muri iki gihe?

5. Vuga imihango y’ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda ishobora kubera umunsi umwe.

6. Mu bukwe nyarwanda bw’iki gihe ni iyihe mihango ubona idashobora kubera umunsi umwe? Sobanura impamvu.

7. Garagaza ababaga hafi y’umugeni mu gitaramo cy’ubukwe n’inshingano zabo muri icyo gihe.

8. Sobanura mu buryo bwimbitse ibijyanye n’umuhango w’itekesha

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Gufata irembo

b) Gucyocyorana

c) Utaracuya

d) Amarwa

e) Guheka umugeni

2. Shaka impuzanyito z’aya magambo akurikira:

a) Wabimburiraga

b) By’ineza

c) Gusurana

3. Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo akurikira:

a) Kuryemererwa

b) Kudaha

c) Akaga

III. Imyitozo yo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe akoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye

1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye:

a) Igicuba,

b) Kwarika umugeni

c) Kumuhanura

d) Abantu bifite

2. Uzurisha interuro zikurikira amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo dusanga mu mwandiko:

a) Mu misango y’ubukwe bavuga ko baje gusaba irembo rya.......

b) Iyo basaba umugeni bakoresha ikiganiro....... amatwi.

c) Byari ikizira....... ko usaba umugeni arya ataravuga ikimugenza.

d) Mu muhango w’itekesha ahenshi bagabura umutsima w’.......

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

2. Vuga ingingo z’umuco w’Abanyarwanda usanze muri uyu mwandiko.

3. Ku bwawe wumva imihango y’ubukwe ifite akahe gaciro ku mukwe n’umugeni ndetse no ku babyeyi?

V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro:

Mu matsinda mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

Kungurana ibitekerezo ku ngingo zikurikira:

– Hari ubukwe waba waragiyemo bagacyocyorana? Muri icyo gihe wumvaga umeze ute? Kuri ubu ubona hari icyo bikimaze?

– Mu bukwe bwa kinyarwanda hari igihe umugeni yatangirwa ubuntu. Wunganiranye na bagenzi bawe ibi wabivugaho iki?

Ikinyazina nyereka n’ikinyazina mbanziriza

Ikinyazina Nyereka

Soma interuro zikurikira nurangiza uzitegereze neza hanyuma uvuge icyo ubona amagambo yanditse mu nyuguti z’umukara tsiri akoramo.

- Muri iki gihe n’ibiribwa biraza.

- Muri kino gihe hari aho gusaba no gukwa bigendera hamwe.

- Bene abo bitwaga abageni b’ineza.

- Nyuma y’ibyo iyo imihango itabereye rimwe, haba hatahiwe gusezerana mu butegetsi.

- Uwo munsi ukaba uwo kuvugana umunsi wo kwitegura umugeni.

- Akabona kumukura muri icyo gitaramo.

- Urya muhigo wahangayikishije Nyiraryangombe.

- Igihanga cya ya mbogo Binego yarakibambye.

- Buriya buryo bwo kurambagirizwa n’umuranga bugenda bucika.

Aya magambo iki, kino, abo, ibyo, uwo, icyo, urya, ya, buriya ni amagambo akora ikihe gikorwa mu nteruro?

Inshoza y’ikinyazina nyereka

Ikinyazina ni ijambo rihinduka, ricibwamo uturemajambo. Kijyana n’izina cyangwa kikarisimbura kandi iyo kirisimbuye kikaba gifite umumaro umwe nk’uw’iryo zina. Ikinyazina gishobora kugira indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi, ariko hari n’ikigira indangakinyazina n’igicumbi.

Ikinyazina nyereka ni ikinyazina kerekana izina giherekeje cyangwa kikaryibutsa iyo cyarisimbuye. Ibinyazina nyereka bishobora kwerekana ibintu biri ahantu hatandukanye akaba ari yo mpamvu bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bitandatu bitewe n’aho icyo byerekana giherereye. Hari ibifite ibicumbi ( - no,- o,- riya ,- rya, -âa. Hari n’ikindi gifite igicumbi - φ cyo ku rwego rwa uyu, aba, iki,...)

