UMUTWE WA 5: KUBAHIRIZA UBURENGANZIRA BWA MUNTU
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku burenganzira bwa muntu agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Gusesengura umuvugo uvuga ku burenganzira bwa muntu agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi kandi atahura uturango twawo.- Guhanga umuvugo yubahiriza uturango twawo no kuwuvuga imbere y’abandi.
V.1. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Ese tubireke
dutyo?
Igikorwa 5.1
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
V.1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Uriya mugore se yasaze ko mbona ari kwivugisha amagambo menshi, yiyesura, byamugendekeye bite? Cyo re! Dore aricara, agahita ahaguruka, akajya kurunguruka mu idirishya, akongera akicara. Uriya ni umusazi pe! Noneho ndabona atangiye kwishima mu mutwe, ubanza yafashwe n’ibisazi! Yewe ubanza
ataye umutwe, reka mwegere nankundira tukaganira ndareba icyo namufasha. Nkimara kugisha umutima inama, nibaza uko ngiye kumwegera ngo muganirize, ntarahaguruka, atangira kuvugira hejuru mu ijwi riranguruye, asakuza cyane.
- Ubu koko turerere he? Mu ngo tubasigira abakozi bakabahohotera. Mu baturanyi na ho harimo inyangabirama zibahohotera. Ku mashuri na ho hari abarezi bamwe na bamwe babahohotera. Abana bacu tubahungishirize he? None n’abakabarinze barabahohotera! Ni ishyano! Ni ishyano nta we naribwira weee! Sinamutanga weee! Oya! Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye Leta igomba gukumira amazi atararenga inkombe!
Ibyo yabivugaga ubona ababaye ariko kubera ko nta muntu yavugishaga abari aho dukomeza kumuhanga amaso gusa dukeka ko ari umusazi. Uko yakomezaga gusakuza ni na ko yajyaga ahaguruka akongera agakubita ijisho mu idirishya ryari hejuru y’aho yari yicaye. Hashize akanya, hasohoka umuganga wari wambaye itaburiya y’umweru, tubona amuhereje imyenda yari asohokanye asa n’umwihanganisha. Umuganga arongera arinjira, wa mugore akomeza kwicara aho. Ngeze aho ndamwegera. Mugeze iruhande ndamusuhuza anyikirizanya ishavu n’agahinda. Yari yataye umutwe ku buryo ibyo namubazaga byose yansubizaga ijambo rimwe gusa.
-Ni se.
-Byagenze bite?
- Ni se! Ndeka mwana wange.
Nyuma yo kumara umwanya tuganira igisubizo ari “ni se” gusa, mpitamo kumuhagurutsa aho yari yicaye ndamusindagiza mugeza aho batangira ubufasha ku bahungabanye. Mwinjiza mu nzu, tuhasanga umukobwa ubishinzwe, amwereka aho yicara. Mu gihe atangiye kumuganiza nge ndasohoka. Nkigera hanze mpahurira n’abagore babiri bari bavuye gukingiza, barimo baganira. Sininjiye mu kiganiro cyabo ariko nkomeza kugikurikira. Baganiraga
bavuga umugabo wahohoteye umwana we, wiga mu mashuri y’inshuke, amusanze mu rugo, nyina yagiye mu murima. Nkimara kubyumva nsanisha iyo nkuru n’uko wa mugore yansubizaga, nibuka ko yasaga nk’uvuye mu murima nkeka ko umwana bavuga ari uwe. Nsubira mu nzu aho nari namusize nsanga yacururutse, aganira na wa mukobwa. Mpageze ashaka guceceka ariko wa mukobwa aramubwira ati:”Komeza nta kibazo uyu ni we wakuzanye aha.”
Arakomeza aramutekerereza.
- Bahise bampamagara ndimo guhinga ngo Karake, uw’iwange, yaje avuye mu kabari yasinze kanyanga, amufata ku ngufu. Nahise mva mu murima aho nufiraga amasaka, nsanga umwana aravirirana ni ko kumuzana kwa muganga. Nongeye kugarura ubwenge nisanga aha tuganirira.
- None se Karake asanzwe anywa kanyanga?
- Yayinywaga ariko nta kindi gihe yigeze akora ishyano nk’iryo.
Wa mukobwa asa n’uguye mu kantu, aceceka akanya gato maze bimwanga mu nda akomeza kumuganiriza.
