UMUTWE WA 4: UMUCO NYARWANDA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- Kurondora no gusobanura ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
- Guhanga yigana zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.- Gukina bigana imisango y’ubukwe
Igikorwa cy' umwinjizo
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite ku muco nyarwanda, sobanura ingeri z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda, sobanura uko ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda bwakorwaga ndetse n’uko umuhango wo kwita izina wakorwaga.
IV.1 Gusoma, kumva no gusesengura umwandiko: Ruhinyuza
Igikorwa 4.1
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
IV. 1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Kera habayeho umugabo akitwa Ruhinyuza Rwahinyuje Imana. Umunsi umwe yagiye kwiba asanga umugore nyiri urugo yabyaye aryamye asinziriye. Yinjiye mu nzu yumva Imana irimo gutuka umwana imubwira iti: “Mwana wange uravutse, ariko uzicwa n’ihembe ry’inzovu”. Ruhinyuza abyumvise arivugisha ati:
“Imana irabeshya.” Ntiyaba akibye, aratambuka ajya aho uwo mugore aryamye, afata icyuma, agicisha mu mara ya wa mwana wavutse uwo munsi arangije arigendera.
Bene urugo bakangutse, umubyeyi ngo arebe umwana, asanga amara ye ku buriri. Abwira umugabo ati: “Byuka umwana yapfuye”. Umugabo arabyuka aracana, amatara yari ataraza acana mu ziko. Baterura umwana, basanga ni intere. Bamushyira ku ziko, bazana ikiremo k’impuzu, bakubita muri ya mara babusubiza mu nda barahwanya. Bakajya basenga bagira bati: “Imana ntiyanga kugondozwa yanga guhemuzwa, twizeye ko uyu mwana azakira”. Bamurekera aho, umwana baramuvura arakira. Aba aho ngaho, arasohoka, agera aho kwicara, agera iyo akambakamba, agera iyo ahaguruka, wa mugabo kandi akajya aza kuneka kuko yumvise Imana ivuga ngo: “Mwana wange ndagututse uzicwa n’ihembe ry’inzovu”.
Umwana aba aho, amaze gupfundura amabere, wa mugabo yenga
inzoga, aragenda ajya gusaba wa mukobwa. Baramumwemerera bati: “Tuzamugushyingira.” Umugabo arakwa, amaze gukwa, ati: “Ndashaka gushyingirwa”. Umugabo arashyingirwa. Amaze gushyingirwa abwira abagaragu be ati: “Umva rero bagaragu bange, nk’uko nshyingiwe uyu mwana w’umukobwa, uyu mwana
w’umukobwa ntakigenze; uyu mwana w’umukobwa ntakagire ubwo ajya mu muryango w’inzu; ntakagire ubwo ajya mu rugo; azajya mu rugo mumuhetse; azajya mu gikari mumuhetse; kandi ntazahinga. Umugore yibera aho ngaho aratinya, aratinyuka; yasohoka agahekwa, yajya kwituma agahekwa, yasubira mu nzu agahekwa.
Umugore arabyara. Amaze kubyara bibera aho ngaho, bukeye abahigi barahiga. Ngo bamare guhiga nyamugore yumva umuhigo. Abwira abagaragu ati: “Ihiii, nimumpeke nge kureba.” Abagaragu bati: “Hama aho ngaho ntibishoboka, kujya kureba umuhigo ntibishoboka, hama aho ngaho, ntabwo bigushishikaje.
Abagenda baraza kukubwira”. Umugore ati: “Oya nimumpeke munshyire mu gikari”. Burya koko nyamwanga kubwirwa ntiyanze kubona! Umugore baramuheka no mu gikari. Umugore areba umuhigo, abahigi bari bahetse impyisi. Umugore arabareba, bimwanga mu nda, umugore ashingura ukuguru mu ngobyi,
agushinga ku rugo. Agushinze ku rugo, ashinga mu ihembe ry’inzovu. Umugore arongera ashingura ukuguru ati: “nimunjyane imuhira, sinzi ikintu kinyishe mu kirenge”. Bamusubiza mu nzu, umugore ariko ataka avuga ngo “Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze no kubona”. Guhera ubwo abyimba ikirenge, umugabo ngo
aze barabimubwira. Umugabo ati: “Ese ye, byagenze bite? Uyu mugore mwamujyaniye iki mu gikari?” Abagaragu be baramusubiza bati: “Uyu mugore yari yatubwiye turamuhakanira aranga. None rero nta kundi twari kubigenza”.
Nuko bigeze igihe cya nijoro umugore arapfa, amaze gupfa baramuhamba. Bibera aho ngaho barabasura, kwa sebukwe bazana ibiyagano. Bavuye ku kirirarira cy’urupfu, nanone benga inzoga, uwo mukwe atumira kwa sebukwe, atumira bene wabo bo kwa sebukwe na ba nyirarume b’umugore. Bahageze, abatekerereza ukuntu yagiye kwiba, agasanga Imana irimo gutuka umwana wavutse, na we agakata uwo mwana mu nda, agasiga amara ari hasi; ukuntu
Imana nanone yamusannye, kandi ko icyo yamututse ari ihembe ry’inzovu akaba ari cyo azize. Arabashima ati: “Nukonuko kandi nshimye Imana, abantu mwese mwemere Imana, Imana ni yo iriho kandi ni yo ishobora byose, iyakaremye ni yo ikamena”. Si ge wahera hahera Ruhinyuza.