Uturango tw’ikinyazina nyereka

a) Ikiciro cya mbere Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byerekana ikintu kiri hafi cyane y’abavugana. Ibi binyazina ntibigira igicumbi mu mwanya w’igicumbi bakoreshwa ikimenyetso “φ”. Intego mbonera zacyo ni indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi(φ). Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu buryo: D – RkZ – φ.

Ingero:

- Ubu bukwe burashyushye.

- Butwiriyeho tukiri muri iri twikurura.

- Aba bageni baraberewe.

- Sindabona ibirori byiza nk’ibi.

b) Ikiciro cya kabiri Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byerekana ikintu kiri hafi y’uvuga. Ibi binyazina bigira igicumbi –no. Intego mbonera zacyo ni indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (-no). Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu buryo: Rkz – C

Ingero:

- Kino gihe turimo imisango y’ubukwe yarahindutse.

- Nimukora ubukwe muzazinduke nka bano bageni.

- Hano hantu hatatse neza.

c) Ikiciro cya gatatu Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byerekana ikintu kiri hafi y’uwo babwira. Ibi binyazina bigira igicumb – o. Intego mbonera zacyo ni indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (-o). Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu buryo: D – Rkz – C

Ingero:

- Uzanyengere ikigage nk’icyo.

- Aho hantu muhategure neza ubukwe butungane.

- Abanyarwanda ba kera bashimishwaga n’izo ndirimbo.

d) Ikiciro cya kane Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byerekana ikintu kitaruye abavugana bombi. Ibi binyazina bigira igicumbi – riya. Intego mbonera zacyo ni indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (- riya). Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu buryo: Rkz – C.

Ingero:

- Iriya migani migufi ikwiye kwigishwa urubyiruko.

- Urabona kuriya kuntu abaherekeza b’abageni bambaye!

- Uriya mwana agira umuco mwiza.

e) Ikiciro cya gatanu Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byibutsa ikintu abavugana baba basanzwe baziranyeho cyangwa se nanone baba barigeze kuvuganaho. Ibi binyazina bigira igicumbi –rya. Intego mbonera zacyo ni indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (- rya). Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu buryo: Rkz – C

Ingero:

- Urya murima nabonye wera nibawugurisha uzawugure.

- Irya mbogo yishe Ryangombe yashoboraga kuyirinda.

- Uzanyigishe ikivugo nka kirya cyawe.

f ) Ikiciro cya gatandatu Kigizwe n’ibinyazina byibutsa ikintu abavugana baba barigeze kuganiraho cyangwa kubonera hamwe. Ibi binyazina bigira igicumbi –âa. Intego mbonera zacyo ni indangakinyazina n’igicumbi (-âa). Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu buryo: Rkz – C

Ingero:

- Bya binyobwa batwakirije byari bifutse.

- Tuzasubukura gahunda ya bwa bukwe ryari?

- Sinzibagirwa cya gitekerezo twize ubushize.

Intego y’ikinyazina nyereka

Intego y’ikinyazina nyereka muri rusange igizwe n’uturemajambo tubiri ari two indangakinyazina n’igicumbi; icyakora ibinyazina byo mu kiciro cya mbere bigira indomo n’indangakinyazina n’igicumbi -φ naho ibyo mu kiciro cya gatatu bikagira uturemajambo dutatu ari two indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi.

Dore zimwe mu ngero z’ibinyazina nyereka zisesenguye mu nteko zimwe na zimwe:

Imbonerahamwe y’ibinyazina nyereka

Umwitozo ku binyazina nyereka:

Mu matsinda ya babiribabiri, mutahure mu mwandiko ibinyazina nyereka mubiceho akarongo, mugaragaze uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi, munakoreshe ibinyazina nyereka mu nteruro ziboneye.