- Buriya rero sinaba ngushinyaguriye nkubwiye ko ishyano ryaguye iwanyu nawe warigizemo uruhare. Iyo ubonye uwo ari we wese akoresha ibiyobyabwenge ntabwo uba ukwiye kumuhishira. Kwinumira ni nko kureka igitambambuga iruhande rw’umunyotwe. Kigeraho kikawusandaguza boshye ivu. Nyamara iyo uba warabigejeje ku bayobozi bari kumugorora, bakamugira inama, akareka kanyanga. Ndakubwiza ukuri nta mubyeyi muzima wakorera umwana we ibya mfura mbi nka biriya. Ni ikibazo
k’ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge. Ikindi ni ngombwa kujya tuganiriza
abana bacu, tubigisha gutahura abantu bafite ingeso mbi, bashobora kubahohotera. Ibyo byatuma bamenya kuvumbura ufite umugambi mubisha wo kubahohotera bakamuhungira kure.
Wa mugore yari yagaruye akenge, yumva ibyo umukobwa amubwira atuje. Hashize akanya abaza wa mukobwa.
-None se ubwo Leta izamuhanisha iki? Si ukumufunga burundu ngahinduka umupfakazi?
- Leta nta nyungu iba ifite mu gufunga abantu burundu, icyo iba igamije ni ukugorora uwakoze icyaha. Iyo amaze kwigishwa imyitwarire ye ikagaragaza ko ibyatumye akora icyo cyaha atabisubira, baramufungura, akagaruka gufatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu. Si byiza rero guhishira uwakoze ishyano nk’iryo kuko
uba umutesheje amahirwe yo kugororwa ngo ahinduke muzima. Umuzima arafungurwa naho umutindi unangira ntagaragaze ko yicuza ibyo yakoze ni we ufungwa burundu.
−Urakoze kubera ibisobanuro umpaye, reka nge kureba uko umwana ameze ubu muganga yanshatse arambura.
Akimara kumushimira, turasohokana twerekeza aho bakirira abarwayi baje ari indembe hamwe nari namukuye yataye umutwe. Tuhageze, umwe mu baganga bari bahari amubwira ko ategereza gato ko umwana bamujyanye muri raboratwari gufata ibizami ngo barebe niba nta bundi burwayi yaba yatewe n’ihohoterwa
yakorewe.
V.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Sobanura amagambo n’amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira, wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Kugwa mu kantu,
b) Kumusindagiza,
c) Kwumufasha,
d) Kwinumira
V.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Umugore uvugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’umwandiko yari he? Byari
byamugendekeye bite? Kubera iki?
2. Ni irihe hohoterwa rivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Ni nde wahohoteye undi? Yabitewe n’iki?
4. Ni iki kigaragaza ko uriya mugore atari yiteguye gutanga umugabo we wari wahohoteye umwana we?
5. Nk’umufasha w’abaforomo, ni iki wakora kugira ngo ihohoterwa rikorerwa abana riranduke burundu?
6. Ni iyihe nama wagira umuntu wakorewe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina aje akugana?
Imyitozo
Kora imyitozo ikurikira:
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva icyo asobanura: Gusindagiza, kufira, umunyotwe, kwinumira, igitambambuga, gukorera umuntu ibya mfura mbi
2. Ni izihe ngingo waganirizaho abana kugira ngo bage bashobora gutahura abashaka kubahohotera?
V.2 Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Turyamagane
twese
Igikorwa 5.2
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko, usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
V.2.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Yewe muco gakondo
Twakondewe na Gihanga
Wowe uharaze imigenzo myiza
Indangagaciro na kirazira
Aho ihohoterwa ryo urarizi?
Iyaduhanze yaradukunze
Iduhundagazaho ubuhanga
Iduhaza urukundo rwayo
Ngo dukundane n’uko yadukunze
Mu bwubahane buzira umwaga.
Reka ndenge imbibi z’urwacu
Ndenze amaso iyo riterwa inkingi
Ndetse ngere n’ibwotamasimbi
Mbaze bose uko bakabaye
Nti: “Aho ihohoterwa murarizi?”
Icyo kibazo ni cyo gitumye mpanga
Ushaka gukira indwara arayirata
Uwarikorewe wese ntabihishire
Ntagacibwe ngo yamennye ibanga
Ibanga ryakwica rizibukire!