IV.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Soma umwandiko “Ruhinyuza”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
IV.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Izina ry’umujura uvugwa mu mwandiko rihuriye he n’ibiwuvugwamo?
2. Ruhinyuza ageze mu rugo yari agiye kwibamo byamugendekeye gute?
3. Ni iyihe mpamvu yatumye Ruhinyuza asaba uriya mukobwa?
4. Ese ibyo Imana yatutse umwana byabaye ukuri? Sobanura.
5.Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize umwandiko “Ruhinyuza”6. Garagaza ingengo z’umuco nyarwanda zigaragara mu mwandiko.
Imyitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ziboneye, ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Impuzu
b) Bimwanga mu nda
c) Gupfundura amabere
2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira imbusane zayo.
a) Ruhinyuza yabwiye sebukwe agasanga Imana irimo gutuka umwana.
b) Ruhinyuza yategetse abagaragu kutazemerera umugore we kuva mu rugo.
c) Umukwe wabo yajyanye n’umugore we iwabo.
3. Ukurikije ibyo Imana yatutse umwana kandi bikaba, ese wemeranywa n’uyu mwandiko ko umuntu avuka Imana yaramuteguriye ibizamubaho? Sobanura.
IV.2 Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Igikorwa 4.2
Kora ubushakashatsi ugaragaze inshoza n’uturango by’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda, uburondore kandi usobanure ingeri zabwo.
IV.2 1. Inshoza n’uturango by’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri
rubanda
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda ni ibihangano byahimbwe n’abantu ba kera, bakaba barahimbaga batandika, bakabifata mu mutwe. Ibyo bahimbaga babishyikirizaga ab’igihe cyabo bikabizihira mu bitaramo, bakagenda babiraga abo
basize, babihererekanya mu mvugo. Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda bwabaga bwarabaye gikwira kandi nta muntu bwitirirwaga ko yabuhimbye.
IV.2 2. Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda hakubiyemo ingeri zikurikira:
1. Ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda
Ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda byahimbaga bifatiye ku muntu runaka wabayeho cyangwa utarabayeho. Ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda bigira amakabyankuru ariko ibikorwa biba bibera muri iyi si isanzwe. Mu bitekerezo byo muri rubanda hagaragaramo ingingo z’amateka.
Ingero:
- Igitekerezo cya Semuhanuka
- Igitekerezo cya Nyirarunyonga
- Igitekerezo cya Ngunda
- Igitekerezo cya Serugarukiramfizi
- [...]
2. Imigani miremire
Umugani muremure ni umwandiko uteye nk’inkuru. Uvuga ibintu by’ibihimbano n’ibitangaza, bibera mu isi y’impimbano. Ntawamenya igihe n’ahantu nyakuri byabereye. Imigani ifatira ku bintu bifatika no ku bintu bidafatika nk’abantu, ibintu, ibikoko, imana, urupfu n’ibindi. Imigani miremire kandi ivugisha ibivuga n’ibitavuga.
Ingero:
- Ruhinyuza
- Nyashya na Baba
- Nyamutegera ikizaza
3. Imigani migufi (imigenurano)
Umugani mugufi cyangwa umugani w’umugenurano ni interuro ngufi ivuga ibintu ku buryo bw’inshamarenga. Uyibwiwe ayumva ahereye ku cyo uwuciye arenguriyeho, yaba adasanzwe awuzi ntiyumve icyo abwiwe. Umugani mugufi uba ugamije kuburira, kwigisha, guhanura.
Imigani y’imigenurano ikubiyemo insanganyamatsiko zinyuranye z’uturango tw’umuco nyarwanda nk’uburezi n’uburere, imibanire, ubucuti, imyemerere, ubwisungane cyangwa ubufatanye n’ibindi.
Ingero:
- Utazi ubwenge ashima ubwe.
- Utazi akaraye ifumbwe araza ifu.
- Utumviye se na nyina yumvira ijeri.
- Akebo kajya iwa mugarura.
4. Insigamigani
Insigamigani ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda ikubiyemo ibitekerezo bifatiye ku muntu wakoze ikintu iki n’iki cyangwa se ikintu cyabaye mu gihe runaka bigahinduka iciro ry’umugani. Ishobora kuba kandi iyo mvugo ubwayo, umuntu cyangwa ikintu yakomotseho. Insigamigani zirimo insigamigani nyirizina n’insigamigani nyitiriro.
Insigamigani nyirizina ni izakomotse ku bantu bazwi neza.
Ingero:
- “Ndatega zivamo” yakomotse kuri Ntambabazi wa Rufangura
- “Nguye mu matsa” yakomotse kuri Rugaju rwa Mutimbo
- “Ngiye kwa Ngara” yakomotse kuri Nyiramataza Mukarukari
- “Yarezwe bajeyi” yakomotse kuri Bajeyi ba Sharangabo
Insigamigani nyitiriro ni ibindi bintu rubanda bagenuriyeho bakabiheraho babigira iciro ry’imigani.
Ingero:
- “Kuvuga ni ugutaruka” yagenuriwe ku mpyisi.
- “Mpuriye he n’ibiguruka?” Yagenuriwe ku gikeri.
