Kinyarwanda

Ndabaramukije bari b’u Rwanda

Ndabaramukije bari b’u Rwanda. Ndagira ngo tuganire ku mibereho yaranze umwari w’u Rwanda mu gihe cyo hambere, ndetse tunarebere hamwe uko muri iki gihe uburinganire bw’ibitsina byombi bwifashe mu mashuri.

Hambere umwari na nyina bari barimwe agaciro bagombwa, ntawaserukaga ngo afate ijambo mu ruhame. Abagiraga amahirwe yo kujya ahabona boherezwaga mu mirima guhinga. Abantu bose bumvaga umugore ari uwo guharirwa imirimo yo mu rugo no mu gikoni. N’aho amashuri aziye, umukobwa yoherezwaga kuragira inka ngo ishuri ni iry’abahungu. Abagore n’abakobwa bari barabyakiriye gutyo, bakumva ko ntacyahinduka, mbese ko ari uko Imana yabigennye. Bigumiraga mu rugo ibyo kugenda ngo bamenye iyo bweze bakabiharira basaza babo.

Abakurambere bacu bahaga agaciro umwana w’umuhungu. Ni we waragwaga umutungo, akazungura ababyeyi be iyo babaga bitabye Imana. Ndetse umubyeyi ubyaye abana b’igitsina gore gusa, yashoboraga gufatwa nabi mu muryango azira kutabyara igitsina hungu. Nyamara ntawihitiramo urubyaro, ni impano itangwa n’Imana. Kudaha agaciro umwari na nyina, byamaze igihe kirekire cyane haba mu Rwanda no mu mahanga. Ndetse n’ubu hari benshi batari bumva ko abantu b’ibitsina byombi ari magirirane.

Ibihe biha ibindi! Abagore bageze igihe barahaguruka, baharanira uburenganzira bwabo. Ubu mu Rwanda no mu mahanga ikibazo cy’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’ibitsina byombi, cyarahagurukiwe. Byaragaragaye ko umwana w’umukobwa afite ubushobozi nk’ubw’umuhungu mu mirimo inyuranye nk’ubwubatsi bw’amazu n’imihanda, mu buhinzi n’ubworozi, mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu n’ibindi. Umugore ageze ku ntera ishimishije, bamwe ubu ni abarezi, abandi bafite imyanya ikomeye mu buyobozi bw’igihugu, haba mu buyobozi bwite bwa Leta cyangwa mu nzego z’umutekano, kandi bubahiriza inshingano zabo.

Leta igenda igerageza gukuraho inzitizi zose zasubiza irudubi uburenganzira bw’ umukobwa. Ubu mu Rwanda uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’ibitsina byombi, buhabwa agaciro. Abakobwa n’abahungu bahabwa amahirwe angana, haba mu mashuri, mu mirimo inyuranye, mu kazi gatandukanye ndetse no mu nzego zifata ibyemezo ntabwo igitsina gore gihezwa. Ibyo byatumye u Rwanda ruba ikitegererezo n’intangarugero ku isi, kandi amahanga akora ingendo shuri aje kurwigiraho ibijyanye n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’ibitsina byombi.

Reka dusoze twisabira umwana w’umukobwa aho ava akagera kudacika intege. Ntimugacibwe intege n’abakomeje kubasuzugura ngo ntacyo mushoboye uretse kubyara. Na byo ubwabyo ni inshingano ikomeye iyo ubyaye ukabasha no kurera. Nimwige mushyizeho umwete mwereke abantu ko mushoboye. Isi yose ntizatinda kumenya ko iterambere ry’umuryango burya rishingiye ku mugore. Abareba kure bagira bati : “Uwigishije umugore aba yigishije igihugu.” Banongeraho kandi ngo: “ukurusha umugore aba akurusha urugo”.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Uyu mwandiko uranenga iki muri rusange?

2. Haba hari icyo uyu mwandiko ushima mu myumvire y’abo hambere? Niba gihari ni ikihe?

3. Vuga imigani migufi ibiri iri mu mwandiko ishyigikira iterambere ry’umugore.

4. Vuga ibintu bibiri gusa bigaragara mu mwandiko bigaragaza ikandamizwa ry’umugore mu gihe cyashize?

5. Ni iki kigaragaza ko ubu umugore mu Rwanda yitaweho kurusha mbere? Ifashishe ingero ziri mu mwandiko.

6. Garagaza ahantu havuzwe abana b’abakobwa n’abahungu bahabwa amahirwe angana?

7. Umwandiko usoza usaba abana b’abakobwa iki?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko

a) Ntiyaserukaga

b) Yabigennye

c) Gusubira irudubi

d) Inshingano

2. Tanga amagambo adahuje inyito n’aya akurikira:

a) Gushaka

b) Kugawa

3. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko asobanura kimwe n’aya:

a) Kujugunya

b) Agendeye ubusa

c) Imbogamizi

4. Huza aya magambo ari mu mpushya ebyiri (ijambo n’igisobanuro)

III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi z’ibivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.