Mu ngo riravuza ubuhuha
Mu kazi ntiryahatangwa
Mu itangwa ryako riraca ibintu
Mu micungire y’abakozi rirabacuza
Si iryo gucecekwa ryadutsemba!
Hadutse icuruzwa ry’abantu
Baba abahungu ndetsen’abakobwa
Bagakurwa kuri gakondo
Bakabunzwa amahangaahahanda
Bababeshya amaronko.
Hari ihohoterwa ryo mu magambo
Atesha agaciro uwo mubana
Ngo nta mutungo yinjiza iwawe
Ndetse n’idini rye si ryo ryawe
Maze umutima we ukamungwa rwose!
Ingo zirubabakwa zigasenywa
Zizira icyo cyago k’icyorezo
Umugore ntiyubahe umugabo
Ngo ubugabo nyabwo ni mu mufuka
Kandi umwe ari urugingo rw’undi.
Ko mbona ihohoterwa riteye hose
Kandi twese turi abavandimwe
Uyu mutima mutindi tuwugenze dute?
Ko utesha agaciro abantu benshi
Twawutesheje ukava iwacu?
Abakurambere dukesha umuco
Baturaze kubana neza
Mu cyubahiro gikwiriye
Umuto akubaha umukuru
Tukubahirizanya twese.
Hari abahoraga bibeshya
Ngo umukobwa si umwana
Ibyo rwose bikaba intandaro
Yo kwimwa intango y’ubuzima
Akimwa umunani no mu muryango.
Babyara umuhungu ngo ni umutabazi
Amahoro agahinda mu muryango
Babyara umukobwa ngo ni agahinda
Ubwigunge bukarenga umubyeyi
Akaba igicibwa ngo aciye umuryango!
Ubwo umukobwa akabaarahejwe
Akabuzwa amahirwe ava mu mashuri
Agaharirwa gusa imirimo yo mu rugo
Basaza be bakaminuza abareba
Ubwo agashengurwa n’agahinda.
Ndanenga uwo muco rwose
Upfobya abo bari baziranenge
Ukababuza uburenganzira bwabo
Iryo hohoterwa ribatera ipfunwe
Niriranduke rwose mu rwatubyaye!
Reka twese tubigire ibyacu
Uyu muco ukocamye ucike rwose
Duhashye ayo mahano abera iwacu
Porisi ihagurukire ibyo birumbo
Imiryango mpuzamahanga na yo ibihoshe.
Reka ababizi dutoze abandi
Uburenganzira bwa muntu
Kuko buri wese afite agaciro
Duhashye ihohoterwa muri byose
Mu muco wacu ribe kirazira.
Twubahe umuco wacu
Ducenshuraibidakwiye
Bitakijyanye n’igihe turimo
Ariko ibyimakaza urukundo
Bihabwe umwanya mu rwatubyaye.
V.2.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo udasobanukiwe, uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko.
IV.2.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni hehe hagaragaraihohoterwa havuzwe mu mwandiko?
2. Ihohoterwa ryo mu muryango rigira izihe ngaruka?
3.Abantu bacuruzwa, babajyana babashukisha iki?
4. Ni nde ufite inshingano zo guhashya ihohoterwa?
5. Kubangamira uburenganzira bwa muntu bigira izihe ngaruka mu mibanire y’abantu?
6.Ni iki cyakorwa kugira ngo uburenganzira bwa muntu bwimakazwe hose?
Imyitozo
Ongera usome umwandiko maze ukore imyitozo ikurikira:
Uzurisha interuro zikurikira aya magambo yakuwe mu mwandiko: umwaga, icyubahiro, umunani, ihohoterwa
a) Abanyarwanda bose ni bamagane ……………………… rikorerwa mu ngo.
b) Umuntu wese akwiye guhabwa ………………………. gikwiye.
c) Abakobwa bari bararenganyijwe badahabwa…………………iwabo.
d) Kugira .........................ntibikwiye.
2. Ni ibihe bikorwa byakwibandwaho kugira ngo ihohoterwe rirandurwe mu Rwanda.
V.3 Umuvugo
Igikorwa 5.3
Ongera usome umwandiko “Turyamagane twese?” witegereza imiterere yawo, uvuge aho ubona utandukaniye n’indi myandiko maze utahure inshoza n’uturango by’umuvugo.