5. Ibisakuzo
Ibisakuzo ni umukino wo mu magambo ugizwe n’ibibazo n’ibisubizo bishimisha abakuru n’abato kandi birimo ubuhanga. Ibisakuzo byagiraga abahimbyi b’inzobere bahoraga barushaho kunoza no gukungahaza uwo mukino.
Buri gisakuzo kiba gifite imvugo yacyo yabugenewe, kikicwa mu magambo yacyo bwite, kandi gishobora no kugira ibisubizo byinshi.
Abasakuza bagenda bakuranwa mu gusakuza. Usakuza agira ati: “Sakwe, sakwe”, usakuzwa agasubiza ati: “Soma.” Iyo uwasakujwe atinze gufindura igisakuzo, uwamusakuje aramubwira ati: “Kimpe”. Uwasakujwe arasubiza ngo: “Ngicyo”, ubwo uwagisakuje akakica.
Ingero:
6. Indirimbo z’inanga zo muri rubanda
Indirimbo z’inanga zo muri rubanda zivuga ibintu bireba imibereho yacu ya buri munsi. Mu Rwanda rwo hambere indirimbo z’inanga zari mu bihangano bikesha ibirori n’ibitaramo. Bityo inanga abana bayigiraga ku babyeyi babo cyangwa ku baturanyi.
Ingero:
- Imitoma ya Rujindiri.
- Nyirabisaba ya Sebatunzi.
7. Uturingushyo tw’abasizi
Ni utubango tugufi, tutagoye, duhimbye ku buryo bw’ibisigo. Utwo tubango twagenewe kuganira cyangwa gutoza abana gufata mu mutwe.
Urugero:
Ibitotsi
Ibitotsi ni ibiragi, bigomba ibirago,
Usinzira utiziguye imuhira
Uwazindutse akagusumbya akantu.
Ijoro ni intatirikaba intambara,
Ryageza igihe k’igicuku rikagucuragiza,
Impyisi igatera umurozi akaza.
8. Amagorane
Ni imvugo ikurikiranya amajwi menshi asa kandi avugwa ku buryo bwihuse, utabimenyereye akaba yavugishwa.
Urugero:
Aka kago k’akagera
Karimo akagore k’akageni
Karimo akagega k’akagegemeza
Karimo agakoko k’agakokokazi
Ntikaraye amazi kayaraye kayaraye.
9. Ibisingizo by’inyamaswa
Byitwa ibisingizo ariko uko bivugitse ntibiba bishimagiza byanze bikunze iyo nyamaswa. Hari ibivuga inzoka, impyisi (Bihehe)... Akenshi biba ari bigufi.
Ingero:
- Umunyamerwe
- Ikivugo k’inturo
- Ikivugo k’imbeba
10. Ibyivugo by’amahomvu
Ibyivugo by’amahomvu cyangwa ibyivugo by’abana ni ibyivugo bigufi abana bivuga bagamije gusetsa no kwidagadura muri rusange. Ibi byivugo bivugirwa mu bitaramo byo mu miryango, si mu bitaramo by’ingabo. Impamvu babyita amahomvu ni uko
mu by’ukuri ibyo birata biba bitarabayeho.
Ingero :
- Nagiye ku rusenge ibitugu ndabitigisa, imyambi ndayisukiranya, abo twari
kumwe ndabacyaha, nitwa cyaradamaraye.
- Ndi inkubito idatinya, ndi Nyambo sinkenga, Mucyo wa Rudatinya, ndi umuhungu ntibyijanwa.
10. Urwenya na byendagusetsa
Urwenya ni inkuru zisetsa ku buryo umuntu uzibariwe ababaye cyangwa arakaye acururuka. Izi nkuru hari ushobora kuzibarirwa zimuvuga nabi akarakara. Byendagusetsa n’imigirire cyangwa imyifatire y’umuntu runaka itera abantu guseka.
Urugero:
Umugabo yafashe inuma ngo age kuyirya iramubwira iti: “Reka nkubwire ikintu kimwe, nako bitatu hanyuma ubone kundya.” Icya mbere: Ikintu cyakugeze mu ntoki ntikikaguhende ubwenge ngo ukirekure. Icya kabiri: Ntukababazwe n’icyo wakoze. Irongera iti: “Ndekura nkubwire icya gatatu k’ingenzi.” Arayirekura irigurukira.
Inuma iti: “Waba umupfu urakanyagwa.” Na bibiri bya mbere ntiwabyubahirije none nkubwire ikindi?
11. Ibisigo by’ubuse
Ibisigo by’ubuse ni bisigo bihimbitse nk’ibisetso bisa n’ibisebanya. Ni inganzo yaba yaravukiye mu matorero y’intore, aho wasangaga abantu biga kuvuga neza, bagacyocyorana ntihagire urakara. Uwarakaraga muri ibyo biganiro bamwitaga igifura kitazi kuba mu bandi bahungu cyangwa akitwa umunyamusozi. Abahimbaga
ibisigo by’ubuse, babaga bagambiriye gusetsa.
Mu basizi bazwi baba barakenetse inganzo y’ibisigo by’ubuse harimo Musenyeri Alegisi Kagame. Yaje guhimbazwa n’iyi nganzo y’ibisigo by’ubuse maze arayigana ahimba umuvugo muremure yakubiye mu gatabo yise “Indyoheshabirayi”.
Ingero z’ibisigo by’ubuse
- Baryohewe ubudasigaza
- Babyirukanye ingoga mu gutamira.
- Indyoheshabirayi
- (...)