Umwandiko: Buzataha

Uyu ni umwaka wa gatatu tubaye inshuti izi z’amagara. Uriya mwaka washize twari twifuje kwereka ababyeyi bacu iyi myiteguro yo kurushinga. Amahirwe ariko ntiyadusekeye kubera iriya nkenya y’impanuka yampungabanyirije umukunzi. Nyamara urya munsi twari twaraye tuvuganye ko aba yihanganye ntagire aho ajya kuko impanuka zarimo zica ibintu. Uwo munsi w’inkuru y’inshamugongo nari naraye nabi ibi rwose biteye ubwoba.

Icyakora ubwo yakize ngiye kumubwira twihutishe ubukwe bwacu iriya minsi mikuru yegereje ntizaducike. Ko mukunda se kandi n’ababyeyi bacu bakabishima; Imana yacu yo izabura ite kudushyigikira kandi twarayubahishije ntitwiyandarike nk’ab’iki gihe bamwe bajya bashaka guta umuco wacu?

Ibibazo ku mwandiko

1. Erekana ibinyazina nyereka muri uyu mwandiko ubicaho akarongo unagaragaze intego yabyo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.

2. Mukoreshe ibi binyazina nyereka mu nteruro ziboneye:

a) Abo        b) Buriya

c) Zirya      d) Harya

e) Runo      f ) ba

Ikinyazina mbanziriza

Soma uzi nteruro nurangiza witegereze neza amagambo yanditse mu nyuguti z’umukara tsiri uvuge uko ubona yitwaye mu nteruro:

- Byari ikizira ko umushyitsi mukuru agira icyô arya ataravuga ikimugenza.

- Hari ahô basaba bakanakwera rimwe.

- Buri wese ufite icyô atekesha akagitanga.

- Nguko ukô bigenda naho ukô byagenze ibara umupfu.

Aya magambo: icyô, ahô, ukô urabona yitwaye ate mu nteruro?

Inshoza y'ikinyazina mbanziriza

Ikinyazina mbanziriza gihagararira izina ryagombye kuba icyuzuzo k’inshinga. Mu mikoreshereze yacyo gifata buri gihe umwanya wacyo imbere y’inshinga ari nayo mpamvu kitwa gutyo.

Uturango tw’ikinyazina mbanziriza

Ikinyazina mbanziriza gisimbura ijambo ribanjirije inshinga. Ibyo bituma rero buri gihe kibanziriza inshinga. Intego yacyo igizwe n’uturemajambo dutatu ari two indomo indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Iki kinyazina gisa n’ikinyazina nyereka gifite igicumbi-o bigatandukanywa n’uko igicumbi cyacyo gihorana isaku nyejuru (-ô) mu gihe icya nyereka cyo gihorana isaku nyesi (-o).

Urugero:

- Uwo mwana nkunda ararwaye (hano “uwo” ni ikinyazina nyereka kibanjirije izina)

- Uwô nkunda ararwaye ( hano “uwô” ni ikinyazina mbanziriza kibanjirije inshinga)

Ingero z’ikinyazina mbanziriza:

- Uwô nkunda ararwaye.

- Umubwire ko izô yakoye zabyaye.

- Abô mwatahiye ubukwe barakeye.

- Ubwô twatashye burahumuje.

Intego y’ikinyazina mbanziriza

Intego y’ikinyazina mbanziriza igizwe n’uturemajambo dutatu ari two indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi - ô. Mu mpine byandikwa muri ubu buryo D – Rkz – C

Dore imbonerahamwe y’ikinyazina mbanziriza n’intego yacyo mu nteko zose.

Umwitozo ku kinyazina mbanziriza:

Mu matsinda ya babiribabiri mutahure mu mwandiko ibinyazina mbanziriza, mugaragaze uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi, munakoreshe ibinyazina mbanziriza mu nteruro ziboneye.

1. Tahura ibinyazina mbanziriza biri mu mwandiko “Binego bya Kajumba” nurangiza ubishakire intego ugaragaza n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.

2. Ishakire interuro zawe umunani zikoreshejwemo ibinyazina mbanziriza mu nteko zinyuranye unagaragaze intego yabyo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.