V.3.1 Inshoza y’umuvugo
Umuvugo ni igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo kiri mu mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko, cyuje ubwiza bunogeye amatwi n’umutima, gifite injyana n’amajwi meza, cyubatse ku buryo bw’imikarago kandi kigakoresha amagambo y’indobanure, aberanye n’ikivugwa.
V.3.2 Uturango tw’umuvugo
Umuvugo urangwa no kuba wanditse mu mikarago cyangwa intondeke, uba ugabanyijemo amabango agererenywa n’ibika byo mu myandiko isanzwe. Imikarago y’umuvugo iba ifite injyana nk’iyo mu ndirimbo. Ukarangwa kandi n’injyana y’isubirajwi n’isubirajambo n’ubundi bwoko bw’iminozanganzo.
V.3.3 Ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa mu mivugo
1. Injyana
Mu mivugo hakoreshwamo injyanaishingiye ku ipima ry’imikarago.Uhanga umuvugo agerageza gukoresha imikarago ireshya cyangwa yenda kureshya, bigatuma kuyivuga hazamo injyana nk’iyo mu ndirimbo.
2. Isubirajwi
Ni ikeshamvugo rishingira ku kugenda basubira mu ijwi runaka ku buryo bunogeye amatwi. Amajwi ashobora gusubirwamo ku ntangiriro y’imikarago, kumpera
zayo cyangwa se agakurikirana mu ijambo no mu mukarago.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo“Turyamagane twese”
Hadutse icuruzwa ry’abantu
Baba abahungu ndetse n’abakobwa
Bagakurwa kuri gakondo
Bakabunzwa amahanga ahahanda
Bababeshya amaronko.
3. Isubirajambo
Ni ikeshamvugo rishingira kumagambo aganda agaruka bidatinze cyangwa hakagaruka ayo bihuriye ku gicumbi.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Umugore ntiyubahe umugabo
Ngo ubugabo nyabwo ni mu mufuka
4. Imibangikanyo
Imibangikanyo ni ikeshamvugo rishingiye ku gukurikiranya imikarago iteye
kimwe, ifite ingingo zuzuzanya cyangwa se zivuguruzanya.
Ingero mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Ingingo zuzuzanya :
Ibyo rwose bikaba intandaro
Yo kwimwa intango y’ubuzima
Akimwa umunaniwo mu muryango.
Ingingo zivuguruzanya
Ingo zirubabakwazigasenywa
5. Igereranya
Igereranya ni ikeshamvugo rishingira ku kugereranya ibintu bifite icyo bihuriyeho ku buryo kimwe cyagufasha gusobanura ikindi ukoresheje uko bisangiye imisusire, imigenzereze, umumaro n’ibindi. Igereranya rikoresha ibyungo
ngereranya: nka, na, kimwe, asa …
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Ngo dukundane n’ukoyadukunze
6. Ihwanisha
Ihwanisha ni ikeshamvugo risa no kugereranya ariko nta kigereranyisho gikoreshejwe, ku buryo ibigereranywa ubinganyisha, kimwe kikaba cyafata umwanya w’ikindi cyangwa cyagihagararira.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Babyara umuhungu ngo ni umutabazi
Babyara umukobwa ngo ni agahinda
7. Iyitirira
Iyitirira ni ikeshamvugo rishingiye ku gufata ikintu ukagisimbuza ikindi bitewe n’uko ubona isano bifitanye. Icyo gihe ijambo rifata umwanya w’irindi rikagira inyito nshya kandi n’iyo ryari risanganywe ritayitakaje. Ikintu gishobora kwitirirwa icyo gikozemo, kikitirirwa agace kamwe mu bikigize cyangwa kikitirirwa icyo kirimo.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Ndetse ngere n’ibwotamasimbi(i Burayi)
V.3.3 Akamaro k’imivugo
Imivugo ifasha abahanzi gutambutsa imbamutimazabobabinyujije mu bihangano. Bifasha umuhanzi kunoza ururimi no gukungahaza inyunguramagambo akoresheje amagambo y’intoranywa. Imivugo ifasha abantu gushima, gutaka, kunenga, kwigisha, gukosora ikintu cyangwa umuntu runaka binyujijwe mu bihangano.
