Topic outline
- General
- IGICE CYA MBERE : INTANGIRIROIGICE CYA MBERE : INTANGIRIROLabel: 1IGICE CYA MBERE : INTANGIRIRO
1.0 Ibyerekeye iyi nyoborabarezi
Iki gitabo ni inyoborabarezi izafasha umwarimu wigisha isomo ry’ubugeni mu mwaka wa kabiri w’amashuri abanza. Ni igitabo kizafasha umwarimu gushyira mu bikorwa imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi by’umwihariko mu isomo ry’ubugeni. Nk’uko izina ryacyo ribivuga, ni inyoborabarezi yafasha umurezi gutegura amasomo ye. Umwarimu ashobora guhitamo gukoresha urugero rw’imbata y’isomo iri muri iyi nyoborabarezi ariko anitezweho ubushobozi bwo kuba yahanga irenzeho cyangwa akagira ubundi buryo ategura isomo rye bitewe n’imiterere yihariye y’isomo cyangwa y’ishuri.
Imiterere y’inyoborabarezi
Iki gice kiragaragaza imiterere rusange y’iyi nyoborabarezi, imiterere y’umutwe n’imiterere y’isomo byafasha umwarimu kumva uduce dutandukanye tw’iyi nyoborabarezi n’ibyo azagenda ahura na byo muri buri gace.
Imiterere rusange y’inyoborabarezi
Iyi nyoborabarezi igizwe n’ibice bitatu by’ingenzi bikurikira :
Igice cya mbere : Intangiriro
Iki gice kiyobora muri rusange mu guteza imbere ubushobozi nsanganyamasomo, uburyo bwo guhuza ingingo nsanganyamasomo n’isomo, uko umwarimu yafasha abafite ubumuga, kwita ku buryo bw’imyigishirize buha uruhare umunyeshuri wiga isomo ry’ubugeni, n’ibyerekeye isuzuma.
Igice cya kabiri : Urugero rw’imbata y’isomo
Iki gice kiragaragaza urugero rw’imbata y’isomo yateguriwe gufasha umwarimu gutegura izindi mbata z’amasomo.
Igice cya gatatu : Imiterere y’umutwe
Buri mutwe ugizwe n’uduce dukurikira :
Izina ry’umutwe : riboneka mu nteganyanyigisho
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe : buboneka mu nteganyanyigisho
Ubushobozi shingiro (ubumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha)
Aka gace kavuga ku bumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha bigaragara mu mutwe.
Ubushobozi shingiro bugenda bwigaragaza hagati mu mitwe no mu masomo.
Umwarimu azabona ibigaragaza ubushobozi shingiro n’ibyamuyobora mu kubihuza
n’amasomo atandukanye.
Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zigomba kwitabwaho
Aka gace kagena ingingo nsanganyamasomo zishobora kuboneka mu mutwe. Ibiri muri aka gace ni inyunganizi, umwarimu afite uburenganzira bwo gufata iyindi ngingo nsanganyamasomo bitewe n’imiterere y’imyigishirize. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zizitabwaho ni nk’uburinganire bw’ibitsina byombi mu gihe umwarimu akora amatsinda.
Kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro igihe bajya impaka cyangwa bungurana ibitekerezo ku byo bakoze.
Umuco wo kugenzura ko ntaho banduje mu gihe bakoraga, ko ntabikoresho basize byandagaye, ko babisukuye bakanabibika neza.
Ibyerekeye uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Buri mutwe utangirana igikorwa mvumburamatsiko. Mu gutangira umutwe uwo ari wo wose umwarimu agomba kuvumbura amatsiko y’abanyeshuri akabatera inyota yo kumva bashatse kumenya byinshi biwerekeyeho.
Urutonde rw’amasomo
Ni agace kagaragaza imbonerahamwe y’amasomo ari mu mutwe, intego za buri somo ziva mu nteganyanyigisho n’igihe buri somo rizamara. Nyuma y’uru rutonde rw’amasomo umutwe uratangira.
Umusozo wa buri mutwe
Ku musozo wa buri mutwe iyi nyoborabarezi iteganya uduce dukurikira :
• Isuzuma risoza umutwe rigizwe n’ibibazo ku byizwe muri uwo mutwe bigamije gusuzuma intera n’ubushobozi abanyeshuri bagezeho.
• Imyitozo y’inyongera ni imyitozo ifasha kumvikanisha neza isomo, igakarishya ubumenyi n’ubushobozi by’abanyeshuri bafata vuba. Mu myitozo y’inyongera kandi habamo ifasha abanyeshuri bagenda buhoro kugira aho bava n’aho bagera.
Imiterere ya buri somo
Buri somo rigizwe n’uduce dukurikira :
Isomo rya : ………………………………….
a. Intego zihariye…….
b. Imfashanyigisho ………….
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
• Ubushobozi shingiro/isubiramo/n’intangiriro y’isomo rishya
Aka gace gaha umwarimu amabwiriza asobanutse y’uko yatangira isomo.
• Imfashanyigisho
Aka gace gateganya ibikoresho umwarimu ashobora kwifashisha mu gutanga isomo kugira ngo agere ku ntego zaryo. Abarimu barashishikarizwa gusimbuza ibikoresho byagenwe n’iyi nyoborabarezi ibikoresho biboneka aho batuye.
• Isomo nyirizina
Aka gace kagaragaza incamake y’uburyo isomo nyirizina rigomba gutangwa rigasozwa n’isuzuma.
1.1. Imyigire n’imyigishirize
1.1.1. Guteza imbere ubushobozi
Guhera mu mwaka wa 2015 mu mashuri y’inshuke, abanza n’ayisumbuye, u Rwanda rwasezereye imyigire n’imyigishirize yari ishingiye ahanini ku bumenyi, rwinjira mu myigire n’imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi bukomatanya ubumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha. Bityo imyigire n’imyigishirize yahaga umwarimu umwanya munini isimburwa n’imyigire n’imyigishirize iha abanyeshuri uruhare runini. Ni imyigire iha umunyeshuri ubumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha bimufasha gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo yize no gutanga ibisubizo by’ibibazo ahura na byo mu buzima bwe n’ubw’abandi.
Inyigisho y’Ubugeni n’Ubuhanzi ishingiye ku bumenyingiro isaba cyane abanyeshuri gukora ibikorwa bitandukanye. Mu myigire ishingiye ku bushobozi, abanyeshuri ni bo bahabwa uruhare runini mu myigire yabo. Umwarimu ahera ku byo abanyeshuri basanzwe bazi kandi bafitiye ubushobozi, akabafasha kuvumbura ibindi bungurana ibitekerezo mu matsinda yabo. Iyo abanyeshuri bakorera mu matsinda umwarimu agenda abayobora atanga ubufasha ku babukeneye. Iyo barangije kungurana ibitekerezo mu matsinda, bamurika ibyo bagezeho, nyuma bagafatanya n’umwarimu kunonosora iby’ingenzi basigarana
1.1.2. Kwita ku banyeshuri bafite ibyo bagenerwa byihariye mu myigire
Mu ishuri, umwarimu asabwa kwita ku bafite ibibazo byihariye kugira ngo bashobore kujyana n’abandi. Umwarimu akora ku buryo yandika ku kibaho imyitozo ikorwa kugira ngo abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bayisome. Iyo umwarimu asoma, arangurura ijwi kugira ngo afashe abatumva neza ndetse n’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. Abatumva neza umwarimu abicaza hafi, akabasaba kumureba avuga, agakoresha ibishushanyo aho bishoboka hose, agakoresha ibimenyetso n’amarenga uko abishoboye.