2. Ni ikihe kintu wumva cyaba cyaratumaga umwari na nyina badahabwa agaciro bakwiye?

3. Ubu wumva ari he hakwiye gushyirwa imbaraga kugira ngo uburinganire burusheho gutera imbere mu Rwanda?

Umugabo n’umugore baba banganya ubwenge?

Hari ikibazo cyakuruye impaka kuva kera, abantu bibaza ku byerekeranye n’ubwenge bw’umuhungu n’ubw’umukobwa. Bamwe bibaza niba umuhungu yaba arusha umukobwa ubwenge cyangwa se babunganya nk’uko bivugwa mu ihame ry’uburinganire. Inzobere mu by’imitekerereze y’abantu, zabikozeho ubushakashatsi kuva mu kinyejana cya 19 kugeza ubu.

Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko nta tandukaniro rinini riri hagati y’ubwenge bw’umukobwa n’ubw’umuhungu. Ahubwo ngo mu gutinyuka no gushyira mu ngiro ibyo umuntu azi, ni ho abagabo bigaragaza cyane. Ngo abagabo barusha abagore gutinyuka mu mirimo inyuranye. Ibyo byagiye bigaragarira nko mu kazi gasaba gucokoza no guterateranya ibikoresho, aho abagabo bigaragaza cyane. Gusa impamvu yabyo ngo ntabwo izwi neza.

Kuva kera na kare abagabo bakundaga kugenda imihanda yose, ari abahigi abandi bajya guhahira ingo zabo mu gihe k’inzara n’akanda. Bakoraga imitego abandi bakagira ubukorikori bwashoboraga kubahesha amaronko. Ibyo byaba byarakomeje kuba uruhererekane abahungu bakamenya utuntu twinshi tw’ubukorikori dutuma ubwenge bwabo bwaguka. Hari n’abagaragaje ko ubusumbane bwagiye buturuka ku myumvire ya benshi mu babyeyi. Ababyeyi batoza abana b’abahungu imirimo y’ubumenyi ngiro kurusha uko bayitoza abana b’abakobwa n’ubwo imyumvire igenda ihinduka. Iyo bageze ku mirimo isaba ingufu bayiharira abahungu kandi n’abakobwa bayishobora.

Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Amerika ahagana mu 1900 bwagaragaje ko abana b’abakobwa n’abahungu bafite ubushobozi bungana bwo kumva imibare n’andi masomo. Ikibabaje ariko banganya bakiri mu mashuri abanza bigahinduka uko bigira hejuru. Mu bihugu byinshi cyanecyane ibiri mu nzira y’amajyambere, banganya bakiri mu mashuri abanza, bagera mu yisumbuye n’amakuru ugasanga abakobwa bagenda basigara inyuma. Intandaro ni uko hari abakobwa bashaka bakiri bato maze inshingano z’urugo zigatuma badakomeza ngo barangize amashuri yabo. Abandi bakitinya bakumva batsinda gusa amasomo atarimo imibare.

Itandukaniro ry’imitsindire hagati y’abahungu n’abakobwa si kamere. Hamwe na hamwe Itandukaniro rituruka ahanini ku mibereho n’imibanire y’abana mu muryango. Abahungu bakunze kureba amatereviziyo cyane kandi bafata umwanya munini wo gutembera no gukinira hanze bitegereza utuntu n’utundi. Ibyo bituma ubwenge bwabo bushobora kwaguka. Mu gihe abakobwa bo bakunze gufasha ba nyina imirimo yo mu rugo. Abenshi ntibanakunze gutemberezwa nk’abahungu. Ibyo rero usanga bigira uruhare mu mitandukanire ikiboneka.

Aho uburinganire bwatejwe imbere abagore n’abakobwa basigaye bakora imirimo yari yarahariwe abagabo n’abahungu kandi ibyiza by’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ntibitinda kwigaragaza. Byagaragaye ko iterambere riheza bamwe ridashoboka. Aho uburinganire bwimakajwe, nta kibazo cyo kubura abakozi kiboneka kandi n’iterambere ry’umuryango ririhuta. Ubu umukobwa n’umuhungu bafatanyiriza hamwe bagahugurana umwe yacika intege undi akamuzamura. Nta masomo cyangwa imirimo igomba guharirwa abantu aba n’aba.