Ikeshamvugo ku mata, ku nka, ku cyansi no ku gisabo

Nimwitegereze izi nteruro maze muvuge uko amagambo yanditse mu nyuguti z’umukara tsiri yakoreshejwe:

- Ubwo rero umuhango ukurikiyeho uba ari uwo gukwa.

- Kuva kera rero kugeza n’ubu aho umuco utaracuya, inka ni yo nkwano.

- Ibyo ntibibuza ko n’amafaranga atangwa aho inzuri zimariye kuba nke mu Gihugu

- Bene abo bitwaga abageni b’ineza.

- Mu mitako yo mu nzu hari aho usanga bajishamo n’igisabo.

- Ya nka yakowe mushiki wange yarabyaye none turacyanywa umuhondo.

- Abagikurikiza umuco wa kera bakosha ibyansi akaba ari byo bakamisha amata.

Mubonye aya magambo: gukwa, inkwano, inzuri, abageni b’ineza, bajishamo, umuhondo, bakosha yakoreshejwe ate muri izi nteruro?

Inshoza y’ikeshamvugo

Ikeshamvugo nkuko ijambo ubwaryo ribivuga ni ugukesha imvugo bisobanuye kunoza imvugo. Ikeshamvugo rero ni uburyo bwo gukoresha amagambo yabugenewe ku bintu cyangwa ibikoresho runaka mu buryo bwo kunoza imvugo. Ni ha handi bagira bati: “Ntibavuga..., bavuga...”. Abanyarwanda bakunze gukoresha ubu buhanga ku buryo utabimenyereye ashobora gusigara asiganuza.

Dore ingero z’amagambo y’ikeshamvugo akoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda ku mata, ku nka, ku cyansi no ku gisabo.

Umwitozo ku ikeshamvugo

Mu matsinda ya banebane mutahure mu nteruro no mu mwandiko, amagambo yabugenewe avuga ku mata, ku nka, ku cyansi no ku gisabo. Mukorere mu matsinda kandi mushake andi magambo yabugenewe maze muhurize hamwe amagambo yavuye mu matsinda, munayakoreshe mu nteruro.

1. Erekana amagambo y’ikeshamvugo akoreshwa ku magambo akurikira nurangiza uyakoreshe mu nteruro ziboneye:

a) Ku nka:

- Guha inka akanyana yonsa atari akayo

- Kuba yenda kubyara imeze nk’iri ku nda

- Utwatsi bahanaguza inka- Gusubira kurisha ku gasozi kw’inyana

- Amase y’umutavu.

b) ku mata:

- Kuvangura amata n’amavuta bamaze gucunda

- Amata bakuyemo amavuta

- Amata inka ikamwe ubwa kabiri bashubijeho inyana.

2. Nimukorere mu matsinda maze mushake andi magambo y’ikeshamvugo atanu ku mata no ku gisabo n’andi icumi ku nka tutavuze maze muyakoreshe mu nteruro ziboneye.

3. Soma umwandiko ukurikira hanyuma utahuremo amagambo yabugenewe akoreshwa ku mata, ku nka no ku cyansi cyangwa ku gisabo unavuge icyo asobanura.

Umwandiko: Iwacu zirakamwa

Tumaze iminsi twifashe neza twinywera umuhondo. Ndavuga uwo dukama mu ishyo ririmo n’indongoranyo y’iyakowe mushiki wange. Iyo umwungeri wazo yinikije ni nge uba hafi ngo nimire inyanya itamukoma akayabogora, nkaba nyihanaguza inkuyo nayishakiye. Mu gukora uwo murimo ariko mba nitegereza uko avuruganya, yarangiza akampereza iyo nshyushyu mu cyansi gikeye kuko kiba cyogeshejwe imonyi nziza. Ubwo ngakuraho menshi mu gikombe andi nkayabuganiza mu gicuba. Ubwo nkarekura inyana ikonka akanya gato agakama amarindira. Ni intyoza cyane mu gukama; sindabona na rimwe akama amatembankokora cyangwa ngo mbone igitotsi mu yo yakamye. Iyo ahumuje inyana nyijyana mu ruhongore. Birumvikana ko ayo duteretse dutegereza kuyanywa yabaye ikivuguto kuko amirire n’umubanji tutayakunda. Iyo tumaze guhumuza cyangwa gusobanura amata, ibyansi n’ibisabo birozwa, bikoswa bikajishwa cyangwa bigaterekwa ku ruhimbi. Iyo bikuze bakosha ibindi bikazana n’injishi zabyo kuko umwuga w’ubworozi tuwukunda cyane.

Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa gatanu

Muri uyu mutwe twasesenguye imyandiko ivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko y’umuco nyarwanda. Twabonye ko umuco nyarwanda ukwiye gukomeza gusigasirwa. Twabonye ko Abanyarwanda bisanzuriraga mu buvanganzo bwo muri rubanda kandi bakanyuzamo ubutumwa bwo guhugurana no kugirana inama. Mu bijyanye n’umuco kandi twarebye n’uko ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda bwagendaga.

Twasesenguye ibijyanye n’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda tubona ko igitekerezo cyo muri rubanda ari ubwoko bw’umwandiko w’ubuvanganzo uteye ku buryo bw’ibarankuru, uvuga ku bantu batabayeho cyangwa bashobora kuba barabayeho mu muryango rusange w’abantu, ukabavugaho ibyababayeho ariko ukagenda wongeramo n’amakabyankuru menshi. Twabonye kandi ko imigani migufi ari interuro zigizwe ahanini n’amagambo make ariko akubiyemo ubutumwa bwinshi mu buryo bw’amarenga ari na yo mpamvu bamwe bayita imigenurano.

Si ibyo gusa, mu kibonezamvugo twabonye ko ikinyazina nyereka ari ikinyazina kerekana izina giherekeje cyangwa kikaryibutsa iyo cyarisimbuye. Intego yacyo muri rusange igizwe n’uturemajambo tubiri ari two indangakinyazina n’igicumbi; icyakora hari n’ibigira indomo n’indangakinyazina naho ibindi bikagira uturemajambo dutatu ari two indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Ikindi twabonyemo ni ikinyazina mbanziriza gisimbura ijambo ribanjirije inshinga. Intego yacyo igizwe n’uturemajambo dutatu ari two indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi.

Twabonye ko ikeshamvugo ari uburyo bwo gukoresha amagambo yabugenewe ku bintu cyangwa ibikoresho runaka mu buryo bwo kunoza imvugo aho bagira bati: “Ntibavuga..., bavuga...”. Ikeshamvugo ryibanze ku mata,ku nka, ku cyansi no ku gisabo.

Iby’ingenzi nshoboye:

- Gusesengura igitekerezo cyo muri rubanda no kuvuga nkoresha neza imigani migufi n’amagambo yabugenewe avuga ku mata, ku nka, ku cyansi no ku gisabo.

- Gusesengura ibinyazina nyereka n’ibinyazina mbanziriza no kubikoresha mu nteruro.

Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu

Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

Umwandiko: Bimwe mu biranga umuco nyarwanda

Umuco nyarwanda ugizwe n’urusobe rw’ibintu byinshi. Twavuga nk’ururimi ari na rwo ngobyi yawo, imigenzo n’imihango, imitekerereze n’imyemerere tutibagiwe n’imibereho y’Abanyarwanda ya buri munsi. Mu bigize ururimi, ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda ni bwo bisanzuriramo ku buryo busesuye, mu ngeri zabwo zinyuranye nk’imigani migufi, imigani miremire, ibisakuzo, insigamigani, indirimbo, imbyino, ibihozo, ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda n’ahandi.