Abatabona neza abicaza akurikije imiterere y’ubumuga bwo kutabona bafite, byaba ari imbonahafi cyangwa indenzambono. Bityo abafite imbonahafi abicaza hafi, naho abafite indenzambono akabicaza mu myanya y’inyuma. Abafite ubumuga bw’ingingo z’umubiri, umwarimu abashakira umwanya bicaramo ubafasha mu myigire yabo.
Abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe umwarimu atangira abafasha mu byo bakora ariko gahorogahoro akagenda agabanya ubufasha abagenera. Umwarimu arabareka bagakorana n’abandi banyeshuri kandi akabatera umwete mu byo bagenda bageraho n’imbaraga bakoresha.
Abagenda buhoro mu myigire yabo bagomba gushyirwa mu matsinda y’ababyumva kurusha abandi kugira ngo babazamure, kandi umwarimu akabibandaho ababaza n’iyo baba batateye urutoki. Bahabwa kandi imyitozo yihariye ituma bazamura ubushobozi bwabo.
1.1.3. Ibyerekeye isuzuma
a. Imiterere y’ibigomba gusuzumwa mu nyigisho y’Ubugeni
Isuzuma ry’inyigisho y’Ubugeni rigizwe n’ibice bine by’ingenzi:
• Kumva no gusesengura igishushanyo cyangwa ikindi gihangano
• Amabara
• Ubumenyi rusange bw’ubugeni
• Ihimba ry’umwimerere
Mu bugeni mbera jisho n’ubugeni mberabyombi imyinshi mu myitozo y’isuzuma igomba gufasha abanyeshuri gukoresha impano bifitemo n’uburyo bw’ibanze bungutse.
Imyitozo yo gushushanya iyo ari yo yose igomba kwitabwaho kimwe n’iyo gutinyura abanyeshuri, bityo bigahura n’ihame ko bagomba kwiga ariko nanone bakiyigisha. Mu myigishirize yo gushushanya, imyitozo y’isuzuma izaba ishingiye ku gushushanya no kwandika. Buri ntego igomba kugira isuzuma, mu ntera zose zituma igerwaho. Isuzuma rero rihoraho mu nyigisho (imikoro, amarushanwa, ibizami n’ibindi).
1.1.4. Ibyerekeye imyitozo y’inyongera
Ni imyitozo ifasha abanyeshuri kumva neza isomo hitawe ku bushobozi bwa buri munyeshuri.
1.1.5. Uburyo bunyuranye abanyeshuri bafatiramo amasomo
Hari uburyo butandukanye bw’imyigishirize n’uburyo bwo kuyigeraho. Guhitamo uburyo bw’imyigishirize bigomba kwitonderwa cyane kandi hari ibigomba kwitabwaho nk’umwihariko w’amasomo, ubwoko bw’amasomo, intego zayo, imfashanyigisho uburyo abanyeshuri bicaye mu ishuri, ibikenewe kuri buri munyeshuri, ubushobozi bwe n’uburyo bwe bw’imyigire.
Hari uburyo bune bw’imyigire y’abanyeshuri busobanurwa mu buryo bukurikira:
a. Abanyeshuri b’umurava n’abanyeshuri b’abasesenguzi
Abanyeshuri b’umurava basobanukirwa neza ikintu iyo bakiganiraho, bagishyira mu bikorwa cyangwa bagisobanurira abandi. Naho abanyeshuri b’abasesenguzi bo basobanukirwa ikintu ari uko babanje kugitekerezaho cyane.
b. Abanyeshuri bagendera mu murongo umwe n’abanyeshuri b’abacukumbuzi
Aba ba mbere bakunda ibintu bifatika. Bakemura ibibazo banyuze mu nzira zagenwe (ntibakunda ibibagora) mu gihe ab’abacukumbuzi bakunda guhanga ibishya kandi ntibakunda gusubira mu bintu bimwe.
c. Abanyeshuri bitegereza n’abanyeshuri babwirwa
Abanyeshuri bitegereza bagaragazwa no kwibuka neza ibyo babonye cyangwa bitegereje n’amaso yabo (ibishushanyo, amashusho, amafoto, amafirimi..). Naho abanyeshuri babwirwa, bagaragazwa no kumva neza ibyo babwiwe mu magambo (ibyandikwa n’ibivugwa).
d. Abanyeshuri bumva intambwe ku yindi n’abanyeshuri bumva muri rusange
Abanyeshuri bumva intambwe ku yindi bo basobanukirwa binyuze mu gufashwa buhoro buhoro, berekwa isano iri hagati y’igice runaka n’ikikibanziriza cyangwa ikigikurikira.
Naho abanyeshuri bumva muri rusange baherako basobanukirwa igitekerezo rusange cy’isomo, batagombye kwigora baryinjiramo ryose uko ryakabaye.
1.1.6. Imyigishirize iha uruhare umunyeshuri
Uburyo butandukanye bw’imyigire bwavuzwe haruguru bushobora kugerwaho mu gihe umwarimu akoresheje uburyo bw’imyigishirize iha umunyeshuri uruhare rw’ibanze mu myigire ye.
a. Imyigishirize iha uruhare umunyeshuri ni iki?
Ni uburyo bwinjiza abanyeshuri mu gukora no gutekereza ku byo bariho bakora. Muri iyi myigishirize, abanyeshuri bashishikarizwa kuzana ibyo bashoboye n’ibyo bazi igihe bariho biga.
b. Uruhare rw’umwarimu mu myigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi
• Umwarimu afasha abanyeshuri akoresha uburyo bwo kubaza, uburyo bwo kuganira mu matsinda, ubushakashatsi, ibikorwa by’ubucukumbuzi n’imikoro ku giti cyabo
• Akoresha abanyeshuri isuzuma bwite cyangwa mu matsinda yaguye kandi agakoresha isuzuma rishingiye ku bushobozi
• Aha abanyeshuri amahirwe yo kuzamura ubushobozi butandukanye bifitemo, abagenera ibyo gukora bizamura ubushishozi, ubushobozi bwo gukemura ibibazo, ubushakashatsi, guhanga ibishya, kuganira no gufatanya
• Umwarimu yifashisha ubu buryo bw’imyigishirize mu guha agaciro uruhare rw’abanyeshuri mu bikorwa byabo ku ishuri.
c. Uruhare rw’abanyeshuri mu myigire yabo
Abanyeshuri ni urufunguzo rw’imyigishirize ibaha uruhare mu myigire yabo. Ntabwo ari abo gufatwa nk’aho ntacyo bazi, ko umwarimu agomba kubafata nk’abantu bafite ibitekerezo, ubushobozi n’ubukesha byo kubakiraho imyigire ihamye. Umunyeshuri wiga muri ubu buryo ashobora:
• Kuganira no gusangiza abandi banyeshuri ibyo yifitemo binyuze mu kwerekana, kuganira n’abandi, imikoro y’amatsinda, no mu bindi bimuha uruhare rwo kwerekana ubushobozi bwe (kwigana, ubushakashatsi, ubucukumbuzi, n’ibindi)
• Kugira uruhare rugaragara no kugira inshingano ku myigire ye
• Kuzamura ubumenyi n’impano yifitemo, mu gukora
• Gukora ubushakashatsi n’ubucukumbuzi binyuze mu gusoma ibiri mu bitabo cyangwa kuri murandasi no kubaza abantu batandukanye, hanyuma akabwira abandi ibyo yagezeho
• Gutuma buri wese mu bagize itsinda rye agira uruhare mu mukoro watanzwe mu itsinda binyuze mu gutanga ibisobanuro, ubushishozi, inshingano no kwigirira ikizere mu gihe avuga mu ruhame
• Gutanga umwanzuro ushingiye ku byagezweho mu kwiga.