12. Ubuvanganzo bujyanye n’imyuga n’imihango
Mu Rwanda hari ubuvanganzo bushingiye ku mirimo, ibirori n’imihango. Muri bwo twavugamo ubushingiye ku bworozi bw’inka nk’ibihamagaro, indirimbo z’inka zigizwe n’amahamba, amabanga, imyoma, indama, inzira n’ibyisigo no ku bworozi bw’inzuki nk’amavumvu. Hari kandi ubuvanganzo bushingiye ku buhinzi
nko kwidoga, kwisiga no kuvuga isuka; hakaba ubushingiye ku buhigi nk’amahigi ndetse n’ubushingiye ku mirimo ikorerwa mu mazi hifashishijwe amato nk’amasare.
Ubuvanganzo bushingiye ku birori n’imihango harimo imisango y’ubukwe, indirimbo z’umuhuro (ibihozo) n’imbyino (ikinimba, imparamba, ibyishongoro, imishayayo,iz’intore, imbyino z’imandwa, igishakamba...).
Umwitozo
1. Garagaza uturango tw’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.2. Ni akahe kamaro k’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda ?
Umukoro
Hanga wigana imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo zikurikira:
- Uturingushyo tw’abasizi
- Amagorane
- Urwenya- Ikivugo cy’amahomvu
IV.3 Gusoma kumva no gusesengura umwandiko: Isabwa rya
Mukandahiro
Igikorwa 4.3
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
IV.3.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Hari mu gitondo, mu rugo rwo kwa Rugendo biteguye isabwa ry’umukobwa wabo Mukandahiro. Nyuma yo gutegura ibyicaro no kwicaza abasangwa, abashyitsi baba barahasesekaye babukereye. Bahabwa ibyicaro n’ababishinzwe, maze baratangira baraganira:
Umuhuza w’imisango: Nk’uko mubibonye, mu kanya haje umushyitsi. Ntaratwibwira nubwo nge mbona amaso atari aya, icyakora yahindutse, uko yari asanzwe atemberera muri uru rugo ndabona atari ko yaje. Yaje agaragiwe n’imbaga, kandi ubundi yazaga wenyine. Nyakubahwa umukuru w’umuryango wa Rugendo rero, aba bashyitsi baje si nge wabaha ikaze mu rugo rwawe
kandi uhibereye, reka nguhe umwanya ubahe ikaze.
Umusangwa mukuru: Tubahaye ikaze bashyitsi bahire. Mu muryango wa Rugendo mudusanze twibereye mu busabane busoza umwaka. Amazimano arahari, abahungu bange nibabazimanire, nimwumva mushize inyota muritahira
dusigare mu busabane bwacu.
Umuhuza w’imisango: Nyamara nubwo ntasoma ku mitima y’abantu, ariko uyu mushyitsi ndabona asa n’urimo gusaba ijambo, reka tumuhe umwanya.
Umukwe mukuru: Murakoze, mbere na mbere mbanje kubashimira uko mwatwakiriye muri ubu busabane bwanyu. Abo twazanye nimumfashe tubashimire. (Amashyi ngo kacikaci!) Muragahorana amazimano. Hambere twagize umugisha, Imana itanga iwacu ndetse n’iwanyu iraturemera, iduhangamo urukundo, imaze kutwita amazina tuvuye mu ngaragu, iduha kubyara hungu na kobwa, iduha gutunga no gutunganirwa. Mu bana rero bavutse mu muryango wa Bazinura, ari na wo mpagarariye, harimo abahungu n’abakobwa, ariko umwe mu bahungu yaraje aransanga angezaho ikifuzo ko atagishaka gukomeza kwitwa ingaramakirambi, ko twamushakira akitwa umugabo. Tumushakira umuranga, aza aha iwanyu ararambagiza, aturangira umugeni muri uru rugo. Muri make, twaje kubasaba umugeni witwa Mukandahiro.
Umusangwa mukuru: Ko hano tugira ba Mukandahiro benshi, urifuza Mukandahiro wuhe? Dufite Karine, Viviyana, Suzana na Virijiniya. Abo bose ni ba Mukandahiro.
Umukwe mukuru: Ndasaba Mukandahiro Virijiniya.
Umusangwa mukuru: Umugeni uramuhawe ariko ni umukobwa. (Ako kanya amashyi ngo kacikaci!) Umukobwa wacu ni Mutumwinka. Nta kindi narenzaho, ibindi nawe urabyibwiriza.
Umukwe mukuru: Uhawe inka akura ubwatsi ariko uhawe umugeni arashimira. Ndagira ngo ngushimire mbikuye ku mutima. Uragahore ubyara abakobwa. Nzanira iyo nzoga mwana wange mushimire! Uyu muryango mpagarariye uzira kurongora abakobwa tutakoye. Ndi imbere yawe kandi n’imbere y’umuryango, reka nisubirire mu mwanya wange munkoshe.
Umusangwa mukuru: Yeee! Inyana umunani zirara imfizi mu mahembe. Ngira ngo urabyumva. (Amashyi ngo kacikaci! Abagore bavuza impundu).
Umukwe mukuru: Abakirana batangana berekana aheza kugira ngo hatagira uvunika Hirya aha mpagira urwuri. Nazanye n’umutahira wange Kanuma, haguruka sha! Ngwino unyegere. Icyo bashaka ni inyana umunani. Jyana n’umushumba wabo, arebe imigongo yazo, ingeso zazo, arobanure mu ishyo inyana umunani.