Muri make rero, abakobwa n’abahungu bashobora kwiga no gukora imirimo imwe baramutse bayitojwe hakiri kare kandi mu buryo bumwe. Ikindi kandi nta terambere ryabaho mu gihe hari uruhande rugikomeje guhezwa. Guheza umugore n’umukobwa kandi bafite ubwenge nk’ubw’umugabo n’umuhungu ni ugutatanya imbaraga, ntibikwiye.

Ibikorwa ku mwandiko

• Mu matsinda ya banebane, musome umwandiko bucece mugerageza gusubiza ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko,munashake ibisobanuro by’amagambo mashya mubona mu mwandiko,hanyuma muze guhuriza hamwe ibyo mwagezeho.

• Umwumwe soma umwandiko uranguruye, usimburana na mugenzi wawe igika ku gika kandi abanyeshuri bose basome.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1. Umwanditsi avuga ko ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije iki?

2. Ubwo bushakashatsi batubwirako bwabereye he?

3. Ni iyihe myumvire itari yo ariko abantu bakomeje gufata nk’ukuri igihe kirekire?

4. Ni iyihe mpamvu ivugwa mu mwandiko ituma abana b’abahungu n’abakobwa batangira bari ku kigero kimwe, bagera hejuru abahungu bagatangira gutsinda kurusha abakobwa?

5. Ni akahe kamaro k’uburinganire kavugwa mu mwandiko?

6. Vuga ingaruka zishobora kuvuka aho ihame ry’uburinganire ritubahirizwa?

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko

a) Intandaro

b) Ubukorikori

c) Amaronko

d) Kwaguka

e) Inzobere

III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

Umunyeshuri umwumwe arakoresha neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye

1. Koresha amagambo umaze gusobanura hejuru mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye.

2. Huza aya magambo ari mu nziga ebyiri zikurikira wubahiriza inyito zayo.

IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Mu matsinda ya banebane muvumbure ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko, musubize n’ibindi bibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho mu matsinda.

1. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.

2. Wowe ukurikije ibyo ubona ku ishuri, haba hari isomo abakobwa n’abahungu badatsinda kimwe? Niba rihari ni irihe? Ese usanga impamvu ari iyihe?

3. Garagaza uburyo urugo rutarimo uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, rutagira iterambere.

Ihangamwandiko: “umwandiko ntekerezo”

Inshoza y’umwandiko ntekerezo

Umwandiko ntekerezo ni umwandiko mpimbano akenshi uvuga ibintu bisanzwe mu buzima. Uwandika umwandiko ntekerezo akenshi ahera ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka akayihuza n’ibyo abona, yumva cyangwa atekereza ko byabaho akabyandika ku buryo uzabisoma yiyungura ubumenyi.

Imyandiko ntekerezo bayita kandi “imyandiko isanzwe”. Yitwa ityo mu rwego rwo kuyitandukanya n’indi myandiko y’ubuvanganzo nk’inkuru, ibiganiro, imivugo n’iyindi. Mu mwandiko ntekerezo umuntu atanga ibitekerezo bye ku nsanganyamatsiko yahawe cyangwa yihitiyemo, maze usoma akaba yabifata nk’ukuri cyangwa akabihakana. Nta minozanganzo myinshi ikunze kubamo.

Imbata y’umwandiko ntekerezo

Umwandiko ntekerezo ndetse n’indi myandiko, bijya gukorwa byabanje gutekerezwaho bigakorerwa imbata. Umwandiko ntekerezo ugomba kuba ufite umutwe kandi ukandikwa mu buryo bugaragara, ugira kandi ibice bitatu by’ingenzi biwuranga ari byo: intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo.

1. Umutwe w’umwandiko

Umutwe w’umwandiko ntekerezo ni nk’ipfundo riba riri bupfungurwe mu mwandiko nyiri izina. Dore ibiranga umutwe w’umwandiko:

a) Umutwe w’umwandiko ugomba kuba witaruye gato ibindi bice by’umwandiko bisigaye.

b) Umutwe w’umwandiko ushobora kwandikwa mu nyuguti nkuru.

c) Umutwe w’umwandiko ucibwaho umurongo

d) Biba byiza cyane iyo umutwe ubaye mugufi. Ni ukuvuga ko uba wanditse mu murongo umwe cyangwa ibiri. Iyo irenze ishobora kwitiranywa n’igika cy’umwandiko.