1.1.7. Ibice by’ingenzi by’isomo mu buryo bw’imyigishirize iha uruhare
umunyeshuri
Ibiranga imyigishirize iha umunyeshuri uruhare byavuzwe haruguru bigaragara mu bice by’isomo bikurikira. Muri rusange, isomo rigabanyije mu bice bitatu by’ingenzi, aho buri gice na cyo kigabanyijemo ibikorwa byinjiza abanyeshuri mu gikorwa cyo kwiga. Ibyo bice ni ibi bikurikira:
a. Intangiriro:
Intangiriro ni igice umwarimu yerekanamo ihuriro hagati y’isomo ry’uwo munsi n’isomo riribanziriza. Atangiza ikiganiro kigamije gufasha abanyeshuri gutekereza ku byo bize mu isomo ryabanje no kubihuza n’intego y’isomo ry’uwo munsi. Umwarimu yibanda ku bumenyi bw’ingenzi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha bifitanye isano n’ibyo mu isomo rishya mu rwego rwo kubaka ishingiro rihamye no gukurikiza neza uruhererekane.
b. Isomo nyirizina:
Isomo nyirizina rikubiyemo inyigisho nshya rikorwa mu ntambwe nto zikurikira: ibikorwa by’ivumburamatsiko, kwerekana ibyo abanyeshuri bagezeho, kubibyaza umusaruro, gukora inshamake n’imyitozo cyangwa kubishyira mu bikorwa, nk’uko bisobanurwa muri ubu buryo:
b.1. Ibikorwa by’ivumburamatsiko
Intambwe ya mbere:
• Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri kumenya ko uruhare rwabo mu myigire ari rwo rwa mbere.
• Abaha ibyo gukora akanabaha amabwiriza yose abigenga (niba babikora mu matsinda yagutse, ya babiri babiri cyangwa niba ari buri muntu ukwe, kugira ngo bibafashe kuvumbura ubumenyi bugamijwe gutangwa)
Intambwe ya kabiri:
• Umwarimu areka abanyeshuri bagakora ibyo yabahaye, bakorana hagati yabo.
• Muri iki gihe, yirinda guhita asubiza abanyeshuri ku bijyanye n’ibyateganyijwe kwigwa uwo munsi.
• Agerageza kuba umuyobozi wabo ariko atabasubiriza ibibazo, ahubwo abayobora mu nzira igana ibisubizo, kandi agafasha abasigara inyuma.
b.2. Kwerekana ibyo abanyeshuri bagezeho
• Muri aka gace, umwarimu atumira abahagarariye amatsinda bakaza kwerekana imbere y’abandi banyeshuri ibyo amatsinda yabo yagezeho.
• Nyuma y’uko amatsinda atatu cyangwa ane amaze kwerekana ibyo yagezeho,umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri bose kubyaza umusaruro ibyavuzwe n’amatsinda.
b.3. Kubyaza umusaruro ibyagezweho n’abanyeshuri
• Umwarimu asaba abanyeshuri kugenzura umusaruro wavuye mu byakozwe: ibishyitse, ibituzuye neza n’ibitari byo.• Nyuma umwarimu agerageza kumva ukuri kw’ibyavuzwe n’abanyeshuri, agakosora ibyo bibeshye, akuzuza ibituzuye, akemeza ibishyitse.
b.4. Umwanzuro/inshamake/ingero
Umwarimu atanga inshamake y’ibyizwe kandi agatanga n’ingero zisobanura neza ibyizwe.
b.5. Imyitozo/gushyira mu bikorwa ibyizwe
• Hatangwa imyitozo igendanye n’ibyizwe mu ishuri
• Hatangwa kandi imyitozo ishingiye ku buzima bwa buri munsi ariko bufite aho buhurira n’ibyizwe
mu ishuri
• Umwarimu afasha abanyeshuri guhuza ibyizwe n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi. Kuri iyi ntera, uruhare rw’umwarimu ni ukuyobora abanyeshuri mu gucengerwa n’ibyo bize.c. Isuzuma
Kuri iyi ntambwe, umwarimu abaza abanyeshuri bimwe mu bibazo agamije kureba niba intego z’isomo zagezweho. Muri iki gikorwa cy’isuzuma, buri munyeshuri asuzumwa ku giti cye.Umwarimu yirinda guhita atanga ibisubizo, ahubwo ibivuye mu isuzuma bikaba aribyo biha umwarimu icyo azakorera abanyeshuri muri rusange n’umunyeshuri ku giti cye. Rimwe na rimwe, umwarimu ashobora gusoza isomo atanga umukoro wo mu rugo.
a. Kugerageza
Mu mikoro imwe n’imwe biba ngombwa ko abanyeshuri bagerageza uburyo butandukanye na za tekiniki kugira ngo bagere ku bisubizo basabwa bo ubwabo.
Amwe mu magerageza abasaba guhera ku byo basanzwe bazi bakongera ubumenyi mu ngiro butandukanye. Urugero nko mu masomo yo kubumba, gufuma no kuboha ni ukugerageza kuko baba bakiri bato ku buryo bakora nk’ibyo babona.b. Gukorera mu matsinda
Amatsinda agomba gukorwa hakurikijwe umubare w’abanyeshuri, ahantu bahererwa amasomo, ibikoresho bihaboneka n’ubwoko bw’ikigenderewe gukorwa. Biba byiza kuvanga abanyeshuri bafite impano zitandukanye hitawe no ku buringanire bw’ibitsina byombi. Nanone amatsinda agomba guhora ahinduka kugira ngo buri wese agire amahirwe angana n’ay’abandi.
c. Gusangira ibikoresho
Ibi koresho bigira akamaro cyane mu gufasha abanyeshuri kwiyungura ubumenyi mu bugeni n’ubukorikori. Bimwe muri ibyo bikoresho bisaba kwitonderwa mu kubikoresha kugira ngo hirindwe impanuka Ni byiza gukurikirana uburyo bwo gutizanya ibikoresho kugira ngo hataba kwikubira cyangwa gusesagura. Ni byiza gushaka ibikoresho biri mu bidukikije bya hafi.
- IGICE CYA II : URUGERO RW’IMBATA Y’ISOMOIGICE CYA II : URUGERO RW’IMBATA Y’ISOMOLabel: 1IGICE CYA II : URUGERO RW’IMBATA Y’ISOMO
Ikigo:....................................... Amazina y’umwarimu: .................................
- IGICE CYA III : IMITWE IGIZE IYI NYOBORABAREZIIGICE CYA III : IMITWE IGIZE IYI NYOBORABAREZILabel: 1IGICE CYA III : IMITWE IGIZE IYI NYOBORABAREZI
IGICE CYA III : IMITWE IGIZE IYI NYOBORABAREZI
- UMUTWE WA MBERE : GUSHUSHANYA NO GUSIGA AMABARA IBITAYEGA N’IBIDUKIKIJEUMUTWE WA MBERE : GUSHUSHANYA NO GUSIGA AMABARA IBITAYEGA N’IBIDUKIKIJELabel: 1UMUTWE WA MBERE : GUSHUSHANYA NO GUSIGA AMABARA IBITAYEGA N’IBIDUKIKIJE
1.1. Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
Umunyeshuri azaba ashobora gushushanya yifashishije intego n’ibinyamubyimba no gukoresha amabara, ibitayega n’ibidukikije.
1.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Muri uyu mutwe umwarimu agomba kuyobora abanyeshuri mu kumenya gukurikiza uburyo bukoreshwa mu gushushanya no gusiga amabara hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bitandukanye. Kureka abanyeshuri bagashushanya bakanasiga amabara amashusho y’ibitayega n’ibidukikije. Muri uko gushushanya no gusiga amabara abanyeshuri babasha kubona ubwiza bw’ibidukikije. Nyuma yaho kubayobora mu kumurika ibyo bakoze babitangaho ibitekerezo mu bwubahane.
1.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragara mu mutwe
Kubungabunga ibidukikije igihe abanyeshuri bashushanya ibitayega n’ibidukikije nk’ibimera, udusimba duto n’inyamaswa.