Umushumba: Nk’uko yabibabwiraga ni ko nabisanze. Inyana umunani nazishimye nzigejeje mu rwuri rwacu. Ni inyana nziza, zifite imigongo miremire n’ibibero byiza; mbese nazishimye.
Umusangwa mukuru: Ubwo inkwano zawe zashimwe, umugeni uramuhawe. Wicare ugubwe neza, ariko nge mfite impungenge. Ko mbona imbere aho wicaranye n’abasaza bafite uruhanga ruharaze imvi nk’izange, sinzi niba uwo usabira ari umwe muri abo ngabo!
Umukwe mukuru: Ndasabira umuhungu wa Bazinura witwa Karinda. Nubwo tutazanye, naketse ko muri bunsabe ko abaramutsa mutumaho nkoresheje ikoranabuhanga. Reka muhamagare. Tebuka sha! (Umusore aze agaragiwe n’abamuherekeje, asuhuze Umusangwa mukuru.)
Umusangwa mukuru: Ndabona umukwe wacu ari intarumikwa. Akwiye umukobwa wacu koko.Umukwe mukuru: Hanyuma se ko maze kukwereka umusore wacu, wowe ntiwanzanira uwo mukazana wacu akaturamutsa?
Umusangwa mukuru: Yewe, ni byo koko, reka ba nyirasenge
bamumpamagarire aze, dore ko aba ari mu gikari ahugiye mu mirimo. (Umugeni aze agaragiwe n’abaherekeza be barimo ba nyirasenge na ba nyina wabo… asuhuze umusangwa
mukuru, maze amushyikirize umukwe mukuru, na we amushyikirize umukwe w’ukuri. Amashyi n’impundu bibe uruhurirane!)
Umukwe mukuru: Mu gihe wanyakiraga nkiza, nari mfite ubutumwa maze kubagezaho natumwe na Bazinura. Ariko kandi, yambwiye ati: “Ngaho genda ungire mu Kivugiza ubandamukirize, usabe umugeni, nange nsigaye aha n’abasaza n’abakecuru tugutegereje. Nuza kugabana, ucyuye umunyafu, ugaruke umbwire niba urugendo wagize kwa Rugendo rwaguhiriye”. Ndagira ngo munyemerere ngende hakibona, nsange abo basaza n’abakecuru, mbabwire
ko mwampaye umugeni. Mbafashe kwitegura kugira ngo ejo cyangwa ejobundi nzagaruke gutebutsa. Muragahorana Imana.
Umusangwa mukuru: Wazanye n’abagore b’amajigija, wazanye n’abagabo b’ibikwerere, wazanye n’ababyeyi bonsa, wazanye n’abagabo b’ibihame, wazanye n’abasore n’inkumi, wazanye n’abana. Reka abangu bange bazane impamba yabo
(Abasore babiri bahereze umukwe mukuru akanozangendo hanyuma umusangwa mukuru na we amuhereze). Iyi nkwihereye yo, uyigeze mu rugo ni iya Bazinura wagutumye. Ugende uyimushyikirize, kibe ikimenyetso cy’uko wageze aho yagutumye.
Umukwe mukuru: Sinongera kwicara kuko burya uhawe impamba, arahaguruka akagenda. Ariko reka mbanze nsabe umuhungu wange aherekeze umugeni we. Umva sha! Herekeza uwo mukobwa, umugeze ku muryango wa se. Hari inkingi yitwa kanagazi, ufite uburenganzira bwo guhita kuri iyo nkingi yonyine. Ku rusika
rw’umugendo ni ho abashyitsi bagarukira. Mu ndaburano ni aha se kuko imbere ari aha nyina. Mu ruhimbi ni ah’abakobwa. Namara kukwereka intebe uzajya wicaraho waje kwa sobukwe, uhite ugaruka uze dutahe. Ejo cyangwa ejobundi nzazana inzoga yo gutebutsa baduhekere. (Umusore aherekeze umugeni we, amugeze aho yasabwe kugera hanyuma agaruke batahe).
IV.3.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Soma umwandiko “Isabwa rya Mukandahiro”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko.
IV.3.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Umukwe mukuru ageze kwa Rugendo yasanze bakoranyijwe n’iki? Ese koko icyo bavuga mu mwandiko ni cyo cyari cyabakoranije? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
2. Ni iyihe ngingo igaragaza ko umukwe mukuru yishimiye amazimano?
3. Ni iyihe mihango y’ubukwe bwa Kinyarwanda ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Yandike uyikurikiranya uko ikurikirana.
4. Ni izihe ngingo zivugwa mu mwandiko zigaragaza ko umuhungu usabirwa yari ageze mu gihe cyo gushaka koko?
5. Uwavuga ko uyu mwandiko ufitanye isano no gucyocyorana mu buryo bwa
gipfura yaba yibeshye? Tanga ingero ebyiri ziherekeza igisubizo cyawe.6. Umuhango wo gutebutsa uba ugamije iki mu bukwe bwa kinyarwanda?
Umukoro
Mutegure kandi mukine mwigana imisango y’ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda.