Mu mihango inyuranye, usanga bazobereye mu gukesha imvugo nko mu misango y’ubukwe aho usanga basa n’abacyocyorana; nk’umusaza usabwa umugeni akihorera ati: “Umukobwa wacu yagiye mu kibikira”, ubundi ati: “Mu bo mwazanye harimo uwaduhemukiye” n’ibindi. Usaba iyo atari inararibonye akahasebera kuhikura bikagomba abunganizi. Usaba iyo ari umuhanga hari ubwo agira ati: “Biri amahire n’ubundi n’umusore wacu akubutse mu gifurere”, akungamo ati: “Ubwo rero ‘ibisa birasabirana’, n’ubundi naje nzi ko ari ukwisanga.”

Iyo bajya kwemera bazana agakobwa k’inshuke bati: “Umugeni wadusabye ni uyu”. Undi na we akaba yagira ati: “Nshimye ko muri ba maboko atanga ataziganya”, agashima ko ari uje gutinyisha. Hari n’ubwo bazana agakecuru kashizemo amenyo bati: “Ni uyu”. Barakomeza bakagoragoza ariko amaherezo bakemera. Gusa akagira ati: “Umwana wacu ni Mutumwinka cyangwa Mukobwajana n’ayandi mazina menshi agusha ku nka. Abashyitsi bose bari aho amashyi ngo: “kacikaci”!

Inka yagiraga uruhare mu gukwa no mu buzima bw’Abanyarwanda igahabwa agaciro kurusha andi matungo. Umuco wo guhana abageni wajyanaga no guhana inka. Umuntu yahaga undi inka bakaba inshuti zikomeye ndetse uwagabiwe akajya yirahira shebuja. Uwavuga ku nka rero ntiyabura kwibutsa ko Abanyarwanda ari intyoza mu gukoresha ikeshamvugo ku nka n’amata yayo tutibagiwe n’ibikoresho bikoreshwa nk’igisabo, icyansi n’ibindi. Mu kuvuga ibyerekeye ku nka agakoresha imvugo ya gihanga ikoresha amagambo arobanuye atari aya rubanda rwa giseseka.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

1. Vuga ibintu nibura bine mu bigize umuco nyarwanda bivugwa mu mwandiko.

2. Sobanura ukuntu ururimi ari ingobyi y’umuco.

3. Vuga igice cy’ururimi Abanyarwanda bisanzuriramo cyane cyavuzwe mu mwandiko usobanure n’impamvu.

4. Tanga urugero rwo gucyocyorana mu zavuzwe mu mwandiko.

5. Rondora ingero enye z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda zavuzwe mu mwandiko wongereho n’izindi waba uzi.

6. Erekana amazina ari mu mwandiko aganisha ku nka utage n’andi waba uzi mu muco nyarwanda.

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

a) Urusobe

b) Inararibonye

c) Ukwisanga

d) Ataziganya

e) mukobwajana.

2. Shaka impuzanyito z’aya magambo:

a) Ntawasiga

b) Gukesha

c) Abunganizi

3. Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo:

a) Umusore

b) Migufi

c) Umuhanga

III. Ubuvanganzo n’ ikibonezamvugo

1. a) Vuga ibintu bitatu biranga igitekerezo cyo muri rubanda utange n’ingero ebyiriz’ibitekerezo.

b) Tanga inshoza y’umugani mugufi nurangiza utange ingero eshanu z’imigani migufi unavuge muri make ubutumwa bukubiyemo.

2. Garagaza ibinyazina nyereka biri muri izi nteruro unabishakire intego ugaragaza n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.

a) Aha ariko na sebukwe w’umugeni akamugabira.

b) Akabona kumukura muri icyo gitaramo.

c) Uwo wari umukino w’umusore n’umugeni we biherereye.

d) Muri ibyo birori ni ho bagabiraga urugo rushya.Uwo muhango wabagamo kubaterera amashyiga.

e) Ibi bikagenda bitandukana bitewe n’umuco w’agace aka n’aka.

IV. Ihangamwandiko

1. Hanga umwandiko utarengeje imirongo mirongo itatu, uvuga ku muco nyarwanda wibande ku gukoresha ikeshamvugo.