Kumenya gucunga umutungo abanyeshuri bagaha agaciro ibikoresho kuko bigura amafaranga bityo bikaba bidatagaguzwa uko umuntu yiboneye.
1.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Mu gutangira uyu mutwe umwarimu abaza abanyeshuri intego (intêgo), ibitayega, ni ibindi biboneka mu bidukikije bazi n’amabara y’ingero bagiye batanga.
Isomo rya 1: Gushushanya no gusiga amabara ibitayega
a. Intego yihariye
Umunyeshuri azaba ashobora gushushanya yifashishije intego n’ibinyamubyimba no gukoresha amabara bijyanye.b. Imfashanyigisho
• Gushushanya cyangwa kuzana ibikoresho n’ibindi bintu bifite intego n’imibyimba nk’itafari, igikombe, ibuye n’ibindi
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Impapuro zo gushushanyaho
• Udusongozo
• Intego zoroheje zikase mu mpapuro z’amabara.
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Gufata ibikoresho byo gushushanya
• Kwitegereza ibikoresho byo kureberaho bashushanya nk’ibuye, igikombe, itafari n’ibindi
Isomo nyirizina
Intambwe ya mbere
Gushushanya ibikoresho biri imbere yabo bifite imibyimba y’ibanze.
1.1. Ishusho ry’ibuye 1.2. Ishusho ry’igikombe 1.3. Ishusho ry’itafari
Intambwe ya kabiri
Gusiga amabara mu bishushanyo.
1.4. Ibuye resize 1.5. Igikombe gisize 1.6. Itafari risize
Isuzuma
Gsuzuma ubuziranenge bw’imishushanyirize n’imisigire y’amabara abanyeshuri bakora ku mashusho bihangiye.
1. Shushanya unasige ikibaho.
1.7. Ikibaho kidasize 1.8. Ikibaho gisize
2. Shushanya unasige indobo.
1.9. Indobo idasize 1.10. Indobo isize
Isomo rya 2: Gushushanya no gusiga amabara ibintu bimukikije
2.1. Ibitayega : (inzu, imodoka, ameza, intebe) : Iminota 40
2.2. Ibimera : (igiti, ikibabi) : Iminota 40
2.3. Ibiyega : (urukwavu, ifi, injangwe) : Iminota 40
2.4. Umuntu wuzuye: Iminota 40
a. Intego zihariye
• Gushushanya ibintu bitandukanye bifite umubyimba
• Gukoresha amakaramu y’amabara ashushanya
• Gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ikaramu y’igiti n’amakaramu y’amabara
• Impapuro zo gushushanyaho
• Udusongozo
• Ibintu bifite umubyimba nk’inzu, imodoka, ameza, intebe n’ibindi
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Kuri buri somo rito ryagaragajwe haruguru, kurikiza intambwe zikurikira:
Isomo nyirizina
Intambwe ya mbere
Kugaragaza no gushushanya ibikoresho n’ibindi bintu bifite intego n’imibyimba bitandukanye.
2.1. Ibintu : (inzu, imodoka, ameza, intebe)
1.11. Ishusho y’inzu 1.12. Ishusho y’imodoka 1.13. Ishusho y’ameza
1.14. Ishusho y’intebe
2.2. Ibimera: (ikibabi, igiti)
1.15. Ishusho y’ikibabi 1.16. Ishusho y’igiti
2.3. Ibisimba: (urukwavu, ifi, injangwe)
1.17. Ishusho y’urukwavu 1.18. Ishusho y’ifi 1.19. Ishusho y’injangwe
2.4. Umuntu wuzuye
1.20. Ishusho y’umuntu
Intambwe ya kabiri
Gusiga amabara ajyanye n’ikintu yashushanyije.
(i) Ibintu : (inzu, imodoka, ameza, intebe)
1.21. Inzu isize 1.22. Imodoka isize 1.23. Ameza assize
1.24. Intebe isize
a. Ibimera: (ikibabi, igiti)
1.25. Ikibabi gisize 1.26. Igiti gisize
b. Ibisimba: (urukwavu, ifi, injangwe
1.27. Urukwavu rusize 1.28. Ifi isize 1.29. Injangwe isize
c. Umuntu wuzuye
1.30.Umuntu usizeIsuzuma
• Kumurika ibishushanyo no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu
• Gusuzuma ubwiza bw’ibishushanyo.
Isomo rya 3: Ikoreshwa ry’imvange y’amarangi
a. Intego zihariye • Kumenya kuvanga amarangi y’ibanze ayabyaza ayandi no kuyakoresha mu gu
shushanya
• Kumenya gukoresha amarangi anyuranye uyajyanisha n’ibidukikije
• Gukunda no gufata neza ibidukikije
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Amarange
• Uturoso duto two kuvanga amarange
• Ibikoresho byo kuvangiraho nk’isahani, umufuniko n’ibindi biboneka aho batuye.
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Kubaza abanyeshuri amabara bazi.
Isomo nyirizina
Intambwe ya mbere
Kuvanga amabara abiri abiri mu mabara y’ibanze:
• Kuvanga umuhondo n’umutuku bibyara ibara ry’icunga
• Kuvanga umuhondo n’ubururu bibyara icyatsi
• Kuvanga umutuku n’ubururu bibyara umuhemba
• Kuvanga ibara ry’icunga n’agakara gake bibyara ibara ry’ikigina
• Kuvanga umweru n’agakara gake bibyara ibara ry’ikijuju
1.31. Umuhondo n’umutuku bibyara ibara ry’icunga 1.32. Umuhondo n’ubururu bibyara icyatsi
1.33. Umutuku n’ubururu bibyara umuhemba
1.34. Ibara ry’icunga n’umukara bibyara ikigina 1.35. Umweru n’umukara bibyara ikijuju
Intambwe ya kabiri
Gukoresha amabara babonye basiga imbuto n’imboga, n’ibindi.
Isuzuma
1. Kumurika ibishushanyo, gusuzuma intera abanyeshuri bagezeho no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu.
2. Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvanga amabara abiri abiri bayabyazamo ayandi.
Isomo rya 4. Gushushanya yigana ibyo abona mu bidukikije
a. Intego zihariye
• Gushushanya yigana ibyo abona mu bidukikije
• Gusiga yigana ibyo abona mu bidukikije
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Amakaramu y’amabara yo gushushanya cyangwa amarange
• Impapuro zo gushushanyaho
• Udusongozo
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Gusohoka bakitegereza ibidukikije.
Isomo nyirizina
Intambwe ya mbere
Gushushanya yigana ibyo abona mu bidukikije.
Intambwe ya kabiri
Gusiga amabara ajyanye n’ibyo yashushanyije.
1. Isuzuma
2. Kumurika ibishushanyo no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu.
3. Gusuzuma ko buri munyeshuri ashobora gushushanya yifashishije intego n’ibinyamubyimba no gukoresha amabara, ibitayega n’ibimukikije.
1.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 1
• Shushanya unasige amabara ibi bikurikira: itafari, ameza, imodoka
• Shushanya unasige amabara ibimera bikurikira: igiti, ururabo
• Shushanya unasige amabara inyamaswa ushaka
• Shushanya unasige umuntu wuzuye
1.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
• Shushanya unasige akabati
• Shushanya unasige urunyanya
• Shushanya unasige inyoni
• Shushanya unasige papa, mama n’abana
• Shushanya unasige icupa
• Shushanya unasige ikinyomoro
• Shushanya unasige icunga risatuye
• Shushanya unasige isekuru
Aha, umunyeshuri ashobora guhitamo ibyo akora yishakiye, cyangwa yahitiwemo na mwarimu bitewe n’urugero agezeho mu isomo ryo gushushanya.