IV.4 Gusoma, kumva no gusesengura umwandiko: Kamana yitwa izina
Igikorwa 4.4
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, usobanure amagambo yatanzwe wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
IV.4.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira :
Hari ku munsi wa munani, Nyiramana amaze iminsi ku kiriri yarabyaye, nuko Kagabo, umugabo we, atumira abaturanyi, ararika abana b’abahungu n’ab’abakobwa. Abo bana babaha inkonzo, bajya mu murima guhinga. Umurima wari wabanje gutabirwa n’abakuru kugira ngo worohe. Abana bamaze guhinga, abakobwa batera intabire imbuto y’uburo n’inzuzi. Barangije gutera, nyirabukwe
wa Nyiramana azana amazi mu gacuma, ayasuka ku rushyi, ayabatera, agira ati: “Nimuhingure imvura iraguye”. Abana bose baherako barataha.
Bageze mu rugo basanga babateguriye intara, barambuyeho urukoma, bashyiraho ibishyimbo bicucumiyemo imboga, babumbabumyemo utubumbe twinshi. Buri mwana yari yagenewe akabumbe ke kandi buri kabumbe kose kari kageretseho agasate k’umutsima. Nuko abana babazanira amazi barakaraba, barangije bararya. Bamaze kurya bazana amata y’inshyushyu n’ay’ikivuguto
barabahereza baranywa. Umwe mu bana bari aho aranyegera ambaza anyongorera.
- Ko baduhamagaye ngo twite izina ibi bindi badukoresheje ni ibiki?
- Mu muco nyarwanda, mu muhango wo kurya ubunnyano ari wo kwita izina, abana babanza guhingisha inkonzo, bagakurikiraho kurya ubunnyano, bakabona kwita izina. Ubu turangije kurya ubunnyano. dukarabe?
- Itonde ibikurikiraho uraza kubibona.
Abana bose barangije kurya, bahamagara umwumwe, bamusaba kugenda ahanaguriza intoki ze ku mabere ya Nyiramana avuga ati: “Urabyare abana benshi, abahungu n’abakobwa”. Barangije, babasaba kwita umwana amazina.
Nuko abana batangira kwita amazina. Umwe ati: “Mwise Bwerere.” Barakomeza bose barahetura. Barangije kwita amazina, bababuza gutaha umwana atarituma ngo batamusurira inabi agapfa. Nyiramana na we bamubuza guhaguruka aho yari yicaye bategereje ko umwana yituma cyangwa anyara. Umwana ntiyatinda ahita yituma. Nyina yari yamwonkeje bihagije agira ngo abikore vuba. Ntibyabaye ngombwa ko bamwina cyangwa ngo bamutamike
itabi kugira ngo yitume vuba.
Amaze kwituma bahamagara abana umunani b’amasugi, bane b’abahungu na bane b’abakobwa. Baraza bakikiza urutaro bayoreyeho ibyo ku kiriri, babasaba kuruterurira icyarimwe, bagenda baririmba bati:
“Bwerere yavutse,
Bwerere yakura,
- None se ko iwacu iyo turangije kurya dukaraba, bakaba bataduhaye amazi ngo
Bwerere yavoma,
Bwerere yasenya,
Bwerere yahinga…”
Bwerere ryari rimwe mu mazina abo bana bamwise. Ibyari ku rutaro, babasabye kujya kubisuka ku nsina bavuga bati: “Dore aho nyoko yakubyariye.” Bajya ku yindi nsina babyina kwa kundi.” Babikora ku nsina zirenga ebyiri.
Wa mwana arongera aranyegera maze arambaza.
- Ibi ni ibiki dusutse kuri izi nsina?
- Ibi musutse ku nsina ni ibyo ku kiriri, mu muco nyarwanda kirazira
kubisohora mbere y’umuhango wo kwita izina. Insina mwabisutseho ni iz’uriya mwana wiswe izina, ababyeyi bazira kuzimunyaga. Iyo umwana wavutse ari umukobwa ashyingiwe kure, bamugemurira igitoki cyazo cyangwa inzoga yazo.
Barangije bazana ingobyi ebyiri, iyo mu ruhu rw’intama n’iyo mu ruhu rw’inka bazikoza ku mwana. Wa mwana arongera ambaza anyongorera:
- Ibi byo bakoze bisobanura iki?
- Ni ukugira ngo ingobyi imwe nibura bazamuheke mu yindi. Iyo batabigenje batya, bukeye bakamuheka mu yo batamukojejeho bimusurira inabi agapfa.
- Ubu se hagiye gukurikiraho iki?
- Ubu bagiye gufata mukuru we bamumuhekeshe kugira ngo bazahore barutana, umukuru ntazarutwe n’umukurikira. Ikindi, ririya cumu, ingabo n’umuheto n’iriya shinge Nyiramana yari yasohokanye, bagiye kubimanika mu ruhamo rw’umuryango, babone kubijugunya.
Bumaze kwira, ba bana bataha iwabo. Igihe cyo mu museke, Kagabo abwira Nyiramana ati: “Cyono duterure umwana.” Barabanza bubaka urugo. Barangije Kagabo arasohoka ajya hanze, avuyeyo asanga Nyiramana yamutereye intebe mu irebe ry’umuryango. Mu muco nyarwanda ngo iyo umugabo yateruraga umwana atavuye hanze, byabaga ari ukumuvutsa amahirwe, akazapfa atagize icyo yimarira. Nuko Kagabo araza yicara ku ntebe ati: “Mpa uwo
mwana.” Aramusimbiza agira ati: “Nkwise Kamana”. Amuhereza nyina na we aramusimbiza agira ati: “Itume aha, nyara aha, kura uge ejuru, nge nkwise Irakiza.”