2. IntangiriroNi igice kibanziriza umwandiko.

Muri iki gice umwanditsi avuga muri make ibyo agiye kwandikaho, agasobanura umutwe mu magambo make cyane. Mu ntangiriro kandi umwanditsi atera amatsiko abasomyi, yibaza ibibazo aba ari busubirize mu gihimba. Akenshi aba ari igika kimwe. Intangiriro igaragaramo ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi ari byo:

a) Gusobanura insanganyamatsiko

b) Kuvuga ikigamijwe mu buryo bushobora kuba ikibazo kiziguye

c) Kugaragaza ingingo nkuru uri buvugeho.

3. Igihimba

Ni cyo gice kinini cy’umwandiko kigaragaramo ibika. Bitewe n’ingingo umwanditsi ari butange, mu gika uwandika asobanura ku buryo burambuye ingingo runaka, akanatanga ingero zifatika zifasha mu gusobanurira no kumara amatsiko umusomyi. Mu gihimba uwandika asobanura ibitekerezo bye mu buryo bunoze kandi akabikurikiranya ku buryo bidatera urujijo. Uwandika ashobora kwifashisha ibyo yasomye, ibyavuzwe n’abahanga cyangwa inararibonye mu byo avugaho. Ibyo bifasha mu kwemeza abasomyi.

4. Umusozo

Umusozo ni igice gisoza. Icyo gice kigaragaramo inshamake y’ibyavuzwe mu mwandiko. Iyo insanganyamatsiko isaba kugaragaza uruhande umwanditsi abogamiyeho ni ho bigaragarira. Mu musozo ni ho umwanditsi ashobora kugira inama yatanga afatiye ku bivuzwe mu mwandiko.

Ibyitabwaho mu guhanga umwandiko ntekerezo

Kugira ngo umwandiko ugire isura nziza, ni ngombwa ko uwandika yita kuri ibi bikurikira:

a) Isuku n’imigaragarire

b) Umwanya iburyo n’ibumoso

c) Gutangira neza ibika no kubahiriza amabwiriza agenga imyandikire

d) Kugena umwanya ukwiye hagati y’umutwe, intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo.

Intambwe z’ingenzi zikwiriye guterwa mu guhimba umwandiko ntekerezo

a) Gutekereza ku nsanganyamatsiko no kuyisobanukirwa neza

b) Gutekereza no kwandika ku ruhande ibitekerezo ku ngingo nkuru uri buvugeho

c) Gukora imbata y’umwandiko

d) Kwandika umwandiko wita ku isuku no ku mabwiriza agenga imyandikire.

e) Gusoma ibyo wanditse ukareba ko hari ibyo waba washyizemo bitari ngombwa cyangwa se ko hari ibyo waba wibagiwe byari ngombwa.

f ) Gukuramo ibitari ngombwa no kongeramo ibibuze

g) Kwandukura ibyo wanditse ku rupapuro mu buryo bufite isuku wita no ku mabwiriza agenga imyandikire.

Umwitozo

Mu matsinda ya babiribabiri mugaragaze imbata y’umwandiko ntekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe.

1. Rondora ingingo zose ushobora kuvuga kuri izi nsanganyamatsiko mu mwandiko ntekerezo:

a) Imyigire y’umwana w’umukobwa yitaweho mu Rwanda

b) Uwigishije umugore aba yigishije igihugu.

Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa gatatu

Imyandiko yose igaruka ku ngingo y’uburinganire. Uburinganire mu mashuri no mu myigire. Havuzwemo imwe mu myumvire ya bamwe, idindiza abagore n’abakobwa ikabasigaza inyuma. Hagaragajwe impamvu hari amasomo abakobwa batinya n’amasomo abahungu bigaragazamo cyane kurusha abakobwa. Impamvu ikomeye yagaragajwe ni imyumvire n’imitekerereze bya bamwe. Benshi bagira imirimo batoza abana b’abahungu n’iyo batoza ab’abakobwa. Hari n’aho akazi aka n’aka gaharirwa bamwe bikagira ingaruka yo kudindiza iterambere. Abana b’abakobwa n’abahungu barashoboye iyo batojwe kimwe.

Mu byingwa bifatiye kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko, twabonyemo ubuhanga bujyanye no guhanga imyandiko ntekerezo. Umwandiko ugira ibice bitatu by’ingenzi ari byo intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo.

Iby’ingenzi nshoboye

- Kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu rungano.

- Kwamagana ubusumbane aho bukiboneka hose no gushishikariza abana b’abakobwa kutitinya bakamenya bashoboye nka basaza babo.