- UMUTWE WA KABIRI : GUTERA AMASHUSHO N’IMITAKO KU BINTUUMUTWE WA KABIRI : GUTERA AMASHUSHO N’IMITAKO KU BINTULabel: 1UMUTWE WA KABIRI : GUTERA AMASHUSHO N’IMITAKO KU BINTU
2.1. Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
Umunyeshuri azaba ashobora gutera amashusho ku bintu akoresheje ibikoresho binyuranye biboneka aho atuye.
2.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Muri uyu mutwe umwarimu agomba kuyobora abanyeshuri mu kumenya gukurikiza uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutera amashusho ku bintu bakoresha ibikoresho binyuranye biboneka aho batuye. Kureka abanyeshuri bagatera amashusho ku bintu bakoresha ibiboneka aho batuye. Muri uko gutera amashusho ku bintu, abanyeshuri babasha kubona ubwiza bw’ibidukikije. Nyuma yaho umwarimu abayobora mu kumurika ibyo bakoze babitangaho ibitekerezo mu bwubahane.
2.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragara mu mutwe
Kwita kuri buri munyeshuri cyane cyane hitabwa ku kwegera abafite ubumuga.
Nk’udashoboye gukoza ikiganza mu irange ngo atere ishusho ku rupapuro azakoresha ikirenge.Kubungabunga ibidukikije igihe abanyeshuri batera amashusho y’ibidukikije ku mpapuro, ibibabi, ibimera n’ibindi.
Kumenya gucunga umutungo, abanyeshuri bagaha agaciro ibikoresho ntibitagaguzwe cyangwa ngo byangizwe uko biboneye.
2.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Mu gutangira isomo ryo gutera amashusho ku bintu, mwarimu ashobora kuzana imfashanyigisho, ni ukuvuga agatambaro, urupapuro n’ibindi biteyeho amashusho yoroheje ari ku rugero rw’abana akababwira ko na bo bazabikora.
2.5. Urutonde rw’amasomo
Isomo rya 1: Gutera amashusho ku rupapuro
a. Intego zihariye• Gutera amashusho ku bintu akoresha ibikoresho binyuranye biboneka aho atuye
• Gutera amashusho yitekerereje akoresha ibikoresho byoroheje nk’ikiganza,ikirenge, igiceri, ikibabi, igitiritiri n’ibindi.b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ikibabi
• Igiceri
• Igitiritiri n’ibindic. cUko isomo ritangwa
IntangiriroUmwarimu agomba kwegeranya ibikoresho bitandukanye bitera amashusho.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gukoza igitiritiri mu irange akagitera ku rupapuro
• Kurambika urupapuro hejuru y’igiceri ugasigisha ikaramu y’igiti ku rupapuro ruri hejuru y’igiceri
• Gukoza ikiganza cyangwa ikirenge mu irange akagitera ku rupapuro.2.1. Ishusho yatewe hakoreshejwe igitiritiri n’irangi
Isuzuma
• Kumurika ibihangano no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu
• Gusuzuma ko buri munyeshuri ashobora gukora imitako inyuranye akoresheje ibikoresho byo gutera amashusho afite isura itandukanye
Isomo rya 2 : Gukora imitako inyuranye akoresheje ibikoresho bitandukanye
a. Intego yihariyeGutera imitako hakoreshejwe ibinyabijumba cyangwa ibindi biboneka aho batuye, urugero: karoti, urutoryi, kambambiri, bodaboda n’irange.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Amarange
• Impapuro zo guteraho cyangwa ibitambaro
• Karoti cyangwa urutoryi bikase mu buryo ubwo ari bwose bwatuma umutako uza kuba ubereye ijisho
• Bodaboda
• Ikibuto cy’avoka
• Ikivovo2.2. Ishusho ya pome ikase, isizeho n’irangi 2.3. Ishusho y’ibindi bikoresho byakoreshwa
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
IntangiriroUmwarimu agomba kwerekana ibikoresho biri bukoreshwe mu gukora imitako no kubikata ku buryo biza gutanga ishusho ibereye ijisho.
Isomo nyirizina
Umunyeshuri agomba gukata pome ku buryo iza gutanga ishusho ibereye ijisho, yarangiza agasiga cyangwa agakoza mu irange agatera ku rupapuro cyangwa ku gitambaro.
2.4. Imitako yatewe hakoreshejwe amarangi n’ ibikoresho binyuranye
Isomo rya 3: Gutera umutako ku gatambaro
a. Intego yihariyeGutera umutako ku gatambaro akoresheje ibikoresho biboneka aho atuye (urugero: akoresheje agafuniko k’icupa).
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Irange
• Agatambaro
• Agafuniko k’icupa
• Agasumari
• Ibuye (cyangwa inyundo) ryo gutera umusumari mu gafuniko.c. Uko ritangwa
IntangiriroUmwarimu agomba gutegura ibikoresho, gutera umusumari mu gafuniko k’icupa.
Isomo nyirizina
Umunyeshuri ashobora gukoza agafuniko k’icupa mu irange agatera ku gatambaro
inshuro nyinshi ukoresha ibara rimwe cyangwa amabara menshi.2.5. Ishusho y’agafuniko gateyeho umusumari 2.6. Ishusho y’umutako ku gatambaro
Isuzuma
• Kumurika ibihangano no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu
• Gusuzuma ko buri munyeshuri ashobora gukora imitako inyuranye akoresheje ibikoresho byo gutera amashusho afite isura itandukanye
Isomo rya 4: Isesengura n’ikoreshwa ry’amashusho afitanye isano n’ibidukikije
a. Intego zihariye• Gusesengura no gukoresha amashusho afitanye isano n’ibidukikije
• Gushushanyiriza hanze y’ishuri yitegereza ishusho y’ibintu akoresha mu bidukikijeb. Imfashanyigisho
• Amarange
• Impapuro zo guteraho amashusho cyangwa ibitambaro
• Ikijumba, ikirayi, igitoki cyangwa ikibuto cy’avoka bikase mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bwatuma umutako uza kuba ubereye ijishoc. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro• Kujyana abanyeshuri kureba bimwe mu bidukikije (nk’ubusitani bw’ishuri).
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushishoza ku byo babona mu bidukikije no kubihanaho ibitekerezo.Isomo nyirizina
Gutera ishusho y’ibintu akoresha ibikoresho binyuranye
2.7. Ishusho yatewe hakoreshejwe indimu/icunga
Isuzuma
• Kumurika ibihangano no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu
• Gusuzuma ko buri munyeshuri ashobora gukora imitako inyuranye akoresheje ibikoresho byo gutera amashusho.2.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 2
• Tera ishusho ry’ikiganza cyangwa ikirenge ku rupapuro
• Tera ishusho ukoresheje karoti cyangwa urutoryi n’irange ku rupapuro
• Ukoresheje agafuniko k’icupa n’irange, tera umutako ku gatambaro
• Ukoresheje igikoresho ushaka, tera ishusho ya kimwe mu bidukukije2.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
• Ukoresheje agafuniko k’ikaramu, tera ishusho y’urunigi
• Tera ishusho ku rupapuro ukoresheje igiceri n’ikaramu y’igiti2.8. Ishusho yatewe hakoreshejwe igiceri n’ikaramu y’igiti
• Tera ishusho ku rupapuro ukoresheje kimwe muri ibi : igikumwe, ikiganza cyangwa ikirenge
2.9. Ishusho yatewe n’ikirenge cyangwa ikiganza
2.9. Ishusho yatewe n’ikirenge cyangwa ikiganza
- UMUTWE WA GATATU : GUHANGA AMASHUSHO MU MUBYIMBA UFATIKAUMUTWE WA GATATU : GUHANGA AMASHUSHO MU MUBYIMBA UFATIKALabel: 1UMUTWE WA GATATU : GUHANGA AMASHUSHO MU MUBYIMBA UFATIKA
3.1. Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
Umunyeshuri azaba ashobora kubumba ibikoresho binyuranye yifashishije igitaka cy’inombe ibumba.