IV.4.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Inkonzo
b) Urutaro
c) Uruhamo rw’umuryango
d) Irebe ry’umuryango
e) Abana b’amasugi
IV.4.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Umuhango wo kwita izina wahuzaga ba nde?
2. Abana bari bafite uruhe ruhare mu muhango wo kwita izina?
3. Mu muco nyarwanda, ni izihe ngaruka zashoboraga kuba mwana, mu gihe se yakoraga umuhango wo kumuterura atavuye hanze?
4. Uhereye ku mwandiko, garagaza uko ibikorwa by’umuhango wo kwita izina bikurikirana.
5. Ni ibiki byakorerwaga mu muhango wo kwita izina, bitujuje ubuziranenge?
6. Uhereye kuri kirazira zavuzwe mu mwandiko, garagaza izindi zitagihabwa agaciro muri iki gihe.
Umukoro
Hina umwandiko “Kamana yitwa izina” mu mirongo icumi kandi wubahirize amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda.
IV.5 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Matama ya Bigega
Umugabo Bigega yabaye aho, maze abyara umwana w’umukobwa amwita Matama. Yari yaravukanye isaro mu ntoki, ntihabe hagira uhirahira ngo arimwake.
Mibambwe, umwami w’u Rwanda, arambagira Igihugu, acumbika ahitwa i Remera rya Kanyinya. Mu gicuku gishyira inkoko, Mibambwe yumva umwana urira. Mibamwe arabyuka, abaza abararizi ati: “Uwo mwana araririra he?” Baramusubiza bati: “Nta we twumvise” Umwami ati: “Nimuge kubaza abaja n’abashumba ko bamenya aho umwana aririra.” Bababajije barabahakanira. Umwami ati: “Nimuge
kubariza no mu baturanyi.” Abo babajije bose bakabahakanira bati: “Nta mwana twigeze twumva arira.”
Ubwo Mugunga wa Ndoba, umugaragu wa Mibambwe, yari yagishishije inka mu Bugoyi, na we yumva umwana ararira, abaza abagaragu be ati: “Uwo mwana araririra he?” Bati: “Nta we twumva.” Ati: “Nimuge kubaza mu gikumba k’inka”. Abashumba barahakana bati: “Nta mwana twumvise arira.” Bucya Mugunga acyumva umwana arira, ati: “Sinakwihererana ibi bintu ngenyine”. Ajya kubibwira umwami Mibambwe.
Agitunguka mu irembo arasuhuza. Mibambwe ati: “Nta kubaho, ijoro ry’ejo mu gicuku gishyira mu nkoko, numvise umwana urira ageza mu gitondo akirira, n’ubu ndacyamwumva.” Mugunga ati: “Nange ni cyo cyari kinzanye ngo mbikubwire; nanze kubyihererana. Nabajije abantu bose twari kumwe ko na bo baba bumvise umwana urira, barampakanira. Mbajije mu baturanyi barampakanira. Mpera ko
mena ijoro ngo nze kubikubwira.”
Mibamwe ati: “Dushake uko twabona uwo mwana. Ndetse noneho ndumva yasaraye, ntakibasha no kurira cyane.” Nuko Mibambwe yohereza intumwa ahantu hose, yohereza na Mugunga, aramubwira ati: “Genda ushake uwo mwana, numara iminsi itatu utaramubona, uzaze dushake ubundi buryo.” Yohereza n’umuntu kwa Kimenyi, umwami w’i Gisaka, ngo amubarize aho umwana yaba aherereye.
Babibwiye Kimenyi ati: “Abami b’i Rwanda ntibabe abapfu! Umwana abura arizwa n’iki? Abana b’ino barabuhagira bakarira, babahana bakarira!” Intumwa iraza ibwira Mibambwe uko Kimenyi yamushubije, Mibambwe ntiyanyurwa.
Buracya, atuma undi kwa Muzora, umwami wo mu Ndorwa, na we agiye kumusubiza ati: “Mibambwe ni umusazi. Abana bose bo mu gihugu cyange ngenzura igihe baririra?” Babwiye Mibambwe uko Muzora yamushubije arumirwa, ariko ntiyashirwa. Buracya, atuma kuri Rumanyika, umwami w’i Karagwe, ngo amurangire aho umwana yumvise urira, aririra. Rumanyika aramusubiza ati: “Mbese uwo mwana ntarira nk’abandi bana?” Ati: “Sinabona icyo musubiza.” Mibambwe abonye abo bami bose batamubwiye iby’uwo mwana
urira, ahamagara abagaragu be bitwaga Indongozi, arababwira ati: “Nimuge kunshakira aho aririra. Dore mbohereje muri umunani, nimujyane na Mugunga.” Abagaragu baragenda, bagera kwa Bigega, bararamukanya, baramubaza bati: “Ntiwamenya aho umwana aririra muri iki gihugu cyanyu?” Bigega ati: “Uwo mwana urira ni uwange, yanze kuvamo umwuka, naho ubundi agiye gupfa; umwana umaze icyumweru cyose arira!”