Imyitozo
Kora imyitozo ikurikira:
1.Tanga urugero rw’ingingo zishobora kubangikana zikuzuzanyan’izishobora kubangikana zikavuguruzanya.
2. Ni akahe kamaro k’ikeshamvugo rishingiye ku njyana no ku majwi.
Umukoro
Hanga umuvugo mugufi utarengeje imikarago mirongo itatu ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo ijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu hanyuma uwuvugire imbere y’abandi wubahiriza isesekaza ry’umuvugo rikwiye.
V.4. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu
Umwandiko:Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobeli
Umwandiko: Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobeli, gihabwa umuntu wagerageje cyangwa warushije abandi kunga abantu, guca cyangwa kugabanya imitwe y’inyeshyamba n’icuruzwa ry’intwaro, kubumbatira no gusakaza iterambere ry’amahoro, hakurikijwe ingingo fatizo zashyizweho mu irage rya Aluferedi Nobeli
(Alfred Nobel). Izo ngingo fatizo zirimo guharanira amahoro, uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu, ibikorwa by’ubugiraneza bifasha abantu, no guharanira ubwigenge.
Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobelicyatanzwe bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 1901.Gishobora kugabanywa abantu babiri, cyangwa batatu cyangwa seamashyirahamwe n’imiryango yaba yarakoreye abantu ubuvugizi cyangwa ikabarengera.Nta gihembo kigeze gitangwa mu gihe k’intambara ebyiri z’isi uretse mu wa 1917 no mu wa 1945, ndetse no mu myaka aho nta mukandida wemejwe ko agikwiye mu babaga bagenwe ngo batoranywemo abagihabwa.
Igihembo kitiriwe Nobeli cyabanje kuba umwihariko w’ibihugu byo mu Burayi na Amerika y’amajyaruguru, nyuma kiza gukwira isi yose. Abanyafurika bamaze kugihabwa barimo: Anuware Sadate (Anouar el-Sadate), Nerisoni Mandera (Nelson Mandela), na Peteri Bota (Peter Bota), Musenyeri Desimoni Tutu (Desmond Tutu), …
Muri rusange igihembo Nobeli cy’amahoro cyagiye gihabwa abantu bakoze ibikorwa bifitiye abantu akamaro cyangwa abarwanije ugukandamizwa mu bya politiki n’abaharaniye guca ubusumbane mu bantu nk’Albert Schweitzer, Martin Luther King, Mama Tereza w’i Karikuta, na Aung San Suu Kyi.
Nk’uko Aluferedi Nobeli (Alfred Nobel) yasize abigennye, abahabwa icyo gihembo batoranywa na komite ishyirwaho n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’igihugu cya Noruveji abandi bagahitwamo n’ikigo gishinzwe umuco n’ubumenyi cyo muri Suwedi. Impamvu ni uko mu gihe cya Aluferedi Nobeli (Alfred Nobel) ibyo bihugu byombi byari bikiri igihugu kimwe.
Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobeli kijyana n’akayabo ka miriyoni icumi z’amafaranga y’amakuroni akoreshwa muri Suedi. Ni amafaranga arenga gato miriyoni y’amayero akoreshwa mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi.
Abatera amahoro barahirwa rero, kuko usibye ko ubwami bw’Imana ari ubwabo, no mu isi ntibazabaho nabi.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobeli cyatanzwe bwa mbere ryari?
2. Ni bande bagomba guhabwa Igihembo cy’Amahoro Kitiriwe Nobeli?
3. Kuki abahabwa Igihembo cy’Amahoro Kitiriwe Nobeli batoranywa n’abantu bo muri Wuwedi no muri Noruveji?
4. Sobanura akamaro, Igihembo cy’Amahoro Kitiriwe Nobeli gishobora kugira mu gusigasira no guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko:
a) Inyeshyamba
b) Irage
c) Umwihariko
d) Akayabo
III. Ibibazo ku muvugo
1. Garagaza uturango tw’ingenzi dutandukanya umuvugo n’ubundi bwoko bw’umwandiko.
2. Ikeshamvugo rishingiye ku igereranya ritandukaniyeho n’irishingiye ku ihanisha?
IV. Ihangamwandiko
Hanga umuvugo mugufi utarengeje imikarago cumi n’itanu, ku nsanganyamatsiko y’uburenganzira bw’umwana.