3.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Muri uyu mutwe umwarimu agomba kuyobora abanyeshuri mu kumenya gukurikiza uburyo bukoreshwa mu kubumba ibikoresho binyuranye yifashishije igitaka cy’inombe cyangwa ibumba. Kureka abanyeshuri bakabumba amashusho y’ibintu bakoresha ibikoresho binyuranye biboneka aho batuye. Muri uko kubumba ibikoresho binyuranye bifashishije igitaka cy’inombe cyangwa ibumba, abanyeshuri babasha kubona ubwiza bw’ibidukikije. Nyuma yaho bayoborwa mu kumurika ibyo bakoze babitangaho ibitekerezo mu bwubahane.
3.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragara mu mutwe
Kubungabunga ibidukikije igihe abanyeshuri babumba, kumenya gucunga umutungo, abanyeshuri bagaha agaciro ibikoresho kuko bifite akamaro kanini, bityo bikaba bidatagaguzwa uko umuntu yiboneye. Kwita kuri buri munyeshuri cyane cyane hitabwa ku mwihariko wa buri wese.
3.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Mu gutangira uyu mutwe wo guhanga amashusho mu mubyimba ufatika, mwarimu ashobora kuzana imfashanyigisho, ni ukuvuga ibikoresho byoroheje bitandukanye bijyanye n’abana, akababaza niba bazi icyo bikozemo, akababwira ko na bo bagiye kubikora.
3.5. Urutonde rw’amasomoIsomo rya 1 : Gutegura ibumba cyangwa igitaka cy’inombe
a. Intego zihariye
• -Kuvanga icyondo cyangwa ibumba
• -Gutegura ibumba cyangwa igitaka cy’inombe mbere yo gukora ishusho mu mubyimba ufatikab. Imfashanyigisho
• Icyondo cyangwa ibumba
• Umuhini
• Amazi
• Indobo
• Igikoresho cyo kubumbiraho
• Isukac. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Gukora amatsinda no gutegura ibikoresho byifashishwa mu gutunganya ibumba cyangwa icyondo.
Isomo nyirizina
Kuvanga icyondo cyangwa ibumba ukuramo imyanda n’amabuye.
3.1. Uburyo ibumba/ igitaka bitegurwa 3.2. Uburyo bwo gukura amabuye mu ibumba/igitaka
Kubika neza ibumba cyangwa icyondo ku buryo mu isomo rikurikira bizaba bikimeze neza hifashishijwe ibikoresho byabugenewe nk’amasashe yabugenewe, imifuka, indobo, n’ibindi bitangiza ibidukikije.
Isuzuma
Gusuzumira mu matsinda ko buri munyeshuri yashoboye kuvanga no gukura imyanda mu ibumba cyangwa icyondo neza.
Isomo rya 2: Amashusho afite umubyimba ufatika
a. Intego zihariye
• Kubumba amashusho afite umubyimba ufatika
• Kubumba ibyo yitekerereje biboneka mu bidukikije : umuneke, ibirayi, urunyanya, ipera, avoka, n’ibindib. Imfashanyigisho
• Icyondo cyangwa ibumba
• Umuhini
• Amazi
• Indobo
• Igikoresho cyo kubumbiraho
• Isukac. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
• Kubaza abanyeshuri imbuto bazi
• Kwegeranya ibikoresho, gutunganya no guhitamo ikigiye kubumbwa.Isomo nyirizina
Kubumba amashusho afite umubyimba ufatika nk’umuneke, ikirayi, urunyanya, ipera, avoka, n’ibindi byaboneka aho batuye.
3.3. Ishusho yo kubumba urubuto 3.4. Ishusho y’urubuto rubumbye
Isuzuma
• Kumurika ibihangano no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu
• Gusuzuma ko buri munyeshuri ashobora kubumba ibyo yitekerereje biboneka mu bidukikije (umuneke, ibirayi, urunyanya, ipera, avoka, n’ibindi).Isomo rya 3: Kubumba amashusho yitekerereje anyuranye
a. Intego yihariye
Kubumba icyo yitekerereje.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibumba riteguye cyangwa icyondo
• Ameza yo kubumbirahoc. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Gusaba abanyeshuri gutekereza icyo bashobora kubumba gifite umubyimba ufatika.
Isomo nyirizina
Kubumba ibyo yitekerereje biboneka mu bidukikije (umuneke, ibirayi, urunyanya, ipera, avoka)
Isuzuma
1. Gusuzuma ko buri munyeshuri ashobora kubumba ibyo yitekerereje no kureba urwego ariho mu guhanga udushya.
2. Kumurika ibihangano no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu.
Isomo rya 4: Isesengura n’ikoreshwa ry’amashusho afitanye isano n’ibidukikije
a. Intego zihariye
• Gusesengura ikoreshwa ry’amashusho afitanye isano n’ibidukikije
• Gushushanyiriza hanze y’ishuri yitegereza ishusho y’ibintu akoresha mu bidukikijeb. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibumba riteguye cyangwa icyondo
• gikoresho cyo kubumbiraho
• cyo kureberaho (nk’umuneke, ikirayi, urunyanya, ipera, avoka, n’ibindi)c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Gusaba abanyeshuri guhitamo icyo bari bubumbe.
Isomo nyirizina
Gukora ishusho y’ikintu akoresha mu bimukikije.
3.5. Amashusho y’uburyo igikombe kibumbwa
Isuzuma
Kumurika ibihangano no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu.
3.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 3
• Gusuzuma intera buri munyeshuri agezeho mu kubumba ishusho ifite umubyimba ufatika.
• Gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw’ibyo abanyeshuri babumba no kureba intera bariho mu guhanga udushya.3.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
Kubumba imbuto n’ibikoresho binyuranye yishakiye.
- UMUTWE WA KANE :UBUBOSHYIUMUTWE WA KANE :UBUBOSHYILabel: 1UMUTWE WA KANE :UBUBOSHYI
4.1. Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
Umunyeshuri azaba ashobora kuboha ibintu binyuranye yifashisha ibikoresho bitandukanye biboneka aho atuye.
4.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Muri uyu mutwe umwarimu agomba kuyobora abanyeshuri mu kumenya gukurikiza uburyo bukoreshwa mu kuboha ibintu binyuranye nko kubanga umupira wo gukina, agatebo gato, n’ibindi. Muri uko kuboha ibintu binyuranye bifashisha ibikoresho bitandukanye biboneka aho batuye, abanyeshuri babasha kubona ubwiza bw’ibidukikije. Nyuma yaho hakurikiraho kubayobora mu kumurika ibyo bakoze babitangaho ibitekerezo mu bwubahane.
4.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragara mu mutwe
Kubungabunga ibidukikije igihe abanyeshuri bibohera ibikoresho. Kumenya gucunga umutungo igihe bibohera ibikoresho batagombye kubigura, abanyeshuri bagaha agaciro ibikoresho kuko bifite akamaro kanini, bityo bikaba bidatagaguzwa cyangwa ngo byangizwe uko umuntu yiboneye. Umwarimu agomba kwita kuri buri munyeshuri cyane cyane hitabwa ku mwihariko wa buri munyeshuri.
4.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Mu gutangira uyu mutwe w’ububoshyi, mwarimu ashobora kuzana imfashanyigisho ni ukuvuga ibikoresho biboshye ku buryo bworoheje biri kurugero rw’abana, akababaza niba bazi icyo bikozemo, akababwira ko na bo bagiye kubikora. Hakanabaho kungurana ibitekerezo ku kamaro k’ibikoresho biboshye mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi.