Mugunga ati: “Ese ntiwamenya ikimuriza?” Bigega ati: “Ni isaro yavukanye mu ntoki, ntihabe hari uwarimwaka. Bukeye bagiye kumwuhagira isaro rigwa hasi, inkoko irarimira, umwana arira kuva ubwo. Bagiye gufata inkoko ngo bariyake, umukara urayimira, bagiye gufata umukara, imbwa irawumira, bagiye gufata imbwa, ingwe irayimira, bagiye gufata ingwe intare irayimira, bagize ngo bafate intare, imbogo irayimira, bakurikiye imbogo ngo bayifate, inzovu irayimira, nuko inzovu yigira mu ishyamba.”
Mugunga abaza Bigega ati:“Iryo shyamba se muzi aho riherereye?” Bigega ati: “Turahazi ariko twese turaritinya, ntawurigeramo.” Mugunga ati: “Duherekeze uritwereke.” Bigega ati: “Ko muri bake?” Mugunga ati: “Nta cyo bitwaye.”
Mugunga n’Indongozi baragenda. Bageze mu ishyamba, batangira guhiga ya nzovu. Inzovu ivumbutse ihunga, bayihurizaho amacumu barayica. Barayibaga bayikuramo ibyo yamize byose. Basangamo na rya saro, Mugunga ararijyana. Agitunguka kwa Bigega bavugiriza impundu icyarimwe. Mugunga ahereza wa mwana isaro rye, aherako arahora. Ahereza Mugunga amaboko, Mugunga aramuhagatira, amuha amata, umwana akira amarira.
Bigega ashima Mugunga n’Indongozi, atuma kuri Mibambwe, ati: “Guhera ubu tubaye inshuti kandi umenye ko abami b’i Rwanda barusha ab’ahandi ubupfura.”
( Mnyr BIGIRUMWAMI Aloys, ibitekerezo, Nyundo1971)
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko, usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Matama uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko yari muntu ki?
2. Ni iki cyabaye intandaro yo kurira kwa Matama ya Bigega?
3. Tanga ingero z’amakabyankuru agaragara muri uyu mwandiko.
4. Ni iki ushima umwami Mibambwe n’umugaragu we Mugunga?
5. Ni iki unenga muri uyu mwandiko ku ngingo yo gufata neza ibidukikije?
6. Ushingiye ku ndangagaciro za Mibambwe, umwami w’u Rwanda, ni izihe ndangagaciro zikwiye kuranga abayobozi?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko
a) Kugishisha inka
b) Mu gikumba k’inka
c) Guhirahira
d) Kurambagira
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva ibisobanuro byayo.
a) Kunyurwa
b) Kumena ijoro
c) Guhagatira
3. Uzurisha interuro zikurikira amwe muri aya magambo wubahiriza isanisha rikwiye: abararizi, mu nkoko, guhirahira, kuvumbuka, kurambagira.
a) Yaraye adasinziriye bigeze………………arabyuka aragenda.
b) Mu ishyamba ……………. ingeragere maze abahigi barayica.
c) Abajura ……………….. kujya kumwiba ariko bagasanga ………. ku gipangu ke.
d) Ku mugoroba umwami yajyaga ………………igihugu ke.
III. Ibibazo ku buvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
1) Rondora ingeri eshanu z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda.
2) Usanga ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda butumariye iki muri iki gihe?
3) Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’umugani muremure n’insigamigani?
4) Ica ibisakuzo bikurikira:
a) Icyo nagutuma ntiwakizana.
b) Aho nagendaniye nawe wambwiye iki?
c) Nkubise urushyi rurumira.
d) Nagutega icyo utazi utabonye.
e) Abakobwa b’iwacu bicaye ku ntebe imwe.
5. Soma interuro zikurikira, ushake umugani w’umugenurano wahuza n’ibivugwamo.
a) Iminsi uyiteganyiriza hakiri kare, ukibishoboye, ibintu wazigamye
bikazagutunga utakishoboye n’inshuti washatse zikazagufasha umaze gusaza cyangwa wamugaye.
b) Ntawukwiye kwishimira ibyago by’undi naho yaba ari umwanzi we kuko na we bishobora kumugeraho.
c) Ubwuzu n’ubuntu bw’umuntu ugukunda bumugaragaraho ukimubona, ntatindiganya kukwakira neza, aguhorana ku mutima n’iyo ufite ibyago abigufashamo utabimusabye.
d) Umurimo udakora wibwira ko woroshye, ukagaya abawukora ngo nta cyo bamaze kandi ubakomereye.
e) Kwiharira ibyo utunze ntusangire n’inshuti utazi icyo iminsi iguteze.
f) Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu uvugwa muri iyi nkuru:Gatari akunda gusuzugura iby’abandi basubije mu ishuri akumva ko ibye ari byo bizima ko nta wundi wagira icyo asubiza. Bikarangira nyuma yo gukosorwa ari we ubonye amanota make.
6. Uzuza imigani y’imigenurano ikurikira:
a) Imvura igwa ……………………………….
b) ……………………………. azira inarabyaye.
c) Agahwa kari ku wundi…………………….
7. Mu mibanire y’abantu urwenya na byendagusetsa bifite akahe kamaro?
8. Himba ikivugo cy’amahomvu cyawe bwite wubahiriza uturango twa bene ibyo byivugo.
9. Ni uwuhe mumaro w’umuranga mu bukwe bwa Kinyarwanda?10. Ni ibihe bikorwa by’ingenzi, byakorwaga mu muhango wo kwita izina?