- Guhanga umwandiko ntekerezo nubahiriza imbata yawo.

Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu

Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

Umwandiko: Ishuri ryangiriye umumaro

Nge na musaza wange Rukundo twagize amahirwe angana. Aho gusigara mu rugo mpetse murumuna wange Nyirarugwiro, mukarabya, mugaburira, ntashya inkwi, mvoma amazi cyangwa mperekeza mama mu murima guhinga. Ababyeyi batwohereje mu ishuri twembi ndetse bakajya batuganiriza ku byerekeye amasomo yacu, ibyo dukunda n’ibyo tuzakora. Ntitwavunwe n’imirimo y’imbaraga tudashoboye, ahubwo twafashaga ababyeyi bacu imirimo yoroheje twishimye.

Twize amashuri y’inshuke tukiri bato cyane, dutozwa kandi twigishwa byinshi birimo nko gusuhuzanya, kwihanganirana, gukina na bagenzi bacu, kujya ku karasisi no kwiyereka, kuririmba no gushushanya, kutarizwa n’ubusa n’ibindi. Mu byo badutozaga byose, batumenyerezaga kubahiriza igihe mu byo dukora byose cyanecyane kurangiza imikoro ku gihe, kudakererwa ku ishuri, kudatinda mu nzira dutashye n’ibindi.

Ntibyatinze, nasanze Rukundo mu mashuri abanza. Nari maze gukerebuka, nzi kwandika imibare yose kuva kuri zeru kugera ku ikenda. Bambwiraga ko nzamenya gusoma vuba kuko nk’inyuguti zigize izina ryange nari narazimenye kera. Abumvaga uko mvuga, banavugaga ko nzanadidibuza indimi z’amahanga nk’Igifaransa n’Icyongereza. Kuva mu wa kabiri w’amashuri abanza, nabaye intyoza maze mara no gusoma ibihekane cyangwa kuvuga imivugo mbigira ubufindo. Abarimu banyigishije mu umwaka wa gatandatu bamfashije guhitamo ishuri ryiza nzigamo mu yisumbuye.Ndashimira abanyitangiye bakampa uburere bwiza, abantoje kurangwa n’isuku n’ikinyabupfura, kugira umwete no kwanga umugayo, kubaha bagenzi bange ndetse n’ibyabo. Ubwo bambwiraga ko gukorakora ari ingeso idakwiriye kuranga umunyarwandakazi. Bagiye kenshi bansaba guharanira kujijuka no gukunda Imana yaturemye kuko ari byo shingiro ry’iterambere ku muntu wese aho ava akagera.

Ubu ndi mu mwaka wa kabiri w’amashuri yisumbuye kandi nsinda neza bitangoye. Ikigo nigamo buri gihembwe gihemba abana baje mu myanya ya mbere. Ibihembo mbifata buri gihembwe mbese ntinze kugera mu wa gatatu maze ngahitamo ishami nifuza. Nyampinga, nizeye ejo hazaza heza; nitangira cyanecyane guharanira uburenganzira bw’umwana, ubw’umwari n’umutegarugori. Nzaharanira ko bubahwa, bakajijuka kandi bakagira imyifatire ibereye u Rwanda.

I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

1. Ni nde uvugwa cyane muri uno mwandiko. Yaba ageze mu mwaka wa kangahe?

2. Hariho abana bakoreshwa imirimo ivunanye. Vugamo ibiri waba uzi mu mirimo ivunanye.

3. Umunyeshuri Rukundo uvugwa mu mwandiko apfana iki n’uyu mwana uvugwa mu mwandiko?

4. Ni iyihe nteruro igaragaza ko uyu mwana atari indashima.

5. Kuki uvugwa mu mwandiko ashyize imbere uburere

II. Inyunguramagambo

1. Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko

a) Umwari

b) Gukerebuka

c) Kudidibuza

d) intyoza

e) Nyampinga

III. Ubumenyi rusange bw’ururimi

1. Umwandiko mwiza ugira ibice bingahe? Bivuge?

2. Vuga nibura bibiri mu biranga umutwe w’umwandiko

3. Vuga nibura ibintu bibiri mu by’ingenzi bidakwiriye kubura mu ntangiriro.

IV. Ihimbamwandiko

1. Hitamo imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira, uyiramburemo umwandiko utarengeje imirongo makumyabiri n’itanu, wubahiriza ibiranga umwandiko ntekerezo.

a) Imyigire y’umwana w’umukobwa yitaweho mu Rwanda

b) Uwigishije umugore aba yigishije igihugu.

c) Akamaro k’uburinganire mu iterambere ry’igihugu