4.5. Urutonde rw’amasomo
Isomo rya 1 : Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buboshyi
a. Intego yihariye
Kumenya no kurondora ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buboshyi.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibikoresho byo mu rugo biboshye
• Ubwatsi butandukanye (urukangaga, ubunyundo, ubusuna, ubuhivu, ishinge, intamyi, imamfu, intaratare, imigano, iminaba, imigwegwe, urufunzo, imivumu, ibirere)
• Indondo
• Urushinge
• Uruhindu
• Icyuma
• Umukasi
• Igihondesho
• Amazi
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Gukorera mu matsinda no kurondora ibikoresho byifashishwa mu kuboha Ibikoresho bikenewe : muri iri somo hakenewe ibikoresho biboshye byo kureberaho uburyo bwifashishijwe mu kuboha ibintu binyuranye. Bimwe muri ibyo bikoresho harimo nk’umugozi, inkoko, intango, ingofero, udufuka, agatete, umusambi.
4.1. Ibikoresho binyuranye biboshye
Isomo nyirizina
Kurondora ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buboshyi :
• Ibikoresho byo mu rugo biboshye
• Ubwatsi butandukanye (urukangaga, ubunyundo, ubusuna, ubuhivu, ishinge, intamyi, imamfu, intaratare, imigano, iminaba, imigwegwe, urufunzo, imivumu,ibirere)
• Indondo
• Urushinge
• Uruhindu
• Icyuma
• Umukasi
• Igihondesho
• Amazi
Guhitamo ibikoresho bijyanye n’ikintu yifuza kuboha.
Isuzuma
Umwarimu agomba gusuzuma ko abanyeshuri bumva akamaro k’ububoshyi mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.
Isomo rya 2: Kuboha ibintu bitandukanye
a. Intego zihariye
• Kuboha ibintu bitandukanye nk’ intango y’inkoko, intango y’agafuka, n’ibindi
• Guhanga cyangwa kwigana imitako yakozwe n’abandi mu buboshyi butandukanye
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ibirere
• Imbingo n’imigano
• Imikaranka
• Imikasi
• Icyuma
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Kwegeranya ibikoresho biri bukoreshwe mu kuboha.
Isomo nyirizina
Gusobeka.
4.2. Ishusho y’uburyo bwo gusobeka
Isuzuma
• Gusuzuma ko buri munyeshuri ashobora gusobeka
• Kumurika ibihangano no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu.
Isomo rya 3: Uburyo bwo kuboha ibikoresho byoroheje
a. Intego zihariye
• Kuboha ibintu binyuranye yifashisha ibikoresho bitandukanye biboneka aho atuye
• Guhanga cyangwa kwigana imitako yakozwe n’abandi mu buboshyi butandukanye.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Ubudodo
• Ibikarito
• N’ibindi bikoresho biboneka aho batuye.
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Kwerekana ibikoresho biri bukoreshwe.
Isomo nyirizina
Gushaka ibikoresho bikora inkingi, warangiza ugasobeka ubudodo ugenda uhuza inkingi.
4.3. Ishusho y’akantu ko kubikamo kaboshye
Isuzuma
• Kumurika ibihangano no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane no gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu
• Gusuzuma ko buri munyeshuri ashobora gusobeka agamije gukora intango y’igikoresho akeneye kuboha.
4.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 4
Gusuzuma intera abanyeshuri bagezeho mu gukora intango n’ubuziranenge bw’ibyo baboshye.
4.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
Kuboha igikoresho cyo kubikamo amakaramu cyangwa ikindi gikoresho yishakiye.
- UMUTWE WA GATANU : IBIKINISHO N’IREMEKANYA RY’IBINTU BINYURANYEUMUTWE WA GATANU : IBIKINISHO N’IREMEKANYA RY’IBINTU BINYURANYELabel: 1UMUTWE WA GATANU : IBIKINISHO N’IREMEKANYA RY’IBINTU BINYURANYE
5.1. Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
Umunyeshuri azaba ashobora gukora ibikinisho by’ubwoko butandukanye no kuremekanya ibintu binyuranye ku buryo bibyara ishusho y’ikintu.
5.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Muri uyu mutwe umwarimu agomba kuyobora abanyeshuri mu kumenya gukurikiza uburyo bukoreshwa mu gukora ibikinisho no kuremekanya ibintu binyuranye ku buryo bibyara ikindi kintu. Kureka abanyeshuri bagakora ibikinisho bakanaremekanya ibintu binyuranye ku buryo bibyara ikindi kintu. Muri uko gukora ibikinisho abanyeshuri babasha kubona ubwiza bw’ibidukikije no kwikorera ibikinisho batagombye kubigura. Nyuma yaho habaho kubayobora mu kumurika ibyo bakoze babitangaho ibitekerezo mu bwubahane.
5.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragara mu mutwe
Kubungabunga ibidukikije igihe abanyeshuri bakora ibikinisho banaremekanya ibintu binyuranye kuburyo bibyara ikindi kintu. Kumenya gucunga umutungo abanyeshuri bagaha agaciro ibikoresho kuko bifite akamaro kanini, bityo bidatagaguzwa cyangwa ngo byangizwe uko umuntu yiboneye. Kwita kuri buri munyeshuri cyane cyane hitabwa ku mwihariko wa buri wese.
5.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Mu gutangira uyu mutwe w’ibikinisho n’iremekanya ry’ibintu binyuranye, mwarimu ashobora kuzana imfashanyigisho ni ukuvuga ibikinisho byoroheje n’iremekanya ry’ibintu binyuranye biri ku rugero rw’abana, akababaza niba bazi icyo bikozemo, akababwira ko nabo bagiye kubikora. Ibikinisho biri muri uyu mutwe ni urugero, umwarimu ashobora kubihindura bitewe n’agace arimo kwigishirizamo.
5.5. Urutonde rw’amasomo
Isomo rya 1: Gukora imodoka y’igikinisho
a. Intego zihariye
• Gushobora kwikorera ibikinisho
• Kugaragaza no gushaka ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora ibikinisho
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Agakarito
• Udufuniko tw’amacupa
• Uduti tw’imyeyo cyangwa insinga
• Umusumari wo gotobora udufuniko
• Umukasi
• Uruti ruva ku rupapuro rw’isuku n’ibindi
5.1. Imifuniko iri kumwe n’uruti ruva ku rupapuro rw’isuku
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Kubaza abanyeshuri ibikinisho bazi.
Isomo nyirizina
Kwerekana ibikinisho byakozwe n’abandi no kubabaza icyo babona bikozemo no gukora ibyabo.
5.2. Imodoka z’ibikinisho zikoze mu bikoresho bitandukanye
Umusozo
Kumurika ibikinisho byakozwe no kubyunguranaho ibitekerezo mu bwubahane.
Isomo rya 2: Gukora ibikinisho by’abantu n’umupira wo gukina
a. Intego yihariye
Gushobora gukora ibikinisho bitandukanye mu bintu binyuranye yifashisha biboneka aho atuye.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Impapuro
• Ibikenyeri
• Ibice by’ibitambaro byasigaye bakata mu kudoda
• Urudodo
• Ibirere
• Udukarito tuvamo ibintu binyuranye
• Umukasi
• N’ibindi byaboneka aho batuye
c. Uko isomo nyirizina ritangwa
Intangiriro
Gusaba buri munyeshuri guhitamo igikinisho ari bukore.
Isomo nyirizina
Kwereka abanyeshuri bari bukore ibikinisho aho bari buhere, n’ababanga umupira bahera.
5.3. Ishusho y’ibikinisho 5.4. Ishusho y’umupira wo gukina
Isuzuma
Gusuzuma intera abanyeshuri bagezeho mu gukora ibikinisho.
Isomo rya 3: Iremekanya ry’ibintu hakorwa amashusho atandukanye ku mpapuro
a. Intego zihariye
Kuremekanya ibintu bitandukanye bikabyara ikindi kintu.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Umukasi
• Impapuro z’amabara
• Ubujeni
• Ibikoresho bindi binyuranye biboneka aho batuye
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
Intangiriro
Gusaba abanyeshuri gushushanya mu mirongo yoroheje ishusho bashaka komekaho ibintu.
5.5. Ishusho y’ururabo rushushanyije
Isomo nyirizina
Komeka ibintu binyuranye aho yashushanyije.
5.6. Ishusho y’ururabo iremekanije
Isuzuma
Kumurika ibishushanyo no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane, gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu no gusuzuma mu komeka.
5.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 5
• Gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw’ibikinisho umunyeshuri yakoze no kureba ko birangiye.
• Gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw’iremekanya ryakozwe.
5.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
• Ukoresheje uburyo bwo gukata no kuremekanya, kora ishusho ya buji
• Ukoresheje uburyo bwo komeka, kora ishusho y’umuntu wuzuye.
- UMUTWE WA GATANDATU :UBURYO BWO GUFUMA KU MWENDAUMUTWE WA GATANDATU :UBURYO BWO GUFUMA KU MWENDALabel: 1UMUTWE WA GATANDATU :UBURYO BWO GUFUMA KU MWENDA
6.1. Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
Umunyeshuri azaba ashobora gukoresha uburyo butandukanye bukoreshwa mu gufuma ishusho ku myenda.
6.2. Ubushobozi shingiro
Muri uyu mutwe umwarimu agomba kuyobora abanyeshuri mu kumenya gukurikiza uburyo butandukanye bukoreshwa mu gufuma ishusho ku mwenda. Kureka abanyeshuri bagafuma amashusho atandukanye. Muri uko gukora imitako abanyeshuri babasha kubona ubwiza bw’ibyo bafuma. Nyuma yaho habaho kubayobora mu kumurika ibyo bakoze babitangaho ibitekerezo mu bwubahane.
6.3. Ingingo nsanganyamasomo zigaragara mu mutwe:
Uburinganire bw’ibitsina byombi igihe abanyeshuri bafuma amashusho ku myenda kuko akenshi usanga biharirwa igitsina gore. Kumenya gucunga umutungo abanyeshuri bagaha agaciro ibikoresho, kuko bigura amafaranga bityo bikaba bidatagaguzwa uko umuntu yiboneye. Kwita kuri buri munyeshuri cyane cyane hibandwa ku mwihariko wa buri wese.
6.4. Uburyo bwo gutangira umutwe
Mu gutangira uyu mutwe wo gufuma ku mwenda, mwarimu ashobora kuzana imfashanyigisho ni ukuvuga agatambaro gafumyeho akantu koroheje nk’inyuguti cyangwa umubare, akababaza uko babona bimeze niba babishobora, akabizeza ko
bazabikora. Ashobora no kuzana izindi ngero zigaragaza ubwiza buva mu gufuma.6.5. Urutonde rw’amasomo
Isomo rya 1: Gufuma inyuguti
a. Intego zihariyeGufuma rimwe mu mazina ye ku gatambaro.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Urudodo
• Urushinge
• Agatambaro
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Umukasi6.1. Ishusho y’ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gufuma
c. Uko isomo ritangwa
IntangiriroKubaza abanyeshuri aho babonye amazina afumye ku myenda.
Isomo nyirizina
Buri munyeshuri yandika rimwe mu mazina ye akoresheje ikaramu y’igiti ku gatambaro
6.2. Izina ryandikishije ikaramu y’igiti
• Buri munyeshuri afuma rya zina rye yanditse ku gatambaro
Isuzuma
• Kumurika ibyo bafumye
• Gusuzuma ko abanyeshuri bashoboye gukurikiza imirongo y’ikaramu y’igiti.Isomo rya 2: Gufuma ishusho y’igikoresho cyo mu rugo
a. Intego yihariyeGufuma ishusho y’ikitayega.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Urudodo
• Urushinge
• Agatambaro
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Umukasic. Uko isomo ritangwa
IntangiriroKubaza abanyeshuri ibikoresho bakoresha mu rugo.
Isomo nyirizina
Gusaba abanyeshuri gushushanya igikoresho bahisemo ku gatambaro bakoresheje
ikaramu y’igiti no gufuma icyo gikoresho.6.4. Igishushanyo cy’igikoresho 6.5. Ishusho y’igikoresho gifumye
Isuzuma
Kumurika ibishushanyo, kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane, gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu no gusuzuma intera abanyeshuri bagezeho mu gufuma.
Isomo rya 3: Gufuma ishusho y’inyamaswa
a. Intego yihariyeGufuma ishusho y’inyamaswa ukoresheje umushono w’agati.
b. Imfashanyigisho
• Urudodo
• Urushinge
• Agatambaro
• Ikaramu y’igiti
• Umukasic. Uko isomo ritangwa
IntangiriroKubaza abanyeshuri inyamaswa bazi.
Isomo nyirizina
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gushushanya inyamaswa bashaka gufuma.
• Gutangira gufuma akoresheje uburyo bwo gufuma bwitwa agati yize6.6. Igishuhe gishushanyije ku gatambaro 6.7. Igishuhe gifumye
Isuzuma
Kumurika, kungurana ibitekerezo mu bwubahane, gushima ubwiza bw’ibintu no gusuzuma urwego bagezeho mu guhanga udushya n’ubuziranenge bwabyo.
6.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa 6
• Gufuma ishusho y’agakombe.
• Gufuma ijambo ushaka.
• Gufuma inyamaswa ushaka.6.7. Imyitozo y’inyongera
Gufuma izina ry’igihugu cye (umunyeshuri).
IBITABO BYIFASHISHIJWE
Minisiteri y’Uburezi, Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gushinzwe Integanyanyigisho (1997),
Integanyanyigisho y’inshoza y’ubugeni mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’amashuri abanza,
umwaka wa 1, 2, 3, Kigali.
Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB), Mutarama (2012),
Integanyanyigisho y’ubugeni mberajisho mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’amashuri abanza,
Kigali.
Baker Apollo Ntambirwa (2008), Art for Beginners, Published in Uganda by Trinity
Books Ltd.
Iki gitabo ni Inyobarabarezi y’Isomo ry’Ubugeni n’Ubukorikori igenewe umwarimu
w’iri somo mu mwaka wa Kabiri (2) w’Amashuri abanza. Gikozwe kigendeye ku ntego
z’imyigishirize y’Integanyanyigisho ishingiye ku bushobozi.
Ni igitabo cyunganira umwarimu wigisha isomo ry’ubugeni. Kigizwe n’imitwe itandatu,
intego za buri somo, ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe kuri buri somo, n’urugero
rw’imbata y’isomo. Harimo kandi imyitozo, isuzuma kuri buri mpera y’isomo n’imyitozo
y’inyongera, byose bigamije kuzamura ubumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha
by’umunyeshuri w’umwaka wa kabiri. Si ihame gukoresha ibikoresho byakoreshejwe
muri iyi nyoborabarezi gusa, umwarimu ashobora kwifashisha ibindi bikoresho biboneka
aho atuye, ikigamijwe ni ukubakamo umunyeshuri ubushobozi mu byerekeye ubugeni.
Imitwe igize iki gitabo ni iyi ikurikira:
• Umutwe wa mbere: Gushushanya no gusiga amabara ibitayega n’ibidukikije
• Umutwe wa kabiri: Gutera amashusho ku bintu hakoreshejwe ibikoresho
binyuranye biboneka aho atuye
• Umutwe wa gatatu: Guhanga amashusho mu mubyimba ufatika
• Umutwe wa kane: Ububoshyi hifashishwa ibikoresho biboneka aho atuye.
• Umutwe wa gatanu: Ibikinisho n’ iremekanya ry’ibintu binyuranye
• Umutwe wa gatandatu: Uburyo bwo gufuma ku